The secret weapon that let dinosaurs take over the planet | Emma Schachner

119,021 views ใƒป 2020-01-28

TED


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

00:00
Translator: Joseph Geni Reviewer: Camille Martรญnez
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๋ฒˆ์—ญ: Jina Yim ๊ฒ€ํ† : Jihyeon J. Kim
00:13
We've all heard about how the dinosaurs died.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ชจ๋‘๋Š” ๊ณต๋ฃก์ด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋ฉธ์ข…๋˜์—ˆ๋Š”์ง€ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:16
The story I'm going to tell you
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ง€๊ธˆ ์•Œ๋ ค๋“œ๋ฆฌ๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
00:18
happened over 200 million years before the dinosaurs went extinct.
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๊ณต๋ฃก์ด ๋ฉธ์ข…๋˜๊ธฐ 200๋งŒ๋…„ ์ „์— ์ผ์–ด๋‚œ ์ผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:23
This story starts at the very beginning,
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์ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋Š” ๊ณต๋ฃก์ด ํƒœ์–ด๋‚œ ๋ฐ”๋กœ
00:26
when dinosaurs were just getting their start.
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๋งจ ์ฒ˜์Œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์‹œ์ž‘๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:29
One of the biggest mysteries in evolutionary biology
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์ง„ํ™” ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํฐ ์‹ ๋น„ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š”
00:32
is why dinosaurs were so successful.
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์™œ ๊ณต๋ฃก๋“ค์ด ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์„ฑ๊ณต์ ์ด์—ˆ๋Š”๊ฐ€์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:35
What led to their global dominance for so many years?
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๋ฌด์—‡์ด ์˜ค๋žœ ์„ธ์›” ๋™์•ˆ ๊ณต๋ฃก์ด ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์ง€๋ฐฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ํ•œ ๊ฑธ๊นŒ์š”?
00:39
When people think about why dinosaurs were so amazing,
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๊ณต๋ฃก์ด ๋†€๋ž๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š” ์ด์œ ๋Š”
00:43
they usually think about the biggest or the smallest dinosaur,
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๋งค์šฐ ํฌ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋˜๋Š” ๋งค์šฐ ์ž‘์€ ๊ณต๋ฃก์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:47
or who was the fastest,
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๋น ๋ฅธ ๊ฒƒ๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๊ณ ,
00:48
or who had the most feathers,
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๊นƒํ„ธ์ด ๋งŽ์€ ๊ฒƒ๋„ ์žˆ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด
00:50
the most ridiculous armor, spikes or teeth.
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์šฐ์Šค๊ฝ์Šค๋Ÿฌ์šด ๊ฐ‘์˜ท ํ”ผ๋ถ€, ๋ฟ”, ์ด๋นจ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์ฃ .
00:54
But perhaps the answer had to do with their internal anatomy --
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ•ด๋‹ต์€ ์•„๋งˆ ํ•ด๋ถ€ํ•™์— ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:58
a secret weapon, so to speak.
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๋น„๋ฐ€์Šค๋Ÿฌ์šด ๋ฌด๊ธฐ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
01:00
My colleagues and I, we think it was their lungs.
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์ €์™€ ์ œ ๋™๋ฃŒ๋Š” ์ด ํ•ด๋‹ต์ด ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ํ์— ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:05
I am both a paleontologist and a comparative anatomist,
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์ €๋Š” ๊ณ ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์ž์ด๋ฉด์„œ ๋น„๊ต ํ•ด๋ถ€ํ•™์ž์ด๋ฉฐ,
01:09
and I am interested in understanding
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์ €๋Š” ์ „๋ฌธํ™”๋œ ๊ณต๋ฃก๋“ค์ด ํ๊ฐ€
01:11
how the specialized dinosaur lung helped them take over the planet.
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์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ง€๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ •๋ณตํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ํŠน๋ณ„ํ•œ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋Š”์ง€ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:15
So we are going to jump back over 200 million years
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” 200๋ฐฑ๋งŒ๋…„ ์ „์ธ
01:19
to the Triassic period.
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ํŠธ๋ผ์ด์•„์Šค๊ธฐ๋กœ ๊ฑฐ์Šฌ๋Ÿฌ ์˜ฌ๋ผ๊ฐ‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:21
The environment was extremely harsh,
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ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์€ ๋งค์šฐ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์€ ๋งค์šฐ ๊ฐ€ํ˜นํ•˜๊ณ 
01:23
there were no flowering plants,
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ํ™”ํ›ผ์‹๋ฌผ์€ ์—†๋Š”๋ฐ,
01:25
so this means that there was no grass.
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์ด ๋ง์€ ํ’€์ด ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋œป์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:27
So imagine a landscape filled with all pine trees and ferns.
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๋‚˜๋ฌด์™€ ์–‘์น˜๋ฅ˜๋กœ ๊ฐ€๋“์ฐฌ ํ’๊ฒฝ์„ ์ƒ์ƒํ•ด๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
01:32
At the same time, there were small lizards,
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๊ฐ™์€ ์‹œ๊ฐ„, ์ž‘์€ ํŒŒ์ถฉ๋ฅ˜๋“ค์ด ๋ณด์ด๊ณ ,
01:36
mammals, insects,
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ํฌ์œ ๋™๋ฌผ๋“ค๊ณผ ๊ณค์ถฉ๋“ค
01:38
and there were also carnivorous and herbivorous reptiles --
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์œก์‹๋™๋ฌผ๊ณผ ์ดˆ์‹์„ฑ ํŒŒ์ถฉ๋ฅ˜๋“ฑ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:42
all competing for the same resources.
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๋ชจ๋‘ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ž์›์„ ์–ป๊ธฐ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ฒฝ์Ÿํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
01:45
Critical to this story
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ๋Œ€๋‹จํžˆ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์€
01:47
is that oxygen levels have been estimated to have been as low as 15 percent,
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์‚ฐ์†Œ์˜ ๋†๋„๊ฐ€ 15% ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋‚ฎ์•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ธ๋ฐ,
01:52
compared to today's 21 percent.
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์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚ ๊ณผ ๋น„๊ตํ•ด๋„ ์ƒ๋‹นํžˆ ๋‚ฎ์€ ์ˆ˜์น˜์ฃ .
01:54
So it would have been crucial for dinosaurs to be able to breathe
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ €์‚ฐ์†Œ์˜ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์—์„œ
01:58
in this low-oxygen environment,
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๊ณต๋ฃก๋“ค์ด ์ˆจ์‰ฌ๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ค์› ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:00
not only to survive
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์‚ด์•„ ๋‚จ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
02:02
but to thrive and to diversify.
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์ž˜ ์ž๋ผ๊ณ  ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•ด ์ง€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋„ ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€์š”.
02:06
So, how do we know what dinosaur lungs were even like,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฉด ๊ณต๋ฃก์˜ ์ž”ํ•ด๋“ค์€ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ™”์„ํ™”๋œ ๋ผˆ์ธ๋ฐ,
02:09
since all that remains of a dinosaur generally is its fossilized skeleton?
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ณต๋ฃก์˜ ํ๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋• ๋Š”์ง€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์•Œ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
02:15
The method that we use is called "extant phylogenetic bracketing."
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” "ํ™•์žฅ๋œ ๊ณ„ํ†ต๋ฐœ์ƒ์  ๋ธŒ๋ผ์ผ€ํŒ…" ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:21
This is a fancy way of saying that we study the anatomy --
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์ด ๋‹จ์–ด๋Š”, ํŠนํžˆ ์ง„ํ™” ๊ณ„๋ณด์—์„œ
02:25
specifically in this case, the lungs and skeleton --
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์‚ด์•„์žˆ๋Š” ๊ณต๋ฃก๋“ค ํ›„์†์˜ ํ๋‚˜ ๋ผˆ๋ฅผ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ,
02:28
of the living descendants of dinosaurs on the evolutionary tree.
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ํ•ด๋ถ€ํ•™์„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฉ‹์ง„ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:33
So we would look at the anatomy of birds,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ณต๋ฃก์˜ ์ง๊ณ„ํ›„์†์ธ
02:36
who are the direct descendants of dinosaurs,
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์ƒˆ์˜ ํ•ด๋ถ€ํ•™์  ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๊ณ ,
02:39
and we'd look at the anatomy of crocodilians,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ์นœ์ฒ™์ธ ์•…์–ด๋“ค์˜
02:41
who are their closest living relatives,
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ํ•ด๋ถ€ํ•™์  ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ์‚ดํŽด ๋ณด์•˜์œผ๋ฉฐ,
02:43
and then we would look at the anatomy of lizards and turtles,
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๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ ๊ณต๋ฃก์˜ ์‚ฌ์ดŒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์—ฌ๊ฒจ์ง€๋Š”
02:46
who we can think of like their cousins.
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๋„๋งˆ๋ฑ€๊ณผ ๊ฑฐ๋ถ์ด์˜ ํ•ด๋ถ€ํ•™ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:49
And then we apply these anatomical data to the fossil record,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ํ•ด๋ถ€ ์ •๋ณด๋“ค์„ ํ™”์„ ๊ธฐ๋ก์— ์ ์šฉํ•ด์„œ
02:52
and then we can use that to reconstruct the lungs of dinosaurs.
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๊ณต๋ฃก์˜ ํ๋ฅผ ์žฌ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:56
And in this specific instance,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํŠน์ •ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—
02:58
the skeleton of dinosaurs most closely resembles that of modern birds.
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๊ณต๋ฃก๋“ค์˜ ๋ผˆ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ํ˜„๋Œ€์˜ ์ƒˆ๋“ค์˜ ๋ผˆ๋Œ€์™€ ๋น„์Šทํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ชจ์๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:03
So, because dinosaurs were competing with early mammals during this time period,
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์ด์‹œ๊ธฐ์—๋Š” ๊ณต๋ฃก์ด ์ดˆ๊ธฐ์˜ ํฌ์œ ๋ฅ˜๋“ค๊ณผ ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—
03:08
it's important to understand the basic blueprint of the mammalian lung.
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ํฌ์œ ๋ฅ˜ ํ์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ ์ฒญ์‚ฌ์ง„์„ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ค‘์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:12
Also, to reintroduce you to lungs in general,
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๋˜ํ•œ, ํ์— ๋‹ค์‹œ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ
03:15
we will use my dog Mila of Troy,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋กœ์„œ
03:18
the face that launched a thousand treats,
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๋งค๋ ฅ์ ์ธ ๋ฐ€๋ผ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:20
as our model.
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ๊ธฐ๋ฅด๋Š” ๊ฐœ์ฃ .
03:21
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
03:23
This story takes place inside of a chest cavity.
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์ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋Š” ํ‰๋ถ€ ์•ˆ์ชฝ์—์„œ ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:26
So I want you to visualize the ribcage of a dog.
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์ €๋Š” ๊ฐœ์˜ ๊ฐˆ๋น„๋ผˆ๋กœ ์‹œ๊ฐํ™” ํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์€๋ฐ์š”.
03:30
Think about how the spinal vertebral column
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์ฒ™์ถ”๋ผˆ ๊ธฐ๋‘ฅ์ด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์™„๋ฒฝํ•˜๊ฒŒ
03:32
is completely horizontal to the ground.
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์ง€๋ฉด๊ณผ ์ˆ˜ํ‰์„ ์ด๋ฃจ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด๋ณด์‹œ๊ธฐ ๋ฐ”๋ž๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:35
This is how the spinal vertebral column is going to be
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๋ชจ๋“  ๋™๋ฌผ๋“ค์˜ ์ฒ™์ถ”๋ผˆ ๊ธฐ๋‘ฅ์ด
03:38
in all of the animals that we'll be talking about,
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์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚  ๊ฒƒ์ธ๋ฐ, ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด
03:40
whether they walked on two legs
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๋‘ ๋ฐœ๋กœ ๊ฑธ์—ˆ๋Š”์ง€, ๋„ค ๋ฐœ๋กœ ๊ธฐ์—ˆ๋Š”์ง€ ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:42
or four legs.
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03:43
Now I want you to climb inside of the imaginary ribcage and look up.
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์ด์ œ ์ƒ์ƒ์˜ ๊ฐˆ๋น„๋ผˆ ์•ˆ์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ฌ๋ผ๊ฐ€์„œ ํ•œ๋ฒˆ ์˜ฌ๋ ค๋‹ค ๋ณด์‹ค๊นŒ์š”.
03:48
This is our thoracic ceiling.
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์ด๊ณณ์€ ํ‰๋ถ€์˜ ์ฒœ์žฅ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:51
This is where the top surface of the lungs comes into direct contact
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ๋Š” ํ์˜ ์œ— ํ‘œ๋ฉด ๋Š‘๊ณจ๊ณผ ์ฒ™์ถ”์—
03:55
with the ribs and vertebrae.
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์ง์ ‘ ์ ‘์ด‰์„ ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:58
This interface is where our story takes place.
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์ด ๊ณต๊ฐ„์ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋“ค์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ณณ์ด์ฃ .
04:02
Now I want you to visualize the lungs of a dog.
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์ด์ œ, ์ €๋Š” ๊ฐœ์˜ ํ๋ฅผ ์‹œ๊ฐํ™”ํ•ด๋ณด๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:05
On the outside, it's like a giant inflatable bag
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๊ฒ‰๋ณด๊ธฐ์—” ๋ชจ๋“  ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด ๋ถ€ํ’€์–ด ์˜ค๋ฅธ ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฐ€๋ฐฉ ๊ฐ™์•„์„œ
04:08
where all parts of the bag expand during inhalation
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ํก์ž…์‹œ์— ํŒฝ์ฐฝํ•˜๊ณ 
04:12
and contract during exhalation.
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์ˆจ์„ ๋‚ด์‰ด๋•Œ ์ˆ˜์ถ•ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:14
Inside of the bag, there's a series of branching tubes,
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์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฐฉ ์•ˆ์—๋Š” ๊ฐ€์ง€๋ชจ์–‘์˜ ํŠœ๋ธŒ๊ฐ€ ์ž‡๋Œ€์–ด ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ,
04:17
and these tubes are called the bronchial tree.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์ง€ ๋‚˜๋ฌด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:20
These tubes deliver the inhaled oxygen to, ultimately, the alveolus.
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์ด ๊ด€๋“ค์€ ํก์ž…๋œ ์‚ฐ์†Œ๋“ค์„ ํํฌ์— ์ „๋‹ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:27
They cross over a thin membrane into the bloodstream by diffusion.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๋ฐœ์‚ฐ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์–‡์€ ๋ง‰์„ ๊ฐ€๋กœ์งˆ๋Ÿฌ ํ˜ˆ๋ฅ˜๋กœ ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:32
Now, this part is critical.
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์ด ๋ถ€๋ถ„์€ ๋งค์šฐ ์ค‘์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:35
The entire mammalian lung is mobile.
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์ „์ฒด ํฌ์œ ๋ฅ˜์˜ ํ๋Š” ์ด๋™์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:38
That means it's moving during the entire respiratory process,
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์ด ๋ง์€ ํ˜ธํก๊ณผ์ •๋‚ด๋‚ด ํ๊ฐ€ ์›€์ง์ธ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋œป์ธ๋ฐ์š”,
04:43
so that thin membrane, the blood-gas barrier,
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์ฆ‰, ์–‡์€ ๋ง‰์ธ 'ํ˜ˆ์•ก-๊ฐ€์Šค ์žฅ๋ฒฝ'์ด
04:46
cannot be too thin or it will break.
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๋„ˆ๋ฌด ์–‡์•„์ง€๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๊นจ์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:49
Now, remember the blood-gas barrier, because we will be returning to this.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋‹ค์‹œ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ˆ ํ˜ˆ์•ก-๊ฐ€์Šค ์žฅ๋ฒฝ์„ ๊ธฐ์–ตํ•ด์ฃผ์„ธ์š”.
04:53
So, you're still with me?
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์•„์ง ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๊ฐ€์š”?
04:55
Because we're going to start birds and it gets crazy,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด์ œ ์–ด๋ ค์šด ์ƒˆ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:57
so hold on to your butts.
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๊ธด์žฅํ•˜์…”์•ผํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:59
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
05:01
The bird is completely different from the mammal.
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์กฐ๋ฅ˜๋Š” ํฌ์œ ๋ฅ˜์™€๋Š” ์™„๋ฒฝํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋‹ค๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:05
And we are going to be using birds as our model
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ณต๋ฃก์˜ ํ๋ฅผ ์žฌ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋กœ
05:07
to reconstruct the lungs of dinosaurs.
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์ƒˆ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:10
So in the bird,
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์ƒˆ์˜ ๋ชธ์†์—์„œ
05:11
air passes through the lung, but the lung does not expand or contract.
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๊ณต๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ํ๋ฅผ ํ†ต๊ณผํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ํ๋Š” ์ˆ˜์ถ•๋˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ํ™•์žฅ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:16
The lung is immobilized,
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ํ๊ฐ€ ๊ณ ์ •๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ธ๋ฐ์š”.
05:18
it has the texture of a dense sponge
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์ด˜์ด˜ํ•œ ์ŠคํŽ€์ง€๊ฐ™์€ ์งˆ๊ฐ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:20
and it's inflexible and locked into place on the top and sides by the ribcage
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์ž˜ ๊ตฌ๋ถ€๋Ÿฌ์ง€์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ๊ฐˆ๋น„๋ผˆ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์œ„์™€ ์˜†์ด ๊ณ ์ •๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๊ณ 
05:26
and on the bottom by a horizontal membrane.
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์•„๋ž˜์— ๊ฐ€๋กœ ๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ ๊ณ ์ •๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:30
It is then unidirectionally ventilated
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ํ๋ฅผ ์ง€๋‚˜
05:33
by a series of flexible, bag-like structures
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๊ธฐ๊ด€์ง€ ๋‚˜๋ฌด์—์„œ ๋–จ์–ด์ ธ ๋‚˜์˜ค๋Š”
05:37
that branch off of the bronchial tree,
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์œ ์—ฐํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ฐ€๋ฐฉ๊ฐ™์€ ์ผ๋ จ์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ์— ์˜ํ•ด
05:40
beyond the lung itself,
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ํ•œ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ํ™˜๊ธฐ๋˜์–ด์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:41
and these are called air sacs.
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๊ณต๊ธฐ ์ฃผ๋จธ๋‹ˆ๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:44
Now, this entire extremely delicate setup is locked into place
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์ด์ œ, ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์ „์ฒด๊ฐ€ ๊ทน๋„๋กœ ์„ฌ์„ธํ•œ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์ฒด๊ฐ€
05:49
by a series of forked ribs
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ํ‰๋ถ€์˜ ์ฒœ์žฅ์„ ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ
05:52
all along the thoracic ceiling.
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๊ฐˆ๋น„๋ผˆ ๋ฌด๋ฆฌ์— ๊ณ ์ •๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:55
Also, in many species of birds,
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๋˜ํ•œ, ๋งŽ์€ ์ข…๋ฃŒ์˜ ์ƒˆ๋“ค์—์„œ
05:58
extensions arise from the lung
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ํ์—์„œ ๊ณต๊ธฐ์ฃผ๋จธ๋‹ˆ์‚ฌ์ด์—์„œ
06:01
and the air sacs,
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์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ํŒฝ์ฐฝ์€
06:02
they invade the skeletal tissues --
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ณจ๊ฒฉ ์กฐ์ง์„ ์นจ๋ฒ”ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ
06:05
usually the vertebrae, sometimes the ribs --
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๋ณดํ†ต ์ฒ™์ถ”๋ผˆ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฐˆ๋น„๋ผˆ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด์ฃ ,
06:08
and they lock the respiratory system into place.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด ๊ฐˆ๋น„๋ผˆ๋Š” ํ˜ธํก๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ œ์ž๋ฆฌ์— ๊ณ ์ •์‹œํ‚ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:11
And this is called "vertebral pneumaticity."
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์ฒ™์ถ” ๊ธฐ์••์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถˆ๋ฆฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:14
The forked ribs and the vertebral pneumaticity
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์ด ๋‚˜๋ˆ„์–ด์ง„ ๊ฐˆ๋น„๋ผˆ์™€ ์ฒ™์ถ”๊ธฐ์••์€
06:17
are two clues that we can hunt for in the fossil record,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ™”์„์— ๋‚จ๊ฒจ์ง„ ๊ธฐ๋ก์—์„œ ์–ป์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋‘๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋‹จ์„œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:21
because these two skeletal traits
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์ด์œ ๋Š”, ์ด ๋‘๊ฐ€์ง€ ํŠน์ง•์€
06:23
would indicate that regions of the respiratory system of dinosaurs
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๊ณต๋ฃก์˜ ํ˜ธํก๊ธฐ ๊ณ„ํ†ต์ด ์›€์ง์ด์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„
06:28
are immobilized.
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๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:33
This anchoring of the respiratory system
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์ด ๊ณ ์ •๋œ ํ˜ธํก๊ธฐ ๊ณ„ํ†ต์˜ ํŠน์ง•์€
06:35
facilitated the evolution of the thinning of the blood-gas barrier,
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์‚ฐ์†Œ๊ฐ€ ํ˜ˆ๋ฅ˜๋กœ ํผ์ง€๋Š” ์–‡์€ ๋ง‰์ด
06:39
that thin membrane over which oxygen was diffusing into the bloodstream.
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ํ˜ˆ๋ฅ˜-๊ฐ€์Šค ์žฅ๋ฒฝ์„ ์–‡๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ์ง„ํ™”๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๊ฒŒํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:46
The immobility permits this because a thin barrier is a weak barrier,
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์–‡์€ ์žฅ๋ฒฝ์€ ์•ฝํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์œ„์น˜๊ฐ€ ๊ณ ์ •๋œ ๊ฒƒ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋ฉฐ.
06:52
and the weak barrier would rupture if it was actively being ventilated
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์•ฝํ•œ ์žฅ๋ฒฝ์€ ํฌ์œ ๋ฅ˜ ํ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ
06:57
like a mammalian lung.
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ํ™˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์‹œํ‚ค๋ฉด ํŒŒ์—ด๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:00
So why do we care about this?
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ์™œ ๊ด€๋ฆฌํ•ด์•ผ ํ• ๊นŒ์š”?
07:01
Why does this even matter?
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์ด๊ฒŒ ๋งŽ์ด ์ค‘์š”ํ• ๊นŒ์š”?
07:04
Oxygen more easily diffuses across a thin membrane,
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์‚ฐ์†Œ๋Š” ์–‡์€ ๋ง‰์„ ๊ฐ€๋กœ์งˆ๋Ÿฌ ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ๋ถ„์‚ฐ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:09
and a thin membrane is one way of enhancing respiration
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์–‡์€ ๋ง‰์€ ์‚ฐ์†Œ๊ฐ€ ์ ์„ ๋•Œ๋Š”
07:15
under low-oxygen conditions --
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ํ˜ธํก์„ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์‹œํ‚ค๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•œ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ๋งŒ ์ž‘๋™ํ•˜์ฃ 
07:18
low-oxygen conditions like that of the Triassic period.
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๋ฐ”๋กœ ํŠธ๋ผ์ด์•„์Šค๊ธฐ์˜ ์‚ฐ์†Œ์˜ ์–‘์ด ์ ์—ˆ์„ ๋•Œ ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ์ด์ฃ .
07:23
So, if dinosaurs did indeed have this type of lung,
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๊ณต๋ฃก์ด ์ •๋ง๋กœ ํ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด
07:28
they'd be better equipped to breathe than all other animals,
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ํฌ์œ ๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ‹€์–ด์„œ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋™๋ฌผ๋“ค๊ณผ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜๋ฉด
07:32
including mammals.
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ํ˜ธํกํ•˜๊ธฐ ์šฉ์ดํ–ˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:34
So do you remember the extant phylogenetic bracket method
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์ด์ œ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ํ˜„๋Œ€ ๋™๋ฌผ๋“ค์˜ ํ•ด๋ถ€ํ•™์„ ๊ฐ€์ ธ๋‹ค๊ฐ€
07:38
where we take the anatomy of modern animals,
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ํ™”์„ ๊ธฐ๋ก์— ์ ์šฉํ–ˆ๋˜
07:41
and we apply that to the fossil record?
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ํ˜„์กดํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณ„ํ†ตํ•™์  ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜๋ฒ•์„ ๊ธฐ์–ตํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ณ„์‹ ๊ฐ€์š”?
07:43
So, clue number one was the forked ribs of modern birds.
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์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋‹จ์„œ๋Š” ํ˜„๋Œ€ ์กฐ๋ฅ˜๋“ค์˜ ๊ฐˆ๋น„๋ผˆ์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:48
Well, we find that in pretty much the majority of dinosaurs.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ๊ณต๋ฃก์—์„œ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:53
So that means that the top surface of the lungs of dinosaurs
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ณต๋ฃก๋“ค์˜ ํ์˜ ์œ—๋ฉด์ด
07:58
would be locked into place,
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ํ˜„๋Œ€์˜ ์กฐ๋ฅ˜๋“ค๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด
08:00
just like modern birds.
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์–ด๋Š ์œ„์น˜์— ๊ณ ์ •๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋œป์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:03
Clue number two is vertebral pneumaticity.
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๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋‹จ์„œ๋Š” ์ฒ™์ถ” ๊ธฐ์••์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:07
We find this in sauropod dinosaurs and theropod dinosaurs,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฐ๋กœํฌ๋“œ ๊ณต๋ฃก๊ณผ ํ…Œ๋กœํฌ๋“œ ๊ณต๋ฃก์—์„œ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ,
08:12
which is the group that contains predatory dinosaurs
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์ด ๊ณต๋ฃก์€ ํฌ์‹๊ณต๋ฃก์„ ํฌํ•จํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ณ 
08:15
and gave rise to modern birds.
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์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚ ์˜ ์ƒˆ์˜ ์กฐ์ƒ์ด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:18
And while we don't find evidence of fossilized lung tissue in dinosaurs,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ณต๋ฃก์—์„œ ํ™”์„ํ™”๋œ ํ์กฐ์ง์˜ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๋Š” ๋™์•ˆ,
08:23
vertebral pneumaticity gives us evidence of what the lung was doing
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์ฒ™์ถ” ๊ธฐ์••์€ ํ๊ฐ€ ์ด ๋™๋ฌผ๋“ค์˜ ์ƒ์ „์—
08:28
during the life of these animals.
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๋ฌด์—‡์„ ํ–ˆ๋Š”์ง€ ์•Œ๋ ค์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:31
Lung tissue or air sac tissue was invading the vertebrae,
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ํ ์กฐ์ง์ด๋‚˜ ๊ณต๊ธฐ ์ฃผ๋จธ๋‹ˆ ์กฐ์ง์€ ์ฒ™์ถ”๋ผˆ๋ฅผ ์นจ๋ฒ”ํ•˜์—ฌ
08:36
hollowing them out just like a modern bird,
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ํ˜„๋Œ€์˜ ์ƒˆ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์†์ด ๋น„๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๊ณ 
08:39
and locking regions of the respiratory system into place,
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ํ˜ธํก๊ธฐ์˜ ๋ถ€์œ„๋ฅผ ์ œ์ž๋ฆฌ์— ๊ณ ์ •์‹œ์ผœ ์ด๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด ์›€์ง์ด์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๋„๋ก ํ•˜๋Š”
08:43
immobilizing them.
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์—ญํ• ์„ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:46
The forked ribs
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๊ฐˆ๋น„๋ผˆ์™€ ํ•จ๊ผ
08:47
and the vertebral pneumaticity together
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์ฒ™์ถ” ๊ธฐ์••์€ ํ˜ธํก๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ œ์ž๋ฆฌ์— ๊ณ ์ •์‹œ์ผœ
08:50
were creating an immobilized, rigid framework
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์ง„ํ™”๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณ ์ •๋˜๊ณ  ๋‹จ๋‹จํ•œ ๊ณจ๊ฒฉ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:55
that locked the respiratory system into place
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08:58
that permitted the evolution of that superthin, superdelicate blood-gas barrier
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์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚  ํ˜„๋Œ€ ์กฐ๋ฅ˜์—์„œ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”
09:04
that we see today in modern birds.
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์ดˆ๋ฐ•๋ง‰ ํ˜ˆ์•ก ๊ฐ€์Šค ์žฅ๋ฒฝ์ด ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
09:07
Evidence of this straightjacketed lung in dinosaurs
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๊ณต๋ฃก์˜ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๋Š”
09:10
means that they had the capability to evolve a lung
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๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ํŠธ๋ผ์ด์•„์Šค๊ธฐ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ €์‚ฐ์†Œ ์ƒํƒœ์—์„œ ์ˆจ ์‰ด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ํ๋ฅผ
09:14
that would have been able to breathe
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์ง„ํ™”์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„
09:16
under the hypoxic, or low-oxygen, atmosphere of the Triassic period.
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๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์Œ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:21
This rigid skeletal setup in dinosaurs would have given them
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๊ณต๋ฃก์˜ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ณ ์ •๋œ ๊ณจ๊ฒฉ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋Š”
09:27
a significant adaptive advantage over other animals, particularly mammals,
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์œ ์—ฐํ•œ ํ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด์„œ ํŠธ๋ผ์ด์•„์Šค๊ธฐ๊ธฐ์˜ ์ €์‚ฐ์†Œ ๋Œ€๊ธฐ์—
09:32
whose flexible lung couldn't have adapted
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์ ์‘ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์—ˆ์„ ํฌ์œ ๋ฅ˜์— ๋น„ํ•ด
09:35
to the hypoxic, or low-oxygen, atmosphere of the Triassic.
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์ ์‘์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ ์ƒ๋‹นํ•œ ์ด์ ์„ ์ฃผ์—ˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:39
This anatomy may have been the secret weapon of dinosaurs
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ํ•ด๋ถ€ํ•™์  ํŠน์ง•์€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋™๋ฌผ๋“ค๊ณผ ๋น„๊ตํ•ด์„œ ๊ณต๋ฃก๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ๋Š”
09:44
that gave them that advantage over other animals.
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๋น„์žฅ์˜ ๋ฌด๊ธฐ์˜€์„์ง€๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:48
And this gives us an excellent launchpad
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ
09:50
to start testing the hypotheses of dinosaurian diversification.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ณต๋ฃก์˜ ๊ฐ€์„ค์„ ์‹คํ—˜ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ํ›Œ๋ฅญํ•œ ๋ฐœํŒ์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•ด์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:55
This is the story of the dinosaurs' beginning,
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ณต๋ฃก์˜ ์‹œ์ž‘์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ์ธ๋ฐ,
09:59
and it's just the beginning of the story of our research into this subject.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์ด ์ฃผ์ œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์‹œ์ž‘์— ๋ถˆ๊ณผํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:04
Thank you.
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๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:06
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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