How does income affect childhood brain development? | Kimberly Noble

128,609 views

2019-04-18 ใƒป TED


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How does income affect childhood brain development? | Kimberly Noble

128,609 views ใƒป 2019-04-18

TED


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: Ara Cho ๊ฒ€ํ† : Jihyeon J. Kim
00:12
What I'm about to share with you are findings from a study
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์˜ค๋Š˜์€ 1,000๋ช… ์ด์ƒ์˜ ์–ด๋ฆฐ์ด์™€ ์ฒญ์†Œ๋…„๋“ค์˜
00:16
of the brains of more than 1,000 children and adolescents.
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๋‡Œ๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋“ค๋ ค๋“œ๋ฆฌ๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:20
Now, these were children who were recruited
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๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์ „์—ญ์˜ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์ •์—์„œ ๋ชจ์ง‘ํ•œ
00:22
from diverse homes around the United States,
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์ด ์•„์ด๋“ค์˜ ํ‰๊ท ์ ์ธ ๋‡Œ๊ฐ€
00:24
and this picture is an average of all of their brains.
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์ง€๊ธˆ ๋ณด์‹œ๋Š” ์ด ์‚ฌ์ง„์— ๋‚˜์™€์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:28
The front of this average brain is on your left
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์ด ๋‡Œ์˜ ์ „๋ฉด๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์˜ ์™ผํŽธ์—
00:30
and the back of this average brain is on your right.
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ํ›„๋ฉด๋ถ€๋Š” ์˜ค๋ฅธํŽธ์— ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:33
Now, one of the things we were very interested in
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์ €ํฌ๊ฐ€ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์˜์—ญ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š”
00:35
was the surface area of the cerebral cortex,
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๋ฐ”๋กœ ๋Œ€๋‡Œ ํ”ผ์งˆ์˜ ํ‘œ๋ฉด์ธ
00:38
or the thin, wrinkly layer on the outer surface of the brain
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๋ง‰์ค‘ํ•œ ์ธ์ง€์  ์—…๋ฌด์˜ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์„ ๋งก๋Š”
00:41
that does most of the cognitive heavy lifting.
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์–‡๊ณ  ์ฃผ๋ฆ„์ง„ ๋‡Œ์˜ ๋ฐ”๊นฅ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:46
And that's because past work by other scientists has suggested
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์ €ํฌ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์˜ ์ด์œ ๋Š”
๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์— ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ณผํ•™์ž๋“ค์ด ๋งŽ์€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด
00:49
that in many cases,
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00:51
a larger cortical surface area
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๋„“์€ ๋Œ€๋‡Œ ํ”ผ์งˆ์˜ ํ‘œ๋ฉด์ ๊ณผ ๋†’์€ ์ง€๋Šฅ ์‚ฌ์ด์—๋Š”
00:53
is often associated with higher intelligence.
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์ƒ๋‹นํ•œ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ฐํ˜€๋ƒˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ฃ .
00:57
Now, in this study, we found one factor
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์ตœ๊ทผ ์ €ํฌ๋Š” ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด
01:00
that was associated with the cortical surface area
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๋‘๋‡Œ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์„ ๊ฐ์‹ธ๋Š” ๋Œ€๋‡Œ ํ”ผ์งˆ ํ‘œ๋ฉด๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ
01:02
across nearly the entire surface of the brain.
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ํŠน๋ณ„ํ•œ ์š”์ธ ํ•œ๊ฐ€์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:07
That factor was family income.
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๋ฐ”๋กœ ๊ฐ€๊ตฌ์†Œ๋“์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:12
Now, here, every point you see in color is a point where higher family income
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ ๋ณด์‹œ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์ƒ‰๊น”๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ๋ถ€์œ„๊ฐ€
01:16
was associated with a larger cortical surface area in that spot.
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๋†’์€ ๊ฐ€๊ตฌ์†Œ๋“๊ณผ ๋„“์€ ํ”ผ์งˆ ํ‘œ๋ฉด์˜ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:21
And there were some regions, shown here in yellow,
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๋…ธ๋ž€์ƒ‰์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ์˜์—ญ์€
01:24
where that association was particularly pronounced.
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๊ทธ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ํŠน๋ณ„ํžˆ ๋‘๋“œ๋Ÿฌ์ง€๋Š” ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด๊ณ ์š”.
01:27
And those are regions that we know support a certain set of cognitive skills:
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ํŠนํžˆ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ถ€๋ถ„๋“ค์€ ์ธ์ง€ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ํฌ๊ด„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ง€์›ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ
01:31
language skills like vocabulary and reading
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์–ดํœ˜ ๊ตฌ์‚ฌ๋‚˜ ๋…์„œ ๊ฐ™์€ ์–ธ์–ด์ ์ธ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ๊ณผ
01:35
as well as the ability to avoid distraction
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์ง‘์ค‘๋ ฅ๊ณผ ์ž์ œ๋ ฅ ๋“ฑ์ด ์ด์— ํ•ด๋‹น๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:37
and exert self-control.
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01:39
And that's important,
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์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์ด์œ ๋Š”
01:41
because those are the very skills
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์ด ์ €์†Œ๋“์ธต ์•„๋™๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ
01:43
that children living in poverty are most likely to struggle with.
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๊ฒฐํ•๋  ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋†’๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:47
In fact, a child living with poverty
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์‹ค์ œ๋กœ๋„ ์ €์†Œ๋“์ธต ์•„๋™๋“ค์€
01:50
is likely to perform worse on tests of language and impulse control
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์ฑ„ ๋‘ ์‚ด์ด ๋˜๊ธฐ๋„ ์ „์—
์–ธ์–ด ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ๊ณผ ์ถฉ๋™ ์กฐ์ ˆ ์‹œํ—˜์—์„œ
01:54
before they even turn two.
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๋‚ฎ์€ ์ ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›๊ฒŒ๋  ํ™•๋ฅ ์ด ๋†’์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:58
Now, there are a few points I'd like to highlight about this study.
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์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ๋ช‡ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๊ฐ•์กฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์€ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:01
Number one:
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์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋กœ
02:02
this link between family income and children's brain structure
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ฐ€๊ตฌ ์†Œ๋“๊ณผ ์•„๋™ ๋‘๋‡Œ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ์˜ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„๋Š”
02:06
was strongest at the lowest income levels.
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์†Œ๋“์ด ์ตœ์ €์ ์— ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šธ ์ˆ˜๋ก ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋šœ๋ ทํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:09
So that means that dollar for dollar,
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์ฆ‰, ์†Œ๋“์€ ๋น„๋ก€์ ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์ณค๋Š”๋ฐ์š”.
02:11
relatively small differences in family income
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๊ฐ€๊ตฌ ์†Œ๋“์œผ๋กœ ๋ดค์„ ๋•Œ๋Š” ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ž‘์€ ์ฐจ์ด์ผ์ง€๋ผ๋„
02:13
were associated with proportionately greater differences in brain structure
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์ตœ์ €์†Œ๋“์ธต์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐˆ์ˆ˜๋ก ๋น„๋ก€ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋” ํฌ๊ฒŒ
02:17
among the most disadvantaged families.
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์•„์ด๋“ค์˜ ๋‘๋‡Œ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์ณค์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:20
And intuitively, that makes sense, right?
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์ƒ์‹์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‹น์—ฐํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋“ค๋ฆฌ์ง€ ์•Š๋‚˜์š”?
02:22
An extra 20,000 dollars for a family earning, say, 150,000 dollars a year
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์—ฐ์ˆ˜์ž…์ด 15๋งŒ ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ์ธ ๊ฐ€์ •์— 2๋งŒ ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ๊ฐ€ ๋” ์ฃผ์–ด์ง€๋ฉด
02:26
would certainly be nice, but probably not game-changing,
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์—ฌ์œ ๊ฐ€ ์ข€ ์ƒ๊ธฐ๋Š” ์ •๋„๊ฒ ์ฃ .
ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํฐ ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๊ธฐ์ง€๋Š” ์•Š์„ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:30
whereas an extra 20,000 dollars
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๋ฐ˜๋ฉด์— ์—ฐ์ˆ˜์ž…์ด 2๋งŒ ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ฟ์ธ ๊ฐ€์ •์—
02:32
for a family only earning 20,000 dollars a year
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2๋งŒ ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ๊ฐ€ ๋” ์ฃผ์–ด์ง€๋ฉด
02:35
would likely make a remarkable difference in their day-to-day lives.
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์ผ์ƒ์ƒํ™œ์ด ํ˜„์ €ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ฐœ์„ ๋˜๊ฒ ์ฃ .
02:39
Now, the second point I'd like to highlight
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๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋กœ ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ•  ์ ์€
02:41
is that this link between family income and children's brain structure
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๊ฐ€๊ตฌ ์†Œ๋“๊ณผ ์•„๋™์˜ ๋‘๋‡Œ ๊ตฌ์กฐ ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋Š”
02:45
didn't depend on the children's age,
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์•„์ด์˜ ๋‚˜์ด๋‚˜
02:47
it didn't depend on their sex
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์„ฑ๋ณ„์— ์ขŒ์šฐ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:50
and it didn't depend on their race or ethnicity.
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์ธ์ข…์ด๋‚˜ ๋ฏผ์กฑ์„ฑ๋„ ๊ด€๋ จ์ด ์—†์–ด์š”.
02:53
And the final point --
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๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ
02:55
and this one's key --
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๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ฑด๋ฐ์š”.
02:56
there was tremendous variability from one child to the next,
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๊ฐ ์•„๋™๋งˆ๋‹ค ์ƒ๋‹นํ•œ ๊ฐœ์ธ์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:01
by which I mean there were plenty of children from higher-income homes
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๊ณ ์†Œ๋“ ๊ฐ€์ •์—์„œ ์œ ๋…„๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋ƒˆ์–ด๋„
03:04
with smaller brain surfaces
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๋‡Œํ‘œ๋ฉด์ ์ด ์ž‘์€ ์•„์ด๋“ค๋„ ๋งŽ์•˜๊ณ 
03:06
and plenty of children from lower-income homes
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๋ฐ˜๋Œ€๋กœ ์ €์†Œ๋“ ๊ฐ€์ •์—์„œ ์ž๋ž์–ด๋„
03:09
with larger brain surfaces.
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ํฐ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋„ ๋งŽ์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:11
Here's an analogy.
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์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋น„์œ ๋ฅผ ํ•ด๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:12
We all know that in childhood,
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์–ด๋ฆด ๋•Œ๋Š” ๋ณดํ†ต
03:14
boys tend to be taller than girls,
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๋‚จ์ž ์•„์ด๋“ค์ด ์—ฌ์ž ์•„์ด๋“ค๋ณด๋‹ค ํ‚ค๊ฐ€ ๋” ํฌ์ฃ .
๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์–ด๋Š ์ดˆ๋“ฑํ•™๊ต ๊ต์‹ค์„ ๋ณด๋”๋ผ๋„
03:17
but go into any elementary school classroom,
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03:19
and you'll find some girls who are taller than some boys.
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๋‚จ์ž ์•„์ด๋“ค๋ณด๋‹ค ํ‚ค๊ฐ€ ํฐ ์—ฌ์ž ์•„์ด๋“ค ๋ช‡๋ช‡์ด ๋ณด์ผ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:23
So while growing up in poverty is certainly a risk factor
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์ฆ‰, ์ €์†Œ๋“ ๊ฐ€์ •์—์„œ ์„ฑ์žฅํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
ํ™•์‹คํžˆ ์ž‘์€ ๋‡Œ ๋ฉด์ ์„ ๊ฐ–๊ฒŒ ๋  ์œ„ํ—˜์„ฑ์„ ๋†’์˜€์ง€๋งŒ
03:26
for a smaller brain surface,
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03:28
in no way can I know an individual child's family income
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์ €ํฌ๊ฐ€ ์•„์ด๋“ค ๊ฐœ๊ฐœ์ธ์ด ์†ํ•œ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฐ€๊ตฌ์˜ ์ •ํ™•ํ•œ ์†Œ๋“๊ณผ
ํŠน์ • ์•„๋™๋“ค์˜ ๋‡Œ์˜ ์ƒ๊น€์ƒˆ๊นŒ์ง€
03:32
and know with any accuracy
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03:33
what that particular child's brain would look like.
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์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ ์—†์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:37
I want you to imagine, for a moment, two children.
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๋‘ ์•„์ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•œ๋ฒˆ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด๋ด…์‹œ๋‹ค.
03:40
One is a young child born into poverty in America;
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ํ•œ ์•„์ด๋Š” ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ์ €์†Œ๋“์ธต์—์„œ ํƒœ์–ด๋‚ฌ๊ณ 
03:42
the other is also an American child,
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ•œ ์•„์ด๋Š” ๋˜‘๊ฐ™์ด ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์—์„œ ํƒœ์–ด๋‚ฌ์ง€๋งŒ
03:45
but one who was born into more fortunate circumstances.
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๋” ์œ ๋ณตํ•œ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์—์„œ ํƒœ์–ด๋‚ฌ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:49
Now, at birth, we find absolutely no differences
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์ถœ์ƒ ์งํ›„์— ์ด ์•„์ด๋“ค์˜ ๋‡Œ๊ฐ€ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ์—๋Š”
03:53
in how their brains work.
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์ „ํ˜€ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:56
But by the time those two kids are ready to start kindergarten,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด ์•„์ด๋“ค์ด ์œ ์น˜์›์— ๊ฐ€๊ฒŒ ๋  ์ฆˆ์Œ
03:59
we know that the child living in poverty
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์ €์†Œ๋“์ธต ์•„์ด๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์•„์ด๋ณด๋‹ค
04:01
is likely to have cognitive scores that are, on average, 60 percent lower
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ํ‰๊ท ์ ์œผ๋กœ 60% ๋‚ฎ์€ ์ธ์ง€ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„
๊ฐ–๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ๋†’๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑธ ์ €ํฌ๋Š” ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ์ฃ .
04:06
than those of the other child.
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04:09
Later on, that child living in poverty
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๊ทธ ์ €์†Œ๋“์ธต ์•„์ด๋Š”
04:11
will be five times more likely to drop out of high school,
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๋‚˜์ค‘์— ๊ณ ๋“ฑํ•™๊ต๋ฅผ ๊ทธ๋งŒ๋‘˜ ํ™•๋ฅ ์ด 5๋ฐฐ๋‚˜ ๋†’๊ณ 
04:14
and if she does graduate high school,
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ๊ณ ๋“ฑํ•™๊ต๋ฅผ ์กธ์—…ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ด๋„
04:16
she'll be less likely to earn a college degree.
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๋Œ€ํ•™ ํ•™์œ„๋ฅผ ์ทจ๋“ํ•  ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์€ ๋‚ฎ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:20
By the time those two kids are 35 years old,
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๋˜ํ•œ ์ด ์•„์ด๊ฐ€ ๋ชจ๋“  ์œ ๋…„๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€๋‚œ ์†์—์„œ ๋ณด๋ƒˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด
04:23
if the first child spent her entire childhood living in poverty,
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์ด ์•„์ด๊ฐ€ 35์‚ด์ด ๋˜์—ˆ์„ ๋•Œ ์•„์ด ์ž์‹ ๋„ ๊ฐ€๋‚œํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์‚ด ํ™•๋ฅ ์ด
04:27
she is up to 75 times more likely to be poor herself.
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๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์•„์ด๋“ค๋ณด๋‹ค 75๋ฐฐ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋†’์•„์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:34
But it doesn't have to be that way.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ผญ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๋Š” ๋ง์€ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:36
As a neuroscientist, one of things I find most exciting about the human brain
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์‹ ๊ฒฝ๊ณผํ•™์ž๋กœ์„œ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋‘๋‡Œ์—์„œ ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กญ๊ฒŒ ๋Š๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
04:41
is that our experiences change our brains.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋‡Œ๊ฐ€ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:45
Now, this concept, known as neuroplasticity,
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์‹ ๊ฒฝ๊ฐ€์†Œ์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ ์•Œ๋ ค์ง„ ์ด ๊ฐœ๋…์€
04:49
means that these differences in children's brain structure
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์•„์ด๋“ค์ด ๋‘๋‡Œ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์˜ ์ฐจ์ด ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—
04:52
don't doom a child to a life of low achievement.
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์ธ์ƒ์—์„œ ์„ฑ๊ณตํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•  ์ด์œ ๋Š” ์—†๋‹ค๊ณ  ์„ค๋ช…ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:55
The brain is not destiny.
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๋‘๋‡Œ๊ฐ€ ์ผ์ƒ์„ ์šด๋ช…์ง“์ง€๋Š” ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:59
And if a child's brain can be changed,
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์•„์ด์˜ ๋‘๋‡Œ๋ฅผ ๋ณ€ํ™”์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด
05:01
then anything is possible.
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์•„์ด๋Š” ๊ทธ ๋ฌด์—‡๋„ ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ฃ .
05:04
As a society, we spend billions of dollars each year, educating our children.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ๋Š” ์•„์ด๋“ค์˜ ๊ต์œก์— ๋งค๋…„ ์ˆ˜์ž…์–ต ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ฅผ ์ง€์ถœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:09
So what can we tell schools, teachers and parents
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์ €์†Œ๋“์ธต ์•„๋™๋“ค์ด ํ•™์—…๊ณผ ์ธ์ƒ์—์„œ ์ตœ์„ ์„ ๋‹คํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก
05:12
who want to help support kids from disadvantaged backgrounds
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๋„์›€์ด ๋˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜๋Š” ํ•™๊ต, ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜, ํ•™๋ถ€๋ชจ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ
05:15
to do their best in school and in life?
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋–ค ์กฐ์–ธ์„ ํ•ด์ค„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
05:17
Well, emerging science suggests
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์ตœ๊ทผ ๊ณผํ•™ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋ฉด
05:19
that growing up in poverty is associated with a host of different experiences
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์ €์†Œ๋“ ๊ฐ€์ •์—์„œ ์ž๋ผ๋Š” ๋™์•ˆ ์•„์ด๋Š” ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์„ ํ•˜๊ฒŒ๋˜๋Š”๋ฐ
05:24
and that these experiences in turn may work together
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๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ์ด ๊ฒฝํ—˜๋“ค์ด ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋‘๋‡Œ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ์— ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ•ด์„œ
05:26
to help shape brain development and ultimately help kids learn.
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์ตœ์ข…์ ์œผ๋กœ ์•„์ด๋“ค์˜ ํ•™์Šต์— ๋„์›€์ด ๋œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:30
And so if this is right,
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์ด ๋ง์ด ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ด๋ผ๋ฉด
05:31
it begs the question:
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ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์˜๋ฌธ์ด ์ƒ๊ธธ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:32
Where along this pathway can we step in and provide help?
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ณผ์—ฐ ์–ด๋Š ์‹œ์ ์— ๊ฐœ์ž…ํ•˜๋ฉด ๋„์›€์„ ์ค„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
05:36
So let's consider first intervening at the level of learning itself --
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๋จผ์ € ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํ”ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ •๊ทœ๊ต์œก์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€๋Š”
05:39
most commonly through school-based initiatives.
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ํ•™์Šต ๋‹จ๊ณ„์—์„œ ์ ‘๊ทผํ•ด๋ณด์ฃ .
05:42
Now, should we be encouraging teachers to focus on the kinds of skills
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์ €์†Œ๋“์ธต ์•„๋™๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์–ด๋ ค์›Œํ•˜๋Š” ๋ถ„์•ผ์—
05:45
that disadvantaged kids are most likely to struggle with?
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์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ์ง‘์ค‘ํ•˜๋„๋ก ํž˜์จ์•ผ ํ• ๊นŒ์š”?
05:48
Of course.
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๋‹น์—ฐํ•œ ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:49
The importance of high-quality education based in scientific evidence
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๊ณผํ•™์ ์ธ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ํ† ๋Œ€๋กœํ•œ ๋†’์€ ์ˆ˜์ค€์˜ ๊ต์œก์ด ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€
์•„๋ฌด๋ฆฌ ๊ฐ•์กฐํ•ด๋„ ์ง€๋‚˜์น˜์ง€ ์•Š์ฃ .
05:53
really can't be overstated.
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05:54
And there are a number of examples of excellent interventions
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์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์•„์ด์˜ ์ธ์ง€๋Šฅ๋ ฅ๊ณผ ์‹œํ—˜ ์ ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š”
05:57
targeting things like literacy or self-regulation
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์ฝ๊ธฐ, ์“ฐ๊ธฐ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์ด๋‚˜ ์ž๊ธฐํ†ต์ œ๋ ฅ์„ ๊ฐœ์„ ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๋ฐ ์„ฑ๊ณตํ•œ
06:00
that do in fact improve kids' cognitive development and their test scores.
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ํ›Œ๋ฅญํ•œ ๋ช‡ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:04
But as any intervention scientist doing this work would tell you,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ณผํ•™์ž๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๊ป˜ ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋งํ•  ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:08
this work is challenging.
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์‰ฌ์šด ์ผ์€ ์•„๋‹ ๊ฑฐ๋ผ๊ณ ์š”.
06:09
It's hard to implement high-quality, evidence-based education.
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์‹ค๋ก€๊ฐ€ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์ด ๋œ ์ˆ˜์ค€ ๋†’์€ ๊ต์œก์„ ๋„์ž…ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋Š” ๊นŒ๋‹ค๋กญ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:12
And it can be labor-intensive,
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๋งŽ์€ ๋…ธ๋™๋ ฅ์ด ์š”๊ตฌ๋  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๊ณ 
06:14
it's sometimes costly.
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๋น„์šฉ์ด ๋งŽ์ด ๋“ค๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:16
And in many cases, these disparities in child development emerge early --
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋Œ€๊ฐœ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ์ƒ์˜ ๊ฒฉ์ฐจ๋Š” ์ด๋ฅธ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์— ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:20
well before the start of formal schooling --
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์ •๊ทœ๊ต์œก์„ ๋ฐ›๊ธฐ๋„ ํ›จ์”ฌ ์ „
06:22
sometimes when kids are just toddlers.
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์‹ฌ์ง€์–ด ๊ณ ์ž‘ ๊ฑธ์Œ๋งˆ๋ฅผ ํ•  ์ฆˆ์Œ์—๋„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜์ฃ .
06:25
And so I would argue:
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ €์˜ ์ฃผ์žฅ์€
06:27
school is very important,
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ํ•™๊ต๋Š” ๋งค์šฐ ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ
06:29
but if we're focusing all of our policy efforts
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ •๊ทœ ๊ต์œก์„ ์œ„ํ•œ
06:32
on formal schooling,
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์ •์ฑ… ์ˆ˜๋ฆฝ์—๋งŒ ์ง‘์ค‘ํ•˜๋ฉด
06:33
we're probably starting too late.
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์•„๋งˆ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋Šฆ์„์ง€๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:36
So what about taking a step back
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๋Œ€์‹ ์— ์ž ์‹œ ๋ฌผ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜์„œ
06:39
and focusing on trying to change children's experiences?
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์•„์ด๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ์ง€ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด๋ด…์‹œ๋‹ค.
06:42
What particular experiences are associated with growing up in poverty
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์ €์†Œ๋“ ๊ฐ€์ •์˜ ์•„์ด๊ฐ€ ๊ฒช๋Š” ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์ธ ์ƒํ™ฉ์€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ด ์žˆ๊ณ 
06:46
and might be able to be targeted to promote brain development
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์ด ์ค‘์— ์–ด๋–ค ์ƒํ™ฉ์„ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•ด์•ผ
๋” ๋‚˜์€ ๋‘๋‡Œ ์ƒํƒœ์™€ ํ•™์Šต ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ์Šต๋“ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ๋ณดํƒฌ์ด ๋ ๊นŒ์š”?
06:48
and learning outcomes for kids?
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06:50
Of course, there are many, right?
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๋ฌผ๋ก  ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:52
Nutrition, access to health care,
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๊ทธ ์ค‘ ๋ช‡ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ ์˜์–‘ ์ƒํƒœ, ์˜๋ฃŒ ์ ‘๊ทผ์„ฑ
06:56
exposure to second-hand smoke or lead,
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๊ฐ„์ ‘ ํก์—ฐ๊ณผ ๋‚ฉ์„ฑ๋ถ„ ๋…ธ์ถœ ์—ฌ๋ถ€
06:59
experience of stress or discrimination,
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์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์Šค๋‚˜ ์ฐจ๋ณ„ ๊ฒฝํ—˜ ์—ฌ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ๋“ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒ ์ฃ .
07:01
to name a few.
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07:03
In my laboratory,
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์ €ํฌ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์‹ค์—์„œ๋Š”
07:04
we're particularly focused on a few types of experiences
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์•„์ด๋“ค์˜ ๋‘๋‡Œ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ฃผ๊ณ 
07:07
that we believe may be able to be targeted
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๊ถ๊ทน์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ•™์Šต ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ํ–ฅ์ƒ ์‹œํ‚ฌ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ˆ์ƒ๋˜๋Š”
07:10
to promote children's brain development
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๋ช‡ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ํŠน์ • ๊ฒฝํ—˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ
07:12
and ultimately improve their learning outcomes.
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์ดˆ์ ์„ ๋งž์ถ”๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:15
As one example,
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ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์˜ˆ๋กœ
07:16
take something I'll call the home language environment,
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๊ฐ€์ • ์–ธ์–ด ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:19
by which I mean, we know that the number of words kids hear
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์•„์ด๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ ๊ฐ€์ •์—์„œ ๋งค์ผ ๋“ฃ๋Š” ๋‹จ์–ด ์ˆ˜์™€
07:23
and the number of conversations they're engaged in every day
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์ง์ ‘ ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š” ๋Œ€ํ™”์˜ ๋นˆ๋„๋Š”
07:26
can vary tremendously.
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๋งŽ์€ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:28
By some estimates,
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ํ†ต๊ณ„์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด
07:29
kids from more advantaged backgrounds
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์œ ๋ณตํ•œ ๊ฐ€์ •์—์„œ ํƒœ์–ด๋‚œ ์•„์ด๋“ค์€
07:31
hear an average of 30 million more spoken words
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๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๊ฐ€์ •์—์„œ ํƒœ์–ด๋‚œ ์•„์ด๋“ค๋ณด๋‹ค
07:34
in the first few years of life
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์ƒํ›„ ์ฒซ ์ˆ˜๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ
07:36
compared to kids from less advantaged backgrounds.
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ํ‰๊ท ์ ์œผ๋กœ 3์ฒœ๋งŒ ๋‹จ์–ด๋ฅผ ๋” ๋“ฃ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:39
Now, in our work, we're finding
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์ตœ๊ทผ ์ €ํฌ๋Š” ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด
07:41
that kids who experience more back-and-forth,
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์ƒ๋Œ€์™€ ์„œ๋กœ ๋…ผ์Ÿ์„ ์ฃผ๊ณ ๋ฐ›๋Š”
07:44
responsive conversational turns
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์ƒํ˜ธ ํ† ๋ก ์„ ๋” ๋งŽ์ด ๊ฒฝํ—˜ํ•œ ์•„์ด๋“ค์ผ์ˆ˜๋ก
07:46
tend to have a larger brain surface in parts of the brain
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์–ธ์–ด, ์ฝ๊ธฐ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ๋‡Œ์˜ ํ‘œ๋ฉด์ ์ด
07:49
that we know are responsible for language and reading skills.
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๋” ๋„“๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ฐํ˜€๋ƒˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:53
And in fact, the number of conversations they hear
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„์ด๋“ค์ด ๋ช‡ ๊ฐœ์˜ ๋‹จ์–ด๋ฅผ ๋“ฃ๋Š”์ง€์˜ ์‚ฌ์‹ค๋ณด๋‹ค
07:55
seems to matter a little bit more than the sheer number of words they hear.
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์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ๋งŽ์€ ๋Œ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋“ฃ๋Š”์ง€๊ฐ€ ์ข€ ๋” ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ž„์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋ƒ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:00
So one tantalizing possibility
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์ฆ‰, ๋‹จ์ˆœํžˆ ๋ถ€๋ชจ๊ฐ€ ๋ง์„ ๋งŽ์ด ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋ณด๋‹ค
08:02
is that we should be teaching parents not just to talk a lot,
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์•„์ด๋“ค๊ณผ์˜ ๋Œ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋” ๋งŽ์ด ์ด๋Œ์–ด๋‚ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด
08:05
but to actually have more conversations with their children.
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์–ด์ฉŒ๋ฉด ํ•ด๊ฒฐ์ฑ…์ด ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒ ์ง€์š”.
08:08
In this way, it's possible that we'll promote brain development
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ ์•„์ด์˜ ๋‘๋‡Œ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์„ ๋„์šธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ 
08:11
and perhaps their kids' language and reading skills.
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์–ธ์–ด, ์ฝ๊ธฐ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ๊นŒ์ง€ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์‹œํ‚ฌ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:15
And in fact, a number of scientists are testing
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ ํ˜„์žฌ
08:17
that exciting possibility right now.
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๋‹ค์ˆ˜์˜ ๊ณผํ•™์ž๋“ค์ด ์‹คํ—˜์ค‘์ด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:20
But of course, we all know
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋ฌผ๋ก  ์ €์†Œ๋“ ๊ฐ€์ •์—์„œ ๊ฒช๋Š” ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š”
08:21
that growing up in poverty is associated with lots of different experiences
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๋‹จ์ˆœํžˆ ์•„์ด๋“ค์ด ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ๋งŽ์€ ๋Œ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋‚˜๋ˆ„๋Š”์ง€์— ํ•œ์ •๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:24
beyond just how many conversations kids are having.
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08:27
So how do we choose what else to focus on?
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฉด ๋‹ค์Œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ •ํ• ๊นŒ์š”?
08:30
The list can be overwhelming.
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๋ชฉ๋ก์œผ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค์ž๋ฉด ๋์ด ์—†๊ฒ ์ฃ .
08:32
There are a number of high-quality interventions
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์•„์ด๋“ค์ด ๋ณด๋‹ค ๊ธ์ •์ ์ธ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์„ ํ•˜๋„๋ก
08:35
that do try to change children's experience,
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ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐœ์ž…ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€
08:37
many of which are quite effective.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ฐ€ ์กด์žฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:39
But again, just like school-based initiatives,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ •๊ทœ ๊ต์œก์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ๊ณ„ํš๊ณผ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ
08:41
this is hard work.
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์‰ฝ์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์‚ฌ์•ˆ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:43
It can be challenging,
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๊ณ ๋œ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์ด ์š”๊ตฌ๋  ์ˆ˜๋„
08:44
it can be labor-intensive,
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๋งŽ์€ ๋…ธ๋™์ด ์š”๊ตฌ๋  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๊ณ 
08:45
sometimes costly ...
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๋น„์šฉ์ด ๋งŽ์ด ๋“ค๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:48
and on occasion,
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๊ฒŒ๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ๊ณผํ•™์ž๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ‘์ž๊ธฐ ๋ผ์–ด๋“ค์–ด์„œ
08:49
it can be somewhat patronizing for scientists to swoop in
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์•„์ด์˜ ์„ฑ๊ณต์„ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ ๋ญ˜ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ•ด์•ผํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ์ง€์‹œํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด
08:52
and tell a family what they need to change in order for their child to succeed.
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๊ฐ€์กฑ๋“ค์€ ๋ฌด์‹œ๋‹นํ•œ ๊ธฐ๋ถ„์ด ๋“ค๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜๊ฒ ์ฃ .
08:57
So I want to share an idea with you.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋ฐฉ์‹์€ ์–ด๋–จ๊นŒ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:01
What if we tried to help young children in poverty
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๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ €์†Œ๋“ ๊ฐ€์ •์— ๊ธˆ์ „์ ์ธ ์›์กฐ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋‚ด์„œ
09:05
by simply giving their families more money?
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์•„์ด๋“ค์„ ๋•๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด์ฃ .
09:10
I'm privileged to be working with a team of economists,
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๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•˜๊ฒŒ๋„ ์ €๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์ œํ•™์ž, ์‚ฌํšŒ์ •์ฑ… ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€,
09:12
social policy experts and neuroscientists
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์‹ ๊ฒฝ๊ณผํ•™์ž๋“ค๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง„ ํŒ€๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜
09:14
in leading Baby's First Years,
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๋นˆ๊ณค์„ ์™„ํ™”ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์•„์ด์˜ ๋‘๋‡Œ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์—
09:16
the first-ever randomized study
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๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ์ค„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ์‹คํ—˜ํ•˜๋Š”
09:19
to test whether poverty reduction causes changes in children's brain development.
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์ตœ์ดˆ์˜ ๋ฌด์ž‘์œ„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ด๋Œ์–ด ๊ฐ€๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:25
Now, the ambition of the study is large,
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์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ํ’ˆ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์•ผ๋ง์€ ํฌ์ง€๋งŒ
09:27
but the premise is actually quite simple.
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์ „์ œ๋Š” ๊ฝค ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:30
In May of 2018,
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2018๋…„ 5์›”์—
09:31
we began recruiting 1,000 mothers living below the federal poverty line
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์ €ํฌ๋Š” ์ •๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ๊ทœ์ •ํ•œ ๋นˆ๊ณค์„  ์ดํ•˜์— ์žˆ๋Š”
09:35
shortly after they gave birth in a number of American hospitals.
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์ถœ์‚ฐ ์งํ›„์˜ ์‚ฐ๋ชจ ์ฒœ ๋ช…์„ ๋ชจ์ง‘ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:40
Upon enrolling in our study,
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์—ฐ๊ตฌ์— ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ์‚ฐ๋ชจ๋“ค์€
09:41
all mothers receive an unconditional monthly cash gift
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์•„์ด๊ฐ€ ์ถœ์ƒํ•œ ํ›„ 40๋‹ฌ์— ๊ฑธ์ณ
09:45
for the first 40 months of their children's lives,
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๋งค ๋‹ฌ ๋ฌด์กฐ๊ฑด ํ˜„๊ธˆ์„ ์ง€๊ธ‰๋ฐ›๊ณ ,
09:48
and they're free to use this money however they like.
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์ž์‹ ์ด ์›ํ•˜๋Š” ์–ด๋–ค ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ๋“  ์ด ๋ˆ์„ ์“ธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:52
But importantly, mothers are being randomized,
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€,
09:55
so some mothers are randomized to receive a nominal monthly cash gift
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์ด ์‚ฐ๋ชจ๋“ค์€ ๋ฌด์ž‘์œ„๋กœ ์„ ์ •๋ผ์„œ
10:00
and others are randomized to receive several hundred dollars each month,
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๋ช‡๋ช‡์€ ๋งค ๋‹ฌ ์–ผ๋งˆ ์•ˆ๋˜๋Š” ๊ธˆ์•ก๋งŒ์„ ๋ฐ›๊ณ 
10:04
an amount that we believe is large enough
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๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€๋Š” ์›”์ˆ˜์ž…์˜ 20-25%์— ๋‹ฌํ•˜๋Š”,
10:06
to make a difference in their day-to-day lives,
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์ผ์ƒ์ƒํ™œ์— ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ์ค„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๋งŒํ•œ ๊ธˆ์•ก์ธ
10:08
in most cases increasing their monthly income by 20 to 25 percent.
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์ˆ˜ ๋ฐฑ ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ฅผ ์ง€๊ธ‰๋ฐ›๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค๋Š”๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:13
So in this way,
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์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ•ด์„œ
10:14
we're hoping to finally move past questions
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๋‹จ์ง€ ๋นˆ๊ณค๊ณผ ์•„๋™๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ ์‚ฌ์ด์—
10:17
of how poverty is correlated with child development
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์–ด๋–ค ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ์•Œ์•„๋‚ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์— ๋จธ๋ฌด๋ฅด์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ 
10:21
and actually be able to test whether reducing poverty causes changes
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์‹ค์งˆ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋นˆ๊ณค์„ ์™„ํ™”ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ
10:25
in children's cognitive, emotional and brain development
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๋‘๋‡Œ๊ฐ€ ์™ธ๋ถ€ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์— ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋ฏผ๊ฐํ•  ์‹œ๊ธฐ์ธ
10:28
in the first three years of life --
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์•„์ด์˜ ์ถœ์ƒ ์งํ›„ 3๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ์—
10:31
the very time when we believe
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์ธ์ง€, ๊ฐ์ •, ๋‘๋‡Œ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ์— ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ์ด๋Œ์–ด๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ
10:32
the developing brain may be most malleable to experience.
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๋ฐํ˜€๋‚ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ชฉ์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:37
Now, we won't have definitive results from this study for several years,
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๋ช‡ ๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ์€ ์•„์ง ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ๋ช…ํ™•ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์–ป์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๊ฒ ์ง€๋งŒ,
10:41
and if nothing else,
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๋”๋ผ๋„ ์ตœ์†Œํ•œ,
10:42
1,000 newborns and their moms will have a bit more cash each month
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์ฒœ ๋ช…์˜ ์‹ ์ƒ์•„์™€ ์‚ฐ๋ชจ๋“ค์€ ๋งค ๋‹ฌ ๊ธด์š”ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์“ธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”
10:45
that they tell us they very much need.
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์ง€์›๊ธˆ์„ ์–ผ๋งˆ ์ •๋„ ๋ฐ›๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:48
But what if it turns out that a cost-effective way
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ๋งŒ์•ฝ ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋•๋ถ„์—
10:51
to help young children in poverty
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๊ฐ„๋‹จํžˆ ๋ณดํ˜ธ์ž์—๊ฒŒ ์ง€์›๊ธˆ์„ ์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด
10:54
is to simply give their moms more money?
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์ €์†Œ๋“์ธต ์•„์ด๋“ค์„ ๋•๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋น„์šฉ ๋Œ€๋น„ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐํ˜€์ง„๋‹ค๋ฉด ์–ด๋–จ๊นŒ์š”?
10:58
If our hypotheses are borne out,
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ์ €ํฌ๊ฐ€ ์„ธ์šด ๊ฐ€์„ค์ด ์˜ณ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ฆ๋ช…๋˜๋ฉด,
11:00
it's our hope that results from this work will inform debates about social services
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์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌํšŒ๋ณต์ง€์ •์ฑ…์— ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์„ฑ์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ
11:05
that have the potential to effect millions of families with young children.
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์ž ์žฌ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์•„๋™์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ์ˆ˜๋ฐฑ๋งŒ์˜ ๊ฐ€์ •์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น  ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:09
Because while income may not be the only or even the most important factor
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์„ค๋ น ๊ฐ€์ •์†Œ๋“์ด ์•„๋™์˜ ๋‘๋‡Œ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ์„ ๊ฒฐ์ •์ง“๋Š”
11:13
in determining children's brain development,
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์œ ์ผํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์š”์ธ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•ด๋„
11:16
it may be one that,
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์ •์ฑ…์ ์œผ๋กœ๋Š”
11:17
from a policy perspective,
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์•„์ฃผ ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ๋‹ค๋ค„์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”
11:19
can be easily addressed.
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์‚ฌํ•ญ์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ฃ .
11:22
Put simply,
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๋‹ค์‹œ ๋งํ•ด์„œ,
11:23
if we can show that reducing poverty changes how children's brains develop
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๋นˆ๊ณค์„ ์™„ํ™”ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์•„์ด๋“ค์˜ ๋‘๋‡Œ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ์„ ์ด‰์ง„์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ์ฆ๋ช…ํ•˜๋ฉด
11:28
and that leads to meaningful policy changes,
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์ •์ฑ…์— ๋œป๊นŠ์€ ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๊ธธ ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ณ 
11:32
then a young child born into poverty today
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ•ด์„œ ์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚  ๋นˆ๊ณค์ธต์—์„œ ํƒœ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ์•„์ด๋“ค์ด
11:35
may have a much better shot at a brighter future.
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์กฐ๊ธˆ ๋” ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ์ถฉ๋งŒํ•œ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜๋ฅผ ์ถ”๊ตฌํ•  ๊ธฐํšŒ๋ฅผ ์–ป์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊ฑฐ๋ผ ๋ฏฟ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:39
Thank you.
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๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:40
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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