The dirty secret of capitalism -- and a new way forward | Nick Hanauer

2,560,281 views

2019-10-18 ใƒป TED


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The dirty secret of capitalism -- and a new way forward | Nick Hanauer

2,560,281 views ใƒป 2019-10-18

TED


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: Hoeun Cheong ๊ฒ€ํ† : Minji Kim
00:13
I am a capitalist,
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์ €๋Š” ์ž๋ณธ๊ฐ€์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:17
and after a 30-year career in capitalism
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์ž๋ณธ์ฃผ์˜ ๋‚ด์—์„œ 30๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ์˜ ๊ฒฝ๋ ฅ์€
00:20
spanning three dozen companies,
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36์—ฌ๊ฐœ์˜ ํšŒ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ์น˜๋ฉด์„œ
00:22
generating tens of billions of dollars in market value,
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์ˆ˜๋ฐฑ์–ต ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ์˜ ์‹œ์žฅ๊ฐ€์น˜๋ฅผ ๋ฐœ์ƒ์‹œ์ผฐ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:26
I'm not just in the top one percent, I'm in the top .01 percent of all earners.
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์ €๋Š” ์ƒ์œ„ 1% ๋ฅผ ๋„˜์–ด์„  ์ƒ์œ„ 0.1%์˜ ์†Œ๋“์ž์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:33
Today, I have come to share the secrets of our success,
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์˜ค๋Š˜ ์ €๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์„ฑ๊ณต์˜ ๋น„๋ฐ€์„ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ์ด ์ž๋ฆฌ์— ์„ฐ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:36
because rich capitalists like me have never been richer.
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์ €๊ฐ™์€ ์ž๋ณธ๊ฐ€๋“ค์€ ์—ฌํƒœ๊ป ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋ถ€์ž์˜€๋˜ ์ ์ด ์—†์—ˆ๊ฑฐ๋“ ์š”.
00:40
So the question is, how do we do it?
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฉด, ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์„ฑ๊ณตํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ผ๊นŒ์š”?
00:44
How do we manage to grab
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์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์ž๋ณธ๊ฐ€๋“ค์€
00:45
an ever-increasing share of the economic pie every year?
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์ž์‹ ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ์ง€๋ถ„์„ ๋งค๋…„ ์ƒ์Šน์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
00:50
Is it that rich people are smarter than we were 30 years ago?
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์ง€๊ธˆ์˜ ๋ถ€์ž๋“ค์ด 30๋…„ ์ „๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ๋˜‘๋˜‘ํ•ด์ ธ์„œ ๊ทธ๋Ÿด๊นŒ์š”?
00:55
Is it that we're working harder than we once did?
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๋ถ€์ž๋“ค์ด ์–ด๋Š๋•Œ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ์—ด์‹ฌํžˆ ์ผ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ผ๊นŒ์š”?
00:59
Are we taller, better looking?
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๋” ํ‚ค ํฌ๊ณ , ์ž˜์ƒ๊ฒจ์„œ ์ผ๊นŒ์š”?
01:03
Sadly, no.
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์•ˆํƒ€๊น๊ฒŒ๋„, ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:05
It all comes down to just one thing:
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๊ทธ๊ฑด ๋‹จ ํ•œ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ ๊ท€๊ฒฐ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:08
economics.
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๊ฒฝ์ œํ•™ ์ด๋ก .
01:10
Because, here's the dirty secret.
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๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ด ๋”๋Ÿฌ์šด ๋น„๋ฐ€์„ ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆฌ์ฃ .
01:12
There was a time in which the economics profession
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์˜›๋‚ ์—๋Š”, ๊ฒฝ์ œ์ง์—…์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด
01:15
worked in the public interest,
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๊ณต๊ณต ๋ถ„์•ผ์—์„œ ์ผ ํ–ˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:16
but in the neoliberal era,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์‹ ์ž์œ ์ฃผ์˜ ์‹œ๋Œ€์—์„œ๋Š”
01:18
today,
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์ฆ‰, ์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚ ์—๋Š”
01:20
they work only for big corporations
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์˜ค์ง ํฐ ๊ธฐ์—…๋“ค์ด๋‚˜
01:22
and billionaires,
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์–ต๋งŒ์žฅ์ž ๋“ค์„ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋งŒ ์ผํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:24
and that is creating a little bit of a problem.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ์ผ์œผํ‚ค๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
01:27
We could choose to enact economic policies
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ถ€์ž๋“ค์˜ ์„ธ๊ธˆ์„ ์˜ฌ๋ฆฌ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜
01:31
that raise taxes on the rich,
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ํฐ ๊ธฐ์—…๋“ค์„ ๊ทœ์ œ ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜
01:34
regulate powerful corporations or raise wages for workers.
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์ง์›๋“ค์˜ ์›”๊ธ‰์„ ์˜ฌ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋“ฑ์˜ ์ •์ฑ…๋ฅผ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:38
We have done it before.
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๊ณผ๊ฑฐ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ํ•ด์™”๋˜ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด์ฃ .
01:39
But neoliberal economists would warn
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ์‹ ์ž์œ ์ฃผ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์ œํ•™์ž๋“ค์€
01:42
that all of these policies would be a terrible mistake,
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์ด ๋ชจ๋“  ์ •์ฑ…๋“ค์ด ์ข‹์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์„ ํƒ์ด ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๊ฒฝ๊ณ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:46
because raising taxes always kills economic growth,
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์„ธ๊ธˆ์„ ์ธ์ƒ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ํ•ญ์ƒ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ์„ฑ์žฅ์„ ๋ง‰๊ณ 
01:50
and any form of government regulation
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๊ทธ ์–ด๋– ํ•œ ์ •๋ถ€์˜ ๊ทœ์ œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋„
01:52
is inefficient,
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ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ด์ง€ ์•Š๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:54
and raising wages always kills jobs.
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๋˜ํ•œ ์ž„๊ธˆ์˜ ์ƒ์Šน์€ ์ผ์ž๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์—†์•ฑ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:57
Well, as a consequence of that thinking,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ƒ๊ฐ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋กœ์„œ
02:00
over the last 30 years, in the USA alone,
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์ง€๋‚œ 30๋…„์— ๊ฑธ์ณ์„œ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์—์„œ๋Š”
02:04
the top one percent has grown 21 trillion dollars richer
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์ƒ์œ„ 1ํผ์„ผํŠธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ์ž์‚ฐ์€ 21์กฐ ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ๊ฐ€ ๋” ๋Š˜์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ
02:09
while the bottom 50 percent have grown 900 billion dollars poorer,
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ํ•˜์œ„ 50 ํผ์„ผํŠธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ์ž์‚ฐ์€ 900์–ต ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ๊ฐ€ ๋” ์ค„์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:14
a pattern of widening inequality that has largely repeated itself
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๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑ์ด ์ ์  ๋” ์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•ด์ง€๊ณ  ์„ธ๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฐ˜๋ณต๋จ์„
02:18
across the world.
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๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:19
And yet, as middle class families struggle to get by
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์ค‘์‚ฐ์ธต์˜ ๊ฐ€์กฑ๋“ค์€ 40๋…„์งธ ๋ณ€ํ•จ์—†๋Š” ์ž„๊ธˆ์œผ๋กœ
02:24
on wages that have not budged in about 40 years,
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์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ๋“  ์‚ด์•„๋ณด๋ ค๊ณ  ๋ถ„ํˆฌํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ๋„
02:28
neoliberal economists continue to warn that the only reasonable response
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์‹ ์ž์œ ์ฃผ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์ œํ•™์ž๋“ค์€ ์„ธ๊ณ„ํ™”์™€ ๊ธด์ถ•์ •์ฑ…์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ
02:32
to the painful dislocations of austerity and globalization
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๋ถ•๊ดด ์ƒํ™ฉ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ์ฑ…์ด ์„ธ๊ณ„ํ™”์™€ ๊ธด์ถ•์ •์ฑ…์„ ๋” ์ ๊ทน์ ์œผ๋กœ
02:36
is even more austerity and globalization.
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ํŽผ์น˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ ์ฃผ์žฅํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:40
So, what is a society to do?
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๊ทธ๋Ÿผ ์‚ฌํšŒ๋Š” ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ํ•ด์•ผ ํ• ๊นŒ์š”?
02:44
Well, it's super clear to me what we need to do.
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ํ™•์‹คํžˆ ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆฌ์ž๋ฉด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€
02:47
We need a new economics.
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์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ฒฝ์ œํ•™ ์ด๋ก  ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:51
So, economics has been described as the dismal science,
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๊ฒฝ์ œํ•™์€ ์ˆ˜์ค€๋‚ฎ์€ ๊ณผํ•™ ์ •๋„๋กœ ์น˜๋ถ€๋˜๊ณค ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ์š”.
02:55
and for good reason, because as much as it is taught today,
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์–ด๋Š์ •๋„ ์ผ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋งŽ์ด๋“ค ๊ฒฝ์ œํ•™ ์ด๋ก ์„ ๋ฐฐ์šฐ์ง€๋งŒ
02:58
it isn't a science at all,
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์ „ํ˜€ ๊ณผํ•™์ ์ด์ง€ ์•Š๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:00
in spite of all of the dazzling mathematics.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์— ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ€๋Š” ํ˜„๋ž€ํ•œ ์ˆ˜ํ•™ ๊ณต์‹๋“ค ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
03:03
In fact, a growing number of academics and practitioners
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์‚ฌ์‹ค, ์ ์  ๋งŽ์€ ์ˆ˜์˜ ํ•™์ž๋“ค๊ณผ ์‹ค๋ฌด์ž๋“ค์ด
03:06
have concluded that neoliberal economic theory is dangerously wrong
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์‹ ์ž์œ ์ฃผ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์ œํ•™ ์ด๋ก ์ด ํ‹€๋ ธ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:12
and that today's growing crises of rising inequality
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์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚  ์ž๋ผ๋‚˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์œ„๊ธฐ๋“ค๊ณผ, ๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑํ•จ
03:16
and growing political instability
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์ •์น˜์  ๋ถˆ์•ˆ์ •ํ•จ์€
03:17
are the direct result of decades of bad economic theory.
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์ˆ˜์‹ญ๋…„๊ฐ„ ์ž˜๋ชป๋œ ๊ฒฝ์ œํ•™ ์ด๋ก ์„ ์œ ์ง€ํ•ด์˜จ ์ง์ ‘์ ์ธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:23
What we now know is that the economics that made me so rich isn't just wrong,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด์ œ ์ €๋ฅผ ๋งค์šฐ ๋ถ€์œ ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•ด์ค€ ๊ฒฝ์ œํ•™ ์ด๋ก ์€ ํ‹€๋ ธ์„ ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
03:29
it's backwards,
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ํ›„์ง„์ ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์••๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:31
because it turns out
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด
03:33
it isn't capital that creates economic growth,
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๊ฒฝ์ œ ์„ฑ์žฅ์„ ๊ฒฌ์ธํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ž๋ณธ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
03:36
it's people;
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด๋ฉฐ
03:39
and it isn't self-interest that promotes the public good,
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๊ณต๊ณต์„ ์„ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์‚ฌ๋ฆฌ์‚ฌ์š• ์ถ”๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹Œ
03:44
it's reciprocity;
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ํ˜ธํ˜œ์„ฑ ์ถ”๊ตฌ์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:46
and it isn't competition that produces our prosperity,
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๋˜ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ์˜์„ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์˜ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ์ด ์•„๋‹Œ
03:50
it's cooperation.
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ํ˜‘๋™์ด์ฃ .
03:53
What we can now see is that an economics that is neither just nor inclusive
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€, ํฌ์šฉ์ ์ด์ง€๋„ ์ •์˜๋กญ์ง€๋„ ์•Š์€ ๊ฒฝ์ œํ•™์€
03:58
can never sustain the high levels of social cooperation
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ํ˜„๋Œ€ ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ฐ€ ๋ฒˆ์˜ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ํ•„์š”ํ•œ
04:02
necessary to enable a modern society to thrive.
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๋†’์€ ์ˆ˜์ค€์˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ํ˜‘๋™์„ ์œ ์ง€ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:05
So where did we go wrong?
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๊ทธ๋Ÿผ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋””์„œ ์ž˜๋ชปํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ผ๊นŒ์š”?
04:09
Well, it turns out that it's become painfully obvious
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ณ ํ†ต์Šค๋Ÿฌ์šธ ์ •๋„๋กœ ๋ช…๋ฐฑํžˆ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:13
that the fundamental assumptions that undergird neoliberal economic theory
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๋ฐ”๋กœ ์‹ ์ž์œ ์ฃผ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์ œ ์ด๋ก ์˜ ๊ทผ๊ฐ„์ด ๋˜๋Š” ํ•ต์‹ฌ ๊ฐ€์ •์ด
04:19
are just objectively false,
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๊ฐ๊ด€์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ž˜๋ชป๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:22
and so today first I want to take you through some of those mistaken assumptions
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์˜ค๋Š˜ ์ €๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ž˜๋ชป๋œ ๊ฐ€์ •๋“ค์„ ๋Œ์•„๋ณด๊ณ 
04:26
and then after describe where the science suggests prosperity actually comes from.
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๊ณผํ•™์ ์œผ๋กœ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋ฒˆ์˜์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค ๊ฒƒ์ธ๊ฐ€์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:33
So, neoliberal economic assumption number one is
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์‹ ์ž์œ ์ฃผ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์ œํ•™์˜ ๊ทผ๊ฐ„์ด ๋˜๋Š” ํ•ต์‹ฌ ๊ฐ€์ • ์ค‘ ์ฒซ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋Š”
04:37
that the market is an efficient equilibrium system,
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์‹œ์žฅ์ด ํšจ์œจ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ‰ํ˜• ์ƒํƒœ๋ฅผ ์œ ์ง€ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:42
which basically means that if one thing in the economy, like wages, goes up,
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, ๊ฒฝ์ œ ์š”์†Œ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ธ ์ž„๊ธˆ์ด ์˜ฌ๋ผ๊ฐ€๋ฉด
04:48
another thing in the economy, like jobs, must go down.
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๊ณ ์šฉ๋ฅ ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฒฝ์ œ ์š”์†Œ๊ฐ€ ๋‚ด๋ ค๊ฐ„๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
04:53
So for example, in Seattle, where I live,
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ๋Š” ์‹œ์• ํ‹€์—์„œ๋Š”
04:56
when in 2014 we passed our nation's first 15 dollar minimum wage,
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2014๋…„์—, ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋‚ด ์ตœ์ดˆ๋กœ 15๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ๊นŒ์ง€ ์ตœ์ € ์ž„๊ธˆ์„ ์˜ฌ๋ ธ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:02
the neoliberals freaked out over their precious equilibrium.
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์‹ ์ž์œ ์ฃผ์˜์ž๋“ค์€ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ์‹œ์žฅ์˜ ํ‰ํ˜•์„ ๋ฌด๋„ˆ๋œจ๋ฆฐ๋‹ค๋ฉฐ ๋‚œ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋‚ฌ์ฃ .
05:07
"If you raise the price of labor," they warned,
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. "๋…ธ๋™์˜ ๊ฐ€์น˜๊ฐ€ ์˜ฌ๋ผ๊ฐ„๋‹ค๋ฉด"
05:10
"businesses will purchase less of it.
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"ํšŒ์‚ฌ์—์„  ๊ณ ์šฉ์„ ์ค„์ผ ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ณ 
05:12
Thousands of low-wage workers will lose their jobs.
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์ˆ˜์ฒœ๋ช…์˜ ์ €์ž„๊ธˆ ๋…ธ๋™์ž๋“ค์ด ์ผ์ž๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์žƒ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ณ 
05:14
The restaurants will close."
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์‹๋‹น์ด ๋ฌธ์„ ๋‹ซ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค"
05:16
Except ...
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ...
05:19
they didn't.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์ผ์€ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:20
The unemployment rate fell dramatically.
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์‹ค์—…๋ฅ ์ด ๊ธ‰๊ฒฉํžˆ ๋–จ์–ด์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:25
The restaurant business in Seattle boomed.
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์‹œ์• ํ‹€์˜ ์‹๋‹น๋“ค์€ ๋Œ€ํ˜ธํ™ฉ์„ ๋งž์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:28
Why?
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์™œ๋ƒ๊ณ ์š”?
05:30
Because there is no equilibrium.
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด, ์‹œ์žฅ์— ํ‰ํ˜• ๋”ฐ์œ„๋Š” ์—†์œผ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
05:33
Because raising wages doesn't kill jobs, it creates them;
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์ž„๊ธˆ์„ ์˜ฌ๋ฆฌ๋ฉด, ์ผ์ž๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ค„์–ด๋“ค์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ์ผ์ž๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋” ๋Š˜์–ด๋‚˜๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
05:36
because, for instance,
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด
05:38
when restaurant owners are suddenly required to pay restaurant workers enough
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์‹๋‹น ์ฃผ์ธ์ด ์‹๋‹น ์ง์›๋“ค์ด ์™ธ์‹์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๋งŒํผ
05:43
so that now even they can afford to eat in restaurants,
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์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ•œ ์ž„๊ธˆ์„ ์ง€๊ธ‰ํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด
05:47
it doesn't shrink the restaurant business,
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๋‹น์—ฐํžˆ ์ด๋Š” ์š”์‹์—…๊ณ„์—
05:49
it grows it, obviously.
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ํ˜ธํ™ฉ์œผ๋กœ ๋‹ค๊ฐ€์˜ฌ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:53
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
05:54
Thank you.
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๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:58
The second assumption is
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์ž˜๋ชป๋œ ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๊ฐ€์ •์€
06:01
that the price of something is always equal to its value,
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๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ์€ ์–ธ์ œ๋‚˜ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ง€๋‹Œ ๊ฐ€์น˜์™€ ๋™์ผํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:06
which basically means that if you earn 50,000 dollars a year
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด 5๋งŒ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ์˜ ์—ฐ๋ด‰์„ ๋ฐ›๊ณ 
06:10
and I earn 50 million dollars a year,
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์ œ๊ฐ€ 5์ฒœ๋งŒ ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ์˜ ์—ฐ๋ด‰์„ ๋ฐ›์œผ๋‹ˆ
06:13
that's because I produce a thousand times as much value as you.
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์˜ ์ฒœ๋ฐฐ์˜ ๊ฐ€์น˜๋ฅผ ์ƒ์‚ฐํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋ง๊ณผ ๋˜‘๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
06:18
Now,
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์ด์ œ
06:20
it will not surprise you to learn
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ์ง์›๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ
06:23
that this is a very comforting assumption
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์ตœ์ € ์ž„๊ธˆ์ด๋‚˜ ์ฃผ๋ฉด์„œ
06:25
if you're a CEO paying yourself 50 million dollars a year
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์ž๊ธฐ๋Š” 1๋…„์— 5์ฒœ๋งŒ ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋ฐ›์•„๊ฐ€๋Š” CEO๋ผ๋ฉด
06:28
but paying your workers poverty wages.
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ฐ€์ •์ด ๋งˆ์Œ์— ๋“ค ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:31
But please, take it from somebody who has run dozens of businesses:
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ˆ˜๋…„๊ฐ„ ์ˆ˜์‹ญ๊ฐœ์˜ ์‚ฌ์—…์ฒด๋ฅผ ์šด์˜ํ•ด๋ณด๋ฉฐ ๊ฒฝํ—˜ํ•œ ๋ฐ”๋กœ๋Š”
06:35
this is nonsense.
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์ด๊ฑด ๋ง๋„ ์•ˆ๋˜๋Š” ์†Œ๋ฆฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:38
People are not paid what they are worth.
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์ž์‹ ์ด ๊ฐ€์ง„ ๊ฐ€์น˜๋งŒํผ ๋ˆ์„ ๋ฐ›์ง€ ๋ชปํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:40
They are paid what they have the power to negotiate,
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์ž์‹ ์ด ํ˜‘์ƒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๋งŒํผ์˜ ๋ˆ์„ ๋ฐ›์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:43
and wages' falling share of GDP
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GDP์—์„œ ์ž„๊ธˆ์˜ ๋น„์ค‘์€ ์ค„์–ด๊ฐ€๋Š”๋ฐ
06:46
is not because workers have become less productive
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋…ธ๋™์ž๋“ค์˜ ์ƒ์‚ฐ์„ฑ์ด ์ค„์–ด๋“ค์—ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
06:50
but because employers have become more powerful.
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๊ณ ์šฉ์ž๋“ค์˜ ํž˜์ด ๋” ๊ฐ•ํ•ด์กŒ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:54
And --
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ 
06:55
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
06:59
And by pretending that the giant imbalance in power between capital and labor
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์ž๋ณธ๊ณผ ๋…ธ๋™ ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ถˆ๊ท ํ˜•์ด ๋งˆ์น˜
07:04
doesn't exist,
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์กด์žฌํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋งํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:06
neoliberal economic theory became essentially
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์‹ ์ž์œ ์ฃผ์˜ ์ด๋ก ์€ ๋ถ€์ž๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์ด์šฉํ•˜๊ธฐ ์ข‹์€
07:10
a protection racket for the rich.
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๋ฐฉํŒจ๋ง‰์ด๊ฐ€ ๋˜์–ด์ฃผ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:13
The third assumption, and by far the most pernicious,
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์ž˜๋ชป๋œ ๊ฐ€์ • ์ค‘ ์„ธ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋Š” ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์น˜๋ช…์ ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ
07:16
is a behavioral model
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์ธ๊ฐ„๋“ค์ด ๋ชจ๋‘
07:17
that describes human beings as something called "homo economicus,"
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"ํ˜ธ๋ชจ ์ด์ฝ”๋…ธ๋ฏธ์ฟ ์Šค" ๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜๋Š”
07:21
which basically means that we are all perfectly selfish,
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์™„๋ฒฝํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ด๊ธฐ์ ์ด๋ฉด์„œ๋„ ์ด์„ฑ์ ์ด๊ณ 
07:26
perfectly rational and relentlessly self-maximizing.
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ํ•ญ์ƒ ์ตœ๋Œ€์˜ ์ด๋“์„ ์ถ”๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ์กด์žฌ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ณด์•˜๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:31
But just ask yourselves,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์Šค์Šค๋กœ์—๊ฒŒ ์งˆ๋ฌธํ•ด ๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
07:33
is it plausible that every single time for your entire life,
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์˜ ์ผ์ƒ ๋™์•ˆ ํ–‰ํ–ˆ๋˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ์„ ํ–‰์ด
07:37
when you did something nice for somebody else,
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๋‹จ์ง€ ์ž๊ธฐ ์ด์ต์„ ๊ทน๋Œ€ํ™”ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ํ–ˆ๋˜ ํ–‰๋™์ธ๊ฐ€์š”?
07:39
all you were doing was maximizing your own utility?
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07:42
Is it plausible that when a soldier jumps on a grenade to defend fellow soldiers,
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๋™๋ฃŒ ๊ตฐ์ธ๋“ค์„ ์ง€ํ‚ค๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ž๊ธฐ ๋ชธ์œผ๋กœ ์ˆ˜๋ฅ˜ํƒ„์„ ๋ฎ์€ ๊ตฐ์ธ๋“ค์€
07:46
they're just promoting their narrow self-interest?
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๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์‚ฌ๋ฆฌ์‚ฌ์š•์„ ์ฑ„์šฐ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์ผ์„ ํ•œ๊ฑด๊ฐ€์š”?
07:49
If you think that's nuts,
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๊ทธ๊ฒŒ ๋ง๋„ ์•ˆ๋˜๋Š” ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋ผ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š” ์ด์œ ๋Š”
07:51
contrary to any reasonable moral intuition,
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ํ•ฉ๋ฆฌ์ ์ธ ๋„๋•์  ์‹ ๋…์— ๋ฐ˜ํ•˜๋Š”
07:54
that's because it is
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๋ง๋„ ์•ˆ๋˜๋Š” ์†Œ๋ฆฌ์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:56
and, according to the latest science,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ , ์ตœ๊ทผ์˜ ๊ณผํ•™๊ณ„์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด
07:58
not true.
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์‚ฌ์‹ค๋„ ์•„๋‹ˆ์ฃ .
07:59
But it is this behavioral model
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋ƒ‰์ •ํ•˜๊ณ , ๋น„์ •ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€
08:02
which is at the cold, cruel heart of neoliberal economics,
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๋ฐ”๋กœ ์‹ ์ž์œ ์ฃผ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์ œํ•™ ํ–‰๋™๋ชจ๋ธ์ด๋ฉฐ,
08:05
and it is as morally corrosive
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋„๋•์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ€ํŒจํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ
08:09
as it is scientifically wrong
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๊ณผํ•™์ ์ด์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:11
because, if we accept at face value
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ชจ๋“  ์ธ๊ฐ„์€ ํƒ€๊ณ ๋‚œ
08:16
that humans are fundamentally selfish,
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์ด๊ธฐ์ฃผ์˜์ž๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ณง์ด๊ณง๋Œ€๋กœ ๋ฏฟ๋Š”๋‹ค๋ฉด
08:19
and then we look around the world
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์„ธ์ƒ์„ ๋‘˜๋Ÿฌ๋ณด์•˜์„ ๋•Œ
08:22
at all of the unambiguous prosperity in it,
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์„ธ์ƒ์— ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ๋ฒˆ์˜์€
08:26
then it follows logically,
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์ˆ˜์–ต์— ๋‹ฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐœ์ธ์˜ ์ด๊ธฐ์ ์ธ ํ–‰๋™์ด
08:28
then it must be true by definition,
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๋งˆ๋ฒ•์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ฒˆ์˜๊ณผ ๊ณต๊ณต์„ ์„
08:30
that billions of individual acts of selfishness
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๋‚ณ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์–ด ์ƒ๊ธด ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ํ—›์†Œ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€
08:34
magically transubstantiate into prosperity and the common good.
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์‚ฌ์‹ค์ด์–ด์•ผ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:38
If we humans are merely selfish maximizers,
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๋งŒ์•ฝ, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์ธ๊ฐ„์ด ๋‹จ์ง€ ์ด๊ธฐ์ ์ธ ์ด์ต ์ถ”๊ตฌ์ž๋ผ๋ฉด
08:41
then selfishness is the cause of our prosperity.
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์ด๊ธฐ์‹ฌ์ด ๋ฒˆ์˜์˜ ์›๋™๋ ฅ์ด์–ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:46
Under this economic logic,
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์ด ๊ฒฝ์ œํ•™ ๋…ผ๋ฆฌ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด
08:48
greed is good,
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ํƒ์š•์€ ์ข‹์€ ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ณ 
08:51
widening inequality is efficient,
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๋ถˆ๊ณต์ •ํ•จ์„ ์‹ฌํ™”์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ํšจ์œจ์ ์ด๋ฉฐ
08:54
and the only purpose of the corporation
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ํšŒ์‚ฌ์˜ ์œ ์ผํ•œ ๋ชฉ์ ์€
08:56
can be to enrich shareholders,
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์ฃผ์ฃผ๋“ค์˜ ๋ฐฐ๋ฅผ ์ฑ„์›Œ์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:58
because to do otherwise would be to slow economic growth
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด, ์ด์™€ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด ๊ฒฝ์ œ์„ฑ์žฅ์„ ๋‘”ํ™”์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ 
09:02
and harm the economy overall.
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๊ฒฝ์ œ์— ํ•ด๊ฐ€ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:05
And it is this gospel of selfishness
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ด๊ธฐ์‹ฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€๋Š”
09:08
which forms the ideological cornerstone of neoliberal economics,
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์‹ ์ž์œ ์ฃผ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์ œํ•™ ์ด๋ก ์˜ ์ด๋…์  ๊ทผ๊ฐ„์„ ์ด๋ฃจ๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ
09:13
a way of thinking which has produced economic policies
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์ €์™€ ์ œ ๋ถ€์ž ์นœ๊ตฌ๋“ค์ด ์†Œ๋“ ์ƒ์œ„ 1%์— ๋จธ๋ฌผ๋ฉฐ
09:16
which have enabled me and my rich buddies in the top one percent
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์ง€๋‚œ 40๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ ์„ฑ์žฅ์˜ ๊ณผ์‹ค์„ ๋…์‹ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ํ•ด์ฃผ๋Š”
09:20
to grab virtually all of the benefits of growth over the last 40 years.
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๊ฒฝ์ œ ์ •์ฑ…๋“ค์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด ์ฃผ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:25
But,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ
09:26
if instead
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€
09:29
we accept the latest empirical research,
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์ตœ๊ทผ์˜ ์‹ค์ฆ์ ์ธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์•„๋“ค์—ฌ์„œ
09:32
real science, which correctly describes human beings
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์ธ๊ฐ„์ด ๋งค์šฐ ํ˜‘๋ ฅ์ ์ด๋ฉฐ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ ์ด๊ณ 
09:36
as highly cooperative,
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๋„๋•์ ์ธ ์ƒ๋ฌผ์ด๋ผ๋Š”
09:39
reciprocal
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๊ณผํ•™์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ฆ๋ช…๋œ
09:40
and intuitively moral creatures,
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์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ์ธ์ •ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค๋ฉด
09:43
then it follows logically
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์ž์—ฐ์Šค๋ ˆ ์•Œ๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:46
that it must be cooperation
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์ด๊ธฐ์‹ฌ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
09:48
and not selfishness
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์„œ๋กœ๊ฐ„์˜ ํ˜‘๋ ฅ์ด
09:50
that is the cause of our prosperity,
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๋ฒˆ์˜์„ ์ด๋Œ์–ด๋‚ธ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„
09:52
and it isn't our self-interest
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์‚ฌ๋ฆฌ์‚ฌ์š•์˜ ์ถ”๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹Œ
09:54
but rather our inherent reciprocity
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์ธ๊ฐ„์— ๋‚ด์žฌํ•œ ์ƒํ˜ธ์„ฑ์ด์•ผ๋ง๋กœ
09:58
that is humanity's economic superpower.
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์ธ๋ฅ˜์˜ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ์ดˆ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„์š”.
10:01
So at the heart of this new economics
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์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ฒฝ์ œํ•™์˜ ํ•ต์‹ฌ์€
10:06
is a story about ourselves that grants us permission to be our best selves,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ข‹์€ ๋ชจ์Šต์„ ์ธ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์—์„œ ๋‚˜์˜ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:11
and, unlike the old economics,
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์ด์ „์˜ ๋‚ก์€ ๊ฒฝ์ œํ•™ ์ด๋ก ๊ณผ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ
10:14
this is a story that is virtuous
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ณ ๊ฒฐํ•จ๊ณผ
10:16
and also has the virtue of being true.
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์ •์งํ•จ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ์ด์ฃ .
10:21
Now,
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์ด์ œ
10:22
I want to emphasize that this new economics
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์ €๋Š” ์ด ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ฒฝ์ œํ•™ ์ด๋ก ์ด ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐœ์ธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณ ์•ˆํ•ด๋‚ด๊ฑฐ๋‚˜
10:25
is not something I have personally imagined or invented.
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๋ฐœ๋ช…ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ๊ณ  ๊ฐ•์กฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:27
Its theories and models are being developed and refined
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์ƒˆ ๊ฒฝ์ œํ•™์˜ ์ด๋ก ๊ณผ ๋ชจ๋ธ์€ ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„์˜ ๋Œ€ํ•™์—์„œ
10:30
in universities around the world
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์ตœ์‹ ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๊ทผ๊ฐ„์œผ๋กœ
10:32
building on some of the best new research in economics,
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๋ณต์žก์„ฑ ์ด๋ก , ์ง„ํ™”๋ก , ์ •์‹ ๋ถ„์„ํ•™ ์ธ๋ฅ˜ํ•™ ๋“ฑ๋“ฑ
10:36
complexity theory, evolutionary theory,
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ•™๋ฌธ๋“ค์„ ์ ์šฉํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ
10:37
psychology, anthropology and other disciplines.
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์ˆ˜ ์ฐจ๋ก€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋˜๊ณ  ๋ฐœ์ „๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:41
And although this new economics does not yet have its own textbook
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์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ฒฝ์ œํ•™์€ ์•„์ง ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ์ฃผ์ œ๋กœ ํ•œ ๊ฐœ๋ก ์„œ๋‚˜
10:45
or even a commonly agreed upon name,
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์ •ํ•ด์ง„ ๋ช…์นญ์กฐ์ฐจ ์—†์ง€๋งŒ
10:48
in broad strokes
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ํ•ต์‹ฌ์€
10:50
its explanation of where prosperity comes from goes something like this.
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๋ฒˆ์˜์ด ์–ด๋””์—์„œ ์˜ค๋Š”์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ƒˆ ํ•ด์„์ด๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:55
So, market capitalism is an evolutionary system
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์ž๋ณธ์ฃผ์˜๋Š” ์ง„ํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์ด๋ฉฐ
11:00
in which prosperity emerges
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์ด ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์—์„œ ๋ฒˆ์˜์€
11:02
through a positive feedback loop
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ํ˜์‹ ์˜ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์™€ ์†Œ๋น„์ž ์ˆ˜์š”์˜ ์ฆ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€
11:04
between increasing amounts of innovation and increasing amounts of consumer demand.
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์„œ๋กœ ์–‘์ ์ธ ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ์„ ์ฃผ๊ณ  ๋ฐ›์œผ๋ฉด์„œ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:09
Innovation is the process by which we solve human problems,
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ํ˜์‹ ์ด๋ž€ ์ธ๊ฐ„์ด ์ฒ˜ํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ณ 
11:14
consumer demand is the mechanism through which the market selects
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์†Œ๋น„์ž ์ˆ˜์š”๋ž€, ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํ˜์‹ ๋“ค์ด ์‹œ์žฅ์˜ ์„ ํƒ์„ ๋ฐ›๊ฒŒ๋˜์–ด
11:17
for useful innovations,
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์œ ์šฉํ•œ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค๋งŒ ๋‚จ๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:20
and as we solve more problems, we become more prosperous.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ• ์ˆ˜๋ก ๋” ๋ฒˆ์˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:23
But as we become more prosperous,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋” ๋ฒˆ์˜ํ•  ์ˆ˜๋ก
11:27
our problems and solutions
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ์™€ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ์ฑ…์€
11:29
become more complex,
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๋” ๋ณต์žกํ•ด์ง€๊ณ 
11:32
and this increasing technical complexity
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์ด ๋Š˜์–ด๋‚œ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์  ๋ณต์žก์„ฑ์€
11:35
requires ever higher levels of social and economic cooperation
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ํ˜„๋Œ€ ๊ฒฝ์ œ๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๋Š” ๋งค์šฐ ์ „๋ฌธํ™”๋œ ์ƒํ’ˆ๋“ค์„
11:39
in order to produce the more highly specialized products
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์ƒ์‚ฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋” ๋†’์€ ์ˆ˜์ค€์˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ์ , ๊ฒฝ์ œ์ ์ธ
11:42
that define a modern economy.
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ํ˜‘๋ ฅ์„ ์š”๊ตฌํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:48
Now, the old economics is correct, of course,
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์ด์ „์˜ ๊ฒฝ์ œํ•™ ์ด๋ก ์€ ์‹œ์žฅ์ด ์ œ๋Œ€๋กœ ์ž‘๋™ํ•˜๋ ค๋ฉด
11:52
that competition plays a crucial role in how markets work,
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๊ฒฝ์Ÿ์ด ์žˆ์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ๊นŒ์ง€๋Š” ๋งž์ท„์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:56
but what it fails to see
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด
11:58
is that it is largely a competition between highly cooperative groups --
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๋งค์šฐ ํ˜‘๋ ฅ์ ์ธ ๊ทธ๋ฃน๋“ค ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ์ธ์ง€
12:03
competition between firms, competition between networks of firms,
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๊ธฐ์—…๋“ค ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ์ธ์ง€ ๊ธฐ์—… ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ์ธ์ง€
12:07
competition between nations --
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๊ตญ๊ฐ€๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ์ธ์ง€ ์•Œ์•„๋ณด์ง„ ๋ชปํ–ˆ์ฃ .
12:10
and anyone who has ever run a successful business knows
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์„ฑ๊ณต์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ธฐ์—…์„ ๊ฒฝ์˜ํ•ด๋ณธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์••๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:14
that building a cooperative team by including the talents of everyone
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๋ชจ๋‘์˜ ์žฌ๋Šฅ์„ ์•„์šฐ๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ํ˜‘๋ ฅ์ ์ธ ํŒ€์„ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
12:19
is almost always a better strategy than just a bunch of selfish jerks.
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์ด๊ธฐ์ฃผ์˜์ž๋“ค ํ•œ ๋ฌด๋”๊ธฐ ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋‚ซ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„์š”.
12:25
So how do we leave neoliberalism behind
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๊ทธ๋Ÿผ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์‹ ์ž์œ ์ฃผ์˜๋ฅผ ๋’ค๋กœํ•˜๊ณ 
12:32
and build a more sustainable, more prosperous
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์ข€ ๋” ์ง€์† ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๊ณ , ๋ถ€์œ ํ•˜๋ฉฐ
12:37
and more equitable society?
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๊ณต์ •ํ•œ ์‚ฌํšŒ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
12:40
The new economics suggests just five rules of thumb.
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์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ฒฝ์ œํ•™ ์ด๋ก ์€ ์‹ค์šฉ์ ์ธ ๋‹ค์„ฏ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์›์น™์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:44
First is that successful economies are not jungles, they're gardens,
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์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋Š”, ์„ฑ๊ณต์ ์ธ ๊ฒฝ์ œ๋Š” ์ •๊ธ€์ด ์•„๋‹Œ ์ •์›์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:51
which is to say that markets,
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์‹œ์žฅ์€ ์ •์›๊ณผ๋„ ๊ฐ™์œผ๋ฉฐ
12:55
like gardens, must be tended,
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๋ณด์‚ดํ•Œ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:59
that the market is the greatest social technology ever invented
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์‹œ์žฅ์€ ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ
13:03
for solving human problems,
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๊ฐ€์žฅ ํ›Œ๋ฅญํ•œ ๋„๊ตฌ์ด์ง€๋งŒ
13:05
but unconstrained by social norms or democratic regulation,
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์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๊ทœ๋ฒ”์ด๋‚˜ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ ์ธ ๊ทœ์ œ์— ์˜ํ•ด ํ†ต์ œ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค๋ฉด
13:10
markets inevitably create more problems than they solve.
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์‹œ์žฅ์€ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋ณด๋‹ค ์ž์ฒด์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด ๋‚ผ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:14
Climate change,
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๊ธฐํ›„ ๋ณ€ํ™”์™€
13:15
the great financial crisis of 2008
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2008๋…„ ๊ธˆ์œต์œ„๊ธฐ๊ฐ€
13:17
are two easy examples.
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๋Œ€ํ‘œ์ ์ธ ์˜ˆ์ด์ฃ .
13:19
The second rule is
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๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์›์น™์€
13:23
that inclusion creates economic growth.
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ํฌ์šฉ์ด ๊ฒฝ์ œ ์„ฑ์žฅ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด๋‚ธ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:28
So the neoliberal idea
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์‹ ์ž์œ ์ฃผ์˜์ž๋“ค์˜
13:30
that inclusion is this fancy luxury
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ํฌ์šฉ์€ ์‚ฌ์น˜์ผ ๋ฟ์ด๋ฉฐ
13:33
to be afforded if and when we have growth is both wrong and backwards.
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๊ฒฝ์ œ ์„ฑ์žฅ์ด ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์กŒ์„ ๋•Œ๋งŒ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ฃผ์žฅ์€ ํ‹€๋ฆฐ ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:39
The economy is people.
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ๊ฒฝ์ œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:42
Including more people in more ways
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๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„ ํฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜๋ก
13:44
is what causes economic growth in market economies.
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๊ฒฝ์ œ๋ฅผ ์„ฑ์žฅ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ์š”์ธ์ด ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:49
The third principle
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์„ธ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์›์น™์€
13:51
is the purpose of the corporation is not merely to enrich shareholders.
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ํšŒ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๋‹จ์ง€ ์ฃผ์ฃผ๋“ค์˜ ๋ฐฐ๋ฅผ ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:58
The greatest grift in contemporary economic life
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ํ˜„๋Œ€ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์˜ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํฐ ์‚ฌ๊ธฐ๋Š”
14:01
is the neoliberal idea that the only purpose of the corporation
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ํšŒ์‚ฌ์˜ ์œ ์ผํ•œ ๋ชฉ์ ๊ณผ ํšŒ์‚ฌ ๊ฒฝ์˜์ง„๋“ค์˜ ์œ ์ผํ•œ ์ฑ…์ž„์ด
14:04
and the only responsibility of executives
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๊ทธ๋“ค๊ณผ ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜ ์ด์ต์„ ์ฑ™๊ธฐ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๋Š”
14:07
is to enrich themselves and shareholders.
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์‹ ์ž์œ ์ฃผ์˜์ž๋“ค์˜ ๋…ผ๋ฆฌ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:11
The new economics must and can insist
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์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ฒฝ์ œํ•™์€ ํšŒ์‚ฌ์˜ ๋ชฉ์ ์ด
14:17
that the purpose of the corporation
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๋ชจ๋“  ์ดํ•ด๋‹น์‚ฌ์ž๋“ค,
14:19
is to improve the welfare of all stakeholders:
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๊ณ ๊ฐ, ์ง์›, ์ง€์—ญ์‚ฌํšŒ, ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜ ๋ณต์ง€๋ฅผ ๋‹ค๊ฐ™์ด
14:22
customers, workers,
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์ฆ์ง„์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฑธ
14:24
community and shareholders alike.
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์ฃผ์žฅํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:28
Rule four:
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์›์น™ ๋„ค ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋Š”
14:30
greed is not good.
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ํƒ์š•์€ ๋‚˜์˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:34
Being rapacious doesn't make you a capitalist,
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ํƒ์š•์Šค๋Ÿฝ๊ฒŒ ๊ตฐ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ž๋ณธ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ๋  ์ˆ˜๋Š” ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:38
it makes you a sociopath.
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์†Œ์‹œ์˜คํŒจ์Šค๊ฐ€ ๋  ๋ฟ์ด์ฃ .
14:40
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
14:42
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
14:47
And in an economy as dependent upon cooperation at scale as ours,
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ํ˜‘๋ ฅ์ด ์ค‘์š”์‹œ ๋˜์–ด๊ฐ€๋Š” ํ˜„๋Œ€ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์—์„œ
14:52
sociopathy is as bad for business as it is for society.
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์†Œ์‹œ์˜คํŒจ์Šค๋Š” ํšŒ์‚ฌ์—์„œ๋„ ์‚ฌํšŒ์—์„œ๋„ ํ™˜์˜๋ฐ›์ง€ ๋ชปํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:57
And fifth and finally,
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๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ ๋‹ค์„ฏ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์›์น™์€
15:00
unlike the laws of physics,
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๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ ๋ฒ•์น™๊ณผ๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ
15:03
the laws of economics are a choice.
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๊ฒฝ์ œํ•™์˜ ๋ฒ•์น™์€ ์„ ํƒ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:08
Now, neoliberal economic theory
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์‹ ์ž์œ ์ฃผ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์ œ ์ด๋ก ์€
15:10
has sold itself to you as unchangeable natural law,
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์ž๊ธฐ ์ž์‹ ์„ ์ ˆ๋Œ€์ ์ธ ์ž์—ฐ์˜ ๋ฒ•์น™์œผ๋กœ ํฌ์žฅํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:15
when in fact it's social norms and constructed narratives
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์‚ฌ์‹ค์€ ๊ทธ์ € ์œ ์‚ฌ๊ณผํ•™์— ๊ทผ๊ฑฐํ•œ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๊ทœ๋ฒ”์ด๊ณ 
15:19
based on pseudoscience.
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๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง„ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ์ผ ๋ฟ์ด์ง€๋งŒ์š”.
15:21
If we truly want a more equitable,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ข€ ๋” ๊ณต์ •ํ•˜๊ณ 
15:25
more prosperous and more sustainable economy,
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๋ถ€์œ ํ•˜๊ณ , ์ง€์†๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์ œ๋ฅผ ์ง„์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ์›ํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด
15:29
if we want high-functioning democracies
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ข€ ๋” ์ž˜ ์ž‘๋™ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜์™€
15:31
and civil society,
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์‹œ๋ฏผ์‚ฌํšŒ๋ฅผ ์›ํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด
15:34
we must have a new economics.
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์šฐ๋ฆฐ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ฒฝ์ œํ•™ ์ด๋ก ์„ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:36
And here's the good news:
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์ข‹์€ ์†Œ์‹์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:38
if we want a new economics,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ฒฝ์ œํ•™ ์ด๋ก ์„ ์›ํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด
15:40
all we have to do is choose to have it.
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์ƒˆ ๊ฒฝ์ œ ์ด๋ก ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ฒ ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์„ ํƒํ•˜๋ฉด ๋œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:44
Thank you.
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๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:46
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
16:03
Moderator: So Nick, I'm sure you get this question a lot.
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์‚ฌํšŒ์ž : ๊ทธ๋Ÿผ, ๋‹‰ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์„ ๋งŽ์ด ๋ฐ›์œผ์‹ค ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์€๋ฐ์š”.
16:08
If you're so unhappy with the economic system,
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ์ง€๊ธˆ ๊ฒฝ์ œ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์ด ๋งˆ์Œ์— ๋“ค์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฉด
16:11
why not just give all your money away and join the 99 percent?
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๊ทธ๋ƒฅ ๋‹น์‹ ์˜ ๋ˆ์„ ์ „๋ถ€ ๊ธฐ๋ถ€ํ•ด๋ฒ„๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํ‰๋ฒ”ํ•œ 99%์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ๋˜๋Š”๊ฑด ์–ด๋•Œ์š”?
16:16
Nick Hanauer: Yeah, no, yes, right.
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๋‹‰ ํ•˜๋‚˜์šฐ์–ด : ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ตฐ์š”.
16:19
You get that a lot. You get that a lot.
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๋‹น์‹ ๋„ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์„ ๋ฐ›์„ ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์€๋ฐ์š”.
16:20
"If you care so much about taxes, why don't you pay more,
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"๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์„ธ๊ธˆ์ด ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋ฉด ๋‹น์‹ ์ด ์„ธ๊ธˆ์„ ๋” ๋‚ด๋ฉด ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๋ƒ?
16:23
and if you care so much about wages, why don't you pay more?"
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์ž„๊ธˆ์ด ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค๋ฉด ๋‹น์‹ ์ด ์›”๊ธ‰์„ ๋” ์ฃผ๋ฉด ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๋ƒ?"
16:26
And I could do that.
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์ฃ .
16:29
The problem is,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š”
16:30
it doesn't make that much difference,
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๊ทธ๊ฒŒ ํฐ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด๋‚ด์ง€ ๋ชป ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:32
and I have discovered a strategy
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ €๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š”
16:34
that works literally a hundred thousand times better --
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์ˆ˜๋ฐฑ ์ˆ˜์ฒœ๋ฐฐ๋Š” ๋” ๋‚˜์€ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ–ˆ์ฃ .
16:37
Moderator: OK.
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์‚ฌํšŒ์ž : ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ตฐ์š”.
16:38
NH: which is to use my money to build narratives and to pass laws
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๋‹‰ ํ•˜๋‚˜์šฐ์–ด : ์ œ ๋ˆ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•ด์„œ ๋ถ€์ž๋“ค์ด ์„ธ๊ธˆ์„ ๋‚ด๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๊ณ 
16:41
that will require all the other rich people
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๋…ธ๋™์ž๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ•œ ์ž„๊ธˆ์„ ์ฃผ๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฒ•์•ˆ์„ ํ†ต๊ณผ์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ 
16:43
to pay taxes and pay their workers better.
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๊ฒฝ์ œํ•™ ์ด๋ก ์„ ๋„๋ฆฌ ํผ๋œจ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
16:46
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
16:47
And so, for example,
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด
16:49
the 15-dollar minimum wage that we cooked up
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์ตœ์ € ์ž„๊ธˆ์„ 15๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋กœ ์ธ์ƒํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ
16:52
has now affected 30 million workers.
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3์ฒœ๋งŒ ๋ช…์˜ ๋…ธ๋™์ž๊ฐ€ ํ˜œํƒ์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:54
So that works better.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ ๋” ๋‚˜์€ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ธ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:55
Moderator: That's great.
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์‚ฌํšŒ์ž : ๊ต‰์žฅํ•˜๊ตฐ์š”.
16:57
If you change your mind, we'll find some takers for you.
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๋งˆ์Œ ๋ฐ”๋€Œ์‹œ๋ฉด ์—ฐ๋ฝ ์ฃผ์„ธ์š”. ์—ฌ๊ธฐ ๋ˆ ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ ๋งŽ๊ฑฐ๋“ ์š”.
16:59
NH: OK. Thank you. Moderator: Thank you very much.
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๋‹‰ ํ•˜๋‚˜์šฐ์–ด : ๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌํšŒ์ž : ๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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