How bees can keep the peace between elephants and humans | Lucy King

82,380 views

2020-02-28 ใƒป TED


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How bees can keep the peace between elephants and humans | Lucy King

82,380 views ใƒป 2020-02-28

TED


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: hansom Lee ๊ฒ€ํ† : Jihyeon J. Kim
00:12
Ever since I can remember,
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ๊ธฐ์–ตํ•˜๋Š” ํ•œ,
00:14
African elephants have filled me with a sense of complete awe.
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์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด ์ฝ”๋ผ๋ฆฌ๋“ค์€ ์ €์—๊ฒŒ ๊ฒฝ์™ธ ๊ทธ ์ž์ฒด์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:19
They are the largest land mammal alive today on planet Earth,
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚  ์ง€๊ตฌ์— ์‚ฌ๋Š” ํฌ์œ ๋ฅ˜ ์ค‘ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํฐ ํฌ์œ ๋ฅ˜๋ฉฐ,
00:23
weighing up to seven tons,
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๋ฌด๊ฒŒ๋Š” 7ํ†ค ์ •๋„
00:25
standing three and a half meters tall at the shoulder.
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์„  ํ‚ค๋Š” ์–ด๊นจ๊นŒ์ง€ 3.5m์ •๋„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:28
They can eat up to 400 kilos of food in a day,
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ํ•˜๋ฃจ์— 400kg์ •๋„์˜ ๋จน์ด๋ฅผ ๋จน๊ณ 
00:32
and they disperse vital plant seeds across thousands of kilometers
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์ˆ˜์ฒœ ํ‚ฌ๋กœ๋ฏธํ„ฐ์˜ ๋•…๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ณณ๊ณณ์— ์”จ๋ฅผ ํฉ๋ฟŒ๋ ค ๋†“์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:36
during their 50-to-60-year life span.
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50์—์„œ 60๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ ์‚ฌ๋Š” ๋™์•ˆ์—์š”.
00:39
Central to their compassionate and complex society are the matriarchs.
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์ฃผ๋กœ ๋™์ •์‹ฌ์ด ๋งŽ๊ณ  ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ๋ชจ๊ณ„์‚ฌํšŒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:44
These female, strong leaders nurture the young
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๋ฌด๋ฆฌ ์ค‘์— ๊ฐ•ํ•œ ์•”์ปท ์šฐ๋‘๋จธ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋ฆฐ ์ฝ”๋ผ๋ฆฌ๋“ค์„ ํ‚ค์šฐ๊ณ 
00:47
and navigate their way through the challenges of the African bush
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์ด๋“ค์˜ ๊ธธ์„ ์•ˆ๋‚ดํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด ์ดˆ์›์˜ ๊ธธ์„ ํ—ค์น˜๋ฉฐ
00:50
to find food, water and security.
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๋จน์„ ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๋ฌผ์„ ์ฐพ๊ณ  ์•ˆ์ „์„ ํ™•๋ณดํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:53
Their societies are so complex,
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๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ๋Š” ๋งค์šฐ ๋ณต์žกํ•ด์„œ
00:55
we're yet to still fully tease apart
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์•„์ง๋„ ๋ถ€๋ถ„ ๋ฐ–์— ์•Œ์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๊ณ 
00:57
how they communicate, how they verbalize to each other,
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๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์†Œํ†ตํ•˜๊ณ  ์†Œํ†ต ์ˆ˜๋‹จ์€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ด๋ฉฐ
01:00
how their dialects work.
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๋ฐฉ์–ธ์€ ์–ด๋–ค์ง€ ๋ชจ๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:02
And we don't really understand yet how they navigate the landscape,
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๋˜ํ•œ ์•„์ง๋„ ๋ฐํ˜€๋‚ด์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ ๊ฑด ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋•…์„ ์ฐพ๊ณ 
01:06
remembering the safest places to cross a river.
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๊ทธ ์žฅ์†Œ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์–ตํ•ด ๊ฐ•์„ ๊ฑด๋„ˆ๋Š”์ง€์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:09
I'm pretty sure that like me,
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์ €๋Š” ์ €์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ,
01:11
most of you in this room have a similar positive emotional response
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์ด ๊ณณ์— ์•‰์•„์žˆ๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด ์ด ๋†€๋ž๊ณ ๋„ ๋งค๋ ฅ์ ์ธ ๋™๋ฌผ์—
01:15
to these most magnificent of all animals.
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๊ธ์ •์ ์ธ ๊ฐ์ •์„ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ์„ ๊ฑฐ๋ผ ํ™•์‹ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:18
It's really hard not to have watched a documentary,
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๋‹คํ๋ฉ˜ํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ์ด์ƒ
01:20
learned about their intelligence
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์ด ๋™๋ฌผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์•Œ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์‰ฝ์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ 
01:22
or, if you've been lucky, to see them for yourselves
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์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด ํ˜น์‹œ ์šด์ด ์ข‹์•„ ์•ผ์ƒ์—์„œ
01:24
on safari in the wild.
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์ด ๋™๋ฌผ์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•  ๊ธฐํšŒ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๊ฒ ์ฃ .
01:27
But I wonder how many of you
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„ ๋ช‡ ๋ถ„์ด๋‚˜
01:28
have been truly, utterly terrified by them.
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์ •๋ง๋กœ ์ฝ”๋ผ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฌด์„œ์›Œํ• ์ง€ ๊ถ๊ธˆํ•˜๊ตฐ์š”.
01:34
I was lucky to be brought up in Southern Africa
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์šด์ด ์ข‹๊ฒŒ๋„ ์ „ ๊ต์‚ฌ์ธ ๋‘ ๋ถ€๋ชจ๋‹˜ ๋•๋ถ„์—
01:36
by two teacher parents
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๋‚จ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด์—์„œ ์ž๋ž์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:38
who had long holidays but very short budgets.
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๊ต‰์žฅํžˆ ๋ถ€์กฑํ•œ ์˜ˆ์‚ฐ์œผ๋กœ ๊ธด ํœด๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:41
And so we used to take our old Ford Cortina Estate,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์˜ฌ๋“œ ํฌ๋“œ ์ฝ”ํ‹ฐ๋‚˜ ์—์Šคํ…Œ์ดํŠธ๋ฅผ ํƒ€๊ณ  ๋‹ค๋‹ˆ๋ฉฐ
01:45
and with my sister, we'd pile in the back,
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์–ธ๋‹ˆ์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜, ๋’ค์— ์ง์„ ์Œ“์•„๋†“๊ณ 
01:47
take our tents and go camping in the different game reserves
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ํ…ํŠธ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์™€ ๋‚จ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด์˜ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ
01:50
in Southern Africa.
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์‚ฌ๋ƒฅ ๊ธˆ์ง€ ๊ตฌ์—ญ์—์„œ ์บ ํ•‘์„ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:51
It really was heaven for a young, budding zoologist like myself.
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์ €์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜์˜ ๋™๋ฌผํ•™์ž๋ฅผ ๊ฟˆ๊พธ๋Š” ์–ด๋ฆฐ์ด์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” ์ฒœ๊ตญ ๊ฐ™์•˜์ฃ .
01:55
But I remember even at that young age
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์–ด๋ฆฐ ๋‚˜์ด์—๋„
01:57
that I found the tall electric fences blocking off the game parks
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ํฐ ์ „๊ธฐ ์šธํƒ€๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ๋ƒฅ ๊ธˆ์ง€ ๊ตฌ์—ญ ๊ณณ๊ณณ์„ ๋ง‰์•„
02:01
quite divisive.
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๋ถ„๋ฆฌํ•ด ๋†จ๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ด ๊ธฐ์–ต๋‚ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:03
Sure, they were keeping elephants out of the communities,
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๋ฌผ๋ก , ์ฝ”ํ‚ค๋ฆฌ๋“ค์ด ์ž์‹ ๋“ค์˜ ๊ตฌ์—ญ์—์„œ ๋‚˜์˜ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ง‰๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•จ๋„ ์žˆ๊ฒ ์ง€๋งŒ
02:05
but they also kept communities out of their wild spaces.
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์ž์‹ ๋“ค์˜ ์•ผ์ƒ ๋ณดํ˜ธ๊ตฌ์—ญ์„ ๋ณดํ˜ธํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ์˜€์„ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:10
It really was quite a challenge to me at that young age.
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์–ด๋ฆฐ ์ €์—๊ฒŒ๋„ ๊ทธ๊ฑด ๋ฌธ์ œ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ณด์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:14
It was only when I moved to Kenya at the age of 14,
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์ œ ๋‚˜์ด ๊ณ ์ž‘ 14์‚ด ์ผ€๋ƒ์— ๊ฐ”์„ ๋•Œ์˜€์ฃ .
02:17
when I got to connect to the vast, wild open spaces of East Africa.
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๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ์„œ ์ €๋Š” ๋™์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด์˜ ๋„“๊ณ  ํƒ ํŠธ์ธ ์•ผ์ƒ์„ ๋งˆ์ฃผํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:22
And it is here now that I feel truly, instinctively,
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๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์ •๋ง๋กœ ๋ฌด์˜์‹์ ์œผ๋กœ
02:25
really at home.
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์ง‘์— ์˜จ ๋Š๋‚Œ์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:27
I spent many, many happy years studying elephant behavior in a tent,
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ํ…ํŠธ์—์„œ ์ฝ”๋ผ๋ฆฌ ํ–‰๋™์„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์ •๋ง๋กœ ํ–‰๋ณตํ•œ ๋ช‡๋…„์„ ๋ณด๋ƒˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:31
in Samburu National Reserve,
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์‚ผ๋ถ€๋ฃจ ๊ตญ๋ฆฝ ๋ณดํ˜ธ๊ตฌ์—ญ์—์„œ
02:33
under the guideship of professor Fritz Vollrath and Iain Douglas-Hamilton,
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ํ”„๋ฆฌ์ธ  ๋ณด๋ฆดํ„ด๊ณผ ๋”๊ธ€๋ผ์Šค ํ•ด๋ฐ€ํ„ด ๊ต์ˆ˜๋‹˜์˜ ์ง€๋„ ์•„๋ž˜,
02:37
studying for my PhD and understanding the complexities of elephant societies.
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๋ฐ•์‚ฌ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์„ ์“ฐ๋ฉด์„œ ์ฝ”๋ผ๋ฆฌ ์‚ฌํšŒ์˜ ๋ณต์žก์„ฑ์„ ์ดํ•ดํ–ˆ์ฃ .
02:43
But now, in my role as head of the human-elephant coexistence program
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ง€๊ธˆ์€ ์ฝ”๋ผ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์‚ด๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ
02:47
for Save the Elephants,
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์ธ๊ฐ„๊ณผ ์ฝ”๋ผ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๊ณต์ƒ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์˜ ์ˆ˜์žฅ์œผ๋กœ์„œ
02:49
we're seeing so much change happening so fast
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๋„ˆ๋ฌด๋‚˜๋„ ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋งŽ์€ ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ณ 
02:53
that it's urged a change in some of our research programs.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์—๋„ ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์ฃ .
02:57
No longer can we just sit and understand elephant societies
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๋‹จ์ˆœํžˆ ์•‰์•„์„œ ์ฝ”๋ผ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ๋ฅผ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ
03:00
or study just how to stop the ivory trade,
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ํ˜น์€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋ฉด ์•„์ง๊นŒ์ง€๋„ ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”
03:03
which is horrific and still ongoing.
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์ด ๋”์ฐํ•œ ์ƒ์•„ ๋ฌด์—ญ์„ ๋ฉˆ์ถœ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ์ง€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ์š”.
03:06
We're having to change our resources more and more
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์ฃผ์ œ๋ฅผ ๊ณ„์†ํ•ด์„œ ๋ฐ”๊ฟ”์•ผ๋งŒ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:09
to look at this rising problem of human-elephant conflict,
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์ธ๊ฐ„๊ณผ ์ฝ”๋ผ๋ฆฌ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ์ถฉ๋Œ์—์„œ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ๋ฌธ์ œ์  ์ค‘
03:13
as people and pachyderms compete for space and resources.
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์ด ๋‘ ์ง‘๋‹จ์ด ๊ณต๊ฐ„๊ณผ ์ž์›์„ ๋‘๊ณ  ๊ฒฝ์Ÿํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ์‚ดํŽด๋ด์•ผ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:17
It was only as recently as the 1970s
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์˜ค๋ž˜ ๋œ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ๋„ ์•„๋‹Œ 1970๋…„๋Œ€์—๋Š”
03:19
that we used to have 1.2 million elephants roaming across Africa.
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1์ฒœ 2๋ฐฑ๋งŒ ๋งˆ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ฝ”๋ผ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด์— ๋Œ์•„๋‹ค๋…”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:23
Today, we're edging closer to only having 400,000 left.
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์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚ ์—๋Š” ๊ณ ์ž‘ 40๋งŒ ๋งˆ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋‚จ์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:29
And at the same time period, the human population has quadrupled,
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๊ทธ์™€ ๋™์‹œ์— ์ธ๊ตฌ์ˆ˜๋Š” ๋„ค ๋ฐฐ๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ 
03:33
and the land is being fragmented at such a pace
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๋•…์ด ๋ถ„๋ฐฐ๋˜๋Š” ์†๋„๋Š”
03:35
that it's really hard to keep up with.
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๊ทธ ์†๋„๋ฅผ ๋”ฐ๋ผ์žก์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:38
Too often, these migrating elephants end up stuck inside communities,
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๋„ˆ๋ฌด๋‚˜๋„ ์ž์ฃผ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋– ๋Œ์•„๋‹ค๋‹ˆ๋Š” ์ฝ”๋ผ๋ฆฌ๋“ค์ด ์ธ๊ฐ„์‚ฌํšŒ์— ์นจํˆฌํ•ด
03:42
looking for food and water
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์‹๋Ÿ‰๊ณผ ๋ฌผ์„ ์ฐพ์•„๋‹ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
03:43
but ending up breaking open water tanks,
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๊ฒฐ๊ตญ์—๋Š” ๋ฌผํƒฑํฌ๋ฅผ ๋ถ€์ˆ˜๊ณ 
03:46
breaking pipes
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์ˆ˜๋„๊ด€์„ ๋ถ€์ˆ˜๊ณ 
03:47
and, of course, breaking into food stores for food.
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๋‹น์—ฐํžˆ ๋จน์ด๋ฅผ ์ฐพ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์‹๋ฃŒํ’ˆ์ ์„ ๋ถ€์ˆ˜๋Š” ์ผ์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฌ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:50
It's really a huge challenge.
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์ด๊ฑด ์ •๋ง ์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:52
Can you imagine the terror
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ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ ์ฝ”๋ผ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ง๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ ์ •๋ง๋กœ
03:54
of an elephant literally ripping the roof off your mud hut
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์›€๋ง‰ ์ง€๋ถ•์„ ์นจํˆฌํ•ด์„œ
03:58
in the middle of the night
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ํ•œ๋ฐค์ค‘์—
03:59
and having to hold your children away
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์ฝ”๋กœ ์–ด๋‘ ์ด ๊ฐ€๋“ํ•œ ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋จน์ด๋ฅผ ์ฐพ๋‹ค๊ฐ€
04:01
as the trunk reaches in, looking for food in the pitch dark?
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์˜ ์•„์ด๋ฅผ ๋ฐ๋ ค๊ฐˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด ์—„์ฒญ๋‚˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฌด์„ญ๊ฒ ์ฃ ?
04:06
These elephants also trample and eat crops,
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ฝ”๋ผ๋ฆฌ๋“ค์€ ์ž‘๋ฌผ์„ ์ง“๋ฐŸ๊ณ  ๋จน๊ณ 
04:09
and this is traditionally eroding away
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์ด ๋ชจ์Šต์€ ๋ณดํ†ต ์ฝ”๋ผ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ง€๋‚˜๊ฐ„ ํ›„์˜ ๋ชจ์Šต์ด๋ฉฐ
04:11
that tolerance that people used to have for elephants.
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์ฝ”๋ผ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ํ–‰๋™๋“ค์„ ๊ฐ๋‚ดํ•˜์ฃ .
04:15
And sadly, we're losing these animals by the day
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์Šฌํ”„๊ฒŒ๋„, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ฝ”๋ผ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋ฃจํ•˜๋ฃจ ์žƒ์–ด๊ฐ€๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ
04:18
and, in some countries, by the hour --
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์–ด๋–ค ๋‚˜๋ผ์—์„œ๋Š”, ์‹œ๊ฐ„๋งˆ๋‹ค ์žƒ์–ด๊ฐ€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:21
to not only ivory poaching
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์ƒ์•„ ์‚ฌ๋ƒฅ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ๋งŒ์ด ์•„๋‹Œ
04:23
but this rapid rise in human-elephant conflict
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์ธ๊ฐ„๊ณผ ์ฝ”๋ผ๋ฆฌ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ์ถฉ๋Œ์ด ๊ธ‰๊ฒฉํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•ด
04:25
as they compete for space and resources.
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๊ณต๊ฐ„๊ณผ ์ž์›์„ ๋‘๊ณ  ๊ฒฝ์Ÿํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ฃ .
04:28
It's a massive challenge.
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์ด๊ฑด ์—„์ฒญ๋‚œ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:30
I mean, how do you keep seven-ton pachyderms,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ 600kg ๋„˜๊ณ 
04:33
that often come in groups of 10 or 12,
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10์—์„œ 12๋งˆ๋ฆฌ์”ฉ ๋ชฐ๋ ค๋‹ค๋‹ˆ๋Š” ์ด ๋™๋ฌผ๋“ค์„
04:35
out of these very small rural farms
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์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์ž‘์€ ๋†๊ฐ€์—์„œ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ‚ค์šฐ๋ฉฐ
04:37
when you're dealing with people
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌํ•˜๋ผ๊ณ  ํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ
04:39
who are living on the very edge of poverty?
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๊ฐ€๋‚œ์— ํ—ˆ๋•์ด๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค ์ค‘ ๋ˆ„๊ฐ€ ํ•˜๊ฒ ์–ด์š”?
04:42
They don't have big budgets.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” ๋ˆ์ด ๋งŽ์ด ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:43
How do you resolve this issue?
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์ด ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•ด์•ผ ํ• ๊นŒ์š”?
04:47
Well, one issue is, you can just start to build electric fences,
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์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ์ฑ…์€ ๊ทธ๋ƒฅ ์ „๊ธฐ ์šธํƒ€๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ง€์œผ๋ฉด ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:50
and this is happening across Africa,
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์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด ์ „์—ญ์—์„œ ์‹œํ–‰๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ณ ,
04:52
we're seeing this more and more.
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์•ž์œผ๋กœ ๋” ๋งŽ์ด ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:54
But they are dividing up areas and blocking corridors.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ตฌ์—ญ์„ ๋‚˜๋ˆ„๊ณ  ํ†ต๋กœ๋ฅผ ๋ง‰๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
04:57
And I'm telling you, these elephants don't think much of it either,
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์ฝ”๋ผ๋ฆฌ๋“ค๋„ ์ƒ๊ฐ ๋ชปํ•œ ๊ฑด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ์„œ
05:01
particularly if they're blocking a really special water hole
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ํŠนํžˆ ์ฝ”๋ผ๋ฆฌ๋“ค์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•œ
05:04
where they need water,
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๋ฌผ ์›…๋ฉ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ง‰์•„ ๋†“์œผ๋ฉด
05:05
or if there's a very attractive female on the other side.
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๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ํŽธ์—์„œ ๊ต‰์žฅํžˆ ๊ฐ•ํ•œ ์•”์ปท์ด ๋‹ค๊ฐ€์˜ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:08
It doesn't take long to knock down one of these poles.
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋ฒฝ์„ ๋ฌด๋„ˆ๋œจ๋ฆฌ๋Š”๋ฐ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์˜ค๋ž˜ ๊ฑธ๋ฆฌ์ง€ ์•Š์ฃ .
05:10
And as soon as there's a gap in the fence,
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์šธํƒ€๋ฆฌ ์‚ฌ์ด์— ํ‹ˆ์ด ์ƒ๊ธฐ์ž๋งˆ์ž
05:12
they go back, talk to their mates
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๋Œ์•„๊ฐ€์„œ ์ง์—๊ฒŒ ์–˜๊ธฐํ•ด ์ฃผ๋ฉด
05:14
and suddenly they're all through,
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๊ฐ‘์ž๊ธฐ ์ „์ฒด๊ฐ€ ๋ชฐ๋ ค์˜ค๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:16
and now you have 12 elephants on the community side of the fence.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ์ง€๊ธˆ ์ฝ”๋ผ๋ฆฌ 12๋งˆ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์šธํƒ€๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋„˜๋Š” ๋ชจ์Šต์„ ๋ณด๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:19
And now you're really in trouble.
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์ •๋ง๋กœ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๊ธด ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
05:22
People keep trying to come up with new designs for electric fences.
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ „๊ธฐ ์šธํƒ€๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ณ ์•ˆํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:26
Well, these elephants don't think much of those either.
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ํ . ์ฝ”๋ผ๋ฆฌ๋“ค์ด ๊ณผ์—ฐ ๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ๊นŒ์ง€ ์ƒ๊ฐ ๋ชปํ• ๊นŒ ์‹ถ๋„ค์š”.
05:29
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
05:34
So rather than having these hard-line, straight, electric,
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๋‹จ๋‹จํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ณง์€ ์ „๊ธฐ์ค„๋กœ
05:39
really divisive migratory-blocking fences,
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์ด๋™์„ ๋ง‰๋Š” ์šธํƒ€๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์น˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋ณด๋‹ค
05:43
there must be other ways to look at this challenge.
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์ด ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•  ๋ถ„๋ช… ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:45
I'm much more interested in holistic and natural methods
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์ „ ์ธ๊ฐ„๊ณผ ์ฝ”๋ผ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•  ๋•Œ ๋–จ์–ด์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”
05:48
to keep elephants and people apart where necessary.
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์ „์ฒด์ ์ด๊ณ  ์ž์—ฐ์ ์ธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์— ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋” ๊ด€์‹ฌ์ด ๋งŽ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:52
Simply talking to people,
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด๋ž‘ ๊ทธ๋ƒฅ ์–˜๊ธฐํ•ด ๋ณด๋ฉด,
05:53
talking to rural pastoralists in northern Kenya
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๋ถ๋ถ€ ์ผ€๋ƒ์—์„œ ๋ชฉ์ถ•์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด๋ž‘ ์–˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํ•ด ๋ณด๋‹ˆ
05:56
who have so much knowledge about the bush,
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๋ค๋ถˆ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋” ๋งŽ์ด ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด
05:58
we discovered this story that they had that elephants would not feed on trees
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์ฝ”๋ผ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์•ผ์ƒ ๋ฒŒ๋“ค์ด ๋จน๋Š” ๋‚˜๋ฌด๋Š”
06:02
that had wild beehives in them.
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๋จน์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ–ˆ์ฃ .
06:04
Now this was an interesting story.
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์ด๊ฑด ๊ฝค ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กœ์šด ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:06
As the elephants were foraging on the tree,
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์ฝ”๋ผ๋ฆฌ๋“ค์ด ๋‚˜๋ฌด์—์„œ ๋จน์ด๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์œผ๋ฉด
06:08
they would break branches and perhaps break open a wild beehive.
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๊ฐ€์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ถ€๋ŸฌํŠธ๋ ค ๋ฒŒ์ง‘์„ ๊ฑด๋“œ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ผด์ด ๋˜๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
06:12
And those bees would fly out of their natural nests
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฉด ์ž๊ธฐ๋“ค์˜ ๋‘ฅ์ง€ ์•ˆ์— ์žˆ๋˜ ๋ฒŒ๋“ค์ด ํŠ€์–ด๋‚˜์™€
06:15
and sting the elephants.
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์ฝ”๋ผ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์˜๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:17
Now if the elephants got stung,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ฝ”๋ผ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฒŒ์— ์˜์ด๋ฉด
06:18
perhaps they would remember that this tree was dangerous
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์•„๋งˆ ์ด ๋‚˜๋ฌด๋Š” ์œ„ํ—˜ํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด
06:21
and they wouldn't come back to that same site.
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๋‹ค์‹œ๋Š” ๊ฐ™์€ ์žฅ์†Œ๋กœ ๋Œ์•„์˜ค์ง€ ์•Š๊ฒ ์ฃ .
06:23
It seems impossible that they could be stung through their thick skin --
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๋‘๊บผ์šด ํ”ผ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ๋šซ๊ณ  ์˜๋Š” ๊ฒŒ ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•ด ๋ณด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:27
elephant skin is around two centimeters thick.
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์ฝ”๋ผ๋ฆฌ์˜ ํ”ผ๋ถ€ ๋‘๊ป˜๋Š” 2cm์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:29
But it seems that they sting them around the watery areas,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋ฒŒ๋“ค์€ ์ฝ”๋ผ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋ชธ ์ค‘์—์„œ ์ˆ˜๋ถ„์ด ๋งŽ์€ ๊ณณ์„ ๊ณต๋žตํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:32
around the eyes, behind the ears, in the mouth, up the trunk.
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๋ˆˆ ์ฃผ์œ„, ๊ท€ ๋’ค, ์ž… ์•ˆ, ๋ชธํ†ต ์œ„,
06:36
You can imagine they would remember that very quickly.
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์˜์ด๋ฉด ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค๋„ ๊ธฐ์–ตํ•  ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:40
And it's not really one sting that they're scared of.
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์ฝ”๋ผ๋ฆฌ๋“ค์ด ๋ฌด์„œ์›Œํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฑด ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ ์˜์ด๋Š” ๊ฒŒ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:43
African bees have a phenomenal ability:
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์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด ๋ฒŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒ ๋†€๋ผ์šด ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:46
when they sting in one site, they release a pheromone
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ํ•œ ๊ณณ์„ ์˜๋ฉด, ํŽ˜๋กœ๋ชฌ์„ ๋ฐœ์‚ฐํ•ด
06:48
that triggers the rest of the bees to come and sting the same site.
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๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€ ๋ฒŒ๋“ค์„ ๋ถˆ๋Ÿฌ๋ชจ์•„ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ณณ์„ ์˜๊ฒŒ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:52
So it's not one beesting that they're scared of --
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ํ•œ ๋งˆ๋ฆฌ๋ฉด ์ฝ”๋ผ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ณ„๋กœ ๋ฌด์„œ์›Œํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๊ฒ ์ฃ .
06:54
it's perhaps thousands of beestings,
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์•„๋งˆ ์ˆ˜์ฒœ ๋งˆ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋ฒŒ๋“ค์ด
06:56
coming to sting in the same area -- that they're afraid of.
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๊ฐ™์€ ๊ณณ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณง์žฅ ๋‚ ์•„์˜ค๋‹ˆ ๋ฌด์„œ์›Œํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ฒ ์ฃ .
06:59
And of course, a good matriarch
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๋‹น์—ฐํžˆ, ๋›ฐ์–ด๋‚œ ์•”์ปท์€
07:01
would always keep her young away from such a threat.
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์–ด๋ฆฐ ์•„์ด๋“ค์„ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์œ„ํ˜‘์—์„œ ๋ฉ€๋ฆฌ ํ•˜๋ ค ํ•˜๊ฒ ์ฃ .
07:04
Young calves have much thinner skins,
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์–ด๋ฆฐ ์ฝ”๋ผ๋ฆฌ๋“ค์€ ํ”ผ๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋” ์–‡์•„
07:06
and it's potential that they could be stung
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๋ฒŒ๋“ค์ด ์–‡์€ ํ”ผ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ๋šซ๊ณ 
07:08
through their thinner skins.
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์  ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋” ๋†’์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:10
So for my PhD, I had this unusual challenge
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์ œ ๋ฐ•์‚ฌ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ด ํ‰๋ฒ”ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ํ˜„์ƒ์ด
07:14
of trying to work out
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์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๊ณ 
07:15
how African elephants and African bees would interact,
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์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด ์ฝ”๋ผ๋ฆฌ๋“ค๊ณผ ๋ฒŒ๋“ค์ด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ์„ ํ•˜๋ฉฐ
07:19
when the theory was that they wouldn't interact at all.
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์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ์„ ์ „ํ˜€ ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์„ ๋•Œ์˜ ์ผ์„ ๊ฐ€์„ค๋กœ ์„ธ์› ์ฃ .
07:22
How was I going to study this?
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์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ–ˆ๋ƒ๊ณ ์š”?
07:24
Well, what I did was I took the sound of disturbed African honey bees,
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์ €๋Š” ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด ๋ฒŒ๋“ค์˜ ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋ชจ์•„์„œ
07:28
and I played it back to elephants resting under trees
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์ฝ”๋ผ๋ฆฌ๋“ค์ด ์‰ฌ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๋‚˜๋ฌด ๋’ค์— ํ‹€์–ด๋†จ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:32
through a wireless speaker system,
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๋ฌด์„  ์Šคํ”ผ์ปค๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•ด์„œ์š”.
07:33
so I could understand how they would react as if there were wild bees in the area.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ „ ์ฝ”๋ผ๋ฆฌ๋“ค์ด ๋’ค์— ๋ฒŒ์ด ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ–‰๋™ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ์•Œ๊ฒŒ ๋์ฃ .
07:38
And it turns out that they react quite dramatically
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๋ฒŒ ์†Œ๋ฆฌ์— ๋ฐ˜์‘์ด ๊ฝค ๊ฒฉํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:41
to the sound of African wild bees.
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07:44
Here we are, playing the bee sounds back to this amazing group of elephants.
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์ž ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ ์ด ์ฝ”๋ผ๋ฆฌ๋“ค ๋’ค์— ๋ฒŒ๋“ค์˜ ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ํ‹€์–ด๋ด…์‹œ๋‹ค.
07:48
You can see the ears going up, going out,
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๊ท€๊ฐ€ ์˜ฌ๋ผ๊ฐ€๊ณ , ํผ๋•๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฒŒ ๋ณด์ด์‹ค ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:51
they're turning their heads from side to side,
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์˜†์œผ๋กœ ๊ณ ๊ฐœ๋ฅผ ๋Œ๋ฆฌ๋ฉฐ
07:53
one elephant is flicking her trunk to try and smell.
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ํ•œ ์ฝ”๋ผ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ชธ์„ ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ์›€์ง์ด๋ฉฐ ๋ƒ„์ƒˆ๋ฅผ ๋งก์œผ๋ ค ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ตฐ์š”.
07:57
There's another elephant that kicks one of calves on the ground
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๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ฝ”๋ผ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋•…๋ฐ”๋‹ฅ์— ์—Ž์–ด์ ธ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ฝ”๋ผ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฐœ๋กœ ์ฐจ ๊นจ์šฐ๋ฉฐ
08:00
to tell it to get up as if there is a threat.
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์œ„ํ˜‘์ด ๋‹ค๊ฐ€์˜ค๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์•Œ๋ฆฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:03
And one elephant triggers a retreat,
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ํ•œ ์ฝ”๋ผ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ›„ํ‡ด์˜ ์กฐ์ง์„ ๋ณด์ด์ž
08:05
and soon the whole family of elephants are running after her
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๋ฌด๋ฆฌ ์ „์ฒด๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๋…€๋ฅผ ๋”ฐ๋ผ๊ฐ‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:09
across the savannah in a cloud of dust.
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๋จผ์ง€๋ฅผ ํœ˜๋‚ ๋ฆฌ๋ฉฐ ๋Œ€์ดˆ์›์œผ๋กœ์š”.
08:13
(Sound of bees buzzing)
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(๋ฒŒ์ด ์œ™์œ™๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์†Œ๋ฆฌ)
08:20
(Sound of bees ends)
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(๋ฒŒ์ด ์œ™์œ™๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์†Œ๋ฆฌ ๋)
08:21
Now I've done this experiment many, many times,
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์ด ์‹คํ—˜์„ ์ˆ˜์—†์ด ๋งŽ์ด ํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
08:26
and the elephants almost always flee.
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์ฝ”ํ‚ค๋ฆฌ๋“ค์ด ํ•ญ์ƒ ๋‹ฌ์•„๋‚ฌ์–ด์š”.
08:28
Not only do they run away,
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๋‹ฌ์•„๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋งŒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
08:30
but they dust themselves as they're running,
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๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ๋ฉด์„œ ๋จผ์ง€๋ฅผ ๋’ค์ง‘์–ด ์ผ์ฃ .
08:32
as if to knock bees out of the air.
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ํ˜น์‹œ๋ผ๋„ ๋‚ ์•„๋‹ค๋‹ˆ๋Š” ๋ฒŒ๋“ค์ด ์žˆ์„ ๊นŒ๋ด์š”.
08:35
And we placed infrasonic microphones around the elephants
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์‹คํ—˜์„ ํ•  ๋•Œ ์ดˆ์ €์ฃผํŒŒ ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋ฅผ
08:39
as we did these experiments.
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์ฝ”๋ผ๋ฆฌ ์ฃผ์œ„์— ๋†“์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:40
And it turns out they're communicating to each other in infrasonic rumbles
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ์„œ๋กœ์—๊ฒŒ ๋ฒŒ๋“ค์˜ ์œ„ํ˜‘์„ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ ํ•ด ์ค„ ๋•Œ
08:44
to warn each other of the threat of bees
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๋‚ฎ๊ฒŒ ์šฐ๋ฅด๋ฅด ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋‚ด์–ด
08:46
and to stay away from the area.
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์ด ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ ๋ฉ€๋ฆฌ ๋–จ์–ด์ง€๋ผ๊ณ  ์•Œ๋ ค์ค€๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ์•Œ๊ฒŒ ๋์ฃ .
08:49
So these behavioral discoveries
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํ–‰๋™์˜ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ์€
08:50
really helped us understand how elephants would react
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์ฝ”๋ผ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฒŒ ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜๋ฉด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ–‰๋™ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€
08:53
should they hear or see bee sounds.
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์ดํ•ดํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์ •๋ง๋กœ ๋„์›€์ด ๋์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:55
This led me to invent a novel design for a beehive fence,
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๋ฒŒ์ง‘์„ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์šธํƒ€๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ณ ์•ˆํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
08:59
which we are now building around small, one-to-two-acre farms
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1์—์„œ 2์—์ด์ปค ์ •๋„ ๋˜๋Š” ์ž‘์€ ๋†์žฅ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด
09:03
on the most vulnerable frontline areas of Africa
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์ธ๊ฐ„๊ณผ ์ฝ”๋ผ๋ฆฌ๋“ค์ด ๊ณต๊ฐ„์„ ๋‘๊ณ  ๊ฒฝ์Ÿํ•˜๋Š” ์ „์„  ์ค‘์—
09:05
where humans and elephants are competing for space.
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์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋ฌดํ•ดํ•œ ์ „์„ ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:09
These beehive fences are very, very simple.
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์ด ๋ฒŒ ์šธํƒ€๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ต‰์žฅํžˆ ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:11
We use 12 beehives and 12 dummy hives
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12๊ฐœ์˜ ๋ฒŒ์ง‘๊ณผ 12๊ฐœ์˜ ๊ฐ€์งœ ๋ฒŒ์ง‘์„
09:14
to protect one acre of farmland.
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1์—์ด์ปค ์ •๋„ ๋˜๋Š” ๋†์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ณดํ˜ธํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:17
Now a dummy hive is simply a piece of plywood
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๊ฐ€์งœ ๋ฒŒ์ง‘์€ ํ•ฉํŒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š”๋ฐ
09:19
which we cut into squares, paint yellow
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๋„ค๋ชจ๋กœ ์ž๋ฅธ ๋‹ค์Œ ๋…ธ๋ž€์ƒ‰์œผ๋กœ ์น ํ•ด
09:21
and hang in between the hives.
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๋ฒŒ์ง‘ ์‚ฌ์ด์— ๊ฑธ์–ด๋†“์œผ๋ฉด ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:23
We're basically tricking the elephants
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๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ฝ”๋ผ๋ฆฌ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ๋ฒŒ์ง‘์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋ณด๋‹ค
09:25
into thinking there are more beehives than there really are.
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๋” ๋งŽ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:28
And of course, it literally halves the cost of the fence.
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๋‹น์—ฐํžˆ ์‹ค์ œ ์šธํƒ€๋ฆฌ ๋น„์šฉ๋ณด๋‹ค 2๋ฐฐ ๋” ์ €๋ ดํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:31
So there's a hive and a dummy hive
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ๋ฒŒ์ง‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜ ๊ฐ€์งœ ๋ฒŒ์ง‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜
09:32
and a beehive and now dummy hive,
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๋ฒŒ์ง‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜ ๊ฐ€์งœ ๋ฒŒ์ง‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜,
09:34
every 10 meters around the outside boundary.
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๊ฒฝ๊ณ„ 10m๋งˆ๋‹ค ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์ณ ๋†“๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
09:36
They're held up by posts
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ํ‘ฏ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ์„ธ์›Œ์„œ
09:38
with a shade roof to protect the bees,
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๋ฒŒ์„ ๋ณดํ˜ธํ•˜๋Š” ์ง€๋ถ•์„ ๋งŒ๋“  ๋‹ค์Œ
09:40
and they're interconnected with a simple piece of plain wire,
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๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•œ ์ค„๋กœ ์—ฎ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:43
which goes all the way around, connecting the hives.
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๋ฒŒ์ง‘์ด ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ ๋œ ํ‘ฏ๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ๊ณณ๊ณณ์— ์„ธ์›Œ์ง€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
09:46
So if an elephant tries to enter the farm,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ํ˜น์‹œ๋ผ๋„ ์ฝ”๋ผ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋†์žฅ์— ๋“ค์–ด์˜ค๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฉด
09:48
he will avoid the beehive at all cost,
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์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ•ด์„œ๋“ ์ง€ ๋ฒŒ์ง‘์„ ํ”ผํ•˜๋ ค ํ•˜๊ฒ ์ง€๋งŒ
09:50
but he might try and push through between the hive and the dummy hive,
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ํ”ผํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•˜๋ฉด ํ• ์ˆ˜๋ก ์ง„์งœ ๋ฒŒ์ง‘๊ณผ ๊ฐ€์งœ ๋ฒŒ์ง‘ ์‚ฌ์ด์— ๋ผ์–ด์„œ
09:54
causing all the beehives to swing as the wire hits his chest.
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๋ฒŒ๋“ค์„ ์ž๊ทนํ•ด ๊ฐ€์Šด์— ์˜์ด๊ฒŒ ๋˜๊ฒ ์ฃ .
09:57
And as we know from our research work,
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์ €ํฌ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์…จ๋“ฏ์ด
09:59
this will cause the elephants to flee and run away --
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์ด ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ ์ฝ”๋ผ๋ฆฌ๋“ค์„ ๋„๋ง๊ฐ€๊ฒŒ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:02
and hopefully remember not to come back to that risky area.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‹คํ–‰์Šค๋Ÿฝ๊ฒŒ๋„ ์ด๊ฑธ ๊ธฐ์–ตํ•ด ์œ„ํ—˜์ง€์—ญ์—๋Š” ์˜ค์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
10:06
The bees swarm out of the hive,
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๋ฒŒ์ง‘์—์„œ ๋‚˜์˜จ ๋ฒŒ๋“ค์€
10:07
and they really scare the elephants away.
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์ •๋ง๋กœ ์ฝ”๋ผ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฒ์ค˜ ์ซ“์•„๋ƒ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:10
These beehive fences we're studying using things like camera traps
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๋ฒŒ์ง‘ ์šธํƒ€๋ฆฌ์— ์นด๋ฉ”๋ผ ๋ซ์„ ๋†“์•„์„œ
10:13
to help us understand how elephants are responding
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๋ฐค์—๋Š” ์ฝ”๋ผ๋ฆฌ๋“ค์ด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ˜์‘ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ์‚ดํŽด๋ดค์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:16
to them at night time,
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10:17
which is when most of the crop raiding occurs.
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์ž‘๋ฌผ์ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋งŽ์ด ์Šต๊ฒฉ๋‹นํ•˜๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ„์—์š”.
10:19
And we found in our study farms
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•œ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋†์žฅ์—์„œ
10:22
that we're keeping up to 80 percent of elephants
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80%์˜ ์ฝ”๋ผ๋ฆฌ๋“ค์ด
10:24
outside of the boundaries of these farms.
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๋†์žฅ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„ ๋ฐ”๊นฅ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฌผ๋Ÿฌ๋‚ฌ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:27
And the bees and the beehive fences are also pollinating the fields.
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๋ฒŒ๊ณผ ๋ฒŒ์ง‘ ์šธํƒ€๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ ๋ฐญ์—์„œ ์ˆ˜๋ถ„์„ ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:32
So we're having a great reduction both in elephant crop raids
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ์ฝ”๋ผ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ž‘๋ฌผ์„ ์Šต๊ฒฉํ•˜๋Š” ๋น„์œจ์„ ๊ธ‰๊ฒฉํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋‚ฎ์ถ”๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๋™์‹œ์—
10:36
and a boost in yield through the pollination services
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์ˆ˜๋ถ„์„ ํ†ตํ•ด์„œ ๊ทธ ๋•…์˜ ์ˆ˜ํ™•๋Ÿ‰์„ ๋Š˜๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
10:39
that the bees are giving to the crops themselves.
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๋ฒŒ๋“ค์ด ์ž‘๋ฌผ์— ๊ฝƒ๊ฐ€๋ฃจ๋ฅผ ์˜ฎ๊ธฐ๋ฉด์„œ์š”.
10:42
The strength of the beehive fences is really important --
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๋ฒŒ์ง‘ ์šธํƒ€๋ฆฌ์˜ ํž˜์€ ์ •๋ง๋กœ ์ค‘์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:45
the colonies have to be very strong.
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๋ฒŒ์ง‘์€ ๊ต‰์žฅํžˆ ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:47
So we're trying to help farmers grow pollinator-friendly crops
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋†๋ถ€๋“ค์ด ์†์”จ ์‹๋ฌผ ์ž‘๋ฌผ์„ ํ‚ค์šฐ๊ฒŒ ํ•ด
10:50
to boost their hives,
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๋ฒŒ์ง‘์„ ๋” ๋งŽ์ด ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ณ 
10:52
boost the strength of their bees
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๋ฒŒ๋“ค์ด ํž˜์„ ๋” ๊ฐ€์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ํ•ด
10:53
and, of course, produce the most amazing honey.
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์•„์ฃผ ๋ง›์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฟ€์„ ์ƒ์‚ฐํ•˜๋„๋ก ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:56
This honey is so valuable as an extra livelihood income for the farmers.
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์ด ๊ฟ€์€ ๋งค์šฐ ๊ฐ€์น˜๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์–ด์„œ ๋†๋ถ€๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋ถ€๊ฐ€์ ์ธ ์ˆ˜์ž…๋„ ๊ฐ€์ ธ๋‹ค ์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:01
It's a healthy alternative to sugar,
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๊ฑด๊ฐ•ํ•œ ์„คํƒ• ๋Œ€์ฒดํ’ˆ์ด์ž
11:03
and in our community,
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์ €ํฌ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ๋Š”
11:05
it's a very valuable present to give a mother-in-law,
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์žฅ๋ชจ๋‹˜์—๊ฒŒ ์ค„ ์•„์ฃผ ์ข‹์€ ์„ ๋ฌผ์ด์ฃ .
11:07
which makes it almost priceless.
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์ •๋ง ๊ท€ํ•œ ์„ ๋ฌผ์ด์ฃ .
11:09
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
11:11
We now bottle up this honey,
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์ด์ œ ๊ฟ€์„ ๋ณ‘์— ๋‹ด์•„
11:13
and we've called this wild beautiful honey Elephant-Friendly Honey.
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์•„๋ฆ„๋‹ค์šด ์•ผ์ƒ์˜ ์ด ๊ฟ€์„ ์ฝ”๋ผ๋ฆฌ ์นœํ™”์ ์ธ ๊ฟ€์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜์ฃ .
11:17
It is a fun name,
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์›ƒ๊ธด ์ด๋ฆ„์ด์ง€๋งŒ
11:18
but it also attracts attention to our project
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์ €ํฌ ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ์— ๊ด€์‹ฌ์„ ๊ฐ–๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๊ณ 
11:21
and helps people understand what we're trying to do
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์ฝ”๋ผ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์‚ด๋ฆฌ๋ ค๊ณ  ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ํ•˜๋ ค๋Š”์ง€
11:23
to save elephants.
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์ดํ•ด์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:24
We're working now with so many women
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ˆ˜๋งŽ์€ ์—ฌ์„ฑ๋“ค๊ณผ ์ผํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:26
in over 60 human-elephant conflict sites
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์ฝ”๋ผ๋ฆฌ์™€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ์ถฉ๋Œ์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” 60๊ณณ์ด ๋„˜๋Š” ๊ณณ์—์„œ
11:29
in 19 countries in Africa and Asia
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์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด์™€ ์•„์‹œ์•„ 19๊ฐœ๊ตญ์—์„œ
11:31
to build these beehive fences,
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๋ฒŒ์ง‘ ์šธํƒ€๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ง€์–ด์ฃผ๊ณ 
11:33
working very, very closely with so many farmers
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๋งŽ์€ ๋†๋ถ€๋“ค๊ณผ ๊ต‰์žฅํžˆ ๊ฐ€๊น๊ฒŒ ์ผํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ๋„
11:36
but particularly now with women farmers,
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ํŠนํžˆ ์—ฌ์„ฑ ๋†๋ถ€๋“ค๊ณผ ์ผํ•˜๋ฉฐ
11:38
helping them to live better in harmony with elephants.
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์ฝ”๋ผ๋ฆฌ์™€ ์กฐํ™”๋กญ๊ฒŒ ์‚ด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ๋„์™€์ฃผ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:41
One of the things we're trying to do is develop a toolbox of options
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์ €ํฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•˜๋Š” ๋„๊ตฌ๋“ค ์ค‘์—
11:45
to live in better harmony with these massive pachyderms.
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํฌ์œ ๋ฅ˜์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์กฐํ™”๋กญ๊ฒŒ ์‚ด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ํ•˜๋Š” ๋„๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:48
One of those issues is to try and get farmers,
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋“ค ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š” ๋†๋ถ€๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ
11:50
and women in particular,
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ํŠนํžˆ ์—ฌ์„ฑ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ
11:51
to think different about what they're planting
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๋†์žฅ ์•ˆ์— ์‹ฌ๋Š” ์ž‘๋ฌผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ƒ๊ฐ์„
11:53
inside their farms as well.
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์ „ํ™˜ํ•ด์ค˜์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:55
So we're looking at planting crops
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ €ํฌ๋Š” ํŠนํžˆ ์ฝ”๋ผ๋ฆฌ๋“ค์ด
11:56
that elephants don't particularly want to eat, like chillies,
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์‹ซ์–ด ํ• ๋งŒํ•œ ์ž‘๋ฌผ๋“ค์„ ์ฐพ์•„๋‹ค๋…”๋Š”๋ฐ ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค๋ฉด ๊ณ ์ถ”,
11:59
ginger, Moringa, sunflowers.
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์ƒ๊ฐ•, ๋ชจ๋ง๊ฐ€, ํ•ด๋ฐ”๋ผ๊ธฐ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์š”.
12:02
And of course, the bees and the beehive fences love these crops too,
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๋ฌผ๋ก  ๋ฒŒ๋“ค์€ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ž‘๋ฌผ๋“ค์„ ์ข‹์•„ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:05
because they have beautiful flowers.
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ฝƒ์ด ์•„๋ฆ„๋‹ต๊ฑฐ๋“ ์š”.
12:07
One of these plants is a spiky plant called sisal --
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ž‘๋ฌผ๋“ค ์ค‘์— ์‚ฌ์ด์ž˜์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์„ ์ธ์žฅ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:09
you may know this here as jute.
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ํ™ฉ๋งˆ๋ผ๊ณ  ์•Œ๊ณ  ๊ณ„์‹ค ํ…๋ฐ์š”.
12:12
And this amazing plant can be stripped down
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์ด ์–ด๋งˆ์–ด๋งˆํ•œ ์‹๋ฌผ์€ ๊ป์งˆ์„ ๋ฒ—๊ฒจ๋‚ด
12:14
and turned into a weaving product.
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์ฒœ์œผ๋กœ ์ง  ์ œํ’ˆ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:16
We're working with these amazing women now
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์ง€๊ธˆ ๊ฐ™์ด ์ผํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์—ฌ์„ฑ๋“ค์ธ๋ฐ์š”.
12:19
who live daily with the challenges of elephants
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๋งค์ผ ์ฝ”๋ผ๋ฆฌ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๊ฒจ
12:21
to use this plant to weave into baskets
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์ด ์‹๋ฌผ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•ด์„œ ๋ฐ”๊ตฌ๋‹ˆ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด
12:24
to provide an alternative income for them.
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๋Œ€์ฒด ์ˆ˜์ž…์›์œผ๋กœ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:27
We've just started construction only three weeks ago
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์ด ์ผ์„ ๋ถˆ๊ณผ 3์ฃผ ์ „๋ถ€ํ„ฐ
12:30
on a women's enterprise center
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์—ฌ์„ฑ ์ธ๋ ฅ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ์„ผํ„ฐ์—์„œ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
12:32
where we're going to be working with these women
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ผํ•˜๋Š” ์ด ์—ฌ์„ฑ๋“ค์€
12:34
not only as expert beekeepers
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๋‹จ์ˆœํžˆ ์ „๋ฌธ์ ์ธ ์–‘๋ด‰์—…์ž๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
12:36
but as amazing basket weavers;
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๋›ฐ์–ด๋‚œ ๋ฐ”๊ตฌ๋‹ˆ ์ œ์กฐ์—…์ž์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:37
they're going to be processing chili oils, sunflower oils,
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๊ณ ์ถ” ๊ธฐ๋ฆ„, ํ•ด๋ฐ”๋ผ๊ธฐ์œ ,
12:40
making lip balms and honey,
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๋ฆฝ๋ฐค๊ณผ ๊ฟ€์„ ์ƒ์‚ฐํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:42
and we're somewhere on our way to helping these participating farmers
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์ž๋ฐœ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋†์žฅ๋“ค์ด
12:46
live with better eco-generating projects that live and work better
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ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ์นœํ™”์ ์ธ ์ œํ’ˆ๋“ค์„ ์ƒ์‚ฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์‚ถ์ด ๋” ๋‚˜์•„์ง€๊ณ  ์ผ๋„ ๋” ๋‚˜์•„์ ธ์„œ
12:50
with living with elephants.
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์ฝ”๋ผ๋ฆฌ์™€ ์‚ด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋„๋ก ๋…ธ๋ ฅํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:52
So whether it's matriarchs
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๋ชจ๊ณ„์‚ฌํšŒ๋“ 
12:54
or mothers or researchers like myself,
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์—„๋งˆ๋“  ํ˜น์€ ์ €์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ž๋“ค์ด๋“ 
12:57
I do see more women coming to the forefront now
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์ „ ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ์—ฌ์„ฑ๋“ค์ด ์•ž์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜์™€
12:59
to think differently and more boldly about the challenges that we face.
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์ƒ๊ฐ์„ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ํ•ด์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋งˆ์ฃผํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋“ค์„ ๋Œ€๋‹ดํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฑธ ๋ดค์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:04
With more innovation,
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์ข€ ๋” ํ˜์‹ ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ณ 
13:06
and perhaps with some more empathy towards each other,
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์„œ๋กœ ์ข€ ๋” ๊ณต๊ฐํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด
13:09
I do believe we can move from a state of conflict with elephants
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์ฝ”๋ผ๋ฆฌ์™€ ๊ณ„์† ์ถฉ๋Œ์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์—์„œ ํ•œ ๋ฐœ ๋” ๋‚˜์•„๊ฐ€
13:12
to true coexistence.
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์ง„์ •ํ•œ ๊ณต์ƒ์„ ์ด๋ฃฐ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ฏฟ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:15
Thank you.
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๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:16
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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