What vaccinating vampire bats can teach us about pandemics | Daniel Streicker

73,656 views

2019-11-23 ใƒป TED


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What vaccinating vampire bats can teach us about pandemics | Daniel Streicker

73,656 views ใƒป 2019-11-23

TED


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: Kim Sang woo ๊ฒ€ํ† : Yunjung Nam
์˜ค๋Š˜ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๊ป˜ ๋“ค๋ ค๋“œ๋ฆด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋Š”
00:13
The story that I'm going to tell you today,
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00:15
for me, began back in 2006.
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2006๋…„์œผ๋กœ ๊ฑฐ์Šฌ๋Ÿฌ ์˜ฌ๋ผ๊ฐ‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:17
That was when I first heard about an outbreak of mysterious illness
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ํŽ˜๋ฃจ์˜ ์•„๋งˆ์กด ์šฐ๋ฆผ์—์„œ ๋ฐœ๋ณ‘ํ•œ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ์งˆ๋ณ‘์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด
์ฒ˜์Œ ๋“ค์—ˆ์„ ๋•Œ์˜ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:21
that was happening in the Amazon rainforest of Peru.
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00:24
The people that were getting sick from this illness,
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์ด ์งˆ๋ณ‘์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ ์  ์ƒํƒœ๊ฐ€ ์•…ํ™”๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ ,
00:27
they had horrifying symptoms, nightmarish.
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๋”์ฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์•…๋ชฝ๊ฐ™์€ ์ฆ์ƒ์„ ๊ฒช๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:29
They had unbelievable headaches,
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๊ทน์‹ฌํ•œ ๋‘ํ†ต์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๋จน๊ณ  ๋งˆ์‹ค ์ˆ˜ ์กฐ์ฐจ ์—†์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:31
they couldn't eat or drink.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์ค‘ ๋ช‡๋ช‡์€ ํ™˜๊ฐ์ฆ์„ธ์™€
00:33
Some of them were even hallucinating --
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ํ˜ผ๋ž€ํ•จ๊ณผ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์„ฑ์„ ๋ณด์˜€์ฃ .
00:35
confused and aggressive.
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00:36
The most tragic part of all
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๊ทธ ์ค‘์—์„œ๋„ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋”์ฐํ•œ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์€
00:39
was that many of the victims were children.
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์ด ํฌ์ƒ์ž๋“ค์˜ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด ์•„์ด๋“ค์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:41
And of all of those that got sick,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด ๋ณ‘์— ๊ฑธ๋ฆฐ ๋ชจ๋“  ์•„์ด๋Š”
00:43
none survived.
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์‚ด์•„๋‚จ์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:46
It turned out that what was killing people was a virus,
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์‚ฌ๋งํ•œ ์›์ธ์€ ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค๋กœ ๋ฐํ˜€์กŒ์ง€๋งŒ,
00:49
but it wasn't Ebola, it wasn't Zika,
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์—๋ณผ๋ผ ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค๋„ ์ง€์นด ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค๋„ ์•„๋‹ˆ์—ˆ๊ณ ,
00:51
it wasn't even some new virus never before seen by science.
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์ง€๊ธˆ๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ณผํ•™๊ณ„์—์„œ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ๋˜ ์‹ ์ข… ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค๋„ ์•„๋‹ˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:55
These people were dying of an ancient killer,
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ˆ˜๋ฐฑ๋…„์ „๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์•Œ์•„์™”๊ณ 
00:57
one that we've known about for centuries.
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์˜›๋‚ ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ž˜ ์•Œ๋ ค์ง„ ๋ณ‘์— ์˜ํ•ด ์‚ฌ๋งํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:00
They were dying of rabies.
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ๊ด‘๊ฒฌ๋ณ‘์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ๋งํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:02
And what all of them had in common was that as they slept,
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๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ๊ณตํ†ต์ ์€ ์ˆ˜๋ฉด์„ ์ทจํ•˜๋‹ค,
01:06
they'd all been bitten by the only mammal that lives exclusively on a diet of blood:
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์œ ์ผํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ”ผ๋ฅผ ๋จน๊ณ  ์‚ฌ๋Š” ํฌ์œ ๋ฅ˜์—๊ฒŒ ๋ฌผ๋ ธ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:10
the vampire bat.
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๋ฐ”๋กœ ํกํ˜ˆ๋ฐ•์ฅ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:13
These sorts of outbreaks that jump from bats into people,
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์ด ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค๋Š” ๋ฐ•์ฅ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์œผ๋กœ ์ „์ด๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ ,
01:16
they've become more and more common in the last couple of decades.
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์ง€๋‚œ 20๋…„๊ฐ„ ๋”์šฑ ์„ธ๋ ฅ์„ ํ‚ค์›Œ ๋‚˜๊ฐ”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:19
In 2003, it was SARS.
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2003๋…„์— ์œ ํ–‰ํ•œ ์‚ฌ์Šค(SARS)๋Š”
01:20
It showed up in Chinese animal markets and spread globally.
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์ค‘๊ตญ ๋™๋ฌผ์‹œ์žฅ์—์„œ ์ฒ˜์Œ ๋ฐœ๋ณ‘ํ•ด ์ „์„ธ๊ณ„๋กœ ํผ์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:24
That virus, like the one from Peru, was eventually traced back to bats,
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๊ทธ ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค๋Š” ํŽ˜๋ฃจ์—์„œ ์ˆ˜ ์„ธ๊ธฐ ๋™์•ˆ ๋ฐ•์ฅ์—๊ฒŒ ๋ณด๊ท ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜
01:28
which have probably harbored it, undetected, for centuries.
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ํƒ์ง€๋˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ ์ฑ„ ๋ฐ•์ฅ์—์„œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์—๊ฒŒ๋กœ ํผ์ ธ๋‚˜๊ฐ”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:32
Then, 10 years later, we see Ebola showing up in West Africa,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  10๋…„ ํ›„ ์„œ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด์—์„œ ๋ฐœ๋ณ‘ํ•œ
01:36
and that surprised just about everybody
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์—๋ณผ๋ผ๋กœ ๋ชจ๋‘๊ฐ€ ๊ฒฝ์•…ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:38
because, according to the science at the time,
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ ๋‹น์‹œ ๊ณผํ•™ ์ˆ˜์ค€์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด
01:40
Ebola wasn't really supposed to be in West Africa.
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๋ฐœ๋ณ‘ํ• ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์—†๋Š” ์งˆ๋ณ‘์ด์—ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:44
That ended up causing the largest and most widespread Ebola outbreak
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๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ๊ทธ ์‚ฌํƒœ๋Š” ์—๋ณผ๋ผ๊ฐ€ ์—ญ์‚ฌ์ƒ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํฌ๊ฒŒ, ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋„๋ฆฌ ์ฐฝ๊ถํ–ˆ๋˜
01:47
in history.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋กœ ๋์ด ๋‚ฌ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:49
So there's a disturbing trend here, right?
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์ถฉ๊ฒฉ์ ์ธ ์ถ”์„ธ์ธ ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์•„์š”.
01:52
Deadly viruses are appearing in places where we can't really expect them,
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์ถœํ˜„ํ•  ๋ฆฌ ์—†๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•œ๋ฐ์„œ ์น˜๋ช…์ ์ธ ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜
01:56
and as a global health community,
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์ „์„ธ๊ณ„์ธ์˜ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์ด
01:57
we're caught on our heels.
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์ƒ๋‹นํ•œ ์œ„๊ธฐ์— ์ฒ˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:59
We're constantly chasing after the next viral emergency
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ณ„์† ๋ฐ˜๋ณต๋˜๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค ์ฐฝ๊ถ์„
02:02
in this perpetual cycle,
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๊ณ„์† ์ถ”์ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ค‘์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:04
always trying to extinguish epidemics after they've already started.
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๋˜ํ•œ ์ด๋ฏธ ํผ์ง„ ์ „์—ผ๋ณ‘์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฐฉ์—ญ์— ๋งŽ์€ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์„ ๊ธฐ์šธ์ด๊ณ  ์žˆ์ฃ .
02:08
So with new diseases appearing every year,
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๋งค๋…„ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์งˆ๋ณ‘์ด ์ถœํ˜„ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ณ 
02:11
now is really the time
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์ด์ œ๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด
02:13
that we need to start thinking about what we can do about it.
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๋ฌด์—‡์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„์ง€ ์ƒ๊ฐ์„ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•  ๋•Œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:15
If we just wait for the next Ebola to happen,
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋˜ ๋‹ค์‹œ ์•ˆ์ผํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋Œ€์ฒ˜ํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด
02:18
we might not be so lucky next time.
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ํฐ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๊ธธ ๊ฒƒ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:20
We might face a different virus,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋งˆ์ฃผํ•  ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ณ‘๋“ค์€
02:22
one that's more deadly,
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๋”์šฑ ์น˜๋ช…์ ์ด๊ณ 
02:23
one that spreads better among people,
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๋”์šฑ ์ „์—ผ์„ฑ์ด ๊ฐ•ํ•˜๊ณ 
02:26
or maybe one that just completely outwits our vaccines,
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์–ด์ฉŒ๋ฉด ์ง€๊ธˆ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋ฐœ๋ช…๋œ ๋ฐฑ์‹ ์ด ํ†ตํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•„
02:29
leaving us defenseless.
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ํฐ ์œ„ํ—˜์ด ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:31
So can we anticipate pandemics?
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๋ฉด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ „์—ผ๋ณ‘์˜ ์ฐฝ๊ถ์„ ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
02:34
Can we stop them?
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ง‰์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
02:36
Those are really hard questions to answer,
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์ด ์งˆ๋ฌธ๋“ค์€ ๋‹ต๋ณ€ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋งค์šฐ ์–ด๋ ต์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:39
and the reason is that the pandemics --
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๊ทธ ์ด์œ ๋Š” ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ „์—ผ๋ณ‘ ์ค‘์—์„œ
02:42
the ones that spread globally,
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์ „์„ธ๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ํผ์ ธ๋‚˜๊ฐ€๊ฑฐ๋‚˜,
02:44
the ones that we really want to anticipate --
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์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ง„ํ–‰๋ ์ง€ ์˜ˆ์ธก์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ์ „์—ผ๋ณ‘์€
02:46
they're actually really rare events.
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๋งค์šฐ ๋“œ๋ฌผ๊ฒŒ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:48
And for us as a species that is a good thing --
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๋ฌผ๋ก  ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์ธ๋ฅ˜์—๊ฒ ํ–‰์šด์ด๊ธด ํ•˜์ฃ .
02:50
that's why we're all here.
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๊ทธ ๋•์— ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์•„์ง ์‚ด์•„์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:53
But from a scientific standpoint, it's a little bit of a problem.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ณผํ•™์  ๊ด€์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ”๋ผ๋ณด๋ฉด, ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ข€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:58
That's because if something happens just once or twice,
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ์ „์—ผ๋ณ‘์ด ํ•œ๋‘๋ฒˆ ์ •๋„๋งŒ ๋ฐœ๋ณ‘ํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด
03:01
that's really not enough to find any patterns.
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ํŒจํ„ด์„ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒŒ ํž˜์ด ๋“ญ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:03
Patterns that could tell us when or where the next pandemic might strike.
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์–ธ์ œ, ์–ด๋””์„œ ๋‹ค์Œ ์ „์—ผ๋ณ‘์ด ๋ฐœ๋ณ‘ํ• ์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํŒจํ„ด๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:08
So what do we do?
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๊ณผ์—ฐ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ•ด์•ผํ• ๊นŒ์š”?
03:10
Well, I think one of the solutions we may have is to study some viruses
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์ œ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•œ ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ ๋ช‡๋ช‡ ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค๋ฅผ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:14
that routinely jump from wild animals into people,
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์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์•ผ์ƒ๋™๋ฌผ์—์„œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์œผ๋กœ ๋˜๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์• ์™„๋™๋ฌผ์ด๋‚˜
03:18
or into our pets, or our livestock,
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๊ฐ€์ถ•์—๊ฒŒ ์ „์—ผ๋˜๋Š”์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํŒจํ„ด์„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
03:21
even if they're not the same viruses
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๋น„๋ก ์ „์—ผ๋ณ‘์˜ ์›์ธ์ธ ๋™์ผํ•œ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹์ง€๋ผ๋„ ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:23
that we think are going to cause pandemics.
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03:26
If we can use those everyday killer viruses
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ผ์ƒ์„ ํŒŒ๊ดดํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค์˜ ํŒจํ„ด์„ ์ผ๋ถ€ ๋ฏธ๋ฆฌ ์•Œ์•„๋‚ด์„œ
03:28
to work out some of the patterns
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03:30
of what drives that initial, crucial jump from one species to the next,
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์–ด๋– ํ•œ ์ด์œ ์— ์˜ํ•ด์„œ ํ•œ ์ข…์—์„œ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ข…์œผ๋กœ ์ „์ด๋˜๋Š”์ง€,
03:34
and, potentially, how we might stop it,
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์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๊ทธ๊ฑธ ๋ง‰์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ์•ˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด,
03:36
then we're going to end up better prepared
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋”์šฑ ์ž˜ ๋Œ€๋น„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ 
03:38
for those viruses that jump between species more rarely
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์ด ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค๋“ค์˜ ์ข…๊ฐ„์ „์ด๋ฅผ ๋ง‰๊ณ 
03:41
but pose a greater threat of pandemics.
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์ฐฝ๊ถ์˜ ์œ„ํ˜‘์„ ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•ด์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:44
Now, rabies, as terrible as it is,
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๊ด‘๊ฒฌ๋ณ‘์€ ๋งค์šฐ ๋”์ฐํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ
03:47
turns out to be a pretty nice virus in this case.
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์•Œ๊ณ ๋ณด๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ฑด ๊ทธ๋‚˜๋งˆ ๋‚˜์€ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์— ์†ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:52
You see, rabies is a scary, deadly virus.
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๊ด‘๊ฒฌ๋ณ‘์€ ๋งค์šฐ ์น˜๋ช…์ ์ด๊ณ  ๋ฌด์„œ์šด ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:55
It has 100 percent fatality.
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์น˜์‚ฌ์œจ์ด 100%์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:57
That means if you get infected with rabies and you don't get treated early,
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์ฆ‰, ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ๋งŒ์•ฝ ๊ด‘๊ฒฌ๋ณ‘์— ๊ฑธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋น ๋ฅธ ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค๋ฉด,
04:01
there's nothing that can be done.
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๊ณง ์ฃฝ๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์˜๋ฏธ์ฃ .
04:02
There is no cure.
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์น˜๋ฃŒํ•  ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด ์—†์–ด์š”.
04:04
You will die.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ์ฃฝ์„ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:06
And rabies is not just a problem of the past either.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ด‘๊ฒฌ๋ณ‘์€ ์˜›๋‚ ์—๋งŒ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:10
Even today, rabies still kills 50 to 60,000 people every year.
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์‹ฌ์ง€์–ด ์ง€๊ธˆ๋„ 50~6๋งŒ๋ช…์ด ๊ด‘๊ฒฌ๋ณ‘์œผ๋กœ ๋งค๋…„ ์ฃฝ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:16
Just put that number in some perspective.
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์ด ์ˆซ์ž๋ฅผ ์ž ๊น ๊ธฐ์–ตํ•˜์‹œ๊ณ 
04:19
Imagine the whole West African Ebola outbreak --
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์„œ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด ์ „์ฒด์— ์—๋ณผ๋ผ๊ฐ€ 2๋…„ ๋ฐ˜ ๋™์•ˆ ์ง€์†๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ์ƒํ•ด๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
04:21
about two-and-a-half years;
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04:23
you condense all the people that died in that outbreak
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์ „์—ผ๋ณ‘์œผ๋กœ ์ฃฝ์€ ๋ชจ๋“  ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ
04:26
into just a single year.
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1๋…„์œผ๋กœ ์••์ถ•์‹œ์ผœ๋ด…์‹œ๋‹ค.
04:27
That's pretty bad.
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๋งค์šฐ ์ข‹์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:28
But then, you multiply it by four,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ์— 4๋ฅผ ๊ณฑํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด,
04:30
and that's what happens with rabies every single year.
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๊ด‘๊ฒฌ๋ณ‘์œผ๋กœ ๋งค๋…„ ์‚ฌ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:35
So what sets rabies apart from a virus like Ebola
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ๊ด‘๊ฒฌ๋ณ‘์ด ์—๋ณผ๋ผ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค์™€ ๊ตฌ๋ณ„๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
04:40
is that when people get it,
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์–ธ์ œ ๊ทธ ๋ณ‘์— ๊ฑธ๋ฆฌ๋ƒ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ
04:42
they tend not to spread it onward.
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๊ณ„์† ์ „์—ผ๋˜๋ƒ๋Š” ์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:44
That means that every single time a person gets rabies,
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์ด ๋ง์€ ๊ด‘๊ฒฌ๋ณ‘์— ๊ฑธ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€
04:48
it's because they were bitten by a rabid animal,
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์ฃผ๋กœ ๊ฐœ๋‚˜ ๋ฐ•์ฅ๊ฐ™์€ ์ˆ™์ฃผ์— ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:51
and usually, that's a dog or a bat.
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04:53
But it also means that those jumps between species,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด๋Š” ๋Œ€๋‹ค์ˆ˜์˜ ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค๋‚˜ ๊ด‘๊ฒฌ๋ณ‘ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒƒ์ด
04:56
which are so important to understand, but so rare for most viruses,
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์ˆ˜์ฒœ๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ์— ๊ฑธ์ณ
์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ›์•„๋“ค์–ด์•ผ ํ•  ์ข…๊ฐ„์ „์—ผ์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋ง์ด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:00
for rabies, they're actually happening by the thousands.
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05:04
So in a way, rabies is almost like the fruit fly
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋ณด๋ฉด, ๊ด‘๊ฒฌ๋ณ‘์€ ์ดˆํŒŒ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜
05:08
or the lab mouse of deadly viruses.
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์œ„ํ—˜ํ•œ ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์‹คํ—˜์ฅ์™€ ๋น„์Šทํ•˜์ฃ .
05:11
This is a virus that we can use and study to find patterns
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์ด ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค๋Š” ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํŒจํ„ด์„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ
05:15
and potentially test out new solutions.
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ํ•ด๊ฒฐ์ฑ…์„ ์ฐพ๊ฒŒ ๋„์™€์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:17
And so, when I first heard about that outbreak of rabies
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ํŽ˜๋ฃจ์˜ ์•„๋งˆ์กด ๋ฐ€๋ฆผ์—์„œ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋˜ ๊ด‘๊ฒฌ๋ณ‘์˜ ํ™•์‚ฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ฒ˜์Œ ๋“ค์—ˆ์„ ๋•Œ
05:20
in the Peruvian Amazon,
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05:22
it struck me as something potentially powerful
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ธฐํšŒ๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:24
because this was a virus that was jumping from bats into other animals
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์ด ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ•์ฅ์—์„œ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋™๋ฌผ๋กœ ์ „์—ผ๋  ๋•Œ
05:27
often enough that we might be able to anticipate it ...
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์˜ˆ๊ฒฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด,
05:31
Maybe even stop it.
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๋ง‰์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฑฐ๋“ ์š”.
05:33
So as a first-year graduate student
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ 1ํ•™๋…„ ๋Œ€ํ•™์›์ƒ์ผ ๋•Œ
05:35
with a vague memory of my high school Spanish class,
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์ œ ๊ณ ๋“ฑํ•™์ƒ ์‹œ์ ˆ์— ๋ฐฐ์šด ์–•์€ ์ŠคํŽ˜์ธ์–ด ์ง€์‹์œผ๋กœ
05:38
I jumped onto a plane and flew off to Peru,
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ํกํ˜ˆ๋ฐ•์ฅ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด
05:41
looking for vampire bats.
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ํŽ˜๋ฃจ๋กœ ๊ฐ€๋Š” ๋น„ํ–‰๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํƒ”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:42
And the first couple of years of this project were really tough.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ฒซ 2๋…„๊ฐ„์˜ ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ๋Š” ๋งค์šฐ ํ—˜๋‚œํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:48
I had no shortage of ambitious plans to rid Latin America of rabies,
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์ €๋Š” ๊ด‘๊ฒฌ๋ณ‘์„ ์—†์• ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์˜์š•๊ณผ ๊ณ„ํš์ด ์ถฉ๋งŒํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ,
05:52
but at the same time,
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๊ทธ์™€ ๋™์‹œ์—,
05:53
there seemed to be an equally endless supply of mudslides and flat tires,
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ํ™๋”๋ฏธ, ๊ตฌ๋ฉ๋‚œ ํƒ€์ด์–ด, ์ •์ „, ์žฅ์—ผ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์˜ ๋ฐฉํ•ด๋กœ ์ธํ•ด
05:57
power outages, stomach bugs all stopping me.
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์ผ์€ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ํ’€๋ฆฌ์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:01
But that was kind of par for the course,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๊ฑด ๋ณดํ†ต ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ์ผ์ด์ฃ . ๋‚จ์•„๋ฉ”๋ฆฌ์นด์—์„œ ์ผ์„ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด์š”.
06:03
working in South America,
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06:04
and to me, it was part of the adventure.
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์ œ๊ฒŒ ์ด ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฑด ๋ชจํ—˜์˜ ์ผ๋ถ€์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:08
But what kept me going
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ €๋ฅผ ๊ณ„์† ์›€์ง์ด๊ฒŒ ํ–ˆ๋˜
06:10
was the knowledge that for the first time,
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์›๋™๋ ฅ์€ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ผ์ด ์ฒ˜์Œ์œผ๋กœ
06:12
the work that I was doing might actually have some real impact
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ์‚ถ์— ์ฆ‰๊ฐ์ ์ด๊ณ  ์‹ค์งˆ์ ์œผ๋กœ
06:15
on people's lives in the short term.
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์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ฃผ๋Š” ์ผ์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:17
And that struck me the most
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ
06:18
when we actually went out to the Amazon
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์•„๋งˆ์กด์—์„œ ํกํ˜ˆ๋ฐ•์ฅ๋ฅผ ์žก์œผ๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐ”์„ ๋•Œ
06:21
and were trying to catch vampire bats.
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์ €๋Š” ํฐ ์ถฉ๊ฒฉ์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:23
You see, all we had to do was show up at a village and ask around.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋งˆ์„์— ๊ฐ€์„œ ๋ฌผ์–ด๋ณด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ์ด์—ˆ์ฃ .
06:27
"Who's been getting bitten by a bat lately?"
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"์ตœ๊ทผ์— ๋ฐ•์ฅ์—๊ฒŒ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฐ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ์ฃ ?"
06:29
And people raised their hands,
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์†์„ ๋“ญ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:31
because in these communities,
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ๊ณต๋™์ฒด์—์„ 
06:34
getting bitten by a bat is an everyday occurrence,
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๋ฐ•์ฅ์—๊ฒŒ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ๋Š”๊ฑด ๋งค์šฐ ํ”ํ•œ ์ผ์ด๊ณ ,
06:36
happens every day.
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์ผ์ƒ์ด์—ˆ๊ฑฐ๋“ ์š”.
06:38
And so all we had to do was go to the right house,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•ด์•ผํ•  ์ผ์€ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์ง‘์„ ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธํ•˜์—ฌ,
06:41
open up a net
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๊ทธ๋ฌผ์„ ์„ค์น˜ํ•˜๊ณ 
06:43
and show up at night,
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๋ฐค์— ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋Œ์•„์™€,
06:44
and wait until the bats tried to fly in and feed on human blood.
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๋ฐ•์ฅ๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒํ”ผ๋ฅผ ๋จน๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋‚ ์•„์˜ค๋Š”๊ฑธ ๊ธฐ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:49
So to me, seeing a child with a bite wound on his head or blood stains on his sheets,
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์ œ๊ฒŒ๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ฆฐ ์ƒ์ฒ˜๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ์•„์ด๋‚˜, ์นจ๋Œ€๋ณด์˜ ํ•์ž๊ตญ๋“ฑ์€
06:54
that was more than enough motivation
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์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ•œ ๋™๊ธฐ๋ถ€์—ฌ๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:56
to get past whatever logistical or physical headache
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์ ˆ์ฐจ์ƒ์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋“ค๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ๊ณ ๋ฏผ์ด๋‚˜
06:59
I happened to be feeling on that day.
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๊ทธ๋‚  ๋Š๊ผˆ๋˜ ๋‘ํ†ต๋„ ๋‹ค ์žŠ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:02
Since we were working all night long, though,
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์—ฌ์ง€๊ป ๊ณ„์† ๋ฐค์„ ์ƒˆ๋ฉฐ ์ผ์„ ํ•ด์™”๊ณ ,
07:05
I had plenty of time to think about how I might actually solve this problem,
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์ €์—๊ฒ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ• ์ง€ ๊ณ ๋ฏผํ•  ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ•œ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:08
and it stood out to me that there were two burning questions.
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์ œ๊ฒŒ๋Š” ๊ธ‰ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์•Œ์•„์•ผ ํ•  ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ๊นจ๋‹ฌ์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:11
The first was that we know that people are bitten all the time,
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์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋Š” ํ•ญ์ƒ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์€ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ,
07:15
but rabies outbreaks aren't happening all the time --
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๊ด‘๊ฒฌ๋ณ‘์ด ํ•ญ์ƒ ๋ฐœ๋ณ‘ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„๋‹ˆ์—ˆ๊ณ ,
07:18
every couple of years, maybe even every decade,
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๋ช‡ ๋…„์„ ์ฃผ๊ธฐ๋กœ, ์•„๋งˆ๋„ ๋งค 10๋…„์„ ์ฃผ๊ธฐ๋กœ
07:20
you get a rabies outbreak.
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๊ด‘๊ฒฌ๋ณ‘์ด ๋ฐœ๋ณ‘ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:22
So if we could somehow anticipate when and where the next outbreak would be,
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๋ฉด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค์Œ์— ์–ด๋””์„œ ์–ธ์ œ ์ผ์–ด๋‚ ์ง€ ์˜ˆ๊ฒฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด
07:26
that would be a real opportunity,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ฏธ๋ฆฌ ๋ฐฑ์‹ ์„ ํˆฌ์—ฌํ•ด
07:27
meaning we could vaccinate people ahead of time,
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๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€ ์ฃฝ๊ธฐ ์ „์— ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ง‰์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”
07:30
before anybody starts dying.
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ํฐ ๊ธฐํšŒ๊ฐ€ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:32
But the other side of that coin
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋™์ „์˜ ์–‘๋ฉด์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ
07:34
is that vaccination is really just a Band-Aid.
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๋ฐฑ์‹ ์€ ๋‹จ์ง€ ์‘๊ธ‰์ฒ˜์น˜์— ๋ถˆ๊ณผํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:38
It's kind of a strategy of damage control.
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๋ฐฑ์‹ ์€ ์‚ฌํ›„๋ฐฉํŽธ๊ณผ๋„ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•œ ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
07:40
Of course it's lifesaving and important and we have to do it,
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๋ฌผ๋ก  ์ด๋Š” ๋งค์šฐ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์ผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:43
but at the end of the day,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ์—”,
07:44
no matter how many cows, how many people we vaccinate,
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์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ๋งŽ์€ ์†Œ์™€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๋ฐฑ์‹ ์„ ๋งž์•˜์–ด๋„
07:47
we're still going to have exactly the same amount of rabies up there in the bats.
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๋ฐ•์ฅ์— ์˜ํ•ด ๊ทธ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ˆ˜์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๊ด‘๊ฒฌ๋ณ‘์— ๊ฑธ๋ฆฐ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:51
The actual risk of getting bitten hasn't changed at all.
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๋ฌผ๋ ค์„œ ์–ป๋Š” ์œ„ํ—˜์€ ์ „ํ˜€ ๋ณ€ํ•œ๊ฒŒ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:53
So my second question was this:
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:55
Could we somehow cut the virus off at its source?
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ๋“  ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค์˜ ์›์ธ์„ ์ œ๊ฑฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
07:59
If we could somehow reduce the amount of rabies in the bats themselves,
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ๋“  ๋ฐ•์ฅ ๋‚ด์˜ ๊ด‘๊ฒฌ๋ณ‘ ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค๋ฅผ ์—†์•จ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด,
08:02
then that would be a real game changer.
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์ƒํ™ฉ์€ ์™„์ „ํžˆ ๋ฐ”๋€Œ๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:04
We'd been talking about shifting
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์‚ฌํ›„๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉ์— ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ํ•œ
08:06
from a strategy of damage control to one based on prevention.
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์‚ฌ์ „๋Œ€์ฑ…์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ•ด ์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:10
So, how do we begin to do that?
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๋ฉด ๋ฌด์—‡๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•ด์•ผ ํ• ๊นŒ์š”?
08:13
Well, the first thing we needed to understand
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์ผ๋‹จ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค๊ฐ€ ์ˆ™์ฃผ์ธ ๋ฐ•์ฅ ์•ˆ์—์„œ
08:15
was how this virus actually works in its natural host --
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์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ „์—ผ๋˜๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๋Š”๊ฒŒ ์šฐ์„ ์ผ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:18
in the bats.
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08:19
And that is a tall order for any infectious disease,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ฐ•์ฅ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ข…์— ์€๋‘”ํ•ด ์žˆ๋Š”
08:21
particularly one in a reclusive species like bats,
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์ „์—ผ๋ณ‘์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋‚œ๊ฐํ•œ ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค์ด์ง€๋งŒ
08:25
but we had to start somewhere.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์–ด์จŒ๋“  ์•Œ์•„์•ผ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:28
So the way we started was looking at some historical data.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ํƒ์ƒ‰ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:31
When and where had these outbreaks happened in the past?
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๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์— ์–ธ์ œ, ์–ด๋””์„œ ๊ด‘๊ฒฌ๋ณ‘์ด ์ฐฝ๊ถํ–ˆ์„๊นŒ?
08:35
And it became clear that rabies was a virus
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ด‘๊ฒฌ๋ณ‘์ด ๊ณ„์† ์›€์ง์ด๋Š”
08:37
that just had to be on the move.
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๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฑธ ์•Œ์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:39
It couldn't sit still.
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๊ณ„์† ์›€์ง์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:41
The virus might circulate in one area for a year, maybe two,
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๊ด‘๊ฒฌ๋ณ‘์ด ํ•œ ๊ณณ์—์„œ 1~2๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•  ์ˆ˜๋Š” ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ
08:44
but unless it found a new group of bats to infect somewhere else,
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์ƒˆ ์ˆ™์ฃผ๊ฐ€ ๋  ๋ฐ•์ฅ ๋ฌด๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด,
08:47
it was pretty much bound to go extinct.
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์ด๋“ค์€ ์—†์–ด์งˆ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:50
So with that, we solved one key part of the rabies transmission challenge.
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์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ด‘๊ฒฌ๋ณ‘์˜ ์ „์—ผ ๊ฒฝ๋กœ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ•ต์‹ฌ์„ ๊ฐ„ํŒŒํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:55
We knew we were dealing with a virus on the move,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค์˜ ์ „์—ผ๊ฒฝ๋กœ๋ฅผ ์ถ”์ ํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ,
08:58
but we still couldn't say where it was going.
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๋‹ค์Œ ๋ชฉ์ ์ง€ ํŒŒ์•…์€ ์‰ฝ์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:01
Essentially, what I wanted was more of a Google Maps-style prediction,
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๋ฌด์—‡๋ณด๋‹ค ์ €๋Š” ๊ตฌ๊ธ€๋งต ํ˜•ํƒœ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋”์šฑ ๋›ฐ์–ด๋‚œ ์˜ˆ์ธก์„ ์›ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:05
which is, "What's the destination of the virus?
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๊ฐ€๋ น, "๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋””๋กœ ๊ฐ€๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€?
09:07
What's the route it's going to take to get there?
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๊ทธ ๊ณณ์— ๊ฐ€๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ค‘๊ฐ„ ๋งค๊ฐœ์ฒด๋Š” ๋ฌด์—‡์ด์ง€?
09:10
How fast will it move?"
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์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ๋นจ๋ฆฌ ์ „ํŒŒ๋ ๊นŒ?"
09:13
To do that, I turned to the genomes of rabies.
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์ด ์งˆ๋ฌธ์— ๋‹ต์„ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ ์ €๋Š” ๊ด‘๊ฒฌ๋ณ‘์˜ ์œ ์ „์ž์— ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:17
You see, rabies, like many other viruses, has a tiny little genome,
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์•„์‹œ๋‹ค์‹œํ”ผ, ๊ด‘๊ฒฌ๋ณ‘๋„ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์ž‘์€ ์œ ์ „์ž๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ
09:21
but one that evolves really, really quickly.
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๋งค์šฐ ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ์ง„ํ™”๋ฅผ ํ•ด๋ฒ„๋ฆฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:23
So quickly that by the time the virus has moved from one point to the next,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฏ€๋กœ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ์ง€๋‚ ์ˆ˜๋ก ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค๊ฐ€ ํ•œ ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ณณ์œผ๋กœ ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ์›€์ง์ด๊ณ 
09:28
it's going to have picked up a couple of new mutations.
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๋ช‡ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋ณ€์ข…์ด ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:31
And so all we have to do is kind of connect the dots
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ์ด ์ง„ํ™”๊ณผ์ •์„ ๊ฐ€๋กœ์ง€๋ฅด๋Š” ์ ๋“ค์„ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐํ•ด,
09:33
across an evolutionary tree,
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๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค๊ฐ€ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์— ์žˆ๋˜ ์žฅ์†Œ์™€
09:35
and that's going to tell us where the virus has been in the past
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํผ์ ธ๋‚˜๊ฐ”๋Š”์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ•ด๋‹ต์„ ์ฐพ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด
09:38
and how it spread across the landscape.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•ด์•ผํ•  ์ผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:40
So, I went out and I collected cow brains,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ, ์ €๋Š” ๊ด‘๊ฒฌ๋ณ‘ ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค๊ฐ€ ์ฃผ๋กœ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋˜๋Š” ์†Œ์˜ ๋‡Œ๋ฅผ ๋ชจ์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:44
because that's where you get rabies viruses.
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09:47
And from genome sequences that we got from the viruses in those cow brains,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค์—์„œ ์œ ์ „์ž ๋ฐฐ์—ด์„ ์ฐพ์•„๋ƒˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:52
I was able to work out
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์ด ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค๊ฐ€ ๋งค๋…„ 16~32km ์ •๋„ ํผ์ง€๋Š” ๊ฑธ ์•Œ์•„๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:53
that this is a virus that spreads between 10 and 20 miles each year.
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09:57
OK, so that means we do now have the speed limit of the virus,
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์ฆ‰, ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค๊ฐ€ ํผ์ง€๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ •๋ณด๋Š” ํš๋“ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ง€๋งŒ,
10:01
but still missing that other key part of where is it going in the first place.
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ธ ์ฒ˜์Œ ์žฅ์†Œ์—์„œ ์–ด๋””๋กœ ๊ฐ€๋Š”๊ฐ€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋‹ต์€ ์•„๋‹ˆ์ฃ .
10:06
For that, I needed to think a little bit more like a bat,
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๊ทธ ํ•ด๋‹ต์„ ์œ„ํ•ด, ์ €๋Š” ๋ฐ•์ฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์กฐ๊ธˆ ๋” ์ƒ๊ฐํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:10
because rabies is a virus --
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๊ด‘๊ฒฌ๋ณ‘์€ ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค์ด๊ธฐ์—
10:12
it doesn't move by itself,
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ํ™€๋กœ ์ด๋™ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๊ณ ,
10:13
it has to be moved around by its bat host,
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์ˆ™์ฃผ์˜ ์ด๋™์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์›€์ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:16
so I needed to think about how far to fly and how often to fly.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ, ๋ฐ•์ฅ๊ฐ€ ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ๋ฉ€๋ฆฌ, ์ž์ฃผ ๋‚˜๋Š”์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ž๋ฃŒ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:20
My imagination didn't get me all that far with this
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด ๋•Œ, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ฐ•์ฅ์— ์œ„์น˜์ถ”์ ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋‹จ๋‹ค๋Š”
10:23
and neither did little digital trackers that we first tried putting on bats.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์ƒ๊ฐ์—๋Š” ์ด๋ฅด์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:26
We just couldn't get the information we needed.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋‚œํ•ญ์„ ๊ฒช์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:29
So instead, we turned to the mating patterns of bats.
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๋Œ€์‹  ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ฐ•์ฅ์˜ ์ง์ง“๊ธฐ ํŒจํ„ด์— ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:32
We could look at certain parts of the bat genome,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ฐ•์ฅ์œ ์ „์ž์˜ ํŠน์ •๋ถ€๋ถ„์„ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ–ˆ๊ณ ,
10:34
and they were telling us that some groups of bats were mating with each other
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๊ทธ๊ฑด ์–ด๋–ค ๋ฌด๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์„œ๋กœ ์ง์ง“๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์–ด๋–ค ๋ฌด๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ณ ๋ฆฝ๋˜๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ
10:37
and others were more isolated.
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์•Œ๋ ค์ฃผ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:39
And the virus was basically following the trail laid out by the bat genomes.
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๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ•์ฅ๋“ค์˜ ์ด๋™๊ฒฝ๋กœ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์›€์ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:44
Yet one of those trails stood out as being a little bit surprising --
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ ์ค‘์— ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ๊ธธ์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:48
hard to believe.
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๋ฏฟ๊ธฐ ํž˜๋“œ์‹œ๊ฒ ์ง€๋งŒ์š”.
10:50
That was one that seemed to cross straight over the Peruvian Andes,
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ํŽ˜๋ฃจ ์•ˆ๋ฐ์Šค ์‚ฐ๋งฅ์„ ๊ฑด๋„ˆ,
10:53
crossing from the Amazon to the Pacific coast,
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์•„๋งˆ์กด์„ ๊ฐ€๋กœ์งˆ๋Ÿฌ ํƒœํ‰์–‘ ์—ฐ์•ˆ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€๋Š”
10:56
and that was kind of hard to believe,
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์ข€ ๋ฏฟ๊ธฐ ํž˜๋“  ๊ฒฝ๋กœ์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:58
as I said,
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋งํ–ˆ๋‘ฃ์ด,
11:01
because the Andes are really tall -- about 22,000 feet,
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์•ˆ๋ฐ์Šค ์‚ฐ๋งฅ์€ ๊ณ ๋„๊ฐ€ 6km์— ๋‹ฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋งค์šฐ ํฐ ์‚ฐ๋“ค์ด๋ผ
11:04
and that's way too high for a vampire to fly.
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ํกํ˜ˆ๋ฐ•์ฅ๊ฐ€ ๋‚ ์•„๊ฐ€๊ธฐ์—” ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋†’์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:08
Yet --
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜
11:09
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
๋” ์ž์„ธํžˆ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ
11:10
when we looked more closely,
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11:11
we saw, in the northern part of Peru,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํŽ˜๋ฃจ ๋ถ์ชฝ์—์„œ
11:13
a network of valley systems that was not quite too tall
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์„œ๋กœ ์ง์ง“๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ•์ฅ๋“ค์ด ๊ทน๋ณตํ•˜๊ธฐ์— ๋†’์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์ •๋„์˜
11:17
for the bats on either side to be mating with each other.
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์–‘์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ ํ†ตํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณ„๊ณก์˜ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋ง์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:20
And we looked a little bit more closely --
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด๋ฅผ ๋” ์ž์„ธํžˆ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ–ˆ๊ณ 
11:22
sure enough, there's rabies spreading through those valleys,
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๋งค๋…„ 10๋งˆ์ผ์”ฉ ๋ฒ”์œ„๋ฅผ ๋„“ํ˜€๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ด‘๊ฒฌ๋ณ‘์ด ์—ฌ๊ธธ ํ†ตํ•ด
11:24
just about 10 miles each year.
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์ „ํŒŒ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:26
Basically, exactly as our evolutionary models had predicated it would be.
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๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ง„ํ™” ๋ชจ๋ธ์ด ์˜ˆ๊ฒฌํ•œ ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ์ •ํ™•ํžˆ ์ผ์น˜ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:30
What I didn't tell you
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์–ธ๊ธ‰ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์ง€๋งŒ
11:31
is that that's actually kind of an important thing
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์‚ฌ์‹ค ๋งค์šฐ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:34
because rabies had never been seen before on the western slopes of the Andes,
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์•„์ง๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ด‘๊ฒฌ๋ณ‘์€ ์•ˆ๋ฐ์Šค ์‚ฐ๋งฅ์˜ ์„œ์ชฝ์—์„œ๋Š”
11:37
or on the whole Pacific coast of South America,
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๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋œ ์ ์ด ์—†์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ,
11:40
so we were actually witnessing, in real time, a historical first invasion
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด๋ฒˆ์— ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ๊ด‘๊ฒฌ๋ณ‘์ด ๋‚จ๋ฏธ์˜ ๋„“์€ ์ง€์—ญ์— ์นจ์ž…ํ•˜๋Š”
11:44
into a pretty big part of South America,
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์—ญ์‚ฌ์ ์ธ ์ˆœ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ฆ์ธ์ด ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:47
which raises the key question:
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"๊ณผ์—ฐ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ•ด์•ผํ• ๊นŒ?"
11:49
"What are we going to do about that?"
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์„ ์ œ๊ธฐํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:51
Well, the obvious short-term thing we can do is tell people:
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๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋‹จ๊ธฐ์ ์ธ ๋Œ€์ฑ…์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
๋ฐฑ์‹ ์ ‘์ข…์„ ํ•˜์„ธ์š”. ๋™๋ฌผ๋„ ์‹œํ‚ค์„ธ์š”.
11:55
you need to vaccinate yourselves, vaccinate your animals;
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๊ด‘๊ฒฌ๋ณ‘์ด ๋‹ค๊ฐ€์˜ค๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋‹ˆ ๋Œ€๋น„ํ•˜์…”์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ ์š”.
11:57
rabies is coming.
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11:59
But in the longer term,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์žฅ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์— ๊ฑธ์ณ,
12:00
it would be even more powerful if we could use that new information
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๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค๊ฐ€ ๋„์ฐฉํ•˜๊ธฐ ์ „์— ์ƒˆ๋กœ ์•Œ์•„๋‚ธ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ
์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด ๋”์šฑ ์ข‹์„ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:04
to stop the virus from arriving altogether.
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12:07
Of course, we can't just tell bats, "Don't fly today,"
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๋ฐ•์ฅ์—๊ฒŒ "์˜ค๋Š˜์€ ๋‚ ์ง€๋งˆ"๋ผ๊ณค ๋ชปํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ
๋ฐ•์ฅ๋ฅผ ํƒ€๊ณ ์˜ค๋Š” ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค๋Š” ๋ง‰์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:11
but maybe we could stop the virus from hitching a ride along with the bat.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ฐœ, ์—ฌ์šฐ, ์Šค์ปนํฌ, ๋„ˆ๊ตฌ๋ฆฌ,
12:16
And that brings us to the key lesson that we have learned
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๋ถ์•„๋ฉ”๋ฆฌ์นด, ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด ์œ ๋Ÿฝ ๋“ฑ์—์„œ ๊ด‘๊ฒฌ๋ณ‘ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋งŒ๋“ 
12:19
from rabies-management programs all around the world,
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์ „์„ธ๊ณ„ ๊ด‘๊ฒฌ๋ณ‘ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ฐฐ์šฐ๊ฒŒ ๋œ ์†Œ์ค‘ํ•œ ๊ตํ›ˆ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:22
whether it's dogs, foxes, skunks, raccoons,
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12:26
North America, Africa, Europe.
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12:29
It's that vaccinating the animal source is the only thing that stops rabies.
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๊ด‘๊ฒฌ๋ณ‘ ์ˆ™์ฃผ์˜ ๋ฐฑ์‹ ์ ‘์ข…์ด ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ฉˆ์ถœ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ํ™•์‹คํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๋ฉด ๋ฐ•์ฅ์—๊ฒŒ ๋ฐฑ์‹ ์„ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํˆฌ์—ฌํ• ๊นŒ์š”?
12:34
So, can we vaccinate bats?
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12:38
You hear about vaccinating dogs and cats all the time,
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๋ฐฑ์‹ ์„ ๋งž๋Š” ๊ฐœ๋‚˜ ๊ณ ์–‘์ด๋Š” ๋“ค์–ด๋ดค์–ด๋„
๋ฐฑ์‹ ์„ ๋งž๋Š” ๋ฐ•์ฅ๋Š” ๋“ค์–ด๋ณธ ์ ์ด ์—†์œผ์‹ค ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:41
but you don't hear too much about vaccinating bats.
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12:44
It might sound like a crazy question,
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์•„๋งˆ ๋ง๋„ ์•ˆ๋˜๋Š” ์งˆ๋ฌธ ๊ฐ™๊ฒ ์ง€๋งŒ,
12:46
but the good news is that we actually already have edible rabies vaccines
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด๋ฏธ ๋ฐ•์ฅ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ํŠน๋ณ„ํžˆ ์ œ์ž‘๋œ
๋จน์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฐฑ์‹ ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:51
that are specially designed for bats.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋”์šฑ ์ข‹์€ ์†Œ์‹์€
12:54
And what's even better
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12:55
is that these vaccines can actually spread from bat to bat.
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์ด ๋ฐฑ์‹ ์€ ๋ฐ•์ฅ์—์„œ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฐ•์ฅ๋กœ ์ „์ด๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:00
All you have to do is smear it on one
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๊ทธ์ € ๋ฐ•์ฅ ํ•œ ๋งˆ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ ๋ฐฑ์‹ ์„ ๋“ฌ๋ฟ ๋ฐœ๋ผ
13:02
and let the bats' habit of grooming each other
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฐ•์ฅ๋“ค์ด ํ•ฅ๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ณ 
์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ผ์„ ํ•˜๋ฉด ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:05
take care of the rest of the work for you.
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13:07
So that means, at the very least,
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์ด ๋ง์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ•์ฅ๋ฅผ ํ•œ๋งˆ๋ฆฌ ํ•œ๋งˆ๋ฆฌ์”ฉ
13:09
we don't have to be out there vaccinating millions of bats one by one
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์•„์ฃผ ์ž‘์€ ์ฃผ์‚ฌ๊ธฐ๋กœ ์ผ์ผ์ด ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉ์ ‘์ข…์„ ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•„๋„ ๋œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋œป์ด์ฃ .
13:12
with tiny little syringes.
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
13:14
(Laughter)
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13:15
But just because we have that tool doesn't mean we know how to use it.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋„๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์–ด๋„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์•„๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ฃ .
13:19
Now we have a whole laundry list of questions.
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์•„์ง ์ˆ˜ ๋งŽ์€ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:21
How many bats do we need to vaccinate?
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์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ๋งŽ์€ ๋ฐ•์ฅ๋ฅผ ์ ‘์ข…ํ•ด์•ผ ํ• ๊นŒ?
13:23
What time of the year do we need to be vaccinating?
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๋ฐฑ์‹ ์„ ์ ‘์ข…ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ๊ฑธ๋ฆด๊นŒ?
13:26
How many times a year do we need to be vaccinating?
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๋ช‡๋…„๋งˆ๋‹ค ์ ‘์ข…์„ ํ•ด์•ผ ํ• ๊นŒ?
13:30
All of these are questions that are really fundamental
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์ด๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉ ์ ‘์ข… ์บ ํŽ˜์ธ์„ ์‹ค์‹œํ•˜๊ณ 
13:32
to rolling out any sort of vaccination campaign,
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๊ทธ ์‹œํ–‰์— ํ•„์ˆ˜์ ์ด์ง€๋งŒ
13:34
but they're questions that we can't answer in the laboratory.
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์‹คํ—˜์‹ค ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋งŒ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ๋Œ€๋‹ตํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ์งˆ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:37
So instead, we're taking a slightly more colorful approach.
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๊ทธ ๋Œ€์‹ , ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋”์šฑ ํ™”๋ คํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์‹œ๋„ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋กœ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:41
We're using real wild bats, but fake vaccines.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฐ€์งœ ๋ฐฑ์‹ ์„ ๋งž์€ ์ง„์งœ ์•ผ์ƒ๋ฐ•์ฅ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:45
We use edible gels that make bat hair glow
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๋ฐ•์ฅ๋“ค์˜ ์•ผ์ƒ ์„œ์‹์ง€์— ๋ฐฑ์‹ ์ด ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ์ž˜ ํผ์ง€๋Š”์ง€ ์•Œ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด
13:48
and UV powders that spread between bats when they bump into each other,
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๋ฐ•์ฅ๋“ค์ด ๋งˆ์ฃผ์น  ๋•Œ ๋ฐ•์ฅ๋“ค ์‚ฌ์ด์— ํผ์ง€๋Š”
13:51
and that's letting us study how well a real vaccine might spread
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์‹์šฉ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๊ณ  ์ž์™ธ์„  ๋ถ„๋ง์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ํ„ธ์ด ๋น›๋‚˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š” ์ ค์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:54
in these wild colonies of bats.
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13:57
We're still in the earliest phases of this work,
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์•„์ง ์‹œ์ž‘์— ๋ถˆ๊ณผํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ
์•ž์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜์˜ฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋งค์šฐ ๊ณ ๋ฌด์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:00
but our results so far are incredibly encouraging.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด๋ฏธ ๋ณด์œ ํ•œ ๋ฐฑ์‹ ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ด,
14:03
They're suggesting that using the vaccines that we already have,
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๊ด‘๊ฒฌ๋ณ‘์˜ ๋ฐœ๋ณ‘ ๋ฒ”์œ„๋ฅผ ๊ทน์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ค„์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฑฐ๋ผ ์ „๋งํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:06
we could potentially drastically reduce the size of rabies outbreaks.
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14:10
And that matters, because as you remember,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ๊ฑด, ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋„ ๊ธฐ์–ตํ•˜๊ฒ ์ง€๋งŒ,
14:13
rabies is a virus that always has to be on the move,
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๊ด‘๊ฒฌ๋ณ‘์€ ํ•ญ์ƒ ์ด๋™ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—
14:16
and so every time we reduce the size of an outbreak,
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์ด๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ๋ณ‘์˜ ๋ฒ”์œ„๋ฅผ ์ค„์ผ์ˆ˜๋ก
๋‹ค์Œ ์„œ์‹์ง€๋กœ ๋„˜์–ด๊ฐˆ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด
14:19
we're also reducing the chance
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14:20
that the virus makes it onto the next colony.
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์ค„์–ด๋“ ๋‹ค๋Š” ์˜๋ฏธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:23
We're breaking a link in the chain of transmission.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด ์ „์—ผ ์‚ฌ์Šฌ์„ ๋Š๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์— ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:26
And so every time we do that,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ด๊ฑธ ๋ฐ˜๋ณตํ• ์ˆ˜๋ก
14:27
we're bringing the virus one step closer to extinction.
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๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค๋ฅผ ๋ฉธ์ข…์‹œํ‚ค๋Š”๋ฐ ํ•œ ๊ฑธ์Œ ๋” ๋‹ค๊ฐ€์„œ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์ฃ .
14:30
And so the thought, for me, of a world in the not-too-distant future
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ œ ์ƒ๊ฐ์—” ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ๋ฏธ๋ž˜์—
๊ด‘๊ฒฌ๋ณ‘์„ ์™„์ „ํžˆ ๊ทผ์ ˆ์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฑฐ๋ผ ๋ด…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:35
where we're actually talking about getting rid of rabies altogether,
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14:38
that is incredibly encouraging and exciting.
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์ด๊ฑด์€ ๋งค์šฐ ๊ณ ๋ฌด์ ์ด๊ณ  ์ฆ๊ฑฐ์šด ์ผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:41
So let me return to the original question.
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์ด์ œ ๋‹ค์‹œ ์ฒ˜์Œ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ์•„๊ฐ€ ๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:43
Can we prevent pandemics?
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ „์—ผ๋ณ‘์„ ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ?
14:46
Well, there is no silver-bullet solution to this problem,
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ํ™•์‹คํ•œ ํ•ด๋‹ต์€ ์—†์ง€๋งŒ,
14:50
but my experiences with rabies have left me pretty optimistic about it.
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๊ด‘๊ฒฌ๋ณ‘์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ œ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์— ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ํ•˜๋ฉด ๋Œ€๋‹ต์€ ๊ฝค ๊ธ์ •์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์ €๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์œ ์ „ํ•™์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ „์—ผ๋ณ‘์˜ ์ฐฝ๊ถ์„ ์˜ˆ๊ฒฌํ•˜๊ณ 
14:54
I think we're not too far from a future
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14:56
where we're going to have genomics to forecast outbreaks
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14:59
and we're going to have clever new technologies,
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๋จน์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ  ํ˜ผ์ž์„œ ํผ์ ธ๋‚˜๊ฐ€๋Š” ๋ฐฑ์‹ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ฐœ์ „๋œ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ณผํ•™๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด
15:02
like edible, self-spreading vaccines,
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15:05
that can get rid of these viruses at their source
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๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค๋“ค์„ ์ˆ™์ฃผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ œ๊ฑฐํ•ด
15:07
before they have a chance to jump into people.
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์‚ฌ์ „ ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•  ๋ฏธ๋ž˜๊ฐ€
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ ๋ฉ€์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:10
So when it comes to fighting pandemics,
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๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค์— ๋งž์„œ ์‹ธ์šธ ์„ฑ๋ฐฐ๋Š”
15:13
the holy grail is just to get one step ahead.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ํ•œ๊ฑธ์Œ ์•ž์— ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:16
And if you ask me,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ œ ์ƒ๊ฐ์—”,
15:17
I think one of the ways that we can do that
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š”
15:19
is using some of the problems that we already have now,
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๊ด‘๊ฒฌ๋ณ‘์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์ด๋ฏธ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ช‡๋ช‡ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋“ค์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:22
like rabies --
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15:23
sort of the way an astronaut might use a flight simulator,
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์šฐ์ฃผ๋น„ํ–‰์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๋น„ํ–‰์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ
์–ด๋–ค ๊ฒƒ์ด ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๊ณ  ์—†๊ณ ๋ฅผ ์•Œ์•„๋‚ด๊ณ 
15:26
figuring out what works and what doesn't,
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15:28
and building up our tool set
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์œ„ํ—˜์ด ์ปค์ง€๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์–ด๋‘  ์†์„ ํ—ค์ณ๋‚˜๊ฐˆ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋ฅผ ๋Œ€๋น„ํ•ด์„œ
15:29
so that when the stakes are high,
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15:31
we're not flying blind.
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์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ๋„๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ค€๋น„ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:32
Thank you.
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๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
15:34
(Applause)
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์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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