What ocean microbes reveal about the changing climate | Angelicque White

57,199 views ・ 2020-02-18

TED


μ•„λž˜ μ˜λ¬Έμžλ§‰μ„ λ”λΈ”ν΄λ¦­ν•˜μ‹œλ©΄ μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.

00:00
Translator: Joseph Geni Reviewer: Krystian Aparta
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λ²ˆμ—­: Jungmin Hwang κ²€ν† : hansom Lee
00:12
I'm a biological oceanographer.
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μ €λŠ” ν•΄μ–‘ μƒλ¬Όν•™μžμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:15
I have the absolute privilege of studying microbial lives
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μ €λŠ” νƒœν‰μ–‘μ˜ 미생물을 μ—°κ΅¬ν•˜λŠ”
00:20
in the Pacific Ocean.
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νŠΉκΆŒμ„ λˆ„λ¦¬κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:22
So we'll talk about microbes in a minute,
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곧 미생물에 λŒ€ν•΄ μ΄μ•ΌκΈ°ν•˜κ² μ§€λ§Œ,
00:24
but I first want to give you a sense of place,
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λ¨Όμ € 이곳에 λŒ€ν•œ μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ˜ λŠλ‚Œκ³Ό
00:26
a sense of scale.
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크기λ₯Ό μ™€λ‹Ώκ²Œ ν•˜κ³  μ‹ΆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:28
The Pacific Ocean is our largest, deepest ocean basin.
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νƒœν‰μ–‘μ€ μ§€κ΅¬μ—μ„œ κ°€μž₯ 크고 κΉŠμ€ λ°”λ‹€μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:32
It covers 60 million square miles.
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λŒ€λž΅ 6천만 μ œκ³±λ§ˆμΌμ΄λ‚˜ 되죠.
00:35
If you took all the continents and you put them together
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λͺ¨λ“  λŒ€λ₯™μ„ λ‹€ λ–Όλ‹€ λΆ™μ—¬μ„œ
00:37
in a little Pangaea 2.0,
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λ―Έλ‹ˆ νŒκ²Œμ•„λ₯Ό λ§Œλ“€μ–΄ 보면
00:39
they'd fit snug inside the Pacific, with room to spare.
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νƒœν‰μ–‘ μ•ˆμ— λ‹€ λ“€μ–΄κ°ˆ λΏλ”λŸ¬ 곡간이 남을 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:42
It's a massive ecosystem,
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이곳은 κ±°λŒ€ν•œ μƒνƒœκ³„μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:44
from the blues of the open ocean to the green of the continental margins.
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깊고 ν‘Έλ₯Έ μ™Έν•΄μ—μ„œλΆ€ν„° ν•΄μ € λŒ€λ₯™ μ£Όλ³€λΆ€κΉŒμ§€.
00:49
In this place,
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μ΄κ³³μ—μ„œ,
00:50
I get to study the base of the food web:
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μ €λŠ” λ¨Ήμ΄μ‚¬μŠ¬μ˜ μ΅œν•˜μœ„μΈ΅μ„ μ—°κ΅¬ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:53
plankton.
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λ°”λ‘œ ν”Œλž‘ν¬ν†€μ΄μ£ .
00:54
Now, in my research,
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제 연ꡬ,
00:57
and really in the field of microbial oceanography as a whole,
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‹ˆκΉŒ ν•΄μ–‘ 미생물학 λΆ„μ•Όμ—μ„œ
01:01
there's a theme that has emerged,
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μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ μ£Όμ œκ°€ λ“±μž₯ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:04
and that theme is "change."
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"λ³€ν™”"λΌλŠ” 주제죠.
01:06
These microbial ecosystems are changing in real and measurable ways,
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미생물 μƒνƒœκ³„μ—μ„œλŠ” μ§€κΈˆ μ •λ§λ‘œ μ£Όλͺ©ν• λ§Œν•œ λ³€ν™”κ°€ μΌμ–΄λ‚˜κ³  있고
01:11
and it is not that hard to see it.
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이λ₯Ό κ΄€μ°°ν•˜λŠ” 게 그리 어렡진 μ•ŠμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:14
Oceans cover 70 percent of our planet,
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해양은 우리 μ§€κ΅¬μ˜ 70%λ₯Ό μ°¨μ§€ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:17
so ocean change is planetary change,
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ ν•΄μ–‘μ˜ λ³€ν™”λŠ” μ „ 지ꡬ적인 변화이며,
01:20
and it all starts with microbes.
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이 λͺ¨λ“  것은 λ―Έμƒλ¬Όλ‘œλΆ€ν„° μ‹œμž‘λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:23
Now, I have two vignettes to share with you,
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μ €λŠ” μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ—κ²Œ λ“€λ €λ“œλ¦΄ 두 일화가 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:28
and these are meant to be love stories to microbes.
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미생물에 κ΄€ν•œ 러브 μŠ€ν† λ¦¬λΌκ³  ν•  μˆ˜λ„ μžˆκ² λ„€μš”.
01:33
But I'll be honest that there's an aspect of it
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μ†”μ§νžˆ λ§ν•΄μ„œ κ·Έ μ΄μ•ΌκΈ°λŠ”
01:36
that's just a total bummer,
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많이 λΆˆνŽΈν•œ 점도 μžˆμ„ κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:40
and, beware, focus on the love.
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μ‚¬λž‘μ— μ΄ˆμ μ„ λ§žμΆ”μ–΄ μ£Όμ„Έμš”.
01:42
Right? That's where I'm coming from.
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μ œκ°€ κ±°κΈ°μ—μ„œλΆ€ν„° μ‹œμž‘ν•  κ±°κ±°λ“ μš”.
01:44
So the first thing to know
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처음 μ•Œμ•„μ•Ό ν•  사싀은
01:48
is that the forests of the sea are microbial.
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λ°”λ‹€λŠ” λ―Έμƒλ¬Όλ‘œ 이루어진 μˆ²μ΄λΌλŠ” κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:51
And what I mean by that is that, by and large,
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그게 무슨 말이냐면, 크게 보면
01:55
plants in the open ocean are microscopic,
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ν•΄μ–‘μ˜ 식물듀은 λ―Έμƒλ¬Όμ΄λΌλŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:58
and they are much more abundant than we realize.
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그리고 μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μ•„λŠ” 것보닀 훨씬 더 λ§ŽμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:02
So I'm going to show you some mug shots of these organisms
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μ €λŠ” μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ—κ²Œ μ œκ°€ λͺ‡ λ…„κ°„ κ±Έμ³μ„œ λͺ¨μ€
02:06
that I've collected over the years.
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λ―Έμƒλ¬Όλ“€μ˜ 사진을 λ³΄μ—¬λ“œλ¦΄ κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:08
These are the lowest rungs of the ocean food web.
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λ°”λ‹€μ˜ λ¨Ήμ΄μ‚¬μŠ¬μ˜ μ΅œν•˜μœ„μΈ΅μ΄μ£ .
02:12
These are tiny plants and animals
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이것듀은 μ•„μ£Ό μž‘μ€ λ™μ‹λ¬Όλ“€μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:14
that come in a variety of shapes and sizes and colors and metabolisms.
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λͺ¨μ–‘, 크기, 색깔, μ‹ μ§„λŒ€μ‚¬κΉŒμ§€ μ•„μ£Ό λ‹€μ–‘ν•˜μ£ .
02:19
There are hundreds of thousands in a single milliliter of seawater.
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일밀리미터 ν•΄μˆ˜μΈ΅μ—λ„ 수천 수만의 미생물듀이 μ‘΄μž¬ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:22
You are definitely swimming with them when you're in the ocean.
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ΄ 바닀에 갈 λ•Œλ§ˆλ‹€ κ·Έλ“€κ³Ό ν•¨κ»˜ μˆ˜μ˜ν•˜κ³  μžˆλŠ” μ…ˆμ΄μ£ .
02:26
They produce oxygen, they consume CO2,
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그듀은 μ‚°μ†Œλ₯Ό κ³΅κΈ‰ν•˜κ³  μ΄μ‚°ν™”νƒ„μ†Œλ₯Ό μ†Œλͺ¨ν•˜λ©°
02:28
and they form the base of the food web
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그듀은 λ¨Ήμ΄μ‚¬μŠ¬ μ΅œν•˜μœ„μΈ΅μ— μžˆμ–΄
02:30
on which every other form of ocean life is reliant.
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λ‹€λ₯Έ 해양생물듀이 κ·Έλ“€μ—κ²Œ μ˜μ‘΄ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:35
Now, I've spent about 500 days of my scientific life at sea,
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μ €λŠ” λŒ€λž΅ 500일 정도λ₯Ό λ°”λ‹€μ—μ„œ 지내며 μ—°κ΅¬ν–ˆκ³ 
02:40
and a lot more in front of a computer or in the lab,
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그보닀 훨씬 더 λ§Žμ€ μ‹œκ°„μ„ 컴퓨터 μ•ž λ˜λŠ” μ‹€ν—˜μ‹€μ—μ„œ μ§€λƒˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:43
so I feel compelled to tell you some of their stories.
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μ €λŠ” κ·Έλ“€μ˜ 이야기λ₯Ό μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„κ³Ό λ‚˜λˆ„μ–΄μ•Όλ§Œ ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:48
Let's start in the Pacific Northwest.
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νƒœν‰μ–‘ λΆμ„œμͺ½μœΌλ‘œλΆ€ν„° μ‹œμž‘ν•˜μ£ .
02:52
This place is green. It is beautiful.
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이곳은 μ΄ˆλ‘μƒ‰μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ•„μ£Ό μ•„λ¦…λ‹΅μ£ .
02:55
These are blooms of phytoplankton that you can see from space
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이 λͺ¨μŠ΅μ€ λ―Έκ΅­ μ„œλΆ€ ν•΄μ•ˆμ„ 따라
02:58
along the West Coast of the United States.
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ν”Œλž‘ν¬ν†€μ΄ 꽃핀 λͺ¨μŠ΅μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:00
It's an incredibly productive ecosystem.
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μ•„μ£Ό λΉ„μ˜₯ν•œ μƒνƒœκ³„μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:04
This is where you go to salmon fish, halibut fish, whale watch.
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여기에 κ°€λ©΄ μ—°μ–΄, λ„™μΉ˜, κ³ λž˜κΉŒμ§€ λ³Ό 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:08
It's a beautiful part of our country.
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λ―Έκ΅­μ—μ„œ κ°€μž₯ μ•„λ¦„λ‹€μš΄ κ³³ 쀑 ν•˜λ‚˜μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:10
And here, for 10 years, among other things,
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그리고 μ—¬κΈ°μ„œ 10λ…„ λ™μ•ˆ μˆ˜λ§Žμ€ 것듀 μ€‘μ—μ„œλ„,
03:13
I studied the uplifting topic of harmful algal blooms.
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μ €λŠ” ν•΄λ‘œμš΄ 녹쑰에 λŒ€ν•΄μ„œ μ—°κ΅¬ν•΄μ™”μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:18
These are blooms of toxin-producing phytoplankton
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이듀은 독성 식물성 ν”Œλž‘ν¬ν†€μœΌλ‘œ,
03:21
that can contaminate food webs and accumulate in shellfish and fish
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λ¨Ήμ΄μ‚¬μŠ¬μ„ μ˜€μ—Όμ‹œν‚€λ©° 쑰개λ₯˜μ™€ 물고기에 μ•ˆμ— μŒ“μΈ κ±Έ
03:25
that are harvested for human consumption.
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인간이 먹게 λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:28
We were trying to understand why they bloom, where they bloom,
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μ €ν¬λŠ” 이듀이 μ™œ κ½ƒν”Όμš°λŠ”μ§€, 어디에 ν”ΌλŠ”μ§€,
03:32
when they bloom,
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μ–Έμ œ ν”ΌλŠ”μ§€λ₯Ό μ—°κ΅¬ν•˜κ³  μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:34
so we could manage these harvests
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이λ₯Ό 톡해 해산물을 κ΄€λ¦¬ν•˜μ—¬
03:36
and protect human health.
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μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ˜ 건강을 λ³΄ν˜Έν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄μ„œμ£ .
03:38
Now, the problem is the ocean's a moving target
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ λ°”λ‹€λŠ” μ›€μ§μ΄λŠ” λͺ©ν‘œλ¬Όμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:41
and, much like some people in our lives, toxicity varies among the plankton.
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또 우리 주변에 μžˆλŠ” μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ²˜λŸΌ, ν”Œλž‘ν¬ν†€λ§ˆλ‹€ 독성 μˆ˜μΉ˜κ°€ λ‹€λ¦…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:46
(Laughter)
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(μ›ƒμŒ)
03:47
Alright?
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μ•„μ‹œκ² μ£ ?
03:48
So, to get around these challenges,
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ 이 문제λ₯Ό κ·Ήλ³΅ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄,
03:50
we combined satellite remote sensing
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μ €ν¬λŠ” μΈκ³΅μœ„μ„± μ„Όμ„œ,
03:54
with drones and gliders,
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λ“œλ‘ κ³Ό 글라이더 뿐만 μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ
03:56
regular sampling of the surf zone
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μ„œν•‘ κ΅¬μ—­μ˜ 정기적인 μƒ˜ν”Œλ§μ„ ν™œμš©ν•˜λ©°
03:58
and a lot of time at sea
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였리곀 μ—°μ•ˆμ˜ μž‘μ€ λ°°λ“€μ—μ„œ
04:00
in small boats off the Oregon coast.
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였랜 μ‹œκ°„ κ΄€μ°°ν–ˆμ£ .
04:03
And I don't know if many of you have had the opportunity to do that,
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„λ“€μ—κ²Œ 이런 κΈ°νšŒκ°€ μžˆμ—ˆλŠ”μ§€λŠ” λͺ¨λ₯΄κ² μ§€λ§Œ,
04:06
but it is not easy.
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쉽지 μ•ŠμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:08
[Even oceanographers get seasick]
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[ν•΄μ–‘ν•™μžλ“€λ„ 뱃멀미λ₯Ό μ•“μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€]
04:10
Here's some poor students.
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μ—¬κΈ° λΆˆμŒν•œ 학생듀이 μžˆλ„€μš”.
04:12
(Laughter)
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(μ›ƒμŒ)
04:13
I've hidden their faces to protect their identities.
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κ·Έλ“€μ˜ μ‹ μ›λ³΄ν˜Έλ₯Ό μœ„ν•΄ 얼꡴을 κ°€λ €μ£Όμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:15
(Laughter)
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(μ›ƒμŒ)
04:18
This is a challenging place.
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이곳은 κ½€λ‚˜ νž˜λ“  μž₯μ†Œμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:20
So this is hard-won data I'm about to talk about, OK?
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‹ˆκΉŒ μ œκ°€ μ§€κΈˆ μ–˜κΈ°ν•˜κ³  μžˆλŠ” 정보듀은 μ•„μ£Ό νž˜λ“€κ²Œ 얻은 κ±°λΌκ³ μš”.
04:23
(Laughter)
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(μ›ƒμŒ)
04:24
So by combining all of our data with our collaborators,
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곡동 μ—°κ΅¬μžλ“€κ³Ό ν•¨κ»˜ 데이터λ₯Ό λͺ¨λ‘ μˆ˜μ§‘ν•΄ λ³΄λ‹ˆ
04:27
we had 20-year time series of toxins and phytoplankton cell counts.
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20λ…„ λΆ„λŸ‰μ˜ λ…μ†Œ 및 ν”Œλž‘ν¬ν†€ 자료λ₯Ό 확보할 수 μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:32
And that allowed us to understand the patterns of these blooms
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덕뢄에 μ €ν¬λŠ” λ…Ήμ‘° ν˜„μƒμ˜ νŒ¨ν„΄μ„ μ΄ν•΄ν•œ λ’€
04:37
and to build models to predict them.
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미래λ₯Ό μ˜ˆμΈ‘ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄ λͺ¨λΈμ„ λ§Œλ“€μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:39
And what we found
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저희가 λ°œκ²¬ν•œ 것은
04:41
was that the risk of harmful algal blooms was tightly linked to aspects of climate.
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ν•΄λ‘œμš΄ λ…Ήμ‘°ν˜„μƒμ΄ 기후변화와 관련이 μžˆλ‹€λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:47
Now when I say "climate," I don't mean weather day-to-day,
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μ œκ°€ λ§ν•˜λŠ” "κΈ°ν›„"λŠ” κ·Έλ‚ μ˜ 날씨가 μ•„λ‹ˆκ³ ,
04:50
I mean long-term changes.
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μž₯기적인 λ³€ν™”λ₯Ό κ°€λ¦¬ν‚€λŠ” κ±°μ£ .
04:53
These oscillations that you may have heard of --
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ΄ 듀어보셨을 μˆ˜λ„ μžˆλŠ”
04:55
the Pacific Decadal Oscillation, El NiΓ±o --
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10λ…„ μ£ΌκΈ° νƒœν‰μ–‘ 진동, μ—˜λ‹ˆλ‡¨ λ“±μ˜ ν˜„μƒμ€
04:58
they usually bring warm, dry winters to this region,
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보톡 ν•΄λ‹Ή 지역에 κ³ μ˜¨κ±΄μ‘°ν•œ κΈ°ν›„λ₯Ό κ°€μ Έμ˜€λ©΄μ„œ
05:02
but they also reduce the strength of the California Current,
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νƒœν‰μ–‘ λΆμ„œμ§€μ—­μ„ λ‚¨λΆμœΌλ‘œ κ°€λ‘œμ§€λ₯΄λŠ”
05:05
which runs from the north to the south along the Pacific Northwest,
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μΊ˜λ¦¬ν¬λ‹ˆμ•„ ν•΄λ₯˜λ₯Ό μ•½ν™”μ‹œν‚€κΈ°λ„ ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:09
and they warm the coastal ocean.
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또 μ—°μ•ˆ μ§€μ—­μ˜ λ°”λ‹€λ₯Ό λ”°λœ»ν•˜κ²Œ ν•˜μ£ .
05:11
These are the reds you're seeing in this plot,
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이 κ·Έλž˜ν”„μ˜ 빨간색 뢀뢄이
05:13
warm anomalies,
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기온 이상을 λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚΄λŠ”
05:14
strong positive indices of the PDO.
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νƒœν‰μ–‘ μ§„λ™μ˜ μ–‘μˆ˜ μ§€μˆ˜μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:17
And when we have these changes in circulation
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이런 νλ¦„μ˜ 변화와
05:20
and changes in temperature,
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기온의 λ³€ν™”λŠ”,
05:22
the risk of harmful algal blooms is increased,
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ν•΄λ‘œμš΄ λ…Ήμ‘° ν˜„μƒμ΄ μ¦κ°€ν•˜κ³ 
05:25
but also salmon recruitment has decreased,
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λ˜ν•œ μ—°μ–΄μ˜ μœ μž…λ₯ μ΄ μ€„μ–΄λ“€λ©΄μ„œ,
05:27
and we see intrusions of invasive species like green crab.
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황둝색 κ½ƒκ²Œ 같은 μ™Έλž˜ μœ μž…μ’…λ“€μ΄ μœ μž…λ˜λŠ” 것을 λ³Ό 수 μžˆμ—ˆμ£ .
05:31
So these are ecological and economic impacts of climate.
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μ΄λŠ” κΈ°ν›„μ˜ μƒνƒœκ³„μ , 경제적 영ν–₯μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:36
Now, if our models are right,
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우리의 λͺ¨λΈμ΄ λ§žλ‹€λ©΄,
05:38
the frequency and severity of these events are only going to get worse,
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이 ν˜„μƒλ“€μ˜ λΉˆλ„μ™€ 심각성은 더 λ‚˜λΉ μ§ˆ κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:42
right along with these warm anomalies.
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ν˜„μž¬ 기온 μ΄μƒμ˜ μ—°μž₯선이죠.
05:44
And, to illustrate that,
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이λ₯Ό μ„€λͺ…ν•΄ 보자면,
05:47
2014 was probably one of the worst harmful algal blooms in Oregon history.
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2014λ…„μ—” 였리건 μ£Ό 역사상 κ°€μž₯ ν•΄λ‘œμš΄ λ…Ήμ‘°ν˜„μƒμ΄ μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:52
It was also the hottest year in the modern climate record at that time,
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또 κ°€μž₯ 높은 κΈ°μ˜¨μ„ κΈ°λ‘ν•œ 해이기도 ν•˜μ£ .
05:58
that is until 2015,
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2015λ…„ μ „κΉŒμ§€λŠ”μš”.
06:01
2016,
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2016,
06:02
2017, 2018.
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2017, 2018.
06:05
In fact, the five hottest years in the modern climate record
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사싀, μš”μ¦˜μ— λ“€μ–΄ κ°€μž₯ λ”μ› λ˜ 5년은
06:09
have been the last five.
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λ°”λ‘œ μ§€λ‚œ 5λ…„μ΄μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:11
That bodes really well for harmful algal blooms
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ν•΄λ‘œμš΄ λ…Ήμ‘° ν˜„μƒμ—κ²ŒλŠ” μ²­μ‹ ν˜Έμ΄μ§€λ§Œ
06:14
and poorly for ecosystem health.
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μƒνƒœκ³„ κ±΄κ°•μ—κ²ŒλŠ” μ μ‹ ν˜Έμ£ .
06:17
Now, you may not care about shellfish,
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ΄ μ‘°κ°œμ—λŠ” 관심 없을 수 μžˆκ² μ§€λ§Œ,
06:20
but these changes impact economically important fisheries,
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이 λ³€ν™”λŠ” 경제적으둜 μ€‘μš”ν•œ 어업에 타격을 μ€λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:24
like crab and salmon,
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예λ₯Ό λ“€μ–΄ κ²Œμ™€ μ—°μ–΄,
06:26
and they can impact the health of marine mammals like whales.
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그리고 κ³ λž˜μ™€ 같은 ν•΄μ–‘ 포유λ₯˜μ˜ 건강을 μœ„ν˜‘ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:29
And that might matter a little bit more.
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그러면 쑰금 더 관심이 갈 κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:31
That might resonate.
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쑰금 더 와닿겠죠.
06:34
So, there's your doomsday tale for the margins of the Pacific.
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μ—¬κΈ°κΉŒμ§€κ°€ νƒœν‰μ–‘ 쒅말 μ΄μ•ΌκΈ°μ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:40
Actually, these are really resilient ecosystems.
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사싀, νƒœν‰μ–‘μ€ μžμƒν•  수 μžˆλŠ” μƒνƒœκ³„μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:43
They can absolutely bounce back if we give them a chance.
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ 기회λ₯Ό μ€€λ‹€λ©΄ λ‹€μ‹œ 원상뢁ꡬ될 수 있죠.
06:46
The point is not to ignore the changes that we're seeing,
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μ€‘μš”ν•œ 점은 μš°λ¦¬κ°€ 보고 μžˆλŠ” ν˜„μƒλ“€μ„ λ¬΄μ‹œν•˜μ§€ μ•ŠλŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:51
which brings me to my second vignette.
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이것은 제 두 번째 일화와 κ΄€λ ¨μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:54
I have since moved to the most remote island chain on our planet,
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κ·Έ λ•Œ μ΄ν›„λ‘œ μ €λŠ” 지ꡬ상 κ°€μž₯ μ™Έλ”΄ 섬에 κ°”μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:59
the Hawaiian Islands,
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λ°”λ‘œ ν•˜μ™€μ΄ μ œλ„μ˜€μ£ .
07:01
where I'm the new lead of a program called the Hawaiian Ocean Time-series.
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κ±°κΈ°μ„œ "ν•˜μ™€μ΄μ•ˆ ν•΄ μ‹œκ³„μ—΄" ν”„λ‘œκ·Έλž¨μ˜ 리더가 λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:05
And this is a program that for 31 years
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이 ν”„λ‘œκ·Έλž¨μ€ 31λ…„λ™μ•ˆ
07:07
has made this monthly pilgrimage to a spot called Station ALOHA.
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μŠ€ν…Œμ΄μ…˜ ALOHAλΌλŠ” 곳을 맀달 μˆœλ‘€ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:11
It's in the middle of the Pacific Ocean,
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νƒœν‰μ–‘ ν•œκ°€μš΄λ°μ—,
07:14
in the center of this vast, swirling system of currents
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이 κ±°λŒ€ν•œ μ†Œμš©λŒμ΄ ν•΄λ₯˜μ˜ 쀑심을
07:17
that we call the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre.
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λΆνƒœν‰μ–‘ ν™˜λ₯˜λΌκ³  λΆ€λ₯΄λŠ” 곳에.
07:20
It's our largest ocean ecosystem.
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κ°€μž₯ 큰 ν•΄μ–‘ μƒνƒœκ³„μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:22
It's four times the size of the Amazon rain forest.
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μ•„λ§ˆμ‘΄ μ—΄λŒ€μš°λ¦Όμ˜ 4λ°°λ‚˜ λ˜λŠ” ν¬κΈ°μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:25
It is warm, in a good way.
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λ”°λœ»ν•œ μž₯μ†Œμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. 쒋은 μ˜λ―Έλ‘œμš”.
07:28
It is blue water,
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ν‘Έλ₯Έ λ°”λ‹€μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:29
it's absolutely the type of place you want to dive in and swim.
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ΄ μˆ˜μ˜ν•˜κ³  μ‹Άμ„λ§Œν•œ μ•„λ¦„λ‹€μš΄ λ°”λ‹€μ£ .
07:32
You cannot do that off of research boats,
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μ—°κ΅¬μš© λ³΄νŠΈμ—μ„œλŠ” 닀이빙 ν•  수 μ—†μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:34
because, you know, sharks. Google it.
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μ™œλƒν•˜λ©΄ 상어 λ•Œλ¬Έμ΄μ£ . ꡬ글 검색해 λ³΄μ„Έμš”.
07:36
(Laughter)
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(μ›ƒμŒ)
07:40
This is a beautiful place.
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맀우 μ•„λ¦„λ‹€μš΄ μž₯μ†Œμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:43
And here, since October of 1988,
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그리고 1988λ…„ 10μ›”λΆ€ν„°
07:46
generations of researchers have made these monthly pilgrimages.
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μ—¬λŸ¬ μ„ΈλŒ€μ˜ μ—°κ΅¬μžλ“€μ΄ 맀월 이곳으둜 μˆœλ‘€ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:50
We study the biology, the chemistry, the physics of the open ocean.
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μ €ν¬λŠ” λ°”λ‹€μ˜ 생물학, ν™”ν•™, 물리학을 μ—°κ΅¬ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:54
We've measured the temperature from the surface to the seafloor.
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μˆ˜λ©΄μ—μ„œλΆ€ν„° ν•΄μ €κΉŒμ§€μ˜ κΈ°μ˜¨μ„ μΈ‘μ •ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:57
We've tracked the currents, traced the waves.
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ν•΄λ₯˜μ™€ νŒŒλ„λ₯Ό μΆ”μ ν•΄μ™”μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:01
People have discovered new organisms here.
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μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ€ μ΄κ³³μ—μ„œ μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ 생λͺ…체λ₯Ό λ°œκ²¬ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:04
People have created vast genomic libraries
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μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ€ μ΄κ³³μ—μ„œ κ²Œλ†ˆ 라이브러리λ₯Ό λ§Œλ“€μ–΄
08:06
that have revolutionized
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ν•΄μ–‘ λ―Έμƒλ¬Όμ˜ 닀양성에 λŒ€ν•œ
08:08
what we think about the diversity of marine microorganisms.
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μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ λ°œκ²¬μ„ μΌκ΅¬μ–΄λƒˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:11
It's not just a place of discovery,
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이곳은 λ‹¨μˆœνžˆ 발견의 μž₯μ†Œλ§Œμ΄ μ•„λ‹ˆμ—ˆμ§€λ§Œ
08:13
but the important part about time series
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μ‹œκ³„μ—΄μ˜ μ€‘μš”ν•œ λͺ©μ  쀑 ν•˜λ‚˜λŠ”
08:16
are that they provide us a sense of history,
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μš°λ¦¬μ—κ²Œ 역사적인 감각을 κ°–κ²Œ ν•΄μ€€λ‹€λŠ” κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:18
a sense of context.
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μ—°κ΅¬μ˜ λ§₯락이 λ˜μ–΄μ£ΌλŠ” κ±°μ£ .
08:20
And in 30 years of data,
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그리고 30λ…„κ°„μ˜ 데이터λ₯Ό 톡해
08:22
it's allowed us to separate the seasonal change
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μ €ν¬λŠ” κ³„μ ˆμ˜ 변화와
08:25
and see the emergence of humanity's fingerprints
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인간이 μžμ—°μ— 끼친 영ν–₯ λ•Œλ¬Έμ— 생긴 ν˜„μƒλ“€μ„
08:28
on the natural world.
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뢄리 ν•  수 μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:31
There's another iconic time series in Hawaii,
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ν•˜μ™€μ΄μ—λŠ” 또 λ‹€λ₯Έ μ‹œκ³„μ—΄μ΄ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:34
and that is the Keeling Curve.
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"킬링 곑선"이라고 뢈리죠.
08:35
I hope you have all seen this.
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ΄ λͺ¨λ‘ 이 κ·Έλž˜ν”„λ₯Ό λ΄€μ—ˆλ‹€λ©΄ μ’‹κ² μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:37
This time series has documented the rapid increase in carbon dioxide
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이 μ‹œκ³„μ—΄μ€ λŒ€κΈ°μ— μžˆλŠ” μ΄μ‚°ν™”νƒ„μ†Œ λΉ„μœ¨μ΄
08:41
in the atmosphere.
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κΈ‰κ²©ν•˜κ²Œ μ¦κ°€ν–ˆμŒμ„ 보여주고 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:43
It's not just the number, it's the rate of increase.
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λ‹¨μˆœν•œ μˆ˜μΉ˜κ°€ μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ, μ¦κ°€ν•œ λΉ„μœ¨μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:46
The rate of carbon dioxide increase in our atmosphere
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λŒ€κΈ° 쀑 μ΄μ‚°ν™”νƒ„μ†Œ λ†λ„μ˜ 증가 λΉ„μœ¨μ€
08:49
is unprecedented for our planet.
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μ§€κ΅¬μ—μ„œ μ „λ‘€κ°€ μ—†λŠ” μΌμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:52
And that has consequences for our oceans.
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그리고 이건 바닀에도 영ν–₯을 미치죠.
08:54
In fact, oceans absorb about 90 percent of the heat that's generated
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사싀, λ°”λ‹€λŠ” μ˜¨μ‹€κ°€μŠ€λ‘œ 인해 배좜 된
08:58
by greenhouse gas emissions
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μ—΄ 90νΌμ„ΌνŠΈ 정도λ₯Ό ν‘μˆ˜ν•˜κ³ 
08:59
and about 40 percent of the carbon dioxide.
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40%의 μ΄μ‚°ν™”νƒ„μ†Œλ₯Ό ν‘μˆ˜ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:03
And we have been able to measure that at Station ALOHA.
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그리고 μŠ€ν…Œμ΄μ…˜ ALOHAμ—μ„œ μ €ν¬λŠ” 이λ₯Ό μΈ‘μ •ν•  수 μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:08
Each one of these dots is a cruise.
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각각의 점듀을 이으면 선이 λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:10
It represents people's lives over 30 years trying to make these measurements,
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κ³Όν•™μžλ“€μ€ 이걸 μΈ‘μ •ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄ 30λ…„λ₯Ό λ°”μ³€κ³ ,
09:14
and it took 30 years to be able to see this.
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μ΄λ ‡κ²Œ λ³Ό 수 있게 λ˜κΈ°κΉŒμ§€ 30년이 κ±Έλ ΈμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:17
CO2 rises in the atmosphere,
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λŒ€κΈ° 쀑 μ΄μ‚°ν™”νƒ„μ†Œ 농도가 높아지면,
09:19
CO2 rises in the ocean.
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μˆ˜μ€‘ μ΄μ‚°ν™”νƒ„μ†Œ 농도도 λ†’μ•„μ§‘λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:20
That's the red line.
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이건 빨간색 μ„ μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:22
A consequence of that
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이 결과둜
09:24
is a fundamental change in the chemistry of seawater,
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λ°”λ‹·λ¬Όμ˜ ν™”ν•™ 성뢄에 큰 λ³€ν™”κ°€ μƒκ²ΌμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:27
a decline in pH --
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phλ†λ„μ˜ κ°μ†Œμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:29
pH is on a log scale,
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pHλŠ” 둜그 수치둜 λ³€ν™˜λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:30
here's your blue line.
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μ—¬κΈ° νŒŒλž€μƒ‰ 선이죠.
09:31
So we've seen a 30 percent decline in pH in the surface ocean
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μ €ν¬λŠ” 이 μ‹œκ³„μ—΄μ„ 톡해 λ°”λ‹€ ν‘œλ©΄ pH 농도가
09:35
in this time series.
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30% κ°μ†Œν–ˆμŒμ„ μ•Œ 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:37
Now that has impacts for organisms that need to feed, build shells,
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μ΄λŠ” λ¨Ήκ³ , 껍데기λ₯Ό 지어야 ν•˜λŠ” μœ κΈ°μ²΄μ— 영ν–₯을 미치고
09:41
that changes growth rates, metabolic interactions,
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μ„±μž₯λ₯ κ³Ό μ‹ μ§„λŒ€μ‚¬μ—λ„ 영ν–₯을 미치죠.
09:44
and it doesn't just impact plankton --
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ν”Œλž‘ν¬ν†€ 뿐만이 μ•„λ‹™λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:46
it impacts ecosystems as large as coral reefs.
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μ‚°ν˜Έμ΄ˆμ™€ 같이 큰 μƒνƒœκ³„μ—λ„ 영ν–₯을 μ€λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:50
Now one of the things we've been able to show in this time series
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이 μ‹œκ³„μ—΄μ„ 톡해 μ•Œ 수 μžˆλŠ” 또 λ‹€λ₯Έ 점은
09:53
is this is just skimming the surface.
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ν‘œλ©΄μΈ΅λ§Œ 봀을 λ•Œ μ΄λ ‡λ‹€λŠ” κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:56
Increases in CO2 and a decline in pH
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μ΄μ‚°ν™”νƒ„μ†Œ λ†λ„μ˜ μƒμŠΉκ³Ό pHλ†λ„μ˜ κ°μ†ŒλŠ”
09:59
are measured over the top 500 meters of the water column.
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전체 μˆ˜μ‹¬μ—μ„œ μƒμœ„ 500mλ§Œμ„ μΈ‘μ •ν•œ μˆ˜μΉ˜μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:03
I really find that to be profound.
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μ €λŠ” 이 사싀이 μ•„μ£Ό μ€‘μš”ν•˜λ‹€κ³  μƒκ°ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:06
This is genuinely one of the most remote places on our planet,
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우리 μ§€κ΅¬μ—μ„œ κ°€μž₯ 외진 μž₯μ†Œ μ€‘μ˜ ν•˜λ‚˜μž„μ—λ„ λΆˆκ΅¬ν•˜κ³ 
10:10
and we've impacted the top 500 meters of the water column.
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μˆ˜μ‹¬ 500λ―Έν„°κΉŒμ§€ 영ν–₯을 λ―Έμ³€λ‹€λŠ” 것이죠.
10:16
Now, these two things --
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자, 이 두 가지 ν˜„μƒ--
10:18
harmful algal blooms, ocean acidification --
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ν•΄λ‘œμš΄ λ…Ήμ‘° ν˜„μƒκ³Ό ν•΄μ–‘ μ‚°μ„±ν™”,
10:20
that's not all, of course.
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이 두 가지가 끝은 μ•„λ‹™λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:21
You've heard of the rest:
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ€ λ‹€λ₯Έ ν˜„μƒλ„ 듀어보셨을 κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:23
sea-level rise, eutrophication, melting of the polar ice caps,
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ν•΄μˆ˜λ©΄ μƒμŠΉ, λΆ€μ˜μ–‘ν™”, 극지방 λ§Œλ…„μ„€μ˜ μœ΅ν•΄,
10:27
expansion of oxygen minimum zones, pollution, loss of biodiversity,
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μ‚°μ†Œκ·Ήμ†ŒλŒ€μ—­μ˜ 팽창, μ˜€μ—Ό, 생물 λ‹€μ–‘μ„±μ˜ 손싀,
10:31
overfishing.
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λ‚¨νšκΉŒμ§€λ„μš”.
10:32
It's hard for me to get a grad student --
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같이 연ꡬ할 λŒ€ν•™μ›μƒμ„ μ°ΎκΈ° νž˜λ“­λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:34
you can see this pitch is a difficult one, right?
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μ™œ νž˜λ“  일인지 μ•„μ‹œκ² μ£ ?
10:36
(Laughter)
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(μ›ƒμŒ)
10:39
(Sighs)
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(ν•œμˆ¨)
10:40
Again, I think these systems, these microbial ecosystems,
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λ‹€μ‹œ λ§ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ, μ €λŠ” 이 미생물 μƒνƒœκ³„κ°€
10:44
are immensely resilient.
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λ¬΄ν•œν•œ μžμƒλ ₯이 μžˆλ‹€κ³  μƒκ°ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:47
We just cannot go too far down this path.
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μ΄λŒ€λ‘œ λ°©μΉ˜ν•  μˆ˜λŠ” μ—†μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:51
I personally believe that sustained observation of our oceans and our planet
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μ €λŠ” 개인적으둜 우리의 바닀와 지ꡬλ₯Ό μ§€μ†μ μœΌλ‘œ κ΄€μ°°ν•˜λŠ” 것이
10:54
is the moral imperative for our generation of scientists.
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우리 μ„ΈλŒ€μ˜ κ³Όν•™μžλ“€μ—κ²Œ 주어진 도덕적 의무라고 μƒκ°ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:58
We are bearing witness
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” μžμ—°κ³„μ— ν–‰ν•΄μ§€λŠ”
11:00
to the changes that are being inflicted upon our natural communities,
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μˆ˜λ§Žμ€ λ³€ν™”λ“€μ˜ μ‚΄μ•„μžˆλŠ” μ¦μΈμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:05
and by doing so,
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κ·Έλ ‡κΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ—
11:07
it provides us the opportunity to adapt and enact global change,
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μš°λ¦¬μ—κ²ŒλŠ” μ „ 세계적인 λ³€ν™”λ₯Ό μ΄λŒμ–΄ λ‚Ό κΈ°νšŒκ°€ 주어진 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:12
if we're willing.
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μ˜μ§€λ§Œ μžˆλ‹€λ©΄μš”.
11:14
So the solutions to these problems are multitiered.
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이 λ¬Έμ œμ— λŒ€ν•œ ν•΄κ²°λ°©λ²•μ—λŠ” λ‹€μ–‘ν•œ 접근이 ν•„μš”ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:17
It involves a portfolio of solutions,
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μ—¬λŸ¬ 가지 ν•΄κ²°μ±…κ³Ό
11:19
local change,
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지역적인 λ³€ν™”κ°€ ν•„μš”ν•˜μ£ .
11:20
but all the way up to voting for people who will protect our environment
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또, ν™˜κ²½ 보호λ₯Ό ν•΄ 쀄 μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ—κ²Œ νˆ¬ν‘œν•˜λŠ”
11:24
on a global scale.
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세계적인 μ›€μ§μž„λ„μš”.
11:26
(Applause)
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(λ°•μˆ˜)
11:39
Let's bring it back to the love.
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μ‚¬λž‘μ΄λΌλŠ” 주제둜 λ˜λŒμ•„κ°€ λ΄…μ‹œλ‹€.
11:41
(Laughter)
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(μ›ƒμŒ)
11:44
Microbes matter.
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미생물듀은 μ€‘μš”ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:46
These organisms are small,
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이 κ°œμ²΄λ“€μ€ μž‘κ³ ,
11:48
abundant, ancient,
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κ·Έ μˆ˜κ°€ 많으며, μ˜€λž˜λ˜μ—ˆκ³ ,
11:50
and they are critical to sustaining our population and our planet.
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우리 지ꡬ와 후손을 지킀기 μœ„ν•΄ κΌ­ ν•„μš”ν•œ μ‘΄μž¬λ“€μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:54
Yet we are on track to double our carbon dioxide emissions
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μ΄λŒ€λ‘œ μ‚°λ‹€λ©΄ 50λ…„ ν›„μ—λŠ” νƒ„μ†Œ λ°°μΆœλŸ‰μ΄
11:57
in the next 50 years,
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두 λ°°κ°€ 될 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:59
so the analogy that I use for that
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이λ₯Ό λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚΄κΈ° μœ„ν•΄ μ œκ°€ 자주 λ“œλŠ” μ—λŠ”
12:00
is like we are eating like we're still in our 20s,
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ 마치 아직 20λŒ€μΈ κ²ƒμ²˜λŸΌ 마ꡬ λ¨Ήμ–΄λŒ„λ‹€λŠ” κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:04
assuming there will be no consequences --
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이에 λŒ€ν•œ μ•„λ¬΄λŸ° μ•…μ˜ν–₯이 λ”°λ₯΄μ§€ μ•Šμ„ κ²ƒμ²˜λŸΌμš”.
12:07
but I'm a woman in her 40s,
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μ €λŠ” 40λŒ€μ˜ μ—¬μ„±μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:08
I know there are consequences for my fuel consumption. Right?
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μ €λŠ” κ³Όμ‹μ˜ 후폭풍을 잘 μ•Œκ³  있죠.
12:12
(Laughter)
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(μ›ƒμŒ)
12:14
These oceans are very much alive.
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바닀도 생λͺ…이 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:16
These ecosystems have not collapsed.
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이 μƒνƒœκ³„λŠ” 아직 λΆ•κ΄΄λ˜μ§€ μ•Šμ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:20
Well, except for the Arctic, we can talk about that.
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 뢁극을 μ œμ™Έν•˜κ³ μš”. 뢁극에 λŒ€ν•΄μ„  ν•  말이 μ’€ μžˆλ„€μš”.
12:23
(Laughter)
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(μ›ƒμŒ)
12:24
But the sustained observations that I've shared with you today,
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μ œκ°€ 였늘 μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ—κ²Œ λ³΄μ—¬λ“œλ¦° μžλ£Œλ“€,
12:27
the work of generations of scientists,
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μ—¬λŸ¬ μ„ΈλŒ€μ˜ κ³Όν•™μžλ“€μ΄ κ΄€μΈ‘ν•œ μžλ£Œλ“€μ— λ”°λ₯΄λ©΄
12:30
are pointing us to take better care of our oceans
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” λ°”λ‹€λ₯Ό 더 λ³΄ν˜Έν•΄μ•Ό ν•˜κ³ 
12:33
and to nurture the microbes that sustain us.
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우리λ₯Ό λ³΄ν˜Έν•΄ μ£ΌλŠ” 미생물듀을 λŒλ³΄μ•„μ•Ό ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:37
And on that note,
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그리고 μ—¬κΈ°μ„œ
12:38
I want to end with a quote from one of my heroes,
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제 μ˜μ›… 쀑 ν•œ λͺ…인 제인 λ£¨λΈŒμ²Έμ½”λ₯Ό μΈμš©ν•˜κ² μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:41
Jane Lubchenco.
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12:43
And this slide is appropriate.
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이 μŠ¬λΌμ΄λ“œκ°€ μ μ ˆν•˜λ„€μš”.
12:46
Jane has said that the oceans are not too big to fail,
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μ œμΈμ€ 우리의 λ°”λ‹€κ°€ κ³ μž₯λ‚  만큼 ν¬μ§€λŠ” μ•Šκ³ ,
12:51
nor are they too big to fix,
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κ³ μΉ  만큼 크지도 μ•Šμ§€λ§Œ,
12:55
but the oceans are too big to ignore.
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λ¬΄μ‹œν•˜κΈ°μ—λŠ” λ„ˆλ¬΄ 크닀고 λ§ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:59
Thank you.
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κ°μ‚¬ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:01
(Applause)
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(λ°•μˆ˜)
이 μ›Ήμ‚¬μ΄νŠΈ 정보

이 μ‚¬μ΄νŠΈλŠ” μ˜μ–΄ ν•™μŠ΅μ— μœ μš©ν•œ YouTube λ™μ˜μƒμ„ μ†Œκ°œν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ „ 세계 졜고의 μ„ μƒλ‹˜λ“€μ΄ κ°€λ₯΄μΉ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μˆ˜μ—…μ„ 보게 될 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. 각 λ™μ˜μƒ νŽ˜μ΄μ§€μ— ν‘œμ‹œλ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μžλ§‰μ„ 더블 ν΄λ¦­ν•˜λ©΄ κ·Έκ³³μ—μ„œ λ™μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. λΉ„λ””μ˜€ μž¬μƒμ— 맞좰 μžλ§‰μ΄ μŠ€ν¬λ‘€λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ˜κ²¬μ΄λ‚˜ μš”μ²­μ΄ μžˆλŠ” 경우 이 문의 양식을 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ—¬ λ¬Έμ˜ν•˜μ‹­μ‹œμ˜€.

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