How online marketplaces can help local economies, not hurt them | Amane Dannouni

72,429 views ใƒป 2020-02-14

TED


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

00:00
Translator: Ivana Korom Reviewer: Krystian Aparta
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๋ฒˆ์—ญ: Hoeun Cheong ๊ฒ€ํ† : Jihyeon J. Kim
00:13
In February 2013, my wife and I moved to Singapore.
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2013๋…„ 2์›”์—, ์•„๋‚ด์™€ ์ €๋Š” ์‹ฑ๊ฐ€ํด๋กœ ์ด์‚ฌํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:18
Exactly at the same time,
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๊ทธ์™€ ๋™์‹œ์—
00:20
Uber has announced it started operations in the country.
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์šฐ๋ฒ„๋Š” ์‹ฑ๊ฐ€ํด์—์„œ ์˜์—…์„ ๊ฐœ์‹œํ–ˆ์ฃ .
00:23
Now, my wife and I agree on a lot of things,
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์•„๋‚ด์™€ ์ €๋Š” ๋งŽ์€ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์—์„œ ์ƒ๊ฐ์ด ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:27
but using Uber was definitely not one of them.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์šฐ๋ฒ„ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์—๋Š” ์„œ๋กœ ์ƒ๊ฐ์ด ๋‹ฌ๋ž์ฃ .
00:31
While I was excited about the technology
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์ €๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฒ„์˜ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋ ฅ๊ณผ, ์–ด์ฉŒ๋ฉด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋”์ด์ƒ
00:33
and how maybe we don't need to own cars anymore,
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์ฐจ๋ฅผ ์†Œ์œ ํ•  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์—†๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์— ์—ด๊ด‘ํ–ˆ๋˜ ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด์—,
00:37
she felt that every Uber car is here to steal jobs from taxi drivers.
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์•„๋‚ด๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฒ„๊ฐ€ ํƒ์‹œ ์šด์ „์‚ฌ๋“ค์˜ ์ผ์ž๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋บ๋Š”๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋Š๊ผˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:44
And Sarah was not the only one.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ทธ๋…€๋งŒ์˜ ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:47
As the Ubers, Airbnbs and Amazons of the world --
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์šฐ๋ฒ„, ์—์–ด๋น„์•ค๋น„, ์•„๋งˆ์กด
00:50
what we call "online marketplaces" --
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ "์˜จ๋ผ์ธ ๋งˆ์ผ“" ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฅด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด
00:53
as they started expanding their presence,
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์„ธ๋ ฅ์„ ํ™•์žฅ์‹œํ‚ค๋ฉด์„œ,
00:56
we have heard, all of us, countless policymakers
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ™์€ ์ •์ฑ… ์ž…์•ˆ์ž๋“ค์€
01:00
worried about how to deal with these new risks
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์ผ์ž๋ฆฌ ํŒŒ๊ดด, ๋‚ฎ์€ ์ž„๊ธˆ, ์„ธ๊ธˆ ๋ˆ„์ถœ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€
01:02
of job destruction, lower wages and tax leakage.
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์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์œ„ํ—˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๊ณ ๋ฏผํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:07
We've also heard company leaders
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๋˜ํ•œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํšŒ์‚ฌ์˜ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ๋“ค์ด
01:09
worried about aggressive competition from global platforms
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์„ธ๊ณ„์ ์ธ ๋Œ€๊ธฐ์—…๋“ค์ด ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ์— ์ฐธ๊ฐ€ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ
01:12
eating up their local businesses.
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์‹œ์žฅ์ด ๋Œ€๊ธฐ์—…์—๊ฒŒ ์ž ์‹๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ฑฑ์ •ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋“ค์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:16
And on the rational level, of course I understand.
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์ด์„ฑ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ๊ฐํ–ˆ์„๋•Œ, ์ €๋Š” ์ดํ•ดํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:19
After all, this is basic supply and demand economics.
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๊ฒฐ๊ตญ, ์ด๊ฑด ์ˆ˜์š”์™€ ๊ณต๊ธ‰์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:22
If, in any market, you dramatically increase supply,
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์–ด๋–ค ์‹œ์žฅ์—์„œ๋“ , ๊ณต๊ธ‰์„ ๊ธ‰๊ฒฉํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋Š˜๋ฆฐ๋‹ค๋ฉด,
01:25
you should expect prices, profitability and growth to go down
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๊ณต๊ธ‰์ž๋“ค์˜ ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ, ์ˆ˜์ต์„ฑ, ์„ฑ์žฅ๋ฅ ์ด
01:28
for existing players.
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๋‚ฎ์•„์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ๋ฐ–์— ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:31
But in my personal experience,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ œ ๊ฐœ์ธ์ ์ธ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์œผ๋กœ๋Š”
01:33
I've also seen the other side of the story.
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์–‘์ƒ์˜ ์ผ๋„ ๋ฒŒ์–ด์ง€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณด์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:36
Where online marketplaces,
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์ธ๋„๋„ค์ด์‚ฌ์˜ ๊ณ ์ ์ด๋‚˜
01:38
like Gojek in Indonesia or Jumia in Africa,
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์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด์˜ ์ฃผ๋ฏธ์•„์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์˜จ๋ผ์ธ ๋งˆ์ผ“์€
01:41
have helped their business ecosystems and the communities around them.
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๋น„์ฆˆ๋‹ˆ์Šค ์ƒํƒœ๊ณ„์™€ ์ง€์—ญ์‚ฌํšŒ์— ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:46
The positive side I have seen
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ณธ ์˜จ๋ผ์ธ ๋งˆ์ผ“์˜ ๊ธ์ •์  ์ธก๋ฉด์œผ๋กœ,
01:47
demonstrated itself in a woman, a taxi driver in Egypt,
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์ด์ง‘ํŠธ์˜ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์ด ํƒ์‹œ ์šด์ „์‚ฌ๋กœ
01:52
that now had the opportunity to work
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์ผํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณด์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:54
without the harassment she faced in the taxi business.
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ํƒ์‹œ์—…๊ณ„์—์„œ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ์„œ ๋‹นํ•˜๋Š” ์ˆ˜๋ชจ๋ฅผ ๊ฒช์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ ์„œ๋„์š”.
01:57
It demonstrated itself through a village in Kenya
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๋˜ํ•œ ์ €๋Š” ์ผ€๋ƒ์˜ ์ž˜ ์•Œ๋ ค์ง€์ง€ ์•Š์€
02:02
that got an economic boost,
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๋งค์šฐ ์•„๋ฆ„๋‹ค์šด ๊ฐ•์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•œ ํ•œ ๋งˆ์„์ด
02:04
because the nearby beautiful but completely unknown lake
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์˜จ๋ผ์ธ ๋งˆ์ผ“์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์•Œ๋ ค์ง€๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฉด์„œ
02:07
is now becoming a national ecotourism spot.
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์œ ๋ช…ํ•œ ์ƒํƒœ ๊ด€๊ด‘์ง€๊ฐ€ ๋˜์–ด, ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ˆ„๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณด์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:12
Online marketplaces will continue to grow.
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์˜จ๋ผ์ธ ๋งˆ์ผ“์€ ๊ณ„์†ํ•ด์„œ ์„ฑ์žฅํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:15
And they will transform the way we shop,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ์‡ผํ•‘ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹,
02:17
the way we travel
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์—ฌํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹๊ณผ
02:18
and the way we transact with each other.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ๋ฐ”๊ฟ”๋†“์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:20
So we really need to understand
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋‘˜ ์ค‘์—
02:23
where is the truth between those two stories.
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์–ด๋–ค ๊ฒƒ์ด ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ธ์ง€ ์•Œ์•„์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:26
Should we expect more of the bright side
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๊ธ์ •์ ์ธ ์ธก๋ฉด์ด ๋” ๋งŽ์„๊นŒ์š”?
02:29
or more of the dark and worrying side?
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๋ถ€์ •์ ์ธ ์ธก๋ฉด์ด ๋” ๋งŽ์„๊นŒ์š”?
02:32
And is there a way to get the first without getting the second?
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๋ถ€์ •์ ์ธ ๋ฉด ์—†์ด ๊ธ์ •์ ์ธ ๋ฉด๋งŒ์„ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์˜ค๋Š” ๋ฒ•์€ ์—†์„๊นŒ์š”?
02:36
I believe there is.
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์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:38
As a strategy consultant, I study businesses for a living.
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๊ธฐ์—… ์ปจ์„คํ„ดํŠธ๋กœ์„œ ์ €๋Š” ๊ธฐ์—… ๊ฒฝ์˜์„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:42
And as a mathematician at heart,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ˆ˜ํ•™์ž๋ผ๊ณ  ์ž์ฒ˜ํ•˜๋Š” ์ €๋กœ์„œ๋Š”
02:43
I couldn't live with something and its opposite being equally true.
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์„œ๋กœ ์ƒ์ถฉ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฐœ๋…์ด, ๋™๋“ฑํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์กด์žฌํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ฐธ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:47
So, I went back to fundamentals, and I asked the question:
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ €๋Š” ๋ณธ์งˆ๋กœ ๋˜๋Œ์•„๊ฐ€ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์„ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:51
What do online marketplaces really do?
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์˜จ๋ผ์ธ ๋งˆ์ผ“์˜ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ๊ฐ€?
02:54
What do they do?
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๋ฌด์Šจ ์ž‘์šฉ์„ ํ•˜๋Š”๊ฐ€?
02:57
Well, at their core,
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๋ณธ์งˆ์ ์œผ๋กœ
02:59
they're doing something very simple.
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์˜จ๋ผ์ธ ๋งˆ์ผ“์ด ํ•˜๋Š” ์ผ์€ ๋งค์šฐ ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:01
They match sellers and buyers.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ํŒ๋งค์ž์™€ ๊ตฌ๋งค์ž๋ฅผ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐํ•˜๋Š” ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:04
That's it.
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๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•˜์ฃ ?
03:05
For drivers and passengers,
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์šด์ „์ž์™€ ์Šน๊ฐ์„ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐํ•ด์ฃผ๋Š” ์„œ๋น„์Šค๋Š”
03:08
you get Uber, Grab in Southeast Asia
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์šฐ๋ฒ„์™€, ๋™๋‚จ์•„์˜ ๊ทธ๋žฉ,
03:10
or DiDi in China.
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ํ˜น์€ ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ๋””๋””๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:12
For matching merchants and consumers,
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ํŒ๋งค์ž์™€ ์†Œ๋น„์ž๋ฅผ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐํ•ด์ฃผ๋Š” ์„œ๋น„์Šค๋กœ๋Š”
03:14
you get Amazon, Alibaba or Jumia in Africa.
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์•„๋งˆ์กด, ์•Œ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ”๋ฐ”, ํ˜น์€ ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด์˜ ์ฃผ๋ฏธ์•„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์ฃ .
03:17
And for housing, you get Airbnb;
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์ˆ™์†Œ๋ฅผ ๊ตฌํ•  ๋•Œ๋Š”, ์—์–ด๋น„์•ค๋น„๋ฅผ ์“ฐ๊ณ 
03:20
for fundraising, you get Kickstarter --
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๊ธฐ๊ธˆํ™œ๋™์„ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š”, ํ‚ฅ์Šคํƒ€ํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์“ฐ๊ณ ,
03:22
the list goes on.
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๋งŽ์€ ์„œ๋น„์Šค๋“ค์ด ์žˆ์ฃ .
03:24
What all these examples have in common
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์„œ๋น„์Šค์˜ ๊ณตํ†ต์ ์€
03:26
is that they transition this basic functionality
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ํŒ๋งค์ž์™€ ๊ตฌ๋งค์ž๋ฅผ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐํ•ด์ฃผ๋Š”
03:29
of matching sellers and buyers
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ผ์„
03:31
from the physical world to the digital world.
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ํ˜„์‹ค ์„ธ๊ณ„์—์„œ ์˜จ๋ผ์ธ ์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ฎ๊ฒจ์™”๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:34
And by doing so,
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ
03:36
they can find better matches,
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๋” ์ข‹์€ ์กฐ๊ฑด์„ ์ฐพ๊ฒŒ ํ•ด์ฃผ๊ณ 
03:37
do it faster
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๋” ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ์ผ์„ ์„ฑ์‚ฌ์‹œ์ผœ์ฃผ๋ฉฐ
03:39
and ultimately, unlock more value for everyone.
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๊ถ๊ทน์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ๊ธฐํšŒ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž์—๊ฒŒ ์ œ๊ณตํ•ด์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:43
In fact, online marketplaces' core benefit
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์‚ฌ์‹ค, ์˜จ๋ผ์ธ ๋งˆ์ผ“์˜ ํ•ต์‹ฌ ์ด์ ์€
03:47
is that they get us more from the same amount of effort.
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๊ฐ™์€ ์–‘์˜ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์— ๋น„ํ•ด ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ์ด๋“์„ ์ทจํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ํ•ด์ค€๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
03:51
For example,
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ๋“ค์–ด,
03:53
if you're a taxi driver in San Francisco
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ์ƒŒํ”„๋ž€์‹œ์Šค์ฝ”์˜ ํƒ์‹œ ์šด์ „์ž๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•ฉ์‹œ๋‹ค.
03:55
and you decide to work 10 hours per day,
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๋ฉด ํ•˜๋ฃจ์— 10์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์ผํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ด๋„
03:59
then you're actually having a paying passenger in your car
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์‚ฌ์‹ค์ƒ ์Šน๊ฐ์„ ๋ฐ›๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ„์€
04:02
for four hours out of the 10.
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4์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์ •๋„๋ฐ–์—๋Š” ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:05
If you take the same car and put it on a platform like Uber,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋˜‘๊ฐ™์€ ์กฐ๊ฑด์—์„œ, ์šฐ๋ฒ„ ๊ฐ™์€ ํ”Œ๋žซํผ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด
04:09
you can have paying passengers
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์Šน๊ฐ์„ ๋ฐ›๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด
04:11
for an additional one and a half hours.
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1์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋ฐ˜ ์ •๋„๋Š” ๋Š˜์–ด๋‚  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒ ์ฃ .
04:13
This is the same car becoming 40 percent more productive.
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๊ฐ™์€ ์กฐ๊ฑด์—์„œ 40% ๋” ์ƒ์‚ฐ์ ์ด๊ฒŒ ๋œ ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
04:18
And the same has been proven true for other online marketplaces.
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์˜จ๋ผ์ธ ๋งˆ์ผ“๋„ ๋˜‘๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:22
By design, they create more value for the economy.
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์˜จ๋ผ์ธ ๋งˆ์ผ“์€ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์— ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ๊ฐ€์น˜๋ฅผ ์ฐฝ์ถœํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•ด์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:28
Now, we need to figure out who gets this additional value.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿผ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ด๋“์ด ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ์—๊ฒŒ ๋Œ์•„๊ฐ€๋Š”์ง€ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:32
You can give it to the drivers --
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์šด์ „์ž๋“ค์€ ์ด๋“์„ ์–ป์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:34
more passengers, more income.
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์Šน๊ฐ์ด ๋งŽ์•„์ง€๋‹ˆ, ์†Œ๋“๋„ ๋งŽ์•„์ง€์ฃ .
04:36
You can give it to consumers, if you reduce prices.
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์Šน๊ฐ ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ์„ ๊นŽ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋‹ˆ ์ด๋“์„ ์–ป์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:39
Or you can decide that the platform gets to keep all of it.
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์„œ๋น„์Šค๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๋Š” ํ”Œ๋žซํผ๋„ ์ˆ˜์ˆ˜๋ฃŒ ๋“ฑ์˜ ์ด๋“์„ ์–ป์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:43
What usually happens is that all three of them
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์˜จ๋ผ์ธ ๋งˆ์ผ“์ด ์ฐฝ์ถœํ•˜๋Š” ๋ถ€๊ฐ€๊ฐ€์น˜๋Š”
04:46
would somehow split it.
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์ด ์„ธ ์ฃผ์ฒด๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜๋ˆ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:48
But what about the rest of us?
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์–ด๋–จ๊นŒ์š”?
04:52
We can also be impacted
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๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค ๋˜ํ•œ
04:53
without being on either sides of this business.
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์ด ์„ธ ์ฃผ์ฒด์— ํฌํ•จ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๋”๋ผ๋„ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฐ›์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:55
If my neighbor decides to rent his apartment on Airbnb,
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ๋‚ด ์ด์›ƒ์ด ๊ทธ์˜ ์ง‘์„ ์—์–ด๋น„์•ค๋น„๋กœ ์šด์˜ํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด,
04:59
and we have more people coming in and out of the building,
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๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๋“ค๋ฝ๋‚ ๋ฝ ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ
05:02
more noise than usual,
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ํ‰์†Œ๋ณด๋‹ค ์‹œ๋„๋Ÿฌ์›Œ ์งˆ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:04
then I'm getting an unpleasant side effect of this productivity magic.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿผ ์ €๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฐ ํ”Œ๋žซํผ์— ์˜ํ•ด ํ”ผํ•ด๋ฅผ ์ž…๊ฒŒ๋˜๋Š” ์…ˆ์ด์ฃ .
05:09
This is what economists would call a "negative externality."
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„ ๊ฒฝ์ œํ•™์ž๋“ค์€ "๋ถ€์ •์  ์™ธ๋ถ€ํšจ๊ณผ"๋ผ ๋ถ€๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:13
The negative externality of Uber cars becoming more productive
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์šฐ๋ฒ„ ์ž๋™์ฐจ์˜ ๋ถ€์ •์  ์™ธ๋ถ€ํšจ๊ณผ๋Š” ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:16
is taxi drivers seeing the value of their licenses drop
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, ๋‰ด์š•์—์„œ๋Š” ํƒ์‹œ์šด์ „์‚ฌ๋“ค์ด ์šฐ๋ฒ„๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—
05:19
by as much as 30 percent in New York, for example.
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ํƒ์‹œ๋ฉดํ—ˆ์˜ ๊ฐ€์น˜๊ฐ€ 30% ํ•˜๋ฝํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ณด๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:23
This is the dark side.
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์ด๊ฑด ์ข‹์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:26
And this is what sparks street demonstrations
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ฒƒ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ์—์„œ ๋‹คํˆผ์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:29
and sometimes, sometimes, even violence.
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๊ฐ€๋”์”ฉ์€ ํญ๋ ฅ์‚ฌํƒœ๋กœ ๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋„ ์žˆ์ฃ .
05:33
I profoundly believe this is avoidable.
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์ €๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„ ๋ง‰์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ฏฟ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:35
And it became clearer to me
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์‹ ํฅ๊ตญ์—์„œ ์ง€๋‚ด๋ฉด์„œ
05:37
the more I have spent time in emerging markets.
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๊ทธ ์ƒ๊ฐ์€ ์ ์  ํ™•๊ณ ํ•ด์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:40
In fact, during my time in Singapore,
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์ „ ์‹ฑ๊ฐ€ํด์—์„œ ์ง€๋‚ด๋ฉด์„œ,
05:42
I spent half of any given week traveling in the region,
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์ผ์ฃผ์ผ์˜ ๋ฐ˜ ์ •๋„๋Š” ๋ง๋ ˆ์ด์‹œ์•„, ํƒœ๊ตญ, ์ธ๋„๋„ค์‹œ์•„ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ณณ์„
05:45
between Malaysia, Thailand, Indonesia,
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์—ฌํ–‰ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์ง€๋ƒˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:48
and I became a user --
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ €๋Š”
05:49
actually, more of a fan --
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๊ทธ ๋‹น์‹œ์—๋Š” ์ž˜ ์•Œ๋ ค์ง€์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋˜
05:51
of online marketplaces that were not that well-known back then.
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์˜จ๋ผ์ธ ๋งˆ์ผ“์˜ ์ถ”์ข…์ž๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:56
But some of them made interesting strategic trade-offs
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๋ช‡๋ช‡์˜ ์—…์ฒด๋“ค์€ ์ƒ๋‹นํžˆ ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กœ์šด ๊ท ํ˜• ์ „๋žต์œผ๋กœ
05:59
that dramatically reduced their side effects,
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๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ๋ถ€์ •์  ์™ธ๋ถ€ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ
06:02
their externalities.
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์ค„์ด๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:04
Take Gojek, for example.
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๊ณ ์ ์„ ์˜ˆ๋กœ ๋“ค๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:07
They're basically Uber for motor bikes.
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๊ณ ์ ์€ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฒ„ ์„œ๋น„์Šค์˜ ์˜คํ† ๋ฐ”์ด ๋ฒ„์ „์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:09
They are one of the most liked online marketplaces in Indonesia,
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๊ณ ์ ์€ ์ธ๋„๋„ค์‹œ์•„์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ๋ž‘์„ ๋ฐ›๋Š” ์˜จ๋ผ์ธ ๋งˆ์ผ“์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:15
and this has a lot to do with the role they chose to play.
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๊ณ ์ ์˜ ์„ฑ๊ณต์š”์ธ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ์‹œ์žฅ์—์„œ ๋งก๋Š” ์—ญํ• ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:19
Instead of picking a fight
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ์—…์ž๋“ค๊ณผ
06:20
with every other transportation option out there,
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๊ฒฝ์Ÿํ•˜๋Š” ๋Œ€์‹ 
06:23
they choose to gradually integrate them within their own platform,
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๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ์—…์ž๋“ค์„ ์ ์  ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ํ”Œ๋žซํผ์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ์–ด๋“ค์ด๋Š” ์ „๋žต์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:28
so that without leaving the Gojek app,
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๊ณ ์  ์–ดํ”Œ๋ฆฌ์ผ€์ด์…˜์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ
06:30
you can check the public transportation schedule
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๋Œ€์ค‘๊ตํ†ต์ˆ˜๋‹จ์˜ ์Šค์ผ€์ค„์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜
06:33
and choose to take a bus for a long distance.
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์žฅ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ฒ„์Šค ์˜ˆ์•ฝ์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:35
Then, maybe, a motorbike or a traditional taxi
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์˜คํ† ๋ฐ”์ด๋‚˜ ์ผ๋ฐ˜ ํƒ์‹œ๋˜ํ•œ
06:39
that you can order and pay for from within the same app.
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๊ณ ์  ์–ดํ”Œ๋ฆฌ์ผ€์ด์…˜์—์„œ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:45
If you look at Gojek today,
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๊ณ ์  ํˆฌ๋ฐ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋ฉด,
06:46
nine out of 10 previous motor taxi drivers
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10๋ช…์ค‘ 9๋ช…์˜ ํƒ์‹œ ์šด์ „์‚ฌ๊ฐ€
06:49
believe their quality of life has improved after joining the platform.
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๊ณ ์ ์— ๊ฐ€์ž…ํ•œ ํ›„ ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์‚ถ์˜ ์งˆ์ด ๋†’์•„์กŒ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ฏฟ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:54
And nine out of 10 consumers --
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  10๋ช… ์ค‘ 9๋ช…์˜ ์†Œ๋น„์ž๊ฐ€
06:57
nine out of 10 --
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10๋ช… ์ค‘ 9๋ช…์ด
06:58
believe that Gojek has a positive impact on society in general.
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๊ณ ์ ์ด ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌํšŒ์— ๊ธ์ •์ ์ธ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ผ์นœ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ฏฟ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:04
Now, this level of trust is what allowed Gojek to grow
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž์˜ ๋†’์€ ์‹ ๋ขฐ๊ฐ€ ๊ณ ์ ์„ ๋‹จ์ˆœํ•œ ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰ ๊ณต์œ  ์„œ๋น„์Šค์—์„œ
07:08
into what is today a super online marketplace for everything
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์ธ๋„๋„ค์‹œ์•„์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์„ฑ๊ณต์ ์ธ ์˜จ๋ผ์ธ ๋งˆ์ผ“์œผ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:12
from food to grocery
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์Œ์‹๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์‹๋ฃŒํ’ˆ,
07:14
even massages and laundry pickups.
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๋งˆ์‚ฌ์ง€ ์„œ๋น„์Šค์™€ ์„ธํƒ๋ฌผ ์ˆ˜๊ฑฐ ์„œ๋น„์Šค๊นŒ์ง€ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜๋˜์ฃ .
07:18
It all came from a deliberate trade-off
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๊ณ ์ ์€ ๊ธฐ์กด ์—…์ž๋“ค๊ณผ ๊ท ํ˜•์„ ๋งž์ถ”๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ
07:21
to be an orchestrator of a bigger ecosystem
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์กฐ๊ทธ๋งˆํ•œ ์‹œ์žฅ์˜ ๋…์žฌ์ž๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋Š” ๋Œ€์‹ 
07:24
where others also have their role to play,
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๋ชจ๋“  ์ด๋“ค์ด ์—ญํ• ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”
07:27
instead of a single winner, a hero,
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๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ƒํƒœ๊ณ„์˜ ์ง€ํœ˜์ž๊ฐ€ ๋จ์œผ๋กœ์จ
07:29
that takes for himself what would, at the end, be a smaller pie.
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๋”์šฑ ์„ฑ๊ณต์ ์ธ ํ”Œ๋žซํผ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฑฐ๋“ญ๋‚  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
07:35
Another interesting example is Jumia.
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๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์„ฑ๊ณต์ ์ธ ์˜ˆ์‹œ๋กœ ์ฃผ๋ฏธ์•„๋ฅผ ๋“ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:37
Jumia is the equivalent of Amazon in Africa.
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์ฃผ๋ฏธ์•„๋Š” ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด์˜ ์•„๋งˆ์กด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:40
But they don't generate the same level of fear
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์•„๋งˆ์กด์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ
07:43
in the small-business community.
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์†Œ์ƒ๊ณต์ธ๋“ค์„ ๋‘๋ ค์›€์— ๋–จ๊ฒŒ ํ•˜์ง„ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:46
And one of the reasons for that
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๋“ค์€
07:48
is because they have decided to actively invest
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์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด์˜ ์‚ฌ์—…๊ฐ€๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ
07:51
in African entrepreneurs,
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์ ๊ทน์ ์œผ๋กœ ํˆฌ์žํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ
07:53
to grow them into the digital age.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ์„ธ๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ๋” ๋•๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:56
Now keep in mind,
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๋ช…์‹ฌํ•ด์•ผํ•  ๊ฒƒ์€,
07:57
Jumia is operating in countries with some of the lowest digital literacy
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์ฃผ๋ฏธ์•„๋Š” ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท ๋ณด๊ธ‰๋ฅ ๊ณผ, ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์ด
08:01
and digital connectivity scores in the world.
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๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋–จ์–ด์ง€๋Š” ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์—์„œ ์„œ๋น„์Šค๋œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:04
Now they could have dealt with that
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๊ธฐ์œ„ํ•ด
08:06
the usual way, through lobbying for reforms --
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๋ฒ• ๊ฐœ์ •์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋กœ๋น„ ํ™œ๋™์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:09
and they probably do that --
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์•„๋งˆ ๋กœ๋น„ ํ™œ๋™์„ ํ–ˆ๊ฒ ์ฃ .
08:11
but they have also built Jumia University,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๋˜ํ•œ ์ฃผ๋ฏธ์•„ ๋Œ€ํ•™์„ ์„ค๋ฆฝํ•˜๊ณ 
08:14
an e-learning platform
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์˜จ๋ผ์ธ ๊ต์œก ํ”Œ๋žซํผ์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜์—ฌ
08:15
where merchants can come and learn basic digital and business skills.
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์ƒ์ธ๋“ค์ด ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋ฒ•๊ณผ ํšŒ์‚ฌ๊ฒฝ์˜์„ ๋ฐฐ์šธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ํ•˜์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:21
We have studied online marketplaces in Africa last year.
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์ €๋Š” ์ž‘๋…„์— ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด์—์„œ ์˜จ๋ผ์ธ ๋งˆ์ผ“์„ ๊ณต๋ถ€ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:25
And during that study, we have met one of Jumia's merchants.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ฃผ๋ฏธ์•„์—์„œ ํ™œ๋™ํ•˜๋Š” ํ•œ ํŒ๋งค์ž๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋‚ฌ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:29
His name is Jomo.
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๊ทธ์˜ ์ด๋ฆ„์€ ์กฐ๋ชจ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:30
He was fired from his job in 2014,
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๊ทธ๋Š” 2014์— ์ผ์ž๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์žƒ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:33
and at that time, he decided he wanted to become his own boss.
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๊ทธ๋•Œ ๊ทธ๋Š” ์ž์˜์—…์„ ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋กœ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:37
He wanted to be independent.
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๊ทธ๋Š” ๋…๋ฆฝ์ ์ด๊ณ  ์‹ถ์—ˆ๊ณ 
08:39
He also wanted to never be fired again.
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๋‹ค์‹œ๋Š” ์ผ์ž๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์žƒ๊ณ  ์‹ถ์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:43
So at that time,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ ๋‹น์‹œ
08:44
Jomo had no clue what a business is.
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์กฐ๋ชจ๋Š” ์‚ฌ์—…์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ง€์‹์ด ์ „ํ˜€ ์—†์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:47
So he needed to go through a series of trainings
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๊ทธ๋Š” ์ผ๋ จ์˜ ๊ณผ์ •์„ ํ†ตํ•ด
08:49
to learn how to select products, how to price them
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์ƒํ’ˆ ์„ ์ • ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•, ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ ์ฑ…์ •๋ฒ•,
08:52
and how to promote them online.
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์˜จ๋ผ์ธ ํ™๋ณด ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• ๋“ฑ์„ ๋ฐฐ์›Œ์•ผ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:55
Today, Jomo has a 10-employee online business.
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์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚ , ์กฐ๋ชจ๋Š” 10๋ช…์˜ ์ง์›์„ ๋ฐ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์˜จ๋ผ์ธ ์‚ฌ์—…์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:59
And as of a few months ago,
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๋ช‡ ๋‹ฌ ์ „์—
09:01
he just opened his very first brick-and-mortar shop
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์ž๊ธฐ์˜ ์ฒซ ์ƒ์ ์ธ ๋ฒฝ๋Œ๊ณผ ๋ชจ๋ฅดํƒ€๋ฅด ์ƒ์ ์„
09:04
in the suburbs of Nairobi.
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๋‚˜์ด๋กœ๋น„์˜ ์™ธ๊ณฝ ์ง€์—ญ์— ์—ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:07
Now, through its university,
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์ฃผ๋ฏธ์•„๋Š” ๋Œ€ํ•™์„ ์„ค๋ฆฝํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ
09:08
Jumia has the potential of helping a huge number of Jomos.
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์กฐ๋ชจ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„ ๋„์šธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:13
And we have estimated that together with other online marketplaces
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ €ํฌ๋Š” ์ฃผ๋ฏธ์•„๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋Œ€๋ฅ™์˜
09:16
on the continent,
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์˜จ๋ผ์ธ ๋งˆ์ผ“๊ณผ ํ˜‘์—…ํ•˜์—ฌ
09:17
they can generate three million additional jobs by 2025.
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2025๋…„๊นŒ์ง€ 300๋งŒ ๊ฐœ์˜ ์ผ์ž๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ฐฝ์ถœํ•ด๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ ์˜ˆ์ƒํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:24
And they would do that either directly,
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ง์ ‘ ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜,
09:26
or through their impact on the wider community.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์‹คํ–‰ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:28
And sometimes,
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๋•Œ๋•Œ๋กœ,
09:29
taking that wider impact into consideration
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๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š๋ƒ
09:32
or forgetting about it
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์žŠ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š๋ƒ๋Š”
09:34
can make or break a platform.
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ํ”Œ๋žซํผ์„ ํฅํ•˜๊ฒŒ๋„, ๋งํ•˜๊ฒŒ๋„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:36
To illustrate that, let's go back to Singapore.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด, ๋‹ค์‹œ ์‹ฑ๊ฐ€ํด ์–˜๊ธฐ๋กœ ๋Œ์•„๊ฐ€์ฃ .
09:39
So, when we decided with my wife to leave the country last year,
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์ž‘๋…„ ์ €์™€ ์•„๋‚ด๋Š” ์‹ฑ๊ฐ€ํด์„ ๋– ๋‚˜๊ธฐ๋กœ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ–ˆ๊ณ ,
09:44
Uber decided to do the same.
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์šฐ๋ฒ„๋„ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ
09:47
At the same time,
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์‚ฌ์—…์„ ์ฒ ์ˆ˜ํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ํ–ˆ์ฃ .
09:48
again, we started to see that pattern,
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์šฐ๋ฒ„๊ฐ€ ์ €๋ฅผ ๋”ฐ๋ผ๋‹ค๋‹ˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™๋„ค์š”.
09:53
but maybe it's a coincidence.
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์šฐ์—ฐ์ผ์ง€๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฅด์ฃ .
09:56
In reality, Uber lost the ride-hailing battle
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์šฐ๋ฒ„๋Š” ๋ง๋ ˆ์ด์‹œ์•„์˜ ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰ ๊ณต์œ  ์„œ๋น„์Šค์ธ
10:00
to a Malaysian-born start-up called Grab.
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๊ทธ๋žฉ์—๊ฒŒ ์‹œ์žฅ์„ ๋‚ด์ฃผ์—ˆ์ฃ .
10:04
Now, interestingly,
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ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กญ๊ฒŒ๋„
10:06
my wife didn't have the same level of concerns with Grab,
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์•„๋‚ด๋Š” ๊ทธ๋žฉ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฒ„์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:09
because when Grab started, it had a different name.
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๋žฉ์ด ์ฒ˜์Œ ์‹œ์žฅ์— ๋‚˜์™”์„ ๋•Œ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ด๋ฆ„์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ฑฐ๋“ ์š”.
10:12
It was called MyTeksi,
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๊ทธ๋žฉ์€ ์ฒ˜์Œ์— ๋งˆ์ดํƒ์‹œ๋ผ๋Š” ์ด๋ฆ„์œผ๋กœ ์‹œ์žฅ์— ๋‚˜์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:15
and as the name suggests, it started as a platform for taxis.
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์ด๋ฆ„์ด ์‹œ์‚ฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ, ๋งˆ์ดํƒ์‹œ๋Š” ์ฒ˜์Œ์— ํƒ์‹œ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ํ”Œ๋žซํผ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:21
So when Grab started expanding the driver pool beyond taxis,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋‚˜์ค‘์— ํƒ์‹œ ์šด์ „์‚ฌ๋“ค ์ด์™ธ์˜ ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„์ธ ์šด์ „์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๊ณ ์šฉํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์„ ๋•Œ๋„
10:25
it was seen as gradual and reasonable.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ํ•ฉ๋ฆฌ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ด๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์ฃ .
10:28
They were also very careful while doing so.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์‚ฌ์—…์„ ํ™•์žฅ์‹œํ‚ฌ ๋•Œ ๋งค์šฐ ์กฐ์‹ฌํ•ด์„œ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:32
They thought of what kind of social safety net
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์šด์ „๊ธฐ์‚ฌ๋“ค์„ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ
10:35
they should bring to all drivers.
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์–ด๋–ค ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์•ˆ์ „๋ง์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•  ์ง€ ๊ณ ์‹ฌํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:37
So they put in place special insurance packages
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์šด์ „์ž๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ณดํ—˜ ํŒจํ‚ค์ง€์™€
10:40
and even financial education programs.
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์žฌ์ •๊ต์œก ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์„ ๋„์ž…ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:43
Now, compare that with what happened in London,
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์ด์ œ ๋Ÿฐ๋˜๊ณผ ๋‰ด์š•, ํŒŒ๋ฆฌ์—์„œ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ์ผ๊ณผ ๋น„๊ตํ•ด ๋ด…์‹œ๋‹ค.
10:48
in New York, in Paris,
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10:50
where taxi drivers didn't feel that the platforms understood
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ ํƒ์‹œ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ๋“ค ์ƒ๊ฐ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ํ”Œ๋žซํผ์ด ๋ชจ๋ฅด๋Š” ๊ฒŒ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด
10:53
they had to pay 200,000 euros for their license --
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๋ฉดํ—ˆ๋น„์šฉ์— 20๋งŒ ์œ ๋กœ๋ฅผ ๋‚ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ
10:57
and mostly in loans.
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๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„ ๋Œ€์ถœ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ ์ด์ฃ .
10:59
When you don't take that kind of social environmental information
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์‚ฌํšŒํ™˜๊ฒฝ์ ์ธ ์ •๋ณด๋“ค์„
11:03
into account,
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๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ์‚ฌ์—…์„ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด,
11:04
you get strong reactions.
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๊ฐ•ํ•œ ๋ฐ˜๋ฐœ์„ ๋ถˆ๋Ÿฌ์ผ์œผํ‚ฌ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:09
I'm not trying to argue that the trade-offs
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์ €๋Š” ๊ทธ๋žฉ์ด๋‚˜ ์ฃผ๋ฏธ์•„, ๊ณ ์ ์˜ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ท ํ˜• ์ „๋žต์ด
11:12
by either Grab or Jumia or Gojek are risk-free.
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์œ„ํ—˜์„ฑ์ด ์—†๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ๊ฒŒ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:16
Did they slow down growth at some point, temporarily?
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๊ทธ๋“ค๋„ ์–ด๋Š ์‹œ์ ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ผ์‹œ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์„ฑ์žฅ๋ฅ ์ด ๋‚ฎ์•„์ง€์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋ƒ๊ณ ์š”?
11:20
Maybe.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿด์ง€๋„์š”.
11:21
But look at them today.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚ ์˜ ๊ทธ ํšŒ์‚ฌ๋“ค์„ ๋ณด์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.
11:22
Gojek is worth 10 billion dollars.
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๊ณ ์ ์€ 100์–ต๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ์˜ ๊ฐ€์น˜๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:26
Jumia is one of only three unicorns in the whole of Africa.
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์ฃผ๋ฏธ์•„๋Š” ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด ์ „์ฒด์—์„œ ์„ธ ๊ฐœ๋ฐ–์— ์—†๋Š” ์œ ๋‹ˆ์ฝ˜ ๊ธฐ์—…์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:31
And Grab, well, they pushed out Uber
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋žฉ์€, ์šฐ๋ฒ„๋ฅผ ๋™๋‚จ์•„ ์ „์ฒด์—์„œ
11:34
out of the whole region of Southeast Asia.
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๋ชฐ์•„๋‚ด๊ณ  ๊ทธ ์ž๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ–ˆ์ฃ .
11:38
And I also think these trade-offs have nothing specific to emerging markets.
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์ €๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ท ํ˜•์„ ์ด๋ฃจ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์ด ์‹ ํฅ๊ตญ์—์„œ๋งŒ ์œ ํšจํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
11:43
Amazon or Uber or others can learn from them
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์•„๋งˆ์กด์ด๋‚˜ ์šฐ๋ฒ„, ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ๋ผ๋„ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ „๋žต์„ ๋„์ž…ํ•ด์„œ
11:46
and adapt them to their own realities.
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๊ฐ์ž์˜ ์‹œ์žฅ์— ๋„์ž…ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:50
In the long run,
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์žฅ๊ธฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์•˜์„ ๋•Œ,
11:51
this doesn't need to be a zero-sum game.
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๊ผญ ์ œ๋กœ์„ฌ ๊ฒŒ์ž„์ด ๋  ํ•„์š”๋Š” ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:54
In the long run --
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์žฅ๊ธฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ,
11:55
and this is maybe the Asian side of me speaking --
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์ด๊ฑด ์•„์‹œ์•„์ธ์ธ ๋‚ด๋ฉด์˜ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ผ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค๋งŒ,
11:58
it pays to be patient.
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์ธ๋‚ด์‹ฌ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋“์ด ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:00
It pays to reconsider your goal and your priorities
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์š”์†Œ๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ
12:04
in the light of a much bigger equation
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๋ชฉํ‘œ์™€ ์šฐ์„ ์ˆœ์œ„๋ฅผ ์žฌ๊ณ ํ•ด๋ณด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋„์›€์ด ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:06
that includes you and your users, of course,
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๊ณ ๋ คํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์š”์†Œ์—๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„ ์ž์‹ ๊ณผ, ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž,
12:10
but also it includes regulators,
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๊ทœ์ œ ๊ธฐ๊ด€, ์ •์ฑ… ์ž…์•ˆ์ž๋“ค,
12:13
policymakers, your communities.
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์ง€์—ญ์‚ฌํšŒ๋„ ํฌํ•จ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:15
And I would argue, above all,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ฌด์—‡๋ณด๋‹ค๋„,
12:17
it includes the very businesses you are meant to disrupt.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ๋ฐฉํ•ดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ฌ์—…๋„ ํฌํ•จํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:21
Thank you.
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๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:22
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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