Joe DeRisi: Hunting the next killer virus

30,056 views ・ 2009-01-30

TED


μ•„λž˜ μ˜λ¬Έμžλ§‰μ„ λ”λΈ”ν΄λ¦­ν•˜μ‹œλ©΄ μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.

λ²ˆμ—­: yeri lim κ²€ν† : InHyuk Song
00:12
How can we investigate
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μ•ˆλ…•ν•˜μ‹­λ‹ˆκΉŒ, μš°λ¦¬λŠ” μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ 우리 μ£Όμœ„μ— μ‘΄μž¬ν•˜λŠ” λ°”μ΄λŸ¬μŠ€λ“€μ„ μ—°κ΅¬ν•˜κ³ 
00:15
this flora of viruses that surround us, and aid medicine?
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μ˜ν•™μ— 도움을 쀄 수 μžˆμ„κΉŒμš”?
00:20
How can we turn our cumulative knowledge of virology
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μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ μš°λ¦¬λŠ” λˆ„μ λ˜κ³  μžˆλŠ” λ°”μ΄λŸ¬μŠ€ν•™ 지식을
00:24
into a simple, hand-held, single diagnostic assay?
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κ°„λ‹¨ν•œ λ°”μ΄λŸ¬μŠ€ 뢄석 기법에 μ‚¬μš©ν•  수 μžˆμ„κΉŒμš”?
00:28
I want to turn everything we know right now about detecting viruses
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μ €λŠ” 그곳에 μ‘΄μž¬ν•˜κ³  μžˆλŠ” λ°”μ΄λŸ¬μŠ€λ₯Ό κ²€μΆœν•˜κ³ 
00:31
and the spectrum of viruses that are out there
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λ°”μ΄λŸ¬μŠ€μ˜ λ‹€μ–‘ν•œ μ’…λ₯˜λ₯Ό μ•Œμ•„λ‚Ό 수 μžˆλŠ” λͺ¨λ“  방법을
00:33
into, let's say, a small chip.
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이곳 μž‘μ€ 칩에 λ‹΄κ³  μ‹ΆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:36
When we started thinking about this project --
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ ν•˜λ©΄ 단 ν•œλ²ˆμ˜ 진단 λΆ„μ„μœΌλ‘œ
00:38
how we would make a single diagnostic assay
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λͺ¨λ“  병원체λ₯Ό ν•œλ²ˆμ— 검사할 수 μžˆμ„μ§€
00:41
to screen for all pathogens simultaneously --
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μƒκ°ν•˜λ˜μ€‘
00:44
well, there's some problems with this idea.
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이 아이디어에 λͺ‡κ°€μ§€ λ¬Έμ œμ μ„ λ°œκ²¬ν•˜μ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:46
First of all, viruses are pretty complex,
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첫번째둜, λ°”μ΄λŸ¬μŠ€λŠ” 맀우 λ³΅μž‘ν•˜κ³ ,
00:50
but they're also evolving very fast.
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ꡉμž₯히 빨리 μ§„ν™”ν•œλ‹€λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:54
This is a picornavirus.
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이것은 ν”Όμ½”λ₯΄λ‚˜λ°”μ΄λŸ¬μŠ€μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€
00:55
Picornaviruses -- these are things that include
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이 λ°”μ΄λŸ¬μŠ€λŠ”
00:57
the common cold and polio, things like this.
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일반적인 κ°κΈ°λ‚˜, μ†Œμ•„λ§ˆλΉ„ 같은 μ§ˆλ³‘μ„ μΌμœΌν‚΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:00
You're looking at the outside shell of the virus,
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„κ»˜μ„œλŠ” 이 λ°”μ΄λŸ¬μŠ€μ˜ 겉 껍데기λ₯Ό λ³΄κ³ κ³„μ‹­λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:02
and the yellow color here are those parts of the virus
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이 λ°”μ΄λŸ¬μŠ€μ˜ λ…Έλž€ 뢀뢄은
01:05
that are evolving very, very fast,
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λ°”μ΄λŸ¬μŠ€μ—μ„œ 맀우 빨리 μ§„ν™”ν•˜λŠ” λΆ€λΆ„μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:07
and the blue parts are not evolving very fast.
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그리고 νŒŒλž€ 뢀뢄은 진화가 λΉ λ₯΄κ²Œ μΌμ–΄λ‚˜λŠ” 뢀뢄은 μ•„λ‹™λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:09
When people think about making pan-viral detection reagents,
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λ°”μ΄λŸ¬μŠ€ 검사 μ‹œμ•½μ„ κ°œλ°œν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ΄ μƒκ°ν• λ•Œ
01:12
usually it's the fast-evolving problem that's an issue,
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일반적으둜 λ°”μ΄λŸ¬μŠ€μ˜ λΉ λ₯Έ 진화가 문제둜 μ œκΈ°λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:16
because how can we detect things if they're always changing?
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λ°”μ΄λŸ¬μŠ€κ°€ 항상 λ³€ν•˜κ³ μžˆλ‹€λ©΄ μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ 검사할 수 μžˆλŠ”μ§€κ°€ 관건이기 λ•Œλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:18
But evolution is a balance:
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μ§„ν™”μ—λŠ” κ· ν˜•μ΄ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:20
where you have fast change, you also have ultra-conservation --
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빨리 λ³€ν™”ν•˜λŠ” κ³³μ—λŠ” 거의 μ ˆλŒ€λ‘œ λ³€ν•˜μ§€ μ•ŠλŠ”
01:24
things that almost never change.
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κ°•λ ₯ν•œ 보쑴λŠ₯을 κ°–λŠ” 곳도 μžˆμ–΄μ•Ό ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:26
And so we looked into this a little more carefully,
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μš°λ¦¬λŠ” κ·Έ 뢀뢄을 쒀더 μ€‘μš”ν•˜κ²Œ μƒκ°ν•˜μ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:29
and I'm going to show you data now.
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자료λ₯Ό λ³΄μ—¬λ“œλ¦¬κ² μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:30
This is just some stuff you can do on the computer from the desktop.
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이것은 μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„λ„ μ±…μƒμ—μ„œ μ»΄ν“¨ν„°λ‘œ ν•  수 μžˆλŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:33
I took a bunch of these small picornaviruses,
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일반적인 κ°κΈ°λ‚˜ μ†Œμ•„λ§ˆλΉ„ 등을 μΌμœΌν‚€λŠ”
01:35
like the common cold, like polio and so on,
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ν”Όμ½”λ₯΄λ‚˜λ°”μ΄λŸ¬μŠ€λ“€μ€‘μ—μ„œ λͺ‡κ°€μ§€ λ°”μ΄λŸ¬μŠ€λ₯Ό μ„ νƒν•œ ν›„
01:37
and I just broke them down into small segments.
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κ·Έ μœ μ „μžλ“€μ„ μž‘μ€ μ‘°κ°λ“€λ‘œ λ‚˜λˆ„μ–΄ λ³΄μ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:41
And so took this first example, which is called coxsackievirus,
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그리고 μ½•μ‚¬ν‚€λ°”μ΄λŸ¬μŠ€λ₯Ό ν•˜λ‚˜μ˜ 예둜 골랐고,
01:44
and just break it into small windows.
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μž‘μ€ λ„€λͺ¨μΉΈμœΌλ‘œ λ‚˜λˆ λ΄€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:46
And I'm coloring these small windows blue
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그리고 λ‹€λ₯Έ λ°”μ΄λŸ¬μŠ€κ°€ 만일 자기의 κ²Œλ†ˆμ•ˆμ—μ„œ 같은 배열을
01:48
if another virus shares an identical sequence in its genome
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κ·Έ λ°”μ΄λŸ¬μŠ€μ—κ²Œ κ³΅μœ ν•  κ²½μš°μ— ν•΄λ‹Ήν•˜λŠ” 뢀뢄을
01:53
to that virus.
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κ·Έ μž‘μ€ λ„€λͺ¨μΉΈμ— νŒŒλž€μƒ‰μ„ μž…ν˜€λ†¨μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:54
These sequences right up here --
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μ—¬κΈ° 였λ₯Έμͺ½ μœ„μ— μžˆλŠ” 이 배열듀은
01:56
which don't even code for protein, by the way --
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λ‹¨λ°±μ§ˆ μ½”λ“œ 쑰차도 μ•„λ‹ˆμ§€λ§Œ,
01:58
are almost absolutely identical across all of these,
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이 λͺ¨λ‘κ°€ 거의 틀림없이 λ™μΌν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:01
so I could use this sequence as a marker
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ 이 μœ μ „μž 배열을 ν•˜λ‚˜μ˜ μ§€ν‘œλ‘œ μ‚Όμ•„
02:05
to detect a wide spectrum of viruses,
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λ˜λ‹€λ₯Έ νŠΉμ§•μ„ λ§Œλ“€μ–΄ λ‚Ό ν•„μš” 없이
02:07
without having to make something individual.
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λ‹€μ–‘ν•œ λ°”μ΄λŸ¬μŠ€λ“€μ„ κ²€μ‚¬ν•˜λŠ”λ° μ΄μš©ν•  수 μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:10
Now, over here there's great diversity:
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μ§€κΈˆ 저기에 큰 차이가 μžˆλ„€μš”.
02:12
that's where things are evolving fast.
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저건 λΉ λ₯΄κ²Œ μ§„ν™”ν•˜λŠ” 것듀이 μžˆλŠ” κ³³μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:14
Down here you can see slower evolution: less diversity.
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μ—¬κΈ° μ•„λž˜μ—μ„œλŠ” 더 느린 진화λ₯Ό λ³Ό 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€, 차이가 거의 μ—†λŠ”κ±°μ£ .
02:18
Now, by the time we get out here to, let's say,
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자 이제,μ—¬κΈ°μ—μ„œ λ²—μ–΄λ‚˜ λ§ν•΄λ΄…μ‹œλ‹€.
02:20
acute bee paralysis virus --
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ΄ 만일 λ²ŒμΌλ•Œ,μ•„λ§ˆλ„ κ°–κΈ°μ—” λ‚˜μœ 것인,
02:22
probably a bad one to have if you're a bee ---
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벌의 κ²©λ ¬ν•œ λ§ˆλΉ„ λ°”μ΄λŸ¬μŠ€μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:24
this virus shares almost no similarity to coxsackievirus,
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이 λ°”μ΄λŸ¬μŠ€λŠ” 콕사킀 λ°”μ΄λŸ¬μŠ€μ™€λŠ” μœ μ‚¬μ„±μ΄ 거의 μ—†μ§€λ§Œ
02:29
but I can guarantee you that the sequences that are most conserved
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μ €λŠ” μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ—κ²Œ ν™”λ©΄μ˜ 였λ₯Έμͺ½μ— μžˆλŠ” 이런 λ°”μ΄λŸ¬μŠ€ μ€‘μ—μ„œ
02:33
among these viruses on the right-hand of the screen
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κ°€μž₯ 잘 보쑴된 이 배열이
02:35
are in identical regions right up here.
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μ—¬κΈ° 였λ₯Έμͺ½ μœ„ λ™μΌν•œ μž₯μ†Œμ— μžˆλ‹€λŠ” 것을 ν™•μ–Έν•  수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:38
And so we can encapsulate these regions of ultra-conservation
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그리고 또 κ²€μΆœ μ‹œμ•½μœΌλ‘œμ„œ 우리의 μΉ© μœ„μ—
02:41
through evolution -- how these viruses evolved --
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이 λ°”μ΄λŸ¬μŠ€λ“€μ΄ μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ μ§„ν™”ν–ˆλŠ”μ§€ λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚΄κΈ° μœ„ν•΄
02:44
by just choosing DNA elements or RNA elements
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단지 DNAμš”μ†Œλ‚˜ RNAμš”μ†Œλ₯Ό μ„ νƒν•˜λ©΄μ„œ,μ§„ν™”ν•˜λŠ” λ™μ•ˆ
02:47
in these regions to represent on our chip as detection reagents.
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λ‚΄λ‚΄ 잘 보쑴된 이 뢀뢄을 μΊ‘μŠμ— 넣을 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:51
OK, so that's what we did, but how are we going to do that?
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그러면 μš°λ¦¬κ°€ ν–ˆλ˜ κ·Έκ²ƒμœΌλ‘œ μš°λ¦¬λŠ” μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ ν•΄μ•Όν• κΉŒμš”?
02:54
Well, for a long time, since I was in graduate school,
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음,μ œκ°€ 학ꡐλ₯Ό μ‘Έμ—…ν•œ μ΄ν›„λ‘œ μ˜€λž«λ™μ•ˆ
02:56
I've been messing around making DNA chips --
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μ €λŠ” DNA칩듀을 λ§Œλ“€λ©° μ–΄μˆ˜μ„ ν•˜κ²Œ μ§€λƒˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€
02:59
that is, printing DNA on glass.
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λ°”λ‘œ μœ λ¦¬μœ„μ— DNAλ₯Ό μ°μ–΄λ‚΄λ©΄μ„œ λ§μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:01
And that's what you see here:
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그리고 μ—¬κΈ°μ„œ μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ΄ 보고 μžˆλŠ” 것이 κ·Έκ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:02
These little salt spots are just DNA tacked onto glass,
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염이 거의 μ—†λŠ” 이 뢀뢄은 단지 μœ λ¦¬μœ„μ— 덧뢙여진 DNAλΌμ„œ
03:05
and so I can put thousands of these on our glass chip
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μ „ 수천개λ₯Ό μœ λ¦¬μΉ©μ— 얹을 수 있고
03:08
and use them as a detection reagent.
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그것듀을 κ²€μΆœ μ‹œμ•½μœΌλ‘œ μ“Έ 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:10
We took our chip over to Hewlett-Packard
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 칩듀을 νœ΄λ ›νŒ¨μ»€λ“œ(미ꡭ의 μ „μž νšŒμ‚¬)에 λ³΄λƒˆκ³ 
03:12
and used their atomic force microscope on one of these spots,
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κ·Έ 뢀뢄쀑에 ν•˜λ‚˜λ₯Ό μ›μžκ°„λ ₯ν˜„λ―Έκ²½μœΌλ‘œ κ΄€μ°°ν•œ 것이
03:14
and this is what you see:
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ΄ 보고 계신 것이며
03:16
you can actually see the strands of DNA lying flat on the glass here.
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μœ λ¦¬μœ„μ— ν‰ν‰ν•˜κ²Œ 놓인 DNAκ°€λ‹₯을 보싀 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:19
So, what we're doing is just printing DNA on glass --
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‹ˆκΉŒ, μš°λ¦¬κ°€ ν‰ν‰ν•œ μž‘μ€ μœ λ¦¬μœ„μ— DNAλ₯Ό 찍어내고 μžˆλŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:22
little flat things -- and these are going to be markers for pathogens.
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그리고 그것듀은 병원균 ν‘œμ‹œκ°€ 될 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:26
OK, I make little robots in lab to make these chips,
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자, μ €λŠ” 이런 칩듀을 λ§Œλ“€κΈ° μœ„ν•΄ μ‹€ν—˜μ‹€μ—μ„œ μž‘μ€ λ‘œλ΄‡μ„ λ§Œλ“€μ—ˆκ³ 
03:29
and I'm really big on disseminating technology.
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기술 μ „νŒŒμ— μ—΄μ€‘ν•˜κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:32
If you've got enough money to buy just a Camry,
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당신이 Carmyμ°¨ ν•œ λŒ€λ₯Ό μ‚΄ 수 μžˆμ„ μ •λ„μ˜ λˆμ„ κ°–κ³  μžˆλ‹€λ©΄,
03:35
you can build one of these too,
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이 λ‘œλ΄‡ ν•˜λ‚˜λ₯Ό μ‚΄ 수 μžˆκΈ°λ„ ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:37
and so we put a deep how-to guide on the Web, totally free,
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μžμ„Έν•œ μ‚¬μš© μ•ˆλ‚΄λ¬Έμ„ μ›Ήμ‚¬μ΄νŠΈμ— μ˜¬λ ΈμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:41
with basically order-off-the-shelf parts.
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기본적으둜 μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ΄ 차고에 DNAμ •λ ¬κΈ°κΈ°λ₯Ό μ„ΈμšΈ 수 μžˆκ²Œλ”
03:43
You can build a DNA array machine in your garage.
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λ°”λ‘œ μ‚΄ 수 μžˆλŠ” λΆ€λΆ„κ³Ό ν•¨κ»˜ 말이죠.
03:46
Here's the section on the all-important emergency stop switch.
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여기에 μ€‘μš”ν•œ 비상 정지 μŠ€μœ„μΉ˜ 뢀뢄이 μžˆλ„€μš”.
03:49
(Laughter)
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(μ›ƒμŒ)
03:51
Every important machine's got to have a big red button.
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λͺ¨λ“  μ€‘μš”ν•œ 기계듀은 큰 λΉ¨κ°•λ²„νŠΌμ΄ μžˆλ”κ΅°μš”.
03:54
But really, it's pretty robust.
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 이건 정말 μ†Œλž€μŠ€λŸ¬μ›Œμš”.
03:56
You can actually be making DNA chips in your garage
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ€ μ •λ§λ‘œ μ°¨κ³ μ—μ—μ„œ DNA칩을 λ§Œλ“€ 수 있고,
03:59
and decoding some genetic programs pretty rapidly. It's a lot of fun.
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μƒλ‹Ήν•œ μœ μ „ ν”„λ‘œκ·Έλž¨λ“€μ„ μ•„μ£Ό 빨리 해독할 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€. 이건 μ•„μ£Ό μž¬λ°Œλ‹΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:03
(Laughter)
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(μ›ƒμŒ)
04:04
And so what we did -- and this is a really cool project --
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그리고 이건 μš°λ¦¬κ°€ ν–ˆλ˜ 멋진 ν”„λ‘œμ νŠΈμΈλ°μš”,
04:08
we just started by making a respiratory virus chip.
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 호흑기 λ°”μ΄λŸ¬μŠ€ 칩을 λ§Œλ“€λ©° μ‹œμž‘ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:10
I talked about that --
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μ €λŠ” 그것에 λŒ€ν•΄ μ–˜κΈ°ν–ˆλŠ”λ°μš”,
04:12
you know, that situation where you go into the clinic
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λ§Œμ•½μ— μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ΄ μ§„λ£Œμ†Œμ— κ°€λŠ” 상황인데
04:14
and you don't get diagnosed?
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진단λͺ…을 μ•Œμ§€ λͺ»ν•œλ‹€λ©΄ μ–΄λ–¨κΉŒμš”?
04:16
Well, we just put basically all the human respiratory viruses
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음, μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 기본적으둜 μΈκ°„μ˜ λͺ¨λ“  호흑기 λ°”μ΄λŸ¬μŠ€λ“€μ„ μΉ© μœ„μ— λ†“μ•˜κ³ ,
04:18
on one chip, and we threw in herpes virus for good measure --
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μ œκ°€ μ˜λ―Έν•˜λŠ” 쒋은 μˆ˜λ‹¨μ„ 포진 λ°”μ΄λŸ¬μŠ€λ‘œ λ―Ώμ—ˆλŠ”λ°
04:21
I mean, why not?
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μ™œ μ•ˆλ˜κ² μŠ΅λ‹ˆκΉŒ?
04:22
The first thing you do as a scientist is,
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ΄ κ³Όν•™μžλΌλ©΄ 첫번째둜 ν•΄μ•Όν•  일은
04:24
you make sure stuff works.
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κ·Έ μž¬λ£Œλ“€μ΄ μ‚°μΆœν•˜λŠ” 것에 확신을 ν•˜λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:25
And so what we did is, we take tissue culture cells
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그리고 μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 쑰직 λ°°μ–‘ 세포λ₯Ό λΉΌλ‚΄μ–΄
04:28
and infect them with various viruses,
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λ‹€μ–‘ν•œ λ°”μ΄λŸ¬μŠ€λ“€λ‘œ κ°μ—Όμ‹œμΌ°κ³ ,
04:30
and we take the stuff and fluorescently label the nucleic acid,
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κ·Έ λ¬Όμ§ˆμ„ ν˜•κ΄‘λ¬Όμ§ˆλ‘œ μ—Όμƒ‰μ‹œν‚¨ λ‹€μŒμ— κΊΌλ‚΄μ–΄ 핡산이라고 ν‘œλ₯Ό λΆ™μ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€,
04:34
the genetic material that comes out of these tissue culture cells --
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μ—¬κΈ°μ„œ 핡산은 거의 λ°”μ΄λŸ¬μŠ€μ„± 물질인 이 쑰직 λ°°μ–‘ μ„Έν¬μ—μ„œ λ‚˜μ˜€λŠ” μœ μ „μ μΈ 물질이죠,
04:37
mostly viral stuff -- and stick it on the array to see where it sticks.
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그리고 이것이 μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ λ†“μ—¬μžˆλŠ”μ§€ 보기 μœ„ν•΄ κ·Έ μ–΄λ ˆμ΄ μœ„μ— μ˜¬λ €λ†“μ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:41
Now, if the DNA sequences match, they'll stick together,
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자, 만일 κ·Έ DNA결과물이 λ“€μ–΄λ§žλŠ”λ‹€λ©΄, 그것듀은 ν•¨κ»˜ λ†“μ—¬μžˆμ„ 것이고,
04:43
and so we can look at spots.
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 점듀을 잘 λ³Ό 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:45
And if spots light up, we know there's a certain virus in there.
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λ§Œμ•½ 점듀이 빛을 λ‚΄λ©΄, μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 거기에 μ–΄λ–€ λ°”μ΄λŸ¬μŠ€κ°€ μžˆλ‹€λŠ” κ±Έ μ•Œκ²Œ λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:47
That's what one of these chips really looks like,
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그것듀은 이 μΉ© 쀑 ν•˜λ‚˜κ°€ μ‹€μ œλ‘œ λ³΄μ΄λŠ” 것이며,
04:49
and these red spots are, in fact, signals coming from the virus.
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μ‹€μ œλ‘œ, 이 λΉ¨κ°„ 점듀은 κ·Έ λ°”μ΄λŸ¬μŠ€μ—μ„œ λ‚˜μ˜€λŠ” ν‘œμ‹œμ΄μ§€μš”.
04:52
And each spot represents a different family of virus
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또 각각의 점은 λ‹€λ₯Έ μ’…λ₯˜λ‚˜ λ‹€λ₯Έ λΆ„λ₯˜μ˜ λ°”μ΄λŸ¬μŠ€λ₯Ό
04:55
or species of virus.
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λ‚˜νƒ€λƒ…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:56
And so, that's a hard way to look at things,
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또, 저건 μžμ„Ένžˆ λ³΄κΈ°μ—λŠ” μ–΄λ €μš΄ λ°©λ²•μ΄λΌμ„œ
04:58
so I'm just going to encode things as a little barcode,
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μ œκ°€ λΆ„λ₯˜λ³„λ‘œ λ‚˜λˆ μ§„ μž‘μ€ λ°”μ½”λ“œμ²˜λŸΌ λΆ€ν˜Έλ‘œ λ°”κΏ¨μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€
05:00
grouped by family, so you can see the results in a very intuitive way.
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μ΄ν•΄ν•˜κΈ° μ‰¬μš΄ λ°©λ²•μœΌλ‘œ 보싀 μˆ˜κ°€ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€
05:04
What we did is, we took tissue culture cells
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ ν–ˆλ˜ 건 쑰직 λ°°μ–‘ 세포λ₯Ό λΉΌλ‚΄μ–΄
05:06
and infected them with adenovirus,
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그것듀을 μ•„λ°λ…Έλ°”μ΄λŸ¬μŠ€μ— κ°μ—Όμ‹œμΌ°λ˜ κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:08
and you can see this little yellow barcode next to adenovirus.
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그리고 μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ€ μ•„λ°λ…Έλ°”μ΄λŸ¬μŠ€ μ˜†μ—μžˆλŠ” μž‘κ³  λ…Έλž€ λ°”μ½”λ“œλ₯Ό λ³Ό 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:12
And, likewise, we infected them with parainfluenza-3 --
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λ§ˆμ°¬κ°€μ§€λ‘œ, μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ΄ 보고 μžˆλŠ” μ—¬κΈ°μ˜ μž‘μ€ λ°”μ½”λ“œλ“€μ€
05:15
that's a paramyxovirus -- and you see a little barcode here.
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ λΌλ―Ήμ†Œλ°”μ΄λŸ¬μŠ€μΈ νŒŒλΌμΈν”Œλ£¨μ—”μž-3에 κ°μ—Όμ‹œμΌ°λ˜ κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:17
And then we did respiratory syncytial virus.
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그런 λ‹€μŒ 우린 호흑기 μ„Έν¬μœ΅ν•© λ°”μ΄λŸ¬μŠ€λ₯Ό κ°μ—Όμ‹œμΌ°μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:20
That's the scourge of daycare centers everywhere --
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그건 μ›λž˜,코딱지병 같은것이 μ–΄λ””μ—λ‚˜ μžˆλŠ”
05:22
it's like boogeremia, basically.
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νƒμ•„μ†Œμ˜ νšŒμ΄ˆλ¦¬κ°™μ€ 것이죠.
05:24
(Laughter)
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(μ›ƒμŒ)
05:25
You can see that this barcode is the same family,
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당신도 λ³Ό 수 μžˆλ“―μ΄ 이 λ°”μ½”λ“œλŠ” 같은 λΆ€λ₯˜μ΄μ§€λ§Œ
05:29
but it's distinct from parainfluenza-3,
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ—κ²Œ μ•„μ£Ό μ‹¬ν•œ 독감을 μΌμœΌν‚€λŠ”
05:31
which gives you a very bad cold.
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νŒŒλΌμΈν”Œλ£¨μ—”μž-3μ™€λŠ” λ‹€λ¦…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:33
And so we're getting unique signatures, a fingerprint for each virus.
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λ˜ν•œ μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 이것듀에 λŒ€ν•œ μœ μΌν•œ νŠΉμ§•λ“€μ„ μ•Œμ•„λ‚΄κ³  μžˆλŠ”λ° λ°”λ‘œ κ°œλ³„ λ°”μ΄λŸ¬μŠ€μ— λŒ€ν•œ μ§€λ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:36
Polio and rhino: they're in the same family, very close to each other.
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ν΄λ¦¬μ˜€μ™€ λΌμ΄λ…ΈλŠ” 같은 λΆ„λ₯˜μ΄λ©° μ„œλ‘œ μ•„μ£Ό λΉ„μŠ·ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:39
Rhino's the common cold, and you all know what polio is,
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λΌμ΄λ…ΈλŠ” κ·Έ ν”ν•œ 감기이고, μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„ λͺ¨λ‘λŠ” ν΄λ¦¬μ˜€κ°€ 무엇인지 μ•Œμ£ .
05:41
and you can see that these signatures are distinct.
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그리고 μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ€ 이 ν‘œμ‹œλ“€μ΄ λ‹€λ₯Έλ‹€λŠ” κ±Έ 보싀 μˆ˜κ°€ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:44
And Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpes virus
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또 카포지 μœ‘μ’…κ³Ό κ΄€λ ¨λœ 포진 λ°”μ΄λŸ¬μŠ€λŠ”
05:47
gives a nice signature down here.
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μ—¬κΈ° μ•„λž˜μ˜ 멋진 ν‘œμ‹œλ₯Ό μ£ΌλŠ”κ΅°μš”.
05:49
And so it is not any one stripe or something
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이것은 μ€„λ¬΄λŠ¬μ˜ ν•˜λ‚˜κ°€ μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ
05:51
that tells me I have a virus of a particular type here;
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μ—¬κΈ° νŠΉμ •ν•œ μœ ν˜•μ˜ λ°”μ΄λŸ¬μŠ€κ°€ μžˆλ‹€λŠ” κ±Έ λ§ν•˜λŠ”λ°,
05:53
it's the barcode that in bulk represents the whole thing.
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이 λ§Žμ€ λ°”μ½”λ“œλŠ” κ·Έ 전체λ₯Ό μ˜λ―Έν•˜μ£ .
05:57
All right, I can see a rhinovirus --
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자, μ „ 라이노 λ°”μ΄λŸ¬μŠ€λ₯Ό λ³Ό μˆ˜κ°€ μžˆλŠ”λ°μš”,
05:59
and here's the blow-up of the rhinovirus's little barcode --
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μ—¬κΈ° λΌμ΄λ…Έμ˜ μž‘μ€ λ°”μ½”λ“œλ₯Ό ν™•λŒ€μ‹œν‚¨ 것이 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:01
but what about different rhinoviruses?
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‹€λ©΄ λ‹€λ₯Έ 라이노 λ°”μ΄λŸ¬μŠ€λŠ” μ–΄λ–¨κΉŒμš”?
06:03
How do I know which rhinovirus I have?
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μ œκ°€ μ–΄λ–€ 라이노 λ°”μ΄λŸ¬μŠ€λ₯Ό 가진 건지 μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ μ•ŒκΉŒμš”?
06:05
There're 102 known variants of the common cold,
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κ·Έ 보톡 κ°κΈ°μ—λŠ” μ•Œλ €μ§„ λ°”λ‘œ 102μ’…μ˜ 변쒅이 μžˆλŠ”λ°μš”,
06:08
and there're only 102 because people got bored collecting them:
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μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ΄ 그것듀을 λͺ¨μœΌκΈ°κ°€ 지루해 ν–ˆκΈ°λ•Œλ¬Έμ— 102쒅밖에 μ—†λ”κ΅°μš”.
06:11
there are just new ones every year.
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λ§€λ…„λ§ˆλ‹€ μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ 쒅을 μ–»λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:13
And so, here are four different rhinoviruses,
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여기에 4κ°€μ§€μ˜ λ‹€λ₯Έ 라이노 λ°”μ΄λŸ¬μŠ€κ°€ μžˆλŠ”λ°μš”,
06:15
and you can see, even with your eye,
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ˜ 눈으둜 λ³Ό 수 μžˆλ“―μ΄
06:17
without any fancy computer pattern-matching
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기술이 λ›°μ–΄λ‚œ
06:19
recognition software algorithms,
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μ»΄ν“¨ν„°μ˜ 인식 μ†Œν”„νŠΈμ›¨μ–΄ μ•Œμ½”λ¦¬μ¦˜μ΄ 없어도
06:21
that you can distinguish each one of these barcodes from each other.
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ€ 이 λ°”μ½”λ“œλ“€μ˜ ν•˜λ‚˜ν•˜λ‚˜λ₯Ό ꡬ별할 수 μžˆλ‹€λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:24
Now, this is kind of a cheap shot,
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μ§€κΈˆ, 이건 λΉ„μ—΄ν•œ ν”Œλ ˆμ΄μ˜ μΌμ’…μ΄λ‚˜ λ‹€λ¦„μ—†μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:26
because I know what the genetic sequence of all these rhinoviruses is,
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μ™œλƒν•˜λ©΄ μ „ λͺ¨λ“  라이노 λ°”μ΄λŸ¬μŠ€μ˜ κ·Έ μœ μ „μ  배열이 무엇인지 μ•Œκ³ ,
06:29
and I in fact designed the chip
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사싀, 그것듀에 λŒ€ν•΄ 잘 말할 수 μžˆκ²Œν•˜κΈ°
06:30
expressly to be able to tell them apart,
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μœ„ν•΄μ„œ νŠΉλ³„νžˆ κ·Έ 칩을 μ œμž‘ν–ˆκΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:32
but what about rhinoviruses that have never seen a genetic sequencer?
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μœ μ „μ  배열을 보이지 μ•Šμ•˜λ˜ λΌμ΄λ…Έλ°”μ΄λŸ¬μŠ€λΌλ©΄ μ–΄λ–¨κΉŒμš”?
06:36
We don't know what the sequence is; just pull them out of the field.
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” κ·Έ 배열이 무엇인지 λͺ¨λ¦…λ‹ˆλ‹€, 이 λΆ€λΆ„μ—μ„œ λ²—μ–΄λ‚˜ 보죠.
06:38
So, here are four rhinoviruses
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μ—¬κΈ° 4개의 라이노 λ°”μ΄λŸ¬μŠ€λ“€μ΄ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:40
we never knew anything about --
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 아무도 이것듀을 λ„μΆœν•΄λ‚΄μ§€ λͺ»ν–ˆλ‹€λŠ”κ±Έ
06:42
no one's ever sequenced them -- and you can also see
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μ•Œμ§€ λͺ»ν–ˆλ˜ 것듀이죠. μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ€
06:45
that you get unique and distinguishable patterns.
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λ…νŠΉν•˜κ³  ꡬ별이 μ‰¬μš΄ νŒ¨ν„΄μ΄λΌλŠ” κ±Έ 보싀 μˆ˜κ°€ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:47
You can imagine building up some library, whether real or virtual,
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ€ μ‹€μ œλ“  가상이든 근본적으둜 λͺ¨λ“  λ°”μ΄λŸ¬μŠ€κ°€
06:50
of fingerprints of essentially every virus.
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μ§€λ¬ΈμœΌλ‘œ λ¬»ν˜€μ§„ μ„œμž¬λ₯Ό μ§“λŠ” κ±Έ 상상할 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€λ§Œ,
06:52
But that's, again, shooting fish in a barrel, you know, right?
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λ‹€μ‹œλ§ν•΄μ„œ,μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„λ„ μ•Œλ‹€μ‹œν”Ό,μˆ˜μ›”ν•œ 성곡길이죠,κ·Έλ ‡μ£ ?
06:55
You have tissue culture cells. There are a ton of viruses.
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쑰직 λ°°μ–‘ 세포가 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€, κ±°κΈ°μ—” λ§Žμ€ λ°”μ΄λŸ¬μŠ€κ°€ 있죠.
06:57
What about real people?
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μ‹€μ œ μ‚¬λžŒμ˜ κ²½μš°μ—λŠ” μ–΄λ–¨κΉŒμš”?
06:59
You can't control real people, as you probably know.
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„λ„ μ•Œλ‹€μ‹œν”Ό,μ‹€μ œ μ‚¬λžŒμ€ ν†΅μ œν•  수 μ—†μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:01
You have no idea what someone's going to cough into a cup,
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λˆ„κ΅°κ°€ 컡에 μž¬μ±„κΈ°λ₯Ό ν•  μˆ˜λ„ μžˆμ§€λ§Œ μš°λ¦¬λŠ” μ•Œ μˆ˜κ°€ μ—†μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€
07:05
and it's probably really complex, right?
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ 이런 ν†΅μ œλŠ” κ½€λ‚˜ λ³΅μž‘ν•  κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€, κ·Έλ ‡μ£ ?
07:08
It could have lots of bacteria, it could have more than one virus,
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이건 μˆ˜λ§Žμ€ λ°•ν…Œλ¦¬μ•„μ™€ ν•˜λ‚˜ μ΄μƒμ˜ λ°”μ΄λŸ¬μŠ€κ°€ μžˆμ„ 것이고,
07:11
and it certainly has host genetic material.
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λΆ„λͺ…νžˆ μœ μ „μ μΈ μˆ™μ£Ό λ¬Όμ§ˆλ„ μžˆμ„ κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:13
So how do we deal with this?
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κ·Έλ ‡λ‹€λ©΄ μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 이걸 μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ λ‹€λ£°κΉŒμš”?
07:14
And how do we do the positive control here?
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그리고 μ—¬κΈ°μžˆλŠ” μ–‘μ„±λŒ€μ‘°κ΅°μœΌλ‘œ 우린 μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ ν• κΉŒμš”?
07:16
Well, it's pretty simple.
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음, 이건 μ•„μ£Ό κ°„λ‹¨ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:18
That's me, getting a nasal lavage.
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μ½” 세척을 ν•˜κ³  μžˆλŠ” μ €λžλ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:20
And the idea is, let's experimentally inoculate people with virus.
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κ·Έ μ•„μ΄λ””μ–΄λŠ” μ‹€ν—˜μœΌλ‘œ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ—κ²Œ λ°”μ΄λŸ¬μŠ€λ₯Ό μ ‘μ’…ν•΄ λ³΄μžλŠ”κ±°μ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:25
This is all IRB-approved, by the way; they got paid.
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이것은 λͺ¨λ‘ IRB에 승인된 κ²ƒμ΄μ§€λ§Œ, λΉ„μš©μ„ μ§€λΆˆν•œ κ²ƒλ“€μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€
07:30
And basically we experimentally inoculate people
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또 기본으둜 κ·Έ 보톡 감기의 λ°”μ΄λŸ¬μŠ€λ₯Ό
07:33
with the common cold virus.
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μ ‘μ’…μ‹œμΌ°μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:34
Or, even better, let's just take people
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더 λ‚˜μ•„κ°€, μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ—κ²Œ
07:36
right out of the emergency room --
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λ§‰μ—°ν•œ μƒνƒœλ‘œ 응급싀 λ°–μ˜ 였λ₯Έμͺ½μ—μ„œ
07:37
undefined, community-acquired respiratory tract infections.
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μ§€μ—­μ‚¬νšŒ 호흑기 감염을 μ‹œμΌœλ΄€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:41
You have no idea what walks in through the door.
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문으둜 κ±Έμ–΄λ‚˜κ°€λŠ” 것에 λŒ€ν•΄ μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ€ 아무것도 λͺ¨λ₯΄μ‹€ν…λ°μš”.
07:43
So, let's start off with the positive control first,
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그러면, κ·Έ μ‚¬λžŒμ΄ κ±΄κ°•ν–ˆλ‹€λŠ” 것을
07:46
where we know the person was healthy.
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μ•„λŠ” κ²ƒμœΌλ‘œ 첫 μ „μ œλ₯Ό κΉ”κ³  μ‹œμž‘ν•΄λ΄…μ‹œλ‹€.
07:48
They got a shot of virus up the nose,
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그듀은 코에 λ°”μ΄λŸ¬μŠ€ 주사λ₯Ό λ§žμ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:50
let's see what happens.
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무엇이 μΌμ–΄λ‚˜λŠ”μ§€ λ³΄μ‹œμ£ .
07:51
Day zero: nothing happening.
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ν•˜λ£¨λ„ μ•ˆλœλ‚ , 아무것도 μΌμ–΄λ‚˜μ§€ μ•Šμ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:53
They're healthy; they're clean -- it's amazing.
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그듀은 κ±΄κ°•ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.그듀은 κΉ¨λ—ν•œκ±°μ£ .λ†€λžκ΅°μš”.
07:55
Actually, we thought the nasal tract might be full of viruses
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사싀, μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ΄ κ±΄κ°•ν•œ μƒνƒœμ—μ„œ κ±Έμ–΄λ‹€λ‹λ•Œ 쑰차도
07:57
even when you're walking around healthy.
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κ·Έ 코뢀뢄은 λ°”μ΄λŸ¬μŠ€κ°€ λ§Žμ„ 거라고 μƒκ°ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:58
It's pretty clean. If you're healthy, you're pretty healthy.
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μ•„μ£Ό κΉ¨λ—ν•˜λ„€μš”. 만일 당신은 κ±΄κ°•ν•˜λ‹€λ©΄ μ•„μ£Ό κ±΄κ°•ν•œκ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:00
Day two: we get a very robust rhinovirus pattern,
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λ‘λ²ˆμ§Έ λ‚ ,μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 맀우 μ΄˜μ΄˜ν•œ 라이노 λ°”μ΄λŸ¬μŠ€μ˜ 양상을 λ°œκ²¬ν–ˆλŠ”λ°
08:04
and it's very similar to what we get in the lab
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이건 μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μ‹€ν—˜μ‹€μ—μ„œ 쑰직 λ°°μ–‘ μ‹€ν—˜μ„ ν•˜λ©΄μ„œ
08:06
doing our tissue culture experiment.
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얻은 것과 맀우 μœ μ‚¬ν•˜λ”κ΅°μš”.
08:07
So that's great, but again, cheap shot, right?
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μ•„μ£Ό λŒ€λ‹¨ν•˜μ£ , ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ λ‹€μ‹œ λ§ν•΄μ„œ λΉ„μ—΄ν•œ ν”Œλ ˆμ΄μΈκ±°μ£ , κ·Έλ ‡μ£ ?
08:10
We put a ton of virus up this guy's nose. So --
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우린 λ§Žμ€ λ°”μ΄λŸ¬μŠ€λ₯Ό 이 λ‚¨μžμ˜ 코에 μ£Όμž…ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:12
(Laughter)
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(μ›ƒμŒ)
08:13
-- I mean, we wanted it to work. He really had a cold.
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μ œκ°€ λ§ν•˜λŠ”κ±΄, 이것이 νš¨κ³Όκ°€ 있길 λ°”λž¬λ‹€λŠ” κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€. λ‚΄κ°€ μƒκ°ν•œλ°λ‘œ, κ·ΈλŠ” μ •λ§λ‘œ 감기에 κ±Έλ Έλ”κ΅°μš”.
08:17
So, how about the people who walk in off the street?
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κ·Έλ ‡λ‹€λ©΄, κ±°λ¦¬μ—μ„œ κ±Έμ–΄κ°€λŠ” μ‚¬λžŒμ€ μ–΄λ–¨κΉŒμš”?
08:21
Here are two individuals represented by their anonymous ID codes.
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읡λͺ…μ˜ IDμ½”λ“œλ‘œ λ‚˜μ˜¨ 두 μ‚¬λžŒμ΄ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:23
They both have rhinoviruses; we've never seen this pattern in lab.
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두 μ‚¬λžŒ λͺ¨λ‘ 라이노 λ°”μ΄λŸ¬μŠ€λ₯Ό κ°–κ³  μžˆλŠ”λ° 그것은 μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μ‹€ν—˜μ‹€μ—μ„œ 보지 λͺ»ν–ˆλ˜ μ–‘μƒμ΄μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:27
We sequenced part of their viruses;
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” κ·Έλ“€μ˜ λ°”μ΄λŸ¬μŠ€μ˜ 일뢀λ₯Ό λ°°μ—΄ν•˜μ˜€λ”λ‹ˆ
08:29
they're new rhinoviruses no one's actually even seen.
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그것듀은 μ‹€μ œλ‘œ 아무도 보지 λͺ»ν–ˆλ˜ μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ 라이노 λ°”μ΄λŸ¬μŠ€μ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:32
Remember, our evolutionary-conserved sequences
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κΈ°μ–΅ν•΄μ£Όμ„Έμš”, 진화λ₯Ό ν†΅ν•΄μ„œ 무엇이 λ³΄μ‘΄λ˜μ—ˆλŠ”μ§€λ₯Ό μš°λ¦¬κ°€ λŒμ–΄λ‚΄κΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ—
08:34
we're using on this array allow us to detect
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ 이 μ–΄λ ˆμ΄ μœ„μ—μ„œ μ‚¬μš©ν•˜κ³  μžˆλŠ” μ§„ν™”ν•˜λ©΄μ„œ λ³΄μ‘΄λ˜λŠ” 배열이
08:36
even novel or uncharacterized viruses,
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μƒˆλ‘­κ±°λ‚˜ λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚˜μ§€ μ•Šμ•˜λ˜ λ°”μ΄λŸ¬μŠ€λ₯Ό
08:38
because we pick what is conserved throughout evolution.
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λ°œκ²¬ν•  수 있게 ν•΄μ€€λ‹€λŠ” 것을 λ§μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:42
Here's another guy. You can play the diagnosis game yourself here.
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μ—¬κΈ° 또 λ‹€λ₯Έ 남성뢄이 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ€ μ—¬κΈ°μ„œ 이 μ§„λ‹¨κ²Œμž„μ„ ν•˜μ‹€ μˆ˜κ°€ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:45
These different blocks represent
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이 λ‹€λ₯Έ ꡬ간듀은
08:47
the different viruses in this paramyxovirus family,
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이 νŒŒλΌλ―Ήμ†Œ λ°”μ΄λŸ¬μŠ€ μ’…λ₯˜μ—μ„œλ„ λ‹€λ₯Έ λ°”μ΄λŸ¬μŠ€λ“€μ„ λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚΄λŠ”λ°μš”,
08:49
so you can kind of go down the blocks
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„λ„ μ•„μ‹œλ‹€μ‹œν”Ό, κ·Έ ꡬ간을 μ•½κ°„ λ‚΄λ €κ°€ 보면
08:50
and see where the signal is.
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κ·Έ ν‘œμ‹œκ°€ 어디에 μžˆλŠ”μ§€ λ³Ό 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:52
Well, doesn't have canine distemper; that's probably good.
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음, κΈ‰μ„± 전염병을 갖지 μ•Šμ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€, 그게 μ’‹κ² λ„€μš”.
08:55
(Laughter)
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(μ›ƒμŒ)
08:57
But by the time you get to block nine,
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ΄ 9번 블둝에 λ‹€λ‹€λ₯΄λ©΄
08:59
you see that respiratory syncytial virus.
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ€ 호흑기 μ„Έν¬μœ΅ν•© λ°”μ΄λŸ¬μŠ€λ₯Ό λ³΄λŠ” κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:01
Maybe they have kids. And then you can see, also,
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μ•„λ§ˆλ„ κ·Έλ“€μ—κ²Œ 아이듀이 μžˆλ‹€λ©΄ 당신은 λ˜ν•œ κ·Έ 가쑱듀이
09:04
the family member that's related: RSVB is showing up here.
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μ—¬κΈ° λ³΄μ΄λŠ” RSVB에 κ΄€λ ¨λ˜μ–΄ μžˆλ‹€λŠ” κ±Έ λ³Ό μˆ˜κ°€ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:06
So, that's great.
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μ•„μ£Ό λ©‹μ§€λ„€μš”.
09:07
Here's another individual, sampled on two separate days --
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2일차 ν‘œλ³Έ 쑰사λ₯Ό λ°›λŠ” μ—¬κΈ° 또 λ‹€λ₯Έ 뢄이 μžˆλŠ”λ°,
09:10
repeat visits to the clinic.
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μ§„λ£Œμ†Œμ— 계속 λ‹€λ‹ˆκ³  있죠.
09:12
This individual has parainfluenza-1,
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이 뢄은 νŒŒλΌμΈν”Œλ£¨μ—”μž-1에 κ±Έλ € μžˆλŠ”λ°,
09:15
and you can see that there's a little stripe over here
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센닀이 λ°”μ΄λŸ¬μŠ€κ°™μ€ μž‘μ€ μ€„λ¬΄λŠ¬κ°€ μžˆλŠ” κ±Έ 보싀 수 μžˆλŠ”λ°
09:17
for Sendai virus: that's mouse parainfluenza.
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그건 μ₯μ˜ νŒŒλΌμΈν”Œλ£¨μ—”μžμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:20
The genetic relationships are very close there. That's a lot of fun.
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거기의 κ·Έ μœ μ „μ μΈ κ΄€κ³„λŠ” 맀우 λ°€μ ‘ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. 맀우 ν₯λ―Έλ‘­μ£ .
09:24
So, we built out the chip.
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ, μš°λ¦¬λŠ” κ·Έ 칩을 λ§Œλ“€μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:25
We made a chip that has every known virus ever discovered on it.
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κ·Έ 칩은 심지어 μ΄κ²ƒμ—μ„œ 발견된 λͺ¨λ“  λ°”μ΄λŸ¬μŠ€κΉŒμ§€λ„ μ•Œκ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:29
Why not? Every plant virus, every insect virus, every marine virus.
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μ™œ μ•„λ‹ˆκ² μŠ΅λ‹ˆκΉŒ? λͺ¨λ“  식물,κ³€μΆ©,ν•΄μ–‘ λ°”μ΄λŸ¬μŠ€λ§μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:32
Everything that we could get out of GenBank --
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μœ μ „μžμ„œμ—΄μ˜ ꡭ제적 λ³΄κ΄€μ†ŒμΈ GenBankμ—μ„œ
09:34
that is, the national repository of sequences.
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” λͺ¨λ“  것을 μ–»μ–΄λ‚Ό 수 μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:36
Now we're using this chip. And what are we using it for?
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μ§€κΈˆ μš°λ¦¬κ°€ κ·Έ 칩을 μ“°κ³  μžˆλŠ”λ°, 그럼 무엇을 μœ„ν•΄ μ“ΈκΉŒμš”?
09:39
Well, first of all, when you have a big chip like this,
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첫번째둜, 이같이 큰 칩을 μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ΄ κ°–λŠ”λ‹€λ©΄,
09:41
you need a little bit more informatics,
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쑰금 더 λ§Žμ€ 과학정보가 ν•„μš”ν•˜κ² μ£ ,
09:43
so we designed the system to do automatic diagnosis.
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μžλ™ 진단을 ν•˜λŠ” μ‹œμŠ€ν…œμ„ λ§Œλ“€μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:45
And the idea is that we simply have virtual patterns,
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또 κ·Έ 생각은, λͺ¨λ“  λ°”μ΄λŸ¬μŠ€μ˜ 견본을 얻지 λͺ»ν•  것 κ°™μ•˜κΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ—
09:48
because we're never going to get samples of every virus --
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μ •λ§λ‘œ λΆˆκ°€λŠ₯ 할것같은 가상적인 λ°©λ²•μ΄λΌκ³ λ§Œ μƒκ°ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:50
it would be virtually impossible. But we can get virtual patterns,
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κ·Έλ ‡μΉ˜λ§Œ μš°λ¦¬λŠ” κ·Έ 가상적인 방법을 μ‹€ν–‰μ‹œν‚¬ 수 있고,
09:53
and compare them to our observed result --
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또 맀우 λ³΅μž‘ν•œ ν˜Όν•©λ¬ΌμΈ 결과에 그것듀을 비ꡐ할 수 있으며,
09:55
which is a very complex mixture -- and come up with some sort of score
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이것이 라이노 λ°”μ΄λŸ¬μŠ€λ‚˜ λ‹€λ₯Έ 무언가와 μ–Όλ§ˆλ§ŒνΌ
09:59
of how likely it is this is a rhinovirus or something.
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λΉ„μŠ·ν•œμ§€ μ μˆ˜λ„ λ‚Ό 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:02
And this is what this looks like.
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그리고 그것이 λ¬΄μ—‡μ²˜λŸΌ λ³΄μ΄λŠ”μ§€ λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚Έ κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:04
If, for example, you used a cell culture
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예λ₯Ό λ“€μ–΄, μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ΄ λ§Œμ„±μ μœΌλ‘œ μœ λ‘μ’…μ—
10:06
that's chronically infected with papilloma,
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κ°μ—Όλœ 세포λ₯Ό λ°°μ–‘ν–ˆλ‹€λ©΄,
10:08
you get a little computer readout here,
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컴퓨터가 ν•΄λ…ν•΄μ„œ μ•Œκ³ λ¦¬μ¦˜μ΄ λ§ν•˜κ³ μž ν•˜λŠ”κ²ƒμ€,
10:10
and our algorithm says it's probably papilloma type 18.
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이것은 μ•„λ§ˆλ„ μœ λ‘μ’…μ΄ 18μœ ν˜•μ΄λΌλŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:14
And that is, in fact, what these particular cell cultures
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사싀, 이것은 즉, 이 νŠΉλ³„ν•œ 세포 λ°°μ–‘ν•œ 것듀이
10:16
are chronically infected with.
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λ§Œμ„±μ μœΌλ‘œ κ°μ—Όλœ 것이 λ¬΄μ—‡μ΄λƒλŠ” 것이죠.
10:18
So let's do something a little bit harder.
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(μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„)더 μ–΄λ €μš΄ κ±Έ ν•΄λ³ΌκΉŒν•˜λŠ”λ°μš”.
10:20
We put the beeper in the clinic.
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” μ§„λ£Œμ†Œμ— λ¬΄μ„ ν˜ΈμΆœκΈ°λ₯Ό λ‹¬μ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:21
When somebody shows up, and the hospital doesn't know what to do
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λˆ„κ΅°κ°€ λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚˜μ„œ κ·Έ 병원이 무엇을 해야할지 λͺ¨λ₯Ό λ•Œ,
10:24
because they can't diagnose it, they call us.
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그듀은 κ·Έκ±Έ 진단할 μˆ˜κ°€ μ—†μ–΄μ„œ 우릴 λΆ€λ¦…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:26
That's the idea, and we're setting this up in the Bay Area.
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κ·Έ μ•„μ΄λ””μ–΄λŠ” Bay Area에 이것을 μ‹œν–‰ν•΄λ³΄μžλŠ” κ±°μ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:28
And so, this case report happened three weeks ago.
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그리고 이건 3μ£Ό 전에 λ‚˜μ˜¨ 결과이죠.
10:30
We have a 28-year-old healthy woman, no travel history,
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μš°λ¦¬μ—κ²Œ μ—¬ν–‰ν•΄ 본적 μ—†λŠ” 28μ„Έμ˜ κ±΄κ°•ν•œ 여성이 μžˆλŠ”λ°
10:33
[unclear], doesn't smoke, doesn't drink.
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κ·Έ 뢄은 담배도 피지 μ•Šκ³ , μˆ λ„ μ•ˆ λ§ˆμ‹­λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:36
10-day history of fevers, night sweats, bloody sputum --
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κ·Έ μ—¬μžλΆ„μ€ 10μΌλ™μ•ˆ λ°€μƒˆ 땀을 흘리고 열을 λƒˆμœΌλ©°
10:40
she's coughing up blood -- muscle pain.
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ν”Όλ₯Ό ν† ν•˜κ³  κ·Όμœ‘ν†΅μ„ μ•“μ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:42
She went to the clinic, and they gave her antibiotics
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κ·Έλ…€λŠ” 병원에 κ°”κ³  병원은 λ°”λ‘œ κ·Έλ…€μ—κ²Œ ν•­μƒμ œλ₯Ό μ£Όκ³ 
10:46
and then sent her home.
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κ·Έλ…€λ₯Ό μ§‘μœΌλ‘œ λ³΄λƒˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:47
She came back after ten days of fever, right? Still has the fever,
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κ·Έλ…€λŠ” 10일 후에 λ‹€μ‹œ μ™”λŠ”λ°, μ•„μ§κΉŒμ§€λ„ 열이 μžˆμ—ˆκ³ 
10:51
and she's hypoxic -- she doesn't have much oxygen in her lungs.
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νμ—λŠ” μΆ©λΆ„ν•œ μ‚°μ†Œκ°€ μ—†λŠ” μ €μ‚°μ†Œμ¦λ„ μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:54
They did a CT scan.
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그듀은 CTμ΄¬μ˜μ„ ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:55
A normal lung is all sort of dark and black here.
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μ •μƒνλŠ” μ—¬κΈ°μžˆλŠ”κ²ƒμ²˜λŸΌ μ–΄λ‘‘κ³  검은 μ’…λ₯˜μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:59
All this white stuff -- it's not good.
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ν•˜μ–€ λ¬Όμ§ˆμ΄λ”κ΅°μš”, 쒋지 μ•Šμ€κ±°μ£ .
11:01
This sort of tree and bud formation indicates there's inflammation;
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이런 μ‹μ˜ 폐포와 봉아리같은 κ²ƒμ˜ ν˜•μ„±μ€ 염증을 λ‚˜νƒ€λƒ…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:04
there's likely to be infection.
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감염같은 것이 μžˆλŠ”κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:06
OK. So, the patient was treated then
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ,ν™˜μžλŠ” 3μ„ΈλŒ€ μ„ΈνŒ”λ‘œμŠ€ν¬λ¦° ν•­μƒμ œμ™€
11:09
with a third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic and doxycycline,
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λ…μ‹œμ‹Έμ΄ν΄λ¦°μœΌλ‘œ 치료λ₯Ό λ°›μ•˜κ³ 
11:13
and on day three, it didn't help: she had progressed to acute failure.
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3일째 λ˜λŠ” λ‚  κΈ‰κΈ°μ•Ό 급성뢀전이 생길 μ •λ„λ‘œ 도움이 μ•ˆλμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:17
They had to intubate her, so they put a tube down her throat
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그듀은 κ·Έλ…€μ—κ²Œ 관을 λ„£μ–΄μ•Ό ν•΄μ„œ κ·Έλ…€ λͺ©κ΅¬λ© μ•„λž˜λ‘œ 튜브λ₯Ό λ„£κ³ 
11:20
and they began to mechanically ventilate her.
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κΈ°κ³„λ‘œ μ‚°μ†Œλ₯Ό λ³΄κΈ‰ν•˜κΈ° μ‹œμž‘ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:21
She could no longer breathe for herself.
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κ·Έλ…€λŠ” 더이상 슀슀둜 μˆ¨μ„ 쉴 μˆ˜κ°€ μ—†μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:23
What to do next? Don't know.
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κ·Έ λ‹€μŒμ— ν•  것은 λ¬΄μ—‡μΌκΉŒμš”? λͺ¨λ¦…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:25
Switch antibiotics: so they switched to another antibiotic,
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ν•­μƒμ œ 변경이죠, 그듀은 λ‹€λ₯Έ ν•­μƒμ œλ‘œ λ°”κΏ¨λŠ”λ°
11:28
Tamiflu.
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νƒ€λ―Έν”Œλ£¨μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€,
11:30
It's not clear why they thought she had the flu,
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κ·Έ 독감을 κ°€μ‘Œλ‹€κ³  μƒκ°ν•œ μ΄μœ λŠ” λΆ„λͺ…ν•˜μ§€ μ•Šμ§€λ§Œ
11:32
but they switched to Tamiflu.
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그듀은 νƒ€λ―Έν”Œλ£¨λ‘œ λ°”κΏ¨μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:34
And on day six, they basically threw in the towel.
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6일째 λ˜λŠ” λ‚ ,그듀은 μ‹€νŒ¨λ₯Ό μΈμ •ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:36
You do an open lung biopsy when you've got no other options.
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ΄ λ‹€λ₯Έ 선택이 없을 λ•Œ, 폐λ₯Ό μ—΄μ–΄λ³΄λŠ” 생체검사λ₯Ό ν•˜μ£ .
11:40
There's an eight percent mortality rate with just doing this procedure,
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이 과정을 ν•˜λ©΄ 8%의 사망λ₯ μ΄ μžˆλŠ”λ°,
11:42
and so basically -- and what do they learn from it?
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μ›λž˜λŠ” 그듀이 μ΄κ²ƒμœΌλ‘œ λ°°μš°λ €λŠ”κ±΄ λ¬΄μ—‡μΌκΉŒμš”?
11:45
You're looking at her open lung biopsy.
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ€ μ—¬μžλΆ„μ˜ 개폐 생검을 λ³΄κ³ κ³„μ‹­λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:47
And I'm no pathologist, but you can't tell much from this.
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μ „ λ³‘λ¦¬ν•™μžκ°€ μ•„λ‹ˆμ§€λ§Œ,μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ€ μ΄κ²ƒμœΌλ‘œ μΆ©λΆ„νžˆ μ„€λͺ…ν•  수 μ—†μ£ .
11:49
All you can tell is, there's a lot of swelling: bronchiolitis.
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ΄ 말할 수 μžˆλŠ”κ±΄,μ„ΈκΈ°κ΄€μ§€μ—ΌμœΌλ‘œ λΆ“κΈ°κ°€ λ§Žλ‹€λŠ”κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:52
It was "unrevealing": that's the pathologist's report.
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이건 λ³‘λ¦¬ν•™μžμ˜ 기둝이라 λ°œν‘œλ˜μ§€ μ•Šμ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:55
And so, what did they test her for?
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κ·Έλ ‡λ‹€λ©΄,그듀이 무엇을 μœ„ν•΄ κ·Έλ…€λ₯Ό κ²€μ‚¬ν–ˆμ„κΉŒμš”?
11:58
They have their own tests, of course,
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λ¬Όλ‘  그듀은 κ·Έλ“€λ§Œμ˜ μ‹€ν—˜μ„ ν–ˆκ³ ,
11:59
and so they tested her for over 70 different assays,
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70가지 μ΄μƒμ˜ λ‹€λ₯Έ λΆ„μ„λ°©λ²•μœΌλ‘œ κ²€μ‚¬ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:02
for every sort of bacteria and fungus and viral assay
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그건 μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ΄ 규격으둜 ν•  수 μžˆλŠ”
12:05
you can buy off the shelf:
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λͺ¨λ“  μ’…μ˜ λ°•ν…Œλ¦¬μ•„,κ· λ₯˜,λ°”μ΄λŸ¬μŠ€μ„± 검사인데,
12:07
SARS, metapneumovirus, HIV, RSV -- all these.
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SARS,메타뉴λͺ¨λ°”μ΄λŸ¬μŠ€μ¦,HIV,RSV 이런 것듀이 ν¬ν•¨λœ κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:10
Everything came back negative, over 100,000 dollars worth of tests.
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λͺ¨λ“  것이 λΆ€μ •μ μœΌλ‘œ λ˜μ—ˆκ³  10λ§Œλ‹¬λŸ¬κ°€ λ„˜λŠ” 검사비가 λ‚˜μ™”μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:14
I mean, they went to the max for this woman.
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μ œκ°€ λ§ν•˜λŠ” 것은 그듀이 κ·Έλ…€λ₯Ό μœ„ν•΄ μ΅œμ„ μ„ λ‹€ν–ˆλ‹€λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:17
And basically on hospital day eight, that's when they called us.
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그리고 그듀이 우리λ₯Ό λΆˆλ €μ„ λ•Œκ°€ λ³‘μ›μ—μ„œ 8μΌμ§Έμ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:20
They gave us endotracheal aspirate --
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그듀은 기관내앑을 μ£Όμ—ˆλŠ”λ°,
12:22
you know, a little fluid from the throat,
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ΄ μ•„μ‹œλ‹€μ‹œν”Ό,λͺ©κ΅¬λ©μ— 이 νŠœλΆ€λ₯Ό λ„£μ–΄μ„œ
12:24
from this tube that they got down there -- and they gave us this.
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λΉΌλ‚Έ λͺ©κ΅¬λ©μ˜ 앑체λ₯Ό λ§ν•˜λŠ” 것이죠.
12:26
We put it on the chip; what do we see? Well, we saw parainfluenza-4.
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이걸 칩에 μ μš©ν•΄λ΄€λŠ”λ°,무얼 λ³΄λŠ”κ±ΈκΉŒμš”?νŒŒλΌμΈν”Œλ£¨μ—”μž-4μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:31
Well, what the hell's parainfluenza-4?
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κ·Έ κ³ ν†΅μ˜ νŒŒλΌμΈν”Œλ£¨μ—”μž-4λŠ” λ­˜κΉŒμš”?
12:33
No one tests for parainfluenza-4. No one cares about it.
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아무도 이 검사λ₯Ό μ•ˆν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.아무도 신경을 μ•ˆμ“°λŠ”κ±°μ£ .
12:36
In fact, it's not even really sequenced that much.
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사싀, 이건 κ·Έλ ‡κ²Œ λ§Žμ€ 배열은 μžˆμ§€ μ•Šμ•„μš”.
12:39
There's just a little bit of it sequenced.
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μ•„μ£Ό 적게 λ°°μ—΄λœ κ²ƒλ§Œμ΄ μžˆμ„λΏμ΄μ£ .
12:41
There's almost no epidemiology or studies on it.
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이것에 λŒ€ν•œ μ—°κ΅¬λ‚˜ 역학은 거의 μ—†μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:43
No one would even consider it,
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아무도 이걸 고렀해보기 μ‘°μ°¨ μ•Šν–ˆλŠ”λ°,
12:45
because no one had a clue that it could cause respiratory failure.
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이것이 ν˜Έν‘κΈ°μ§ˆλ³‘μ„ μΌμœΌν‚¬κ±°λΌλŠ” λ‹¨μ„œλ₯Ό 갖지 λͺ»ν–ˆκΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ΄μ£ .
12:48
And why is that? Just lore. There's no data --
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κ·Έλ ‡λ‹€λ©΄ λ¬΄μ—‡μΌκΉŒμš”?지식일 λΏμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.그것엔 이게 μ‹¬κ°ν•˜κ±°λ‚˜
12:51
no data to support whether it causes severe or mild disease.
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κ°€λ²Όμš΄ μ§ˆλ³‘μ„ μΌμœΌν‚¬ κ±°λΌλŠ” κ±Έ μ£Όμž₯ν•  μžλ£Œκ°€ μ—†μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:55
Clearly, we have a case of a healthy person that's going down.
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λΆ„λͺ…νžˆ,κ±΄κ°•ν•œ μ‚¬λžŒμ΄ μ•…ν™”λ˜λŠ” μ‚¬λ‘€λŠ” μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:58
OK, that's one case report.
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저것이 ν•œ 경우의 λ¦¬ν¬νŠΈμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:01
I'm going to tell you one last thing in the last two minutes
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μ €λŠ” 남은 2λΆ„λ™μ•ˆ λ§ˆμ§€λ§‰ 것을 λ§ν•˜λ €ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:03
that's unpublished -- it's going to come out tomorrow --
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λ‚΄μΌμ—μ„œμ•Ό λ°œν‘œλ  것이죠.
13:06
and it's an interesting case of how you might use this chip
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또 이건 μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ΄ μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ λ­”κ°€λ₯Ό μ°Ύκ±°λ‚˜ μƒˆ 문을 μ—΄κΈ°μœ„ν•΄
13:09
to find something new and open a new door.
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μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ 이 칩을 μ‚¬μš©ν• μ§€λŠ” ν₯미둜운 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:11
Prostate cancer. I don't need to give you many statistics
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μ „λ¦½μ„ μ•”μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ—κ²Œ 이 암에 λŒ€ν•œ λ§Žμ€ ν†΅κ³„μžλ£Œλ₯Ό
13:15
about prostate cancer. Most of you already know it:
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보여쀄 ν•„μš”κ°€ 없을 것 κ°™λ„€μš”.λ―Έκ΅­μ—μ„œ μ•”μœΌλ‘œ μ£½λŠ” κ²ƒμ˜
13:18
third leading cause of cancer deaths in the U.S.
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3μœ„λΌλŠ” κ±Έ μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„ λͺ¨λ‘κ°€ 이미 μ•„λ‹ˆκΉŒμš”.
13:20
Lots of risk factors,
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λ§Žμ€ μœ„ν—˜ μš”μ†Œμ€‘μ—μ„œ,
13:22
but there is a genetic predisposition to prostate cancer.
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전립선암에 λΌμΉ˜λŠ” μœ μ „μ  κ²½ν–₯이 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:26
For maybe about 10 percent of prostate cancer,
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μ „λ¦½μ„ μ•”μ˜ 10%μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ€ μ•„λ§ˆ
13:28
there are folks that are predisposed to it.
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이 κ²½ν–₯을 λ„λŠ” 가쑱듀이 μžˆμ„κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:30
And the first gene that was mapped in association studies
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쑰기의 전립선암에 λŒ€ν•΄ μ—°κ΅¬μ—°ν•©νšŒμ—μ„œ λ°œκ²¬ν•œ
13:34
for this, early-onset prostate cancer, was this gene called RNASEL.
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κ·Έ 첫 μœ μ „μžλŠ” RNASEL이라 λΆˆλ¦¬λŠ” μœ μ „μžμ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:38
What is that? It's an antiviral defense enzyme.
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그건 λ­˜κΉŒμš”?이건 ν•­λ°”μ΄λŸ¬μŠ€μ„± λ°©μ–΄ νš¨μ†Œμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:41
So, we're sitting around and thinking,
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” μƒκ°ν•΄λ³΄μ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:43
"Why would men who have the mutation --
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μ™œ λ°”μ΄λŸ¬μŠ€μƒ 방어체계에 λŒμ—°λ³€μ΄κ°€ μžˆλŠ”
13:45
a defect in an antiviral defense system -- get prostate cancer?
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μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ΄ 전립선암에 κ±Έλ¦΄κΉŒμš”?
13:50
It doesn't make sense -- unless, maybe, there's a virus?"
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이건 μ„€λͺ…ν•˜κΈ°κ°€ νž˜λ“­λ‹ˆλ‹€,거기에 λ°”μ΄λŸ¬μŠ€κ°€ μ—†λ‹€λ©΄μš”.
13:53
So, we put tumors --- and now we have over 100 tumors -- on our array.
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이젠 100가지가 λ„˜λŠ” 쒅양을 μ–΄λ ˆμ΄ μœ„μ— λ†“μ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:59
And we know who's got defects in RNASEL and who doesn't.
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그리고 우린 RNASEL에 λˆ„κ°€ 결점이 μžˆλŠ”μ§€ μ—†λŠ”μ§€ μ••λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:02
And I'm showing you the signal from the chip here,
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μ—¬κΈ° 이 칩으둜 κ·Έ ν‘œμ‹œλ₯Ό 보여주고 μžˆλŠ”λ°
14:05
and I'm showing you for the block of retroviral oligos.
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RNAμ’…μ–‘λ°”μ΄λŸ¬μŠ€μ„± μ˜¬λ¦¬κ³ ν•΅μ‚°μ—Ό 블둝도 λ³΄μ—¬μ£ΌλŠ” λ°”μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:09
And what I'm telling you here from the signal, is
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그리고 이 ν‘œμ‹œλ‘œ λ§ν•˜κ³ μž ν•˜λŠ”λ°”λŠ”
14:11
that men who have a mutation in this antiviral defense enzyme,
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ν•­λ°”μ΄λŸ¬μŠ€μ„± λ°©μ–΄ νš¨μ†Œμ— λ³€ν˜•μ΄ μžˆλŠ” μ‚¬λžŒκ³Ό
14:15
and have a tumor, often have -- 40 percent of the time --
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쒅양이 μžˆλŠ” μ‚¬λžŒμ€ 이번의 40%μ •λ„λ‚˜ λ˜λŠ”
14:19
a signature which reveals a new retrovirus.
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RNAμ’…μ–‘λ°”μ΄λŸ¬μŠ€λ₯Ό λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚΄λŠ” ν‘œμ‹œκ°€ 자주 λ‚˜μ™”λ‹¨κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:23
OK, that's pretty wild. What is it?
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κ½€ ν₯λΆ„λ˜λŠ” κ²ƒμΈλ°μš”, 그건 λ¬΄μ—‡μΌκΉŒμš”?
14:26
So, we clone the whole virus.
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우린 κ·Έ λ°”μ΄λŸ¬μŠ€ 전체λ₯Ό λ³΅μ œν•΄λ΄€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:27
First of all, I'll tell you that a little automated prediction told us
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μš°μ„ ,μžλ™μ˜ˆμΈ‘κΈ°κ°€ 이것이 μ₯ λ°”μ΄λŸ¬μŠ€μ™€ 맀우 μœ μ‚¬ν•˜λ‹€κ³ 
14:31
it was very similar to a mouse virus.
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μš°λ¦¬μ—κ²Œ 말해쀬단걸 μ•Œλ €μ£Όλ €ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:33
But that doesn't tell us too much,
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μš°λ¦¬μ—κ²Œ μΆ©λΆ„νžˆ μ•Œλ €μ£Όμ§€ μ•Šμ•„μ„œ
14:34
so we actually clone the whole thing.
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μ‹€μ œλ‘œ κ·Έ 전체λ₯Ό λ³΅μ‚¬ν–ˆμ§€μš”.
14:36
And the viral genome I'm showing you right here?
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μ—¬κΈ° μ œκ°€ λ³΄μ΄λŠ”κ²Œ κ·Έ λ°”μ΄λŸ¬μŠ€μ„± κ²Œλ†ˆμ΄κ±°λ“ μš”?
14:38
It's a classic gamma retrovirus, but it's totally new;
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이건 μ „ν˜•μ μΈ Ξ³-RNAμ’…μ–‘λ°”μ΄λŸ¬μŠ€μ΄μ§€λ§Œ,전에 아무도 λͺ»λ΄€μ„
14:41
no one's ever seen it before.
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만큼 μ „μ μœΌλ‘œ μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:42
Its closest relative is, in fact, from mice,
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사싀,이게 κ°€μž₯ κ°€κΉκ²Œ κ΄€λ ¨λœκ²ƒμ€ μ₯λ“€μ΄κ³ ,
14:45
and so we would call this a xenotropic retrovirus,
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 이것을 xenotropic retrovirus라고 λΆ€λ₯΄λ € ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:49
because it's infecting a species other than mice.
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μ₯λ³΄λ‹€λŠ” νƒ€μ’…μ˜ 생물을 κ°μ—Όμ‹œν‚€κΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ΄μ£ .
14:52
And this is a little phylogenetic tree
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이건 μž‘μ€ κ³„ν†΅μˆ˜μΈλ°μš”,
14:54
to see how it's related to other viruses.
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이것이 λ‹€λ₯Έ λ°”μ΄λŸ¬μŠ€λ“€κ³Ό μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ μ—°κ΄€λ˜μžˆλŠ”μ§€ λ³΄κΈ°μœ„ν•œ 것이죠.
14:56
We've done it for many patients now,
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μ§€κΈˆμ€ λ§Žμ€ ν™˜μžλ“€μ„ μœ„ν•΄ λ§Œλ“€μ–΄ μ™”κ³ ,
14:59
and we can say that they're all independent infections.
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그것듀은 λͺ¨λ‘ 독립성 감염이라고 말할 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
15:02
They all have the same virus,
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κ·Έλ“€ λͺ¨λ‘λŠ” 같은 λ°”μ΄λŸ¬μŠ€λ₯Ό κ°–κ³  μžˆμ§€λ§Œ
15:03
but they're different enough that there's reason to believe
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그듀이 λ…λ¦½μ μœΌλ‘œ μ–»μ—ˆμ„κ²ƒμ΄λΌ λ―ΏλŠ” κ·Όκ±°κ°€
15:06
that they've been independently acquired.
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μžˆμ„ μ •λ„λ‘œ μΆ©λΆ„νžˆ λ‹€λ¦…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
15:08
Is it really in the tissue? And I'll end up with this: yes.
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이것이 κ·Έ 쑰직 μ•ˆμ— μžˆμ„κΉŒμš”? μ „ λ„€λΌλŠ” 말둜 λλ‚Όκ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
15:10
We take slices of these biopsies of tumor tissue
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” μ’…μ–‘ 쑰직 κ²€μ‚¬λ³Έμ˜ 쑰각듀을 μ–»μ—ˆκ³ ,
15:13
and use material to actually locate the virus,
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μ‹€μ œλ‘œ κ·Έ λ°”μ΄λŸ¬μŠ€λ₯Ό 두기 μœ„ν•œ 재료둜 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ—¬
15:15
and we find cells here with viral particles in them.
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그것듀 μ•ˆμ— μžˆλŠ” μž‘μ€ λ°”μ΄λŸ¬μŠ€μ„± μž…μžλ“€μ„ λ°œκ²¬ν•˜μ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
15:19
These guys really do have this virus.
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이 μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ€ μ •λ§λ‘œ 이 λ°”μ΄λŸ¬μŠ€λ₯Ό κ°–κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
15:21
Does this virus cause prostate cancer?
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이 λ°”μ΄λŸ¬μŠ€κ°€ 전립선암을 μΌμœΌν‚€λŠ” κ±ΈκΉŒμš”?
15:23
Nothing I'm saying here implies causality. I don't know.
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μ—¬κΈ°μ„œ λ‚΄κ°€ λ§ν•˜λŠ” μ–΄λ–€ 것도 인과관계λ₯Ό μ˜λ―Έν•˜λŠ” 것은 μ—†μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€. 저도 λͺ¨λ₯΄μ£ .
15:27
Is it a link to oncogenesis? I don't know.
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이것이 λ°œμ•”κΉŒμ§€ μ—°κ΄€λœ κ³ λ¦¬μΌκΉŒμš”? μ „ λͺ¨λ¦…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
15:29
Is it the case that these guys are just more susceptible to viruses?
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κ·Έ 상황은 이 μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ΄ λ°”μ΄λŸ¬μŠ€μ— 더 민감해지고 μžˆλŠ” κ±ΈκΉŒμš”?
15:33
Could be. And it might have nothing to do with cancer.
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그럴 μˆ˜λ„ 있고, 이건 μ•”κ³ΌλŠ” 아무 관련이 없을 μˆ˜λ„ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
15:36
But now it's a door.
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μ§€κΈˆμ€ 이게 ν•˜λ‚˜μ˜ λ¬Έκ³Ό κ°™μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
15:37
We have a strong association between the presence of this virus
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 이 λ°”μ΄λŸ¬μŠ€μ˜ μ‘΄μž¬μ™€ μ•”κ³Ό μ—°κ΄€λ˜μ—ˆλ˜
15:40
and a genetic mutation that's been linked to cancer.
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λŒμ—°λ³€μ΄ μ‚¬μ΄μ—λŠ” κ°•ν•œ 관련성이 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
15:43
That's where we're at.
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ λ…Έλ¦° 것이 κ·Έκ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
15:44
So, it opens up more questions than it answers, I'm afraid,
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ 이것은 λŒ€λ‹΅λ³΄λ‹€ μ œκ°€ λ‘λ €μ›Œν•˜λŠ” 더 λ§Žμ€ μ§ˆλ¬Έμ„ λ‚³μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
15:48
but that's what, you know, science is really good at.
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„λ„ μ•„μ‹œλ‹€μ‹œν”Ό 그것이 과학은 잘 ν•΄λ‚΄κ³  μžˆλ‹€λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
15:50
This was all done by folks in the lab --
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이건 μ—°κ΅¬μ‹€μ—μ„œ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ΄ ν•œ 것이고
15:52
I cannot take credit for most of this.
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λŒ€λΆ€λΆ„ λˆ„κ΅¬μ˜ 곡이라고 말할 μˆ˜κ°€ μ—†μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
15:53
This is a collaboration between myself and Don.
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이건 저와 Don의 ν•©μž‘μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
15:54
This is the guy who started the project in my lab,
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이 뢄은 제 μ‹€ν—˜μ‹€μ—μ„œ 이 ν”„λ‘œμ νŠΈλ₯Ό μ‹œμž‘ν–ˆλ˜ μ‚¬λžŒμ΄κ³ ,
15:57
and this is the guy who's been doing prostate stuff.
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이 λ‚¨μžλŠ” 그의 전립선 λ¬Όμ§ˆμ„ μ œκ³΅ν–ˆλ˜ λΆ„μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
15:59
Thank you very much. (Applause)
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정말 κ°μ‚¬ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
이 μ›Ήμ‚¬μ΄νŠΈ 정보

이 μ‚¬μ΄νŠΈλŠ” μ˜μ–΄ ν•™μŠ΅μ— μœ μš©ν•œ YouTube λ™μ˜μƒμ„ μ†Œκ°œν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ „ 세계 졜고의 μ„ μƒλ‹˜λ“€μ΄ κ°€λ₯΄μΉ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μˆ˜μ—…μ„ 보게 될 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. 각 λ™μ˜μƒ νŽ˜μ΄μ§€μ— ν‘œμ‹œλ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μžλ§‰μ„ 더블 ν΄λ¦­ν•˜λ©΄ κ·Έκ³³μ—μ„œ λ™μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. λΉ„λ””μ˜€ μž¬μƒμ— 맞좰 μžλ§‰μ΄ μŠ€ν¬λ‘€λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ˜κ²¬μ΄λ‚˜ μš”μ²­μ΄ μžˆλŠ” 경우 이 문의 양식을 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ—¬ λ¬Έμ˜ν•˜μ‹­μ‹œμ˜€.

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