How Life on Earth Adapts to You and Me | Shane Campbell-Staton | TED

49,771 views ใƒป 2023-07-05

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ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: zeeva livshitz ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Ido Dekkers
00:04
So I'm an evolutionary biologist.
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ืื– ืื ื™ ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื•ื ื™.
00:07
The thing I love most about evolution is the story.
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืื ื™ ื”ื›ื™ ืื•ื”ื‘ ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ื–ื” ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ.
00:14
Evolution is a single story that links every species,
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ื”ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ื”ื™ื ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืื—ื“ ืฉืžืงืฉืจ ื›ืœ ืžื™ืŸ,
00:18
every branch in the tree of life together.
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ื›ืœ ืขื ืฃ ื‘ืขืฅ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ื—ื“.
00:21
It's this sense of connectivity with the rest of the living world.
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ื–ื• ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื”ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ื–ื• ืขื ืฉืืจ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื—ื™.
00:25
It's like one of the reasons why I became a biologist in the first place.
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ื–ื” ื›ืžื• ืื—ืช ื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื’ืœืœืŸ ื”ืคื›ืชื™ ืœื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ ืžืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื”.
00:28
Now, when Charles Darwin, my man Chuck D,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื›ืฉืฆโ€˜ืจืœืก ื“ืจื•ื•ื™ืŸ, ื”ืื™ืฉ ืฉืœื™ ืฆโ€™ืืง ื“ื™,
00:32
when he first proposed this theory ...
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ื›ืฉื”ืฆื™ืข ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืืช ื”ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื” ื”ื–ื•...
00:36
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
00:37
When he first proposed the theory of evolution,
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ื›ืฉื”ืฆื™ืข ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืืช ืชื•ืจืช ื”ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื”,
00:39
he imagined it as this slow, gradual process
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ื”ื•ื ื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืืช ื–ื” ื›ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื“ืจื’ืชื™ ืื™ื˜ื™
00:43
that played out over thousands or millions of years.
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ืฉื”ืชืจื—ืฉ ื‘ืžืฉืš ืืœืคื™ ืื• ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ืฉื ื™ื.
00:46
But now, in the face of all the different changes
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ืื‘ืœ ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืœื ื•ื›ื— ื›ืœ ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื
00:49
that we are making to the planet,
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ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืœื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ,
00:51
we're finding that evolution is rapidly altering species around our planet
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื’ืœื™ื ืฉื”ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ืžืฉื ื” ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืžื™ื ื™ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ืคืœื ื˜ื” ืฉืœื ื•
00:58
in order to live alongside us.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ืœืฆื™ื“ื ื•.
01:01
And in our short time on this planet,
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ื•ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืงืฆืจ ืฉืœื ื• ืขืœ ื”ืคืœื ื˜ื” ื”ื–ื•,
01:02
we have trimmed, trained
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ืงื™ืฆืฆื ื•, ื”ืชืืžื ื•
01:04
and reshuffled the tree of life at breakneck speed.
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ื•ืขื™ืจื‘ื‘ื ื• ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืืช ืขืฅ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืžืกื—ืจืจืช.
01:08
10,000 years ago,
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ืœืคื ื™ 10,000 ืฉื ื”,
01:10
we had already learned how to manipulate the basic building blocks of life,
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ื›ื‘ืจ ืœืžื“ื ื• ืื™ืš ืœืชืžืจืŸ ืืช ืื‘ื ื™ ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื,
01:15
turning wild plants and animals into domesticated forms
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ื”ืคื™ื›ืช ืฆืžื—ื™ ื‘ืจ ื•ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ืœืฆื•ืจื•ืช ืžื‘ื•ื™ืชื•ืช
01:19
to use for our own purposes.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ืœืžื˜ืจื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•.
01:22
With mass global transportation,
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ืขื ืชื—ื‘ื•ืจื” ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช ื”ืžื•ื ื™ืช,
01:24
we've reshuffled species around the globe,
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ืขื™ืจื‘ื ื• ืžื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื,
01:27
bringing them together and forming all new ecological interactions.
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ืžืงืจื‘ื™ื ืื•ืชื ื•ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ืื™ื ื˜ืจืืงืฆื™ื•ืช ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช.
01:31
And on top of that,
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ื•ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื›ืš,
01:33
we've fundamentally altered Earth's surface and its climate
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ืฉื™ื ื™ื ื• ืžื”ื™ืกื•ื“ ืืช ืคื ื™ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื•ื”ืืงืœื™ื ืฉืœื•
01:37
through industrialized agriculture, urbanization,
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ื“ืจืš ืชืขืฉื™ื” ื—ืงืœืื•ืช, ืขื™ื•ืจ,
01:41
pollution and global warming.
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ื–ื™ื”ื•ื ื•ื”ืชื—ืžืžื•ืช ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
01:43
Now I've dedicated my life to trying to understand
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื”ืงื“ืฉืชื™ ืืช ื—ื™ื™ ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ
01:46
the lasting biological impacts of our human footprint.
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ืืช ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืชืžืฉื›ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื˜ื‘ื™ืขืช ื”ืจื’ืœ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช ืฉืœื ื•.
01:52
One of the things that I've learned along the way is that life is a paradox.
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ืื—ื“ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืœืžื“ืชื™ ื‘ื“ืจืš ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื ืคืจื“ื•ืงืก.
01:58
It's simultaneously incredibly fragile
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ื”ื ื‘ื• ื–ืžื ื™ืช ืฉื‘ื™ืจื™ื ืœื”ืคืœื™ื
02:02
and relentlessly resilient.
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ื•ืขืžื™ื“ื™ื ื‘ืงืฉื™ื—ื•ืช.
02:05
The thing that impresses me most
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื”ื›ื™ ืžืจืฉื™ื ืื•ืชื™
02:08
is that despite our devastating impacts on this planet,
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ื–ื” ืฉืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ื”ื”ืจืกื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ืขืœ ื”ืคืœื ื˜ื” ื”ื–ื•,
02:12
I'm constantly in awe of the surprising, incredible,
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ืื ื™ ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื ืคืขื ืžื”ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื”ืžืคืชื™ืขื•ืช, ื”ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื•ืช,
02:15
amazing ways that life is changing,
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ื‘ื”ืŸ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืžืฉืชื ื™ื,
02:18
evolving and adapting
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ืžืชืคืชื—ื™ื ื•ืžืกืชื’ืœื™ื
02:20
to a time that's literally defined by our species' impact on the planet.
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ืœื–ืžืŸ ืฉืžื•ื’ื“ืจ ืชืจืชื™ ืžืฉืžืข ืœืคื™ ื”ืฉืคืขืช ื”ืžื™ืŸ ืฉืœื ื• ืขืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
02:25
We now live in a time where one half of the human species lives in cities.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ืฉื‘ื” ื—ืฆื™ ืžื”ืžื™ืŸ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ ื—ื™ ื‘ืขืจื™ื.
02:30
As urban areas grow and expand,
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ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื”ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ื™ื ื’ื“ืœื™ื ื•ืžืชืจื—ื‘ื™ื,
02:33
life around the world,
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ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœืขื•ืœื,
02:35
non-human life, is changing
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ื—ื™ื™ื ืœื ืื ื•ืฉื™ื™ื, ืžืฉืชื ื™ื
02:38
to figure out how to exploit the novel resources
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืœื ืฆืœ ืืช ื”ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื ื”ื—ื“ืฉื™ื
02:41
and avoid the potential dangers.
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ื•ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข ืžื”ืกื›ื ื•ืช ื”ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœื™ื•ืช.
02:44
My research group and my colleagues have been studying these small lizards
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ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉืœื™ ื•ืขืžื™ืชื™ื™ ื—ืงืจื ื• ืืช ื”ืœื˜ืื•ืช ื”ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ื”ืืœื”
02:49
called anoles
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ืฉื ืงืจืื•ืช ืื ื•ืœื™ื
02:51
that occur across the island of Puerto Rico.
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ืฉื ืžืฆืื•ืช ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืื™ ืฉืœ ืคื•ืจื˜ื• ืจื™ืงื•.
02:54
Now, most of the time,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื–ืžืŸ,
02:56
these lizards spend their time running up and down trees,
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ื”ืœื˜ืื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ืžื‘ืœื•ืช ืืช ื–ืžื ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ืฆื” ืžืขืœื” ื•ืžื˜ื” ืžืขืฆื™ื,
03:00
chasing after insects, doing the things you know, that lizards do.
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ืจื•ื“ืคื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ ื—ืจืงื™ื, ืขื•ืฉื•ืช ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ืฉืœื˜ืื•ืช ืขื•ืฉื•ืช.
03:03
But in cities, they have evolved at the genetic level.
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืขืจื™ื, ื”ืŸ ื”ืชืคืชื—ื• ื‘ืจืžื” ื”ื’ื ื˜ื™ืช.
03:07
They've evolved longer limbs and larger sticky toe pads
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ื”ืŸ ืคื™ืชื—ื• ืื™ื‘ืจื™ื ืืจื•ื›ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื›ืจื™ื•ืช ืืฆื‘ืข ื“ื‘ื™ืงื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ
03:10
to utilize the sides of buildings
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื ืฆืœ ืืช ื“ืคื ื•ืช ื”ืžื‘ื ื™ื
03:13
and artificial surfaces like glass and metal and concrete as their homes.
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ื•ืžืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™ื™ื ื›ืžื• ื–ื›ื•ื›ื™ืช ื•ืžืชื›ืช ื•ื‘ื˜ื•ืŸ ื›ื‘ืชื™ื”ื.
03:18
They've also evolved greater heat tolerance
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ื”ื ื’ื ืคื™ืชื—ื• ืกื‘ื™ืœื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื—ื•ื
03:21
to deal with the high temperatures that define dense urban environments,
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ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ื”ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื•ืช ืฉืžื’ื“ื™ืจื•ืช ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืฆืคื•ืคื•ืช,
03:25
what we call urban heat islands.
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ืžื” ืฉืื ื• ืžื›ื ื™ื ืื™ื™ ื—ื•ื ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ื™ื.
03:27
And what's more, is that multiple populations of this species
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ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื›ืš ื–ื” ืฉืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื•ืช ืžืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื™ืŸ ื–ื”
03:32
have come up with the same solutions over and over again, independently.
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ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœืื•ืชื ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืฉื•ื‘, ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืขืฆืžืื™.
03:37
Showing us that not only is the process of evolution very rapid sometimes,
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ืžื” ืฉืžืจืื” ืœื ื• ืฉืœื ืจืง ืฉื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉืœ ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ืžื”ื™ืจ ืžืื•ื“ ืœืคืขืžื™ื,
03:43
but in some cases it can also be quite predictable.
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ืืœื ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื’ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื“ื™ ืฆืคื•ื™.
03:47
Now, urbanization is not our only impact on this planet,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืขื™ื•ืจ ื”ื•ื ืœื ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืฉืœื ื• ืขืœ ื”ืคืœื ื˜ื” ื”ื–ื•,
03:52
far from it.
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ืจื—ื•ืง ืžื–ื”.
03:53
Perhaps our earliest and longest-lasting impact
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ืื•ืœื™ ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ื”ืžื•ืงื“ืžืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ืืจื•ื›ืช ื”ื˜ื•ื•ื— ืฉืœื ื•
03:56
has been through our want and need
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ืขื‘ืจื” ื“ืจืš ื”ืจืฆื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ืฉืœื ื•
03:59
to hunt other species for food and for sport.
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ืœืฆื•ื“ ืžื™ื ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืœืื•ื›ืœ ื•ืœืกืคื•ืจื˜.
04:03
I spent the last few years studying the evolution of African elephants
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ื‘ื™ืœื™ืชื™ ืืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ื”ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืคื™ืœื™ื ื”ืืคืจื™ืงืื™ื
04:09
in response to ivory poaching.
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ื‘ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืœืฆื™ื“ ืฉื ื”ื‘.
04:11
In Mozambique,
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ื‘ืžื•ื–ืžื‘ื™ืง,
04:13
there was a civil war from 1977 to 1992.
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžืœื—ืžืช ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ืž-1977 ืขื“ 1992.
04:17
During this time, in Gorongosa National Park,
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ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื–ื”, ื‘ืคืืจืง ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ ื’ื•ืจื•ื ื’ื•ืกื”,
04:20
elephants in particular were reduced by 90 percent
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ืคื™ืœื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืคื—ืชื• ื‘-90 ืื—ื•ื–
04:23
because of the ivory trade, being targeted for their trademark tusks.
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ื‘ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืกื—ืจ ืฉื ื”ื‘, ืฉืžืžื•ืงื“ ืœื—ื˜ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ืกื™ืžืŸ ื”ืžืกื—ืจื™ .
04:28
Now, under most circumstances, African elephants have tusks,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช, ืœืคื™ืœื™ื ืืคืจื™ืงืื™ื ื™ืฉ ื—ื˜ื™ื,
04:32
all males have tusks,
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ืœื›ืœ ื”ื–ื›ืจื™ื ื™ืฉ ื—ื˜ื™ื,
04:34
the vast majority of females have tusks.
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ืœืจื•ื‘ืŸ ื”ืžื›ืจื™ืข ืฉืœ ื”ื ืงื‘ื•ืช ื™ืฉ ื—ื˜ื™ื.
04:37
But there is a small number of females that carry a gene
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ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ืžืกืคืจ ืงื˜ืŸ ืฉืœ ื ืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ื ื•ืฉืื•ืช ื’ืŸ
04:42
that prevents them from growing their tusks.
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ืฉืžื•ื ืข ืžื”ืŸ ืœื’ื“ืœ ืืช ื”ื—ื˜ื™ื ืฉืœื”ืŸ.
04:45
But after the Mozambican Civil War,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื—ืจื™ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ื‘ืžื•ื–ืžื‘ื™ืง,
04:47
one-half of the surviving females, completely tuskless.
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ืžื—ืฆื™ืช ืžื”ื ืงื‘ื•ืช ืฉืฉืจื“ื•, ื—ืกืจื•ืช ื—ื˜ื™ื ืœื’ืžืจื™.
04:52
Now, during a time where individuals are being hunted
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ืฉื‘ื” ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ื ื ื™ืฆื•ื“ื™ื
04:57
specifically for a trait,
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ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืชื›ื•ื ื”,
04:59
having tusks,
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ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ื—ื˜ื™ื,
05:01
not having that trait puts you at a decided advantage
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ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ืชื›ื•ื ื” ื”ื–ืืช ืžืขืžื™ื“ ืืชื›ื ื‘ื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ื ื—ืจืฅ
05:04
in your ability to survive.
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ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื›ื ืœืฉืจื•ื“.
05:06
That in and of itself is natural selection.
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ื–ื” ื›ืฉืœืขืฆืžื• ื”ื•ื ื‘ืจื™ืจื” ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช.
05:08
Those surviving females then went on
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ื”ื ืงื‘ื•ืช ืฉืฉืจื“ื• ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื•
05:10
and passed that gene on to many of their daughters.
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ื•ื”ืขื‘ื™ืจื• ืืช ื”ื’ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ื”ืœืื” ืœืจื‘ื•ืช ืžื‘ื ื•ืชื™ื”ืŸ.
05:13
That turnover of genes across generations,
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ื”ืชื—ืœื•ืคื” ื”ื–ื• ืฉืœ ื’ื ื™ื ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื“ื•ืจื•ืช,
05:18
that is rapid evolution
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ื–ื• ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ืžื”ื™ืจื”
05:20
in this long-lived species in response to a decade and a half
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ื‘ืžื™ืŸ ืžืืจื™ืš ื™ืžื™ื ื–ื” ื‘ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืœืขืฉื•ืจ ื•ื—ืฆื™
05:24
of human hunting.
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ืฉืœ ืฆื™ื“ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื.
05:26
I remember going to Gorongosa for the first time
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ืื ื™ ื–ื•ื›ืจ ืฉื”ื’ืขืชื™ ืœื’ื•ืจื•ื ื’ื•ืกื” ื‘ืคืขื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”
05:29
and participating in these elephant captures
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ื•ื”ืฉืชืชืคืชื™ ื‘ืœื›ื™ื“ื•ืช ื”ืคื™ืœื™ื ื”ืืœื”
05:32
where we collar these individuals
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ืฉื ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื•ื›ื“ื™ื ืืช ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ื ื”ืืœื”
05:34
and collect data and track their movements.
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ื•ืื•ืกืคื™ื ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ื•ืขื•ืงื‘ื™ื ืื—ืจ ืชื ื•ืขื•ืชื™ื”ื.
05:37
And we came across this female,
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ื•ื ืชืงืœื ื• ื‘ื ืงื‘ื” ื”ื–ื•,
05:39
and she's old enough where we know that she had survived
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ื•ื”ื™ื ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจืช ืžืกืคื™ืง ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื ื“ืข ืฉื”ื™ื ืฉืจื“ื”
05:42
the Mozambican Civil War.
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ืืช ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ื‘ืžื•ื–ืžื‘ื™ืง.
05:44
Now we sedated this female and as we were there,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื”ืจื“ืžื ื• ืืช ื”ื ืงื‘ื” ื”ื–ื• ื•ื›ืฉื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฉื,
05:47
sort of working up all of these data,
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ื•ืขืฉื™ื ื• ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื”,
05:50
looking into her big, groggy, sleepy eyes,
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ืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื ืœืชื•ืš ืขื™ื ื™ื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช, ื”ืžื ื•ืžื ืžื•ืช,
05:54
and it really struck me, the impact that our species can have
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ื•ื–ื” ืžืžืฉ ื”ืœื ืื•ืชื™, ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืœืžื™ืŸ ืฉืœื ื•
05:58
on the rest of the living world.
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ืขืœ ืฉืืจ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื—ื™.
06:00
This female, she lived during a time
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ื”ื ืงื‘ื” ื”ื–ื•, ื—ื™ืชื” ื‘ืžืฉืš ืชืงื•ืคื”
06:02
that saw nine out of ten of the members of her species slaughtered.
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ืฉืจืืชื” ืชืฉืขื” ืžืชื•ืš ืขืฉืจื” ืžื”ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืžื”ืžื™ืŸ ืฉืœื” ื ืฉื—ื˜ื™ื.
06:08
But she survived.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื ืฉืจื“ื”.
06:09
She grew up, she went on and had children, had grandchildren,
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ื”ื™ื ื’ื“ืœื”, ื”ื™ื ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื” ื•ื”ื•ืœื™ื“ื” ื™ืœื“ื™ื, ื”ื™ื• ืœื” ื ื›ื“ื™ื,
06:13
became the matriarch of a family group.
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ื”ืคื›ื” ืœืžื˜ืจื™ืืจื›ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืžืฉืคื—ืชื™ืช.
06:17
But what strikes me the most about this story
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืฉืžืฆื™ืง ืœื™ ื”ื›ื™ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื–ื”
06:19
is that the reason
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ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ืกื™ื‘ื”
06:21
for all of that destruction and that slaughter
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ืœื›ืœ ื”ื”ืจืก ื”ื–ื” ื•ื”ืฉื—ื™ื˜ื” ื”ื”ื™ื
06:26
was simply because
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ื”ื™ืชื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื‘ื’ืœืœ
06:28
humans like to make trinkets out of their teeth.
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ืฉื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ื›ื™ืŸ ื—ืคืฆื™ ื ื•ื™ ืžื”ืฉื™ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื.
06:32
Which is about the most
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ืฉื–ื” ื‘ืขืจืš ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื›ื™
06:34
ridiculous and sad thing I've ever had to say out loud.
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ืžื’ื•ื—ืš ื•ืขืฆื•ื‘ ืฉืื™ ืคืขื ื ืืœืฆืชื™ ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ื‘ืงื•ืœ.
06:38
But we live in a time where even the simplest human whims
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ืฉื‘ื” ืืคื™ืœื• ื”ื’ื—ืžื•ืช ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ื•ืช ื”ืคืฉื•ื˜ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
06:42
can fundamentally alter the evolutionary fate
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœืฉื ื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื”ื•ืชื™ ืืช ื”ื’ื•ืจืœ ื”ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื•ื ื™
06:45
of the largest land animal on our planet.
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ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™ืช ื”ื™ื‘ืฉื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ื”ืคืœื ื˜ื” ืฉืœื ื•.
06:49
And many of these stories of rapid evolution are sad,
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ื•ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืฉืœ ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ืžื”ื™ืจื” ื”ื ืขืฆื•ื‘ื™ื,
06:53
but some also offer us hope for our own future on this planet.
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ืื‘ืœ ื—ืœืงื ื’ื ืžืฆื™ืขื™ื ืœื ื• ืชืงื•ื•ื” ืœืขืชื™ื“ ืฉืœื ื• ืขืœ ื”ืคืœื ื˜ื” ื”ื–ื•.
07:00
In nature's struggle to deal with all the nonsense that we're throwing at her
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ื‘ืžืื‘ืง ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ื›ืœ ื”ืฉื˜ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื–ื•ืจืงื™ื ืขืœื™ื•
07:04
in all these different ways,
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ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•,
07:06
some of those solutions may lead us to novel insights
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ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืื•ืชื ื• ืœืชื•ื‘ื ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช
07:12
that may help our bodies
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ืฉืขืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื’ื•ืคื ื•
07:14
deal with things that we currently struggle with
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ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื ืื‘ืงื™ื ื‘ื”ื ื›ืจื’ืข
07:16
that will allow us to survive all the different changes
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ืฉื™ืืคืฉืจื• ืœื ื• ืœืฉืจื•ื“ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื
07:20
that we're making on this planet.
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ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืคืœื ื˜ื” ื”ื–ื•.
07:23
For instance, fast forward to the year 2040,
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ืœืžืฉืœ, ื ืจื•ืฅ ืงื“ื™ืžื” ืœืฉื ืช 2040,
07:25
it's estimated that there will be about 30.2 million new cancer cases
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ื”ื”ืขืจื›ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉื™ื”ื™ื• ื›-30.2 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืžืงืจื™ ืกืจื˜ืŸ ื—ื“ืฉื™ื
07:30
diagnosed in that year alone.
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ืฉื™ืื•ื‘ื—ื ื• ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืฉื ื” ื‘ืœื‘ื“.
07:32
Now, we know a lot about the genes and mutations
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืขืœ ื”ื’ื ื™ื ื•ื”ืžื•ื˜ืฆื™ื•ืช
07:37
that are responsible for many cancers
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ืฉืื—ืจืื™ื ืœืกื•ื’ื™ ืกืจื˜ืŸ ืจื‘ื™ื
07:40
or make an individual more predisposed to getting cancer.
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ืื• ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืœืื“ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื ื•ื˜ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื—ืœื•ืช ื‘ืกืจื˜ืŸ.
07:44
We know a lot less about potential genetic mutations or variation
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคื—ื•ืช ืขืœ ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ืฉืœ ืžื•ื˜ืฆื™ื•ืช ื’ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืื• ืฉื•ื ื•ืช
07:50
that may make an individual more resistant
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ืฉืขืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืื“ื ืœืขืžื™ื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ
07:53
or more resilient to cancer.
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ืื• ื—ืกื™ืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืกืจื˜ืŸ.
07:56
But perhaps nature has already found the solution.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื•ืœื™ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ื›ื‘ืจ ืžืฆื ืืช ื”ืคืชืจื•ืŸ.
08:02
April 26th, 1986,
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26 ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ, 1986,
08:03
the day before my very first birthday.
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ื™ื•ื ืœืคื ื™ ื™ื•ื ื”ื”ื•ืœื“ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœื™.
08:06
There was an explosion in the Chernobyl nuclear power plant.
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ื”ื™ื” ืคื™ืฆื•ืฅ ื‘ืชื—ื ืช ื”ื›ื•ื— ื”ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ืช ื‘ืฆโ€™ืจื ื•ื‘ื™ืœ.
08:10
Humans were immediately evacuated from that region,
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ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืคื•ื ื• ืžื™ื“ ืžืื•ืชื• ืื–ื•ืจ,
08:13
what is now called the Chernobyl exclusion zone.
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ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ื”ื“ืจื” ืฉืœ ืฆโ€™ืจื ื•ื‘ื™ืœ.
08:16
But in the decades since,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืขืฉืจื•ืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื ืฉื—ืœืคื• ืžืื–,
08:17
wildlife has actually moved into the Chernobyl exclusion zone
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ื—ื™ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจ ืœืžืขืฉื” ื–ื–ื• ืœืชื•ืš ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ื”ื“ืจื” ืฉืœ ืฆโ€™ืจื ื•ื‘ื™ืœ
08:21
and has proliferated.
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ื•ื”ืชืจื‘ื•.
08:22
So my research group and colleagues,
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ืื– ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื•ื”ืขืžื™ืชื™ื ืฉืœื™,
08:24
we have been studying the wolves that live in the Chernobyl exclusion zone,
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ื—ืงืจื ื• ืืช ื”ื–ืื‘ื™ื ืฉื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ื”ื“ืจื” ืฉืœ ืฆโ€™ืจื ื•ื‘ื™ืœ,
08:29
trying to understand how they have responded biologically
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ื‘ื ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ื ื”ื’ื™ื‘ื• ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช
08:33
to now generations of exposure to elevated radiation levels.
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ืขื“ ื›ื” ืœื“ื•ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ืฉื™ืคื” ืœืจืžื•ืช ืงืจื™ื ื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื•ืช.
08:39
Now, if we consider a wolf pup that's born in the Chernobyl exclusion zone,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืื ื ื™ืงื— ื‘ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ื’ื•ืจ ื–ืื‘ ืฉื ื•ืœื“ ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ื”ื“ืจื” ืฉืœ ืฆโ€™ืจื ื•ื‘ื™ืœ,
08:44
it lives every single day of its life, from the time it's born,
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ื”ื•ื ื—ื™ ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื•, ืžื”ืจื’ืข ืฉื”ื•ื ื ื•ืœื“,
08:48
gaining increased doses of exposure from its environment.
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ื‘ืงื‘ืœืช ืžื™ื ื•ืŸ ืžื•ื’ื‘ืจ ืฉืœ ื—ืฉื™ืคื” ืžื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœื•.
08:53
With every meal that that animal eats,
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ืขื ื›ืœ ืืจื•ื—ื” ืฉื”ื—ื™ื” ื”ื–ื• ืื•ื›ืœืช,
08:56
it then gets another dose of radiation from prey species.
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ื”ื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ืžืงื‘ืœืช ืžื ื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ืฉืœ ืงืจื™ื ื” ืžืžื™ื ื™ ื˜ืจืฃ.
09:00
And we can see that radiation accumulating in this wolf population
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืงืจื™ื ื” ื”ื–ื• ืžืฆื˜ื‘ืจืช ื‘ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ืช ื”ื–ืื‘ื™ื ื”ื–ื•
09:05
in the form of cesium-137.
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ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ืฆื–ื™ื•ื-137.
09:09
And one of the things that our data are showing us
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ื•ืื—ื“ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ืžืจืื™ื ืœื ื•
09:14
is that the fastest-changing regions of the Chernobyl wolf genome
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ื–ื” ืฉื”ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืžืฉืชื ื™ื ื”ื›ื™ ืžื”ืจ ืฉืœ ื’ื ื•ื ื”ื–ืื‘ ืžืฆโ€™ืจื ื•ื‘ื™ืœ
09:20
occur in and around genes that we know are involved in cancer
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ืžืชืจื—ืฉื™ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื’ื ื™ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื”ื ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ืกืจื˜ืŸ
09:25
or in the mammalian anti-tumor immune response.
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ืื• ื‘ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ืช ื ื’ื“ ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื™ื•ื ืงื™ื.
09:30
We're now working with biomedical companies
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืขื ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•-ืจืคื•ืื™ื•ืช
09:33
and cancer biologists
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ื•ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ืฉืœ ืกืจื˜ืŸ
09:35
to understand the physiological impacts of these mutations
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ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื•ื˜ืฆื™ื•ืช ืืœื•
09:40
with the hope that at least some of these changes
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ื‘ืชืงื•ื•ื” ืฉืœืคื—ื•ืช ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื”ืœืœื•
09:43
may lead us to novel therapeutics
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ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืื•ืชื ื• ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื
09:46
that might result in new treatments for cancer in humans.
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ืฉืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœื”ื•ืœื™ืš ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื‘ืกืจื˜ืŸ ื‘ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื.
09:51
In this grand story of life,
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ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื”ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื,
09:53
we're writing a brand new chapter.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื›ื•ืชื‘ื™ื ืคืจืง ื—ื“ืฉ ืœื’ืžืจื™.
09:56
Now our chapter in this story is not a pretty one, let's be honest.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื”ืคืจืง ืฉืœื ื• ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ืœื ื™ืคื”, ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื”ื™ื” ื›ื ื™ื.
10:01
As a matter of fact, there's a distinct possibility
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื™ืฉ ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ื‘ืจื•ืจื”
10:03
that our species could bring about Earth's sixth major mass extinction event.
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ืฉื”ืžื™ืŸ ืฉืœื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื™ืจื•ืข ื”ื”ื›ื—ื“ื” ื”ื”ืžื•ื ื™ืช ื”ืฉื™ืฉื™ ืฉืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
10:10
So, you know, that sucks.
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ืื–, ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ื–ื” ืžื‘ืืก.
10:12
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
10:15
It'd be messed up if I had just left the talk like that, I was like,
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžื‘ื•ืœื’ืŸ ืื ืจืง ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืžืฉืื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื”ืจืฆืื” ื›ื›ื”, ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื›ืžื•,
10:18
"Hope you're all proud of yourselves, bye."
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โ€œืžืงื•ื•ื” ืฉื›ื•ืœื›ื ื’ืื™ื ื‘ืขืฆืžื›ื, ื‘ื™ื™.โ€
10:20
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
10:22
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
10:27
But luckily I don't have to leave the talk like that
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืžื–ืœื™ ืื™ื ื™ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืฉืื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื”ืจืฆืื” ื›ื›ื”
10:31
because this chapter is still being written.
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ื›ื™ ื”ืคืจืง ื”ื–ื” ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื ื›ืชื‘.
10:35
Our chapter in this story of life is still happening,
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ื”ืคืจืง ืฉืœื ื• ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื–ื” ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืชืจื—ืฉ,
10:38
which means that there are still many possibilities ahead of us.
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ืžื” ืฉืื•ืžืจ ืฉื™ืฉ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ืœืคื ื™ื ื•.
10:41
We have the possibility to act,
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœืคืขื•ืœ,
10:44
the possibility to fight for those species
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ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœื”ื™ืœื—ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื”
10:46
that don't have the ability to fight for themselves.
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ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื ืืช ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื”ื™ืœื—ื ื‘ืขื“ ืขืฆืžื.
10:50
We have the possibility to turn our chapter in this story
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ื”ืคืจืง ืฉืœื ื• ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื–ื”
10:55
into one of redemption,
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ืœืื—ื“ ืฉืœ ื’ืื•ืœื”,
10:58
one of hope and one of care for this epic legacy of life
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ืื—ื“ ืฉืœ ืชืงื•ื•ื” ื•ืื—ื“ ืฉืœ ืื›ืคืชื™ื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžื•ืจืฉืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืืคื™ืช ื”ื–ื•
11:03
on this planet that we've inherited.
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ืขืœ ื”ืคืœื ื˜ื” ื”ื–ื• ืฉื™ืจืฉื ื•.
11:05
A legacy, by the way, that's four billion years in the making.
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ืžื•ืจืฉืช, ืื’ื‘, ืฉืžื–ื” ืืจื‘ืขื” ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืฉื ื™ื ื‘ื”ืชื”ื•ื•ืช.
11:11
Which brings up the possibility that we can pass on a world to our kids
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ืžื” ืฉืžืขืœื” ืืช ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืฉื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืขื•ืœื ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•
11:18
and our grandkids
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ื•ืœื ื›ื“ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•
11:20
so that they can enjoy and revel in the incredible biodiversity
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ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœื™ื”ื ื•ืช ื•ืœื”ืชืขื ื’ ื‘ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ื”ืžื“ื”ื™ื
11:25
that the story of evolution has produced.
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ืฉืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ื”ื•ืœื™ื“.
11:28
What Charles Darwin referred to as โ€œendless forms most beautiful.โ€
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ืžื” ืฉืฆโ€™ืืจืœืก ื“ืจื•ื•ื™ืŸ ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืืœื™ื• ื›ืืœ โ€œืื™ืŸ ืกื•ืฃ ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื™ืคื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจโ€œ.
11:33
One way or another, what we do matters.
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ื›ืš ืื• ืื—ืจืช, ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘.
11:38
We live in a time
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ื–ืžืŸ
11:40
when we are literally etching our decisions
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ื‘ื• ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืžืฉ ื—ื•ืจื˜ื™ื ืืช ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•
11:44
into the DNA of the species that live in, on and around us.
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ืœืชื•ืš ื”-DNA ืฉืœ ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื•, ืขืœื™ื ื• ื•ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื ื•.
11:51
When we're considering this story that we're writing,
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ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืฉื•ืงืœื™ื ืืช ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื–ื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื›ื•ืชื‘ื™ื,
11:55
what do we want our chapter in this grand story of life to be?
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ืžื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืฉื”ืคืจืง ืฉืœื ื• ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื”ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื™ื”ื™ื”?
12:01
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื”.
12:02
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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