How "baby bonds" could help close the wealth gap | Darrick Hamilton

48,159 views ใƒป 2019-01-15

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Roni Weisman ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Shai Hakim
00:13
There is a narrative,
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ื™ืฉื ื” ืžื•ืกื›ืžื”,
00:15
an idea that with resilience, grit and personal responsibility
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ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ, ืฉื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื ื—ื™ืฉื•ืช, ืขืžื™ื“ื•ืช ื•ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืื™ืฉื™ืช
00:21
people can pull themselves up and achieve economic success.
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ืื ืฉื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชืจื•ืžื ืžืขืœื” ื•ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช.
00:25
In the United States we call it the American dream.
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ื‘ืืจื”"ื‘ ืื ื—ื ื• ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœื–ื” "ื”ื—ืœื•ื ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™".
00:29
A similar narrative exists all over the world.
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ืืžื™ืชื” ื“ื•ืžื” ืžืงื•ื‘ืœืช ื‘ื›ืœ ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื.
00:33
But the truth is that the challenges of making this happen
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ืืš ื”ืืžืช ื”ื™ื ืฉื”ืืชื’ืจื™ื ื”ื›ืจื•ื›ื™ื ื‘ื”ื’ืฉืžืช ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื”
00:36
have less to do with what we do
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ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ืคื—ื•ืช ื‘ืžืขืฉื™ื ืฉืœื ื•
00:39
and more to do with the wealth position in which we are born.
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ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืžื™ื“ืช ื”ืขื•ืฉืจ ืื™ืชื” ื ื•ืœื“ื ื•.
00:42
So I'm going to make the case that the United States government,
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ืœื›ืŸ, ืื ื™ ืขื•ืžื“ ืœื˜ืขื•ืŸ ืฉืžืžืฉืœ ืืจื”"ื‘,
00:46
actually that any government,
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ืœืžืขืฉื” ื›ืœ ืžืžืฉืœื”,
00:48
should create a trust account for every newborn
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ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœืคืชื•ื— ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ื ืืžื ื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื›ืœ ืชื™ื ื•ืง ืฉื ื•ืœื“
00:51
of up to 60,000 dollars,
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ืขื ืกื›ื•ื ืฉืœ ืขื“ 60,000 ื“ื•ืœืจ,
00:53
calibrated to the wealth of the family in which they are born.
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ืžืงื•ื–ื– ืœืžื™ื“ืช ื”ืขื•ืฉืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืœืชื•ื›ื” ื”ื•ื ื ื•ืœื“.
00:58
I'm talking about an endowment.
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ื›ื•ื•ื ึธืชื™ ืœืžืขื ืง.
01:00
Personal seed capital, a publicly established baby trust,
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ื”ื•ืŸ ืœืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ืื™ืฉื™ ืจืืฉื•ื ื™, ืงืจืŸ ื ืืžื ื•ืช ืœื›ืœ ืชื™ื ื•ืง ืืฉืจ ืชื™ืคืชื— ื‘ืžื•ืกื“ ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™,
01:05
what my colleague William Darity at Duke University and I
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ืžื” ืฉืขืžื™ืชึดื™ ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื“ื™ื•ืง, ื•ื•ื™ืœื™ืื ื“ืืจื™ื˜ื™, ื•ืื ื•ื›ื™
01:09
have referred to as baby bonds,
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ืงืจืื ื• ืœื• ืื’ืจื•ืช ื—ื•ื‘ ืœื›ืœ ืชื™ื ื•ืง,
01:11
a term that was coined by the late historian from Columbia University,
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ืžื•ื ื— ืฉื”ื•ื˜ื‘ืข ืข"ื™ ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื ื•ื— ืžืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืงื•ืœื•ืžื‘ื™ื”,
01:16
Manning Marable.
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ืžืื ื™ื ื’ ืžืืจืื‘ืœ.
01:18
The reason why we should create these trusts is simple.
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ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ื‘ื’ืœืœื” ืื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื ืคื™ืง ืืช ืื’ืจื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ื‘ ื”ืœืœื• ื”ื™ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ื”.
01:21
Wealth is the paramount indicator of economic security and well-being.
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ืขื•ืฉืจ ื”ื•ื ื”ืกืžืžืŸ ื”ืจืืฉื™ ืœื‘ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื•ืจื•ื•ื—ื” ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื™ื.
01:27
It provides financial agency, economic security to take risk
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ื”ื•ื ืžืกืคืง ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ืช, ื‘ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ื”ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœืงื™ื—ืช ืกื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื
01:31
and shield against loss.
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ื•ืžืขื˜ืคืช ืžื’ืŸ ืžืคื ื™ ื”ืคืกื“ื™ื.
01:33
Without capital, inequality is locked in.
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ืœืœื ื”ื•ืŸ, ืื ื• ื ืขื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืกืจ ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ.
01:36
We use words like choice, freedom to describe the benefits of the market,
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ืื ื• ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืžืœื™ื ื›ืžื• ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื•ื—ื•ืคืฉ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชืืจ ืืช ื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ืง ื”ื—ื•ืคืฉื™,
01:42
but it is literally wealth that gives us choice, freedom and optionality.
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืขืฆื ืขื•ืฉืจ ื”ื•ื ื–ื” ืฉืžืขื ื™ืง ืœื ื• ื‘ื—ื™ืจื”, ื—ื•ืคืฉ ื•ืืœื˜ืจื ื˜ื™ื‘ื•ืช.
01:49
Wealthier families are better positioned to finance an elite, independent school
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ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ื”ืขืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœืžืžืŸ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ื‘ืชื™ ืกืคืจ ืขืฆืžืื™ื™ื ื•ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื
01:54
and college education,
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ื•ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื,
01:55
access capital to start a business,
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ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ื”ื•ืŸ ืœื”ืงืžืช ืขืกืง,
01:58
finance expensive medical procedures,
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ืœืžืžืŸ ื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืจืคื•ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืจื™ื,
02:01
reside in neighborhoods with higher amenities,
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ืœื”ืชื’ื•ืจืจ ื‘ืฉื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ,
02:04
exert political influence through campaign finance,
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ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ืžืกืขื™ ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช,
02:08
purchase better legal counsel
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ืœืจื›ื•ืฉ ื™ื™ืขื•ืฅ ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ
02:10
if confronted with an expensive criminal justice system,
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื ื ืชืงืœื™ื ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ืฆื“ืง ื™ืงืจื”,
02:14
leave a bequest
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ืœื”ืฉืื™ืจ ื™ืจื•ืฉื” ืื—ืจื™ื”ื
02:15
and/or withstand financial hardship resulting from any number of emergencies.
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ื•/ืื• ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืฆื•ืงื” ื›ืกืคื™ืช ื”ื ื•ื‘ืขืช ืžื›ืœ ื›ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืงืจื™ ื—ื™ืจื•ื.
02:21
Basically, when it comes to economic security,
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ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ืกื™ืกื™, ื›ืืฉืจ ื–ื” ืžื’ื™ืข ืœื‘ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื›ืœื›ืœื™,
02:25
wealth is both the beginning and the end.
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ืขื•ืฉืจ ื”ื•ื ื’ื ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ื”ืชื—ืœื” ื•ื’ื ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืกื™ื•ื.
02:29
I will frame this conversation in the context of the United States,
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ืื ื™ ืืฆืžืฆื ืืช ื”ื”ืจืฆืื” ื”ื–ืืช ืœืชื—ื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ืืจื”"ื‘,
02:32
but this discussion applies virtually to any country
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ืชื•ืคืก ื›ืžืขื˜ ืœื›ืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื”
02:36
facing increasing inequality.
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ืฉื‘ื” ื™ืฉื ื” ืขืœื™ื™ื” ื‘ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ.
02:40
In the US, the top 10 percent of households
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ื‘ืืจื”"ื‘, ื”ืขืฉื™ืจื•ืŸ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžืฉืงื™ ื”ื‘ื™ืช
02:42
hold about 80 percent of the nation's wealth
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ืžื—ื–ื™ืง ื‘-80 ืื—ื•ื– ืžืขื•ืฉืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”
02:45
while the bottom 60 percent owns only about one percent.
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉืขื•ืฉืจื ื”ื›ื•ืœืœ ืฉืœ 60 ื”ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ื”ืชื—ืชื•ื ื™ื ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ื›ืื—ื•ื– ืื—ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืฉืจ.
02:51
But when it comes to wealth,
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ืืš ื›ืฉื–ื” ืžื’ื™ืข ืœืขื•ืฉืจ,
02:52
race is an even stronger predictor than class itself.
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ืžื•ืฆื ื’ื–ืขื™ ื”ื•ื ื’ื•ืจื ืžื ื‘ื ื—ื–ืง ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืคื™ืœื• ืžืืฉืจ ืžืขืžื“.
02:56
Blacks and Latinos collectively make up 30 percent
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื ื•ืžืžื•ืฆื ืœื˜ื™ื ื™ ืžื”ื•ื•ื™ื 30 ืื—ื•ื–
03:00
of the United States population,
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ืžืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ืช ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช,
03:02
but collectively own about seven percent of the nation's wealth.
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ืื‘ืœ ื™ื—ื“ื™ื• ื”ื ืžื—ื–ื™ืงื™ื ื›-7 ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ืžืขื•ืฉืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”.
03:07
The 2016 survey of consumer finance
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ืžืฉืืœ ื”ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ื”ืฆืจื›ื ื™ ืฉืœ 2016
03:11
indicates that the typical black family has about 17,000 dollars in wealth,
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ืžืจืื” ืฉื”ืกืš ื”ื›ื•ืœืœ ืฉืœ ืขื•ืฉืจ ื‘ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืฉื—ื•ืจื” ื˜ื™ืคื•ืกื™ืช ืขื•ืžื“ ืขืœ ื›-17,000 ื“ื•ืœืจ,
03:16
and that's inclusive of home equity,
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ื•ื–ื” ื›ื•ืœืœ ื ื“ืœ"ืŸ,
03:19
while the typical white family has about 170,000.
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉืœืžืฉืคื—ื” ืœื‘ื ื” ื˜ื™ืคื•ืกื™ืช ื™ืฉ ื‘ืขืจืš 170,000.
03:22
That is indicative of an absolute racial wealth gap
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ื–ื” ืžืจืื” ืขืœ ืคืขืจ ืขื•ืฉืจ ื‘ืขืจื›ื™ื ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ื™ื ื”ืงื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื’ื–ืขื™ื
03:26
where the typical black household has about 10 cents for every dollar
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ืฉื‘ื• ืœืžืฉืง ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืฉื—ื•ืจื” ื˜ื™ืคื•ืกื™ืช ื™ืฉ ื›-10 ืกื ื˜ ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื“ื•ืœืจ
03:30
held by the typical white family.
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ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืžืฉืคื—ื” ืœื‘ื ื” ื˜ื™ืคื•ืกื™ืช.
03:33
But regardless of race,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืœื™ ืงืฉืจ ืœื’ื–ืข,
03:34
the market alone has been inadequate to address these inequalities.
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ื”ืฉื•ืง ื”ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ ืœื‘ื“ื• ืœื ืฆืœื— ืœืคืชื•ืจ ืืช ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ืžื”ืกื•ื’ ื”ื–ื”.
03:41
Even in times of economic expansion, inequality grows.
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ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ื–ืžื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืฆืžื™ื—ื” ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ื—ื•ืกืจ-ื”ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ื’ื“ึตืœ.
03:45
Over the last 45 years,
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ื‘ืžืฉืš 45 ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช,
03:47
wealth disparity has increased dramatically,
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ื’ื“ืœ ืคืขืจ ื”ืขื•ืฉืจ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื“ืจืžื˜ื™,
03:49
and essentially, all the economic gains from America's increase in productivity
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ื•ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื›ืœ ื”ืจื•ื•ื— ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ืฉื”ื•ืฉื’ ื‘ืืžืจื™ืงื” ื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ืœืขืœื™ื™ื” ื‘ืคืจื™ื•ืŸ
03:54
have gone to the elite or the upper middle class.
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ื”ืœืš ืœืืœื™ื˜ื•ืช ืื• ืœื—ืœืง ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžืขืžื“ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื.
03:59
Yet, much of the framing around economic disparity
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ื•ืœืžืจื•ืช ื–ืืช, ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืฉื™ื— ื”ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ืคืขืจ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™
04:03
focuses on the poor choices
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ืžืชืจื›ื– ื‘ืžื™ืขื•ื˜ ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช
04:05
of black, Latino and poor borrowers.
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ื”ืขื•ืžื“ื•ืช ื‘ืคื ื™ ืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื, ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืžื•ืฆื ืœื˜ื™ื ื™ ื•ืœื•ึนื•ึดื•ื™ื ืขื ื™ื™ื.
04:10
This framing is wrong.
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ื”ื’ื“ืจื” ืฆืจื” ื–ื• ื”ื™ื ื” ืžื•ื˜ืขื™ืช.
04:12
The directional emphasis is wrong.
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ื”ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืขืœื™ื• ืžื•ืฉื ื“ื’ืฉ ื”ื™ื ื• ืžื•ื˜ืขื”.
04:14
It is more likely that meager economic circumstance,
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ื™ื•ืชืจ ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืฉื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื•ืช ื’ืจื•ืขื•ืช,
04:17
not poor decision making or deficient knowledge,
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ื•ืœื ืœืงื™ื—ืช ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ื’ืจื•ืขื” ืื• ืžื™ื“ืข ื—ืกืจ,
04:20
constrains choice itself and leaves people with no options
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ื”ื ืฉืžื’ื‘ื™ืœื™ื ืืช ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ืžืฉืื™ืจื™ื ืื ืฉื™ื ืœืœื ื“ืจืš ืื—ืจืช
04:25
but to turn to predatory finance.
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ืžืืฉืจ ืœืคื ื•ืช ืœืฉื•ืง ื”ืืคื•ืจ ื•ื“ื•ืžื™ื•.
04:27
In essence, education is not the magic antidote
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ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื›ืฉืœืขืฆืžื• ืื™ื ื• ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ืคืœืื™ื
04:32
for the enormous inherited disparities
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ื›ื ื’ื“ ื”ืคืขืจื™ื ื”ืขืฆื•ืžื™ื ื”ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉื”
04:35
that result from laws, policies and economic arrangement.
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ื•ืืฉืจ ื ื•ื‘ืขื™ื ืžื—ื•ืงื™ื, ื“ืจื›ื™ ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื•ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช.
04:40
This does not diminish the value of education.
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ื–ืืช ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœื’ืจื•ืข ืžื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš.
04:43
Indeed, I'm a university professor.
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ืื ื™ ืขืฆืžื™ ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื”.
04:46
There are clear intrinsic values to education,
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ื™ืฉื ื• ืขืจืš ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ืœื—ื™ื ื•ืš
04:49
along with a public responsibility
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ื›ืžื• ืœืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช,
04:51
to expose everyone to a high-quality education,
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ืœื—ืฉื™ืคืช ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืœื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืื™ื›ื•ืชื™,
04:54
from grade school all the way through college.
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ื”ื—ืœ ืžื‘ื™ืช-ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ ื›ืœ ื”ื“ืจืš ืขื“ ื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื”.
04:58
But education is not the panacea.
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ืื‘ืœ ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืื™ื ื• ื”ืชืจื•ืคื” ืœื›ืœ.
05:00
In fact, blacks who live in families where the head graduated from college
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืœืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืŸ ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื”ื•ื ื‘ื•ื’ืจ ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื”
05:04
typically have less wealth
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ื™ืฉ ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืคื—ื•ืช ืขื•ืฉืจ
05:06
than white families where the head dropped out of high school.
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ืžืืฉืจ ืœืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืŸ ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื ืฉืจ ืžื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ.
05:09
Perhaps we overstate the functional role of education
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ืื•ืœื™ ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืคืจื™ื–ื™ื ื‘ื”ืขืจื›ืช ื”ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš
05:14
at the detriment of understanding the functional role of wealth.
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ืขืœ ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ื ืช ืชืคืงื™ื“ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืฉืจ.
05:19
Basically, it is wealth that begets more wealth.
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ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ืกื™ืกื™, ื”ืขื•ืฉืจ ื”ื•ื ื–ื” ืฉืžื•ืœื™ื“ ืขื•ื“ ืขื•ืฉืจ.
05:24
That's why we advocate for baby trust.
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ื–ื• ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉืื ื• ืชื•ืžื›ื™ื ื‘ืงืจืŸ ื ืืžื ื•ืช ืœื›ืœ ืชื™ื ื•ืง.
05:26
An economic birthright to capital for everyone.
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ื–ื›ื•ืช ืžื•ึผืœื“ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื•ืŸ ืœื›ืœ ืื“ื.
05:29
These accounts would be held in public trust
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ื”ื—ืฉื‘ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ื™ื•ื—ื–ืงื• ื‘ื ืืžื ื•ืช ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช
05:32
to be used as a foundation to an economically secure life.
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ื•ื™ืฉืžืฉื• ื›ื”ื•ืŸ ื‘ืกื™ืก ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื™ื ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช.
05:37
The concept of economic rights is not new nor is it radical.
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ื”ืขืงืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื•ืช ืื™ื ื• ื—ื“ืฉ ืื• ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™.
05:42
In 1944, President Franklin Roosevelt
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ื‘ืฉื ืช 1944, ื”ืฆื™ื’ ื”ื ืฉื™ื ืคืจื ืงืœื™ืŸ ืจื•ื–ื•ื•ืœื˜
05:45
introduced the idea of an economic Bill of Rights.
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ืืช ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžื’ื™ืœืช ื”ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื•ืช.
05:49
Roosevelt called for physical security,
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ืจื•ื–ื•ื•ืœื˜ ืงืจื ืœึฐื‘ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืคื™ื–ื™,
05:52
economic security, social security and moral security.
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ื‘ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื›ืœื›ืœื™, ื‘ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืกื•ืฆื™ืืœื™ ื•ื‘ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืžื•ืกืจื™.
05:57
Unfortunately, since the Nixon administration,
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ืœืจื•ืข ื”ืžื–ืœ, ืžืื– ื”ืžืžืฉืœ ืฉืœ ื ื™ืงืกื•ืŸ,
06:00
the political sentiment regarding social mobility
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ื”ืฉืชื ื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ ื”ืกื ื˜ื™ืžื ื˜ ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื ื™ื™ื“ื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช,
06:03
has radically shifted away from government mandates to economic security
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ืžืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ืช ืœื‘ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื›ืœื›ืœื™
06:09
to a neoliberal approach
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ืืœ ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ื”ื ืื•-ืœื™ื‘ืจืœื™ืช
06:10
in which the market is presumed to be the solution for all our problems,
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ื”ื’ื•ืจืกืช ืฉื”ืฉื•ืง ื”ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ ื”ื™ื ื• ื”ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ืœื›ืœ ื”ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•,
06:15
economic or otherwise.
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ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื•ืช ืื• ืื—ืจื•ืช.
06:18
As a result, the onus of social mobility has shifted on to the individual.
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ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื›ืš, ืขื‘ืจื” ื”ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืœื ื™ื™ื“ื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ืืœ ื”ืื–ืจื— ื”ืคืจื˜ื™.
06:23
The pervasive narrative is that even if your lot in life is subpar,
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ื”ืืžื™ืชื” ื”ื ืคื•ืฆื” ื”ื™ื ืฉืืคื™ืœื• ืื ื ืคืœ ื‘ื—ืœืงืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžืขืžื“ ื ืžื•ืš,
06:29
with perseverance and hard work and the virtues of the free market,
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ืื–ื™ ืขื ื›ื•ืฉืจ ื”ืชืžื“ื”, ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืงืฉื” ื•ื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ืœืขืจื›ื™ ื”ืฉื•ืง ื”ื—ื•ืคืฉื™,
06:33
you can turn your proverbial rags into riches.
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ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ื‘ืœื•ืื™ ื”ืกื—ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœืš ืœืขื•ืฉืจ.
06:38
Of course, the flip side is that the virtues of the market
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ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉื”ืฆื“ ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื˜ื‘ืข ืื•ืžืจ ืฉืขืจื›ื™ ื”ืฉื•ืง ื”ื—ื•ืคืฉื™,
06:41
will likewise sanction those that are not astute,
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ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื“ื•ืžื”, ื™ืขื ื™ืฉื• ืืช ืืœื” ืฉื—ืกืจื™ื ืชื—ื›ื•ื,
06:46
those that lack motivation or those that are simply lazy.
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ืืœื” ื”ื—ืกืจื™ื ืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ืฆื™ื” ืื• ืืช ืืœื” ืฉื”ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืขืฆืœื™ื.
06:50
In other words, the deserving poor will receive their just rewards.
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ื‘ืžืœื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช, ื”ืขื ื™ื™ื ื”ืจืื•ื™ื™ื ืœื›ืš ื™ืงื˜ืคื• ื‘ืฆื“ืง ืืช ื”ืคื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืœื”ื.
06:56
What is glaringly missing from this narrative
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ืžื” ืฉื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ื•ืœื˜ ื—ืกืจ ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื–ื”
06:59
is the role of power and capital,
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ื”ื•ื ื”ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื•ื— ื•ืฉืœ ื”ื”ื•ืŸ,
07:02
and how that power and capital
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ื•ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ื›ื•ื— ื•ื”ื”ื•ืŸ ื”ืืœื”
07:04
can be used to alter the rules and structure of transactions and markets
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉืžืฉ ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ื—ื•ืงื™ื ื•ื”ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ืœืขืกืงืื•ืช ื•ืœืฉื•ื•ืงื™ื
07:09
in the first place.
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ืžืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื”.
07:10
Power and capital become self-reinforcing.
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ื›ื•ื— ื•ื”ื•ืŸ ืžื—ื–ืงื™ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื ืขื•ื“ ื•ืขื•ื“
07:14
And without government intervention,
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ื•ื‘ืœื™ ื”ืชืขืจื‘ื•ืช ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ืช,
07:16
they generate an iterative cycle of both stratification and inequality.
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ื”ื ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืœื•ืœืื” ืžื—ื–ื•ืจื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืคืจื“ืช ืžืขืžื“ื•ืช ื•ื—ื•ืกืจ-ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ื•ื’ื“ืœื™ื.
07:21
The capital finance provided by baby trust
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ื”ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ื”ื”ื•ื ื™ ืฉื™ื™ื ืชืŸ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืงืจืŸ ื ืืžื ื•ืช ืœื›ืœ ืชื™ื ื•ืง
07:24
is intended to deliver a more egalitarian and an authentic pathway
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ืžื™ื•ืขื“ ืœืกืœื•ืœ ื“ืจืš ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ื ื™ืช ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ื™ืžื ื”
07:29
to economic security,
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ืœื‘ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื›ืœื›ืœื™,
07:30
independent of the family financial position
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ื‘ืœื™ ืชืœื•ืช ื‘ืžืฆื‘ื” ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื”
07:33
in which individuals are born.
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ืœืชื•ื›ื” ื ื•ืœื“ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“.
07:35
The program would complement the economic rights to old-age pensions
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ื”ืชื›ื ื™ืช ื”ื–ืืช ืชื”ื™ื” ื”ืžึดืฉืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื’ึดืžืœื” ืœืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื
07:40
and provide a more comprehensive social security program,
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ื•ื™ื—ื“ ืชื”ื•ื•ื” ืชื›ื ื™ืช ืžืงื™ืคื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื‘ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื›ืœื›ืœื™,
07:44
designed to provide capital finance from cradle all the way through grave.
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ื‘ื”ื™ื•ืชื” ืžืชื•ื›ื ื ืช ืœืกืคืง ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื™ ืžื”ืขืจื™ืกื” ื•ืขื“ ื”ืงื‘ืจ.
07:49
We envision endowing American newborns with an average account of 25,000 dollars
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ื”ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื ื• ื”ื•ื ืœื”ืขื ื™ืง ืœืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื™ื ืฉื–ื” ืขืชื” ื ื•ืœื“ื• ืกื›ื•ื ืžืžื•ืฆืข ืฉืœ 25,000 ื“ื•ืœืจ
07:54
that gradually rises upwards to 60,000 dollars
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ืฉื™ืขืœื” ื‘ื”ื“ืจื’ืชื™ื•ืช ืขื“ ืœ-60,000 ื“ื•ืœืจ
07:59
for babies born into the poorest families.
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ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช ืฉื™ื™ื•ื•ืœื“ื• ืœืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ื”ืขื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
08:01
Babies born into the wealthiest families
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ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช ืฉื™ื™ื•ื•ืœื“ื• ืœืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ื”ืขืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
08:04
would be included as well in the social contract,
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ื™ื›ืœืœื• ืืฃ ื”ื ื‘ื—ื•ื–ื” ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™,
08:06
but they would receive a more nominal account of about 500 dollars.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ื™ืงื‘ืœื• ืกื›ื•ื ืกืžืœื™ ืฉืœ 500 ื“ื•ืœืจ ื‘ืขืจืš.
08:12
The accounts would be federally managed,
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ื”ื—ืฉื‘ื•ื ื•ืช ื™ื ื•ื”ืœื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืคื“ืจืืœื™,
08:14
and they would grow at a guaranteed annual interest rate
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ื•ื”ื ื™ื’ื“ืœื• ื‘ืฉืขื•ืจ ืžื•ื‘ื˜ื— ืฉืœ ืจื‘ื™ืช ืฉื ืชื™ืช
08:16
of about two percent per year in order to curtail inflation cost,
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ืฉืœ ื›ืฉื ื™ ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ื‘ืฉื ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื–ื– ืฉืขื•ืจื™ ืื™ื ืคืœืฆื™ื”,
08:21
and be used when the child reaches adulthood
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ื•ื™ืฉืžืฉื• ืืช ื”ื™ืœื“ ื›ืืฉืจ ื™ื’ื™ืข ืœื‘ื’ืจื•ืช
08:24
for some asset-enhancing activity,
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ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืžื’ื“ื™ืœืช-ืขืจืš ื›ืœืฉื”ื™,
08:26
like financing a debt-free university education,
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ื›ืžื• ืœืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืื™ ื ืงื™ ืžื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช,
08:30
a down payment to purchase a home,
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ืชืฉืœื•ื ืžืงื“ืžื” ืœืจื›ื™ืฉืช ื‘ื™ืช,
08:32
or some seed capital to start a business.
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ืื• ื›ื”ื•ืŸ ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื”ืงืžืช ืขืกืง ื›ืœืฉื”ื•.
08:36
With approximately four million babies born each year in the US,
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ืขื ื›ืืจื‘ืขื” ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช ืฉื ื•ืœื“ื™ื ืžื“ื™ ืฉื ื” ื‘ืืจื”"ื‘,
08:40
if the average endowment of a baby trust is set at 25,000 dollars,
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ืื ื™ื™ืงื‘ืข ื”ืžืขื ืง ืœื›ืœ ืชื™ื ื•ืง ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื’ื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœ 25,000 ื“ื•ืœืจ ื‘ืžืžื•ืฆืข,
08:45
the program would crudely cost about 100 billion dollars a year.
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ืชืขืœื” ื”ืชื›ื ื™ืช ื›ื•ืœื” ื‘ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื’ืก ื›-100 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื“ื•ืœืจ ื‘ืฉื ื”.
08:49
This would constitute
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ื–ื” ื™ื”ื•ื•ื”
08:51
only about two percent of current federal expenditures
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ื›ืฉื ื™ ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ืžื”ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืžืฉืœ ื”ืคื“ืจืืœื™
08:54
and be far less than the 500-plus billion dollars
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ื•ื™ื”ื™ื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคื—ื•ืช ืž-500 ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื“ื•ืœืจ
08:58
that's already being spent by the federal government
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ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ืžื•ึผืฆึธืื™ื ืข"ื™ ื”ืžืžืฉืœ ื”ืคื“ืจืืœื™
09:01
on asset promotion through tax credits and subsidies.
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ืขืœ ืงื™ื“ื•ื ื ื›ืกื™ื ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ื ื—ื•ืช ืžืก ื•ืกื•ื‘ืกื™ื“ื™ื•ืช.
09:05
At issue is not the amount of that allocation
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ืžื” ืฉืขื•ืžื“ ืขืœ ื”ืคืจืง ืื™ื ื” ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ื”ืงืฆืื”
09:08
but to whom it's distributed.
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ืืœื ืœืžื™ ืชื—ื•ืœืง.
09:10
Currently, the top one percent of households,
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ื›ื™ื•ื, ื”ืื—ื•ื– ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžืฉืงื™ ื”ื‘ื™ืช,
09:13
those earning above 100 million dollars,
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ืืœื” ื”ืžืจื•ื•ื™ื—ื™ื ืžืขืœ 100 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืœืจ,
09:16
receive only about one third of this entire allocation,
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ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืงืฆืช ืžืขืœ ืฉืœื™ืฉ ืžื”ืงืฆืื” ื–ื• ื›ื•ืœื”,
09:20
while the bottom 60 percent receive only five percent.
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉ-60 ื”ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ื”ืชื—ืชื•ื ื™ื ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืจืง ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื.
09:25
If the federal asset-promoting budget
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ืื ื”ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ ื”ืคื“ืจืืœื™ ืœืงื™ื“ื•ื-ื ื›ืกื™ื
09:27
were allocated in a more progressive manner,
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ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ืงืฆื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืคืจื•ื’ืจืกื™ื‘ื™,
09:30
federal policies could be transformative for all Americans.
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ื”ื™ืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืคื“ืจืืœื™ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืฉึทื ืช-ื—ื™ื™ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื›ืœ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื.
09:36
This is a work in progress.
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ื ืžืฆืืช ื‘ืขื™ืฆื•ืžื”.
09:38
There are obviously many details to be worked out,
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ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉื™ืฉื ื ืคืจื˜ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืขื•ื“ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืขืœื™ื”ื,
09:41
but it is a policy proposal grounded in the functional roles
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ืืš ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื”ืฆืขื” ืœืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืžืชื‘ืกืกืช ืขืœ ื”ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ื”ืžืขืฉื™ื™ื
09:46
and the inherited advantages of wealth
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ื•ื”ื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื ื—ืœื™ื ืข"ื™ ื”ืขื•ืฉืจ
09:48
that moves us away from the reinforcing status quo
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ื•ืืฉืจ ืžืจื—ื™ืงื” ืื•ืชื ื•
ืžื”ื”ืกื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ื‘ืขื™ื ืœื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ
09:53
behavioral explanations for inequality
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09:55
towards more structural solutions.
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ืืœ ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื‘ื ื™ื™ื.
09:58
Our existing tax policy that privileges existing wealth
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ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืก ื”ืงื™ื™ืžืช ืฉืœื ื• ืฉื ื•ืชื ืช ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื™ืชืจ ืœืขื•ืฉืจ ื”ืงื™ื™ื
10:02
rather than establishing new wealth is a choice.
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœื‘ืกืก ืขื•ืฉืจ ื—ื“ืฉ, ื”ื™ื ื” ืžืขืฉื” ื‘ื—ื™ืจื”.
10:06
The extent of our dramatic inequality is at least as much a problem of politics
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ื”ืžื™ื“ื” ื”ื“ืจืžื˜ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื ื• ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ื‘ืขื™ื” ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช
10:12
as it is a problem of economics.
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ืœื ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืฉื”ื•ื ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ื‘ืขื™ื™ื” ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช.
10:14
It is time to get beyond the false narratives
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ื”ื’ื™ืข ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืœื—ืจื•ื’ ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืืžื™ืชื•ืช ื”ืฉื’ื•ื™ื•ืช
10:18
that attribute inequality to individual personal deficits
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ืฉืžื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ืืช ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ืœืžื’ืจืขื•ืชื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืคืจื˜ื™ื™ื
10:22
while largely ignoring the advantages of wealth.
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ื•ืžืชืขืœืžื•ืช ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืžื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืฉืจ.
10:26
Instead, public provisions of a baby trust
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื–ืืช, ื”ืขื ืงื” ืฆื‘ื•ืจื™ืช ืฉืœ ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ื ืืžื ื•ืช ืœื›ืœ ืชื™ื ื•ืง
10:30
could go a long way towards eliminating
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืงืจื‘ ืื•ืชื ื• ืžืื“ ืœืžืฆื‘ ื‘ื• ืชืžึธื ืข
10:34
the transmission of economic advantage or disadvantage across generations
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ื”ืขื‘ืจืช ื”ื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื™ื ืื• ื”ื—ืกืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื™ื ืžื“ื•ืจ ืœื“ื•ืจ
10:39
and establishing a more moral and decent economy
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ื•ืชื‘ืกืก ื›ืœื›ืœื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื•ืกืจื™ืช ื•ื”ื•ื’ื ืช
10:43
that facilitates assets, economic security
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ืฉืžืกืคืงืช ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื, ื‘ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื›ืœื›ืœื™
10:47
and social mobility for all its citizens.
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ื•ื ื™ื™ื“ื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ืœื›ืœ ืื–ืจื—
10:51
Regardless of the race
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ืœืœื ืชืœื•ืช ื‘ื’ื–ืข ืฉืœื•
10:53
and the family positions in which they are born.
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ื•ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืœืชื•ื›ื” ื”ื•ื ื ื•ืœื“.
10:56
Thank you very much.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืœื›ื.
10:57
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
11:03
Chris Anderson: Darrick.
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ื›ืจื™ืก ืื ื“ืจืกื•ืŸ: ื“ืืจื™ืง.
11:05
I mean, there's so much to like in this idea.
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ื™ืฉ ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืœื‘ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื”.
11:09
There's one piece of branding around it that I worry about,
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ื™ืฉ ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืื—ื“ ืฉืงืฉื•ืจ ื‘ืžื™ืชื•ื’ ืฉืœื• ืฉืžื“ืื™ื’ ืื•ืชื™,
11:14
which is just that right now, trust-fund kids have a really bad rap.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื›ืš ืฉื›ื™ื•ื, ื™ืฉ ืฉื ืจืข ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ืงืจื ื•ืช ื ืืžื ื•ืช.
11:18
You know, they're the sort of eyeball-rolling poster children
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ืืชื” ื™ื•ื“ืข, ืžืกื•ื’ ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืžื’ืœื’ืœื™ ื”ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ื”ืžื•ืคื™ืขื™ื ืขืœ ื›ืจื–ื•ืช
11:22
for how money, kind of, takes away motivation.
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ืฉืžืจืื•ืช ื›ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืื™ืš ื”ื›ืกืฃ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื‘ื˜ืœ ืืช ื”ืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ืฆื™ื” ืฉืœื”ื.
11:26
So, these trusts are different.
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ื ื›ื•ืŸ, ื”ืงืจื ื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ื”ืŸ ืฉื•ื ื•ืช,
11:28
So how do you show people in this proposal that it's not going to do that?
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ืื‘ืœ ืื™ืš ืชืจืื” ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื”ื”ืฆืขื” ื”ื–ืืช ืœื ืชื’ืจื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ื“ื•ืžื”?
11:34
Darrick Hamilton: If you know you have limited resources
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ื“ืืจื™ืง ื”ืžื™ืœื˜ื•ืŸ: ืื ืืชื” ื™ื•ื“ืข ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืš ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœื™ื
11:36
or you're going to face discrimination,
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ืื• ืฉืืชื” ื ื™ืฆื‘ ื‘ืคื ื™ ืืคืœื™ื™ื”,
11:38
there's a narrative that, well,
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ื™ืฉื ื” ืžื•ืกื›ืžื”,
11:40
the economic returns to investing in myself
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ืฉื”ื”ื—ื–ืจื™ื ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืฉืงืขื” ื‘ืขืฆืžืš
11:42
are lower than that of someone else,
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ื”ื ื ืžื•ื›ื™ื ืžื”ืฉืงืขื” ื‘ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืื—ืจ,
11:44
so I might as well enjoy my leisure.
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ืื– ืœืžื” ืฉืœื ืืชื‘ื˜ืœ.
11:47
Of course, there's another narrative as well,
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ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื™ืฉื ื” ื’ื ืžื•ืกื›ืžื” ืื—ืจืช,
11:49
so we shouldn't get caught up on that,
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ืื– ืืกื•ืจ ืœื ื• ืœื”ื ืขืœ ืขืœ ื–ื”,
11:51
you know, somebody who's poor and going to face discrimination,
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ืืชื” ื™ื•ื“ืข, ื’ื ืžื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ืขื ื™ ื•ืžื•ืคืœื” ืœืจืขื”,
11:55
they also might pursue a resume-building strategy.
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ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื ืงื•ื˜ ื‘ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ื”ืขืฆืžื™.
11:58
The old adage, "I have to be twice as good as someone else."
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ื”ืคืชื’ื ื”ื™ืฉืŸ, "ืื ื™ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืชืืžืฅ ื›ืคืœื™ื™ื ืžื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืื—ืจ."
12:01
Now, when we say that, we never ask at what cost,
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื›ืฉืื ื• ืื•ืžืจื™ื ื–ืืช, ืื ื—ื ื• ืืฃ ืคืขื ืœื ืฉื•ืืœื™ื ื‘ืื™ื–ื” ืžื—ื™ืจ,
12:04
are there health costs associated with that.
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ื”ืื ื™ืฉ ืœื–ื” ืžื—ื™ืจ ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืชื™.
12:06
I haven't answered your question, but coming back to you question,
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ืœื ืขื ื™ืชื™ ืœืฉืืœืชืš, ืื– ืื ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืืœื™ื”,
12:09
if you know you're going to receive a transfer at a later point in life,
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ืื ืืชื” ื™ื•ื“ืข ืฉืืชื” ืขื•ืžื“ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืžืขื ืง ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื,
12:14
that only increases the incentive for you to invest in yourself
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ื–ื” ืจืง ืžืขืœื” ืืช ื”ืชืžืจื™ืฅ ืขื‘ื•ืจืš ืœื”ืฉืงื™ืข ื‘ืขืฆืžืš
12:18
so that you can better use that trust.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืชื•ื›ืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื›ืกืฃ ื”ื–ื”.
12:20
CA: You're giving people possibilities of life
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ื›ืจื™ืก: ืืชื” ื ื•ืชืŸ ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืœึฐื—ื™ื™ื
12:23
they currently cannot imagine having.
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ืฉื”ื ืื™ื ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืœื”ื
12:26
And therefore the motivation to do that.
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื’ื ืืช ื”ืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ืฆื™ื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช.
12:27
I could talk with you for hours about this.
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ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื™ ืœืฉื•ื—ื— ืื™ืชืš ืฉืขื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื ื•ืฉื ื”ื–ื”.
12:30
I'm really glad you're working on this.
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ืื ื™ ืžืื“ ืฉืžื— ืฉืืชื” ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืขืœ ื–ื”.
12:31
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื”.
12:33
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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