Why there's no such thing as objective reality | Greg Anderson

115,646 views ใƒป 2021-03-19

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

00:00
Transcriber:
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ืชืจื’ื•ื: michal rosengarten ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Naama Lieberman
ื‘ื“ืงื•ืช ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช,
ืื ื™ ืžืงื•ื•ื” ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื“ืจืš ืฉื‘ื” ืืชื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืขืฆืžื”.
00:13
In the next few minutes,
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ืื ื™ ืœื ืคื™ื–ื™ืงืื™, ื•ืื ื™ ืœื ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืฃ.
00:15
I hope to change the way you think about the very nature of reality itself.
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ืื ื™ ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ.
ื•ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื—ืงืจืชื™ ืืช ื”ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ื ื”ืขืชื™ืงื™ื ื•ืขื•ื“ ืขืžื™ื ืคืจื”-ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื
00:21
I'm not a physicist, and I'm not a philosopher.
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ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืขืฉืจื™ื ืฉื ื” ื›ืžืงืฆื•ืขืŸ,
00:24
I'm a historian.
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ื ืขืฉื™ืชื™ ืžืฉื•ื›ื ืข
00:26
And after studying the ancient Greeks and many other premodern peoples
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ืฉื”ื ื›ื•ืœื ื—ื™ื• ื‘ืขื•ืœืžื•ืช ืืžืชื™ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ืžืฉืœื ื•.
00:30
for more than 20 years as a professional,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ืืชื ื•ืื ื™ ืฉื ืžืฆืื™ื ื›ืืŸ ื”ื™ื•ื ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื–ื” ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืžืืœื™ื•
00:32
I've become convinced
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ืฉื™ืฉ ืฉื ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ ืจืง ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืื—ืช ืื•ืœื˜ื™ืžื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช-- ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•.
00:35
that they all lived in real worlds very different from our own.
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00:39
Now, of course, you and I here today,
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ืขื•ืœื ืงื‘ื•ืข ื•ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกืœื™ ืฉืœ ื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื ืฉืœื˜ ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื•ืงื™ื ืขืœ-ื–ืžื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื“ืข ื•ื˜ื‘ืข.
00:41
we take it for granted
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00:43
that there's just one ultimate reality out there --
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00:47
our reality,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืฉืชืจืื• ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ืฉื•ื ื”.
00:48
a fixed universal world of experience
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ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืฉืชืจืื• ืฉื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืชืžื™ื“ ื—ื™ื• ื‘ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืจื—ื‘ ืฉืœ ืขื•ืœืžื•ืช,
00:51
ruled by timeless laws of science and nature.
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00:55
But I want you to see things differently.
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ืœื ืจืง ื‘ื™ืงื•ื ืื—ื“ ื•ื™ื—ื™ื“.
00:58
I want you to see that humans have always lived in a pluriverse
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ื•ืื ืืชื ืžื•ื›ื ื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืขื•ืœืžื•ืช ื”ื–ื”,
01:03
of many different worlds,
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ื–ื” ื™ืฉื ื” ืžื”ื‘ืกื™ืก, ืื ื™ ืžืงื•ื•ื”,
01:04
not in a universe of just one.
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ืืช ื”ื“ืจืš ืฉื‘ื” ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื”ืขื‘ืจ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ ื•ื‘ืชืงื•ื•ื” ื’ื ืืช ื”ื”ื•ื•ื” ื•ื”ืขืชื™ื“.
01:08
And if you're willing to see this pluriverse of many worlds,
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01:11
it will fundamentally change, I hope,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื ืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืฉืืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื•ืช
01:14
the way you think about the human past
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01:17
and hopefully the present and the future as well.
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ืขืœ ื”ืชื›ื ื™ื ืฉื‘ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•,
ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืืžืชื™ ืฉืืชื ื•ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืœืงื™ื ืžืžืฉ ื›ืืŸ, ืžืžืฉ ืขื›ืฉื™ื•.
01:21
Now, let's get started by asking three basic questions
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ืงื•ื“ื ื›ืœ:
01:26
about the contents of our reality,
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ืžื” ื”ื•ืคืš ืžืฉื”ื• ืœืืžืชื™ ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืืžืชื™ ืฉืœื ื•?
01:29
the real world that you and I share right here, right now.
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ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื ื•, ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืืžืชื™ื™ื ื”ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื™ื,
01:32
First of all:
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ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืžื—ื•ืžืจ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืื™ื›ืฉื”ื• ืœืจืื•ืช,
01:35
What is it that makes something real in our real world?
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ื›ืžื• ืื˜ื•ืžื™ื, ืื ืฉื™ื, ืขืฆื™ื, ื”ืจื™ื, ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ ืœื›ืช...
01:39
Well, for us, real things are material things,
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01:42
things made of matter that we can somehow see,
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ื‘ืื•ืชื” ื”ื”ื’ื“ืจื”,
ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืจืื™ื, ื‘ืœืชื™ ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื™ื-- ื›ืžื• ืืœื™ื ื•ืฉื“ื™ื,
01:45
like atoms, people, trees, mountains, planets ...
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ื’ืŸ-ืขื“ืŸ ื•ื’ื™ื”ื ื•ื--
01:50
By the same token,
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ืืœื” ื ื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ืœื ืืžืชื™ื™ื.
01:53
invisible, immaterial things -- like gods and demons,
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ื”ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืืžื•ื ื•ืช,
ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื™ื ืฉืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ืจืง ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื”.
01:57
heavens and hells --
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02:00
these are considered unreal.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืืžืชื™,
02:02
They're simply beliefs,
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ื“ื‘ืจ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ืชืงื™ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™,
02:04
subjective ideas that exist only in the realm of the mind.
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ื‘ืื™ื–ื•ืฉื”ื™ ืฆื•ืจื” ื—ื•ืžืจื™ืช,
ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ื”ืฉื›ืœ ืฉืœื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืชืคื•ืก ืื•ืชื• ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ืœื.
02:09
To be real,
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02:10
a thing must exist objectively,
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ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื”: ืžื” ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืืžืชื™ ืฉืœื ื•?
02:14
in some visible material form,
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02:16
whether our minds can perceive it or not.
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ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”: ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืื ื•ืฉื™ื™ื--
ืื ืฉื™ื, ืขืจื™ื, ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช, ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช, ืžืžืฉืœื•ืช, ื›ืœื›ืœื•ืช.
02:21
Second: What are the most important things in our real world?
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02:25
Answer: human things --
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ืœืžื”?
ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื›ื™ ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื.
02:28
people, cities, societies,
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02:31
cultures, government, economies.
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ื ื“ืžื” ืœื ื• ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื
ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืžื• ืฉืคื”, ื”ื™ื’ื™ื•ืŸ, ืจืฆื•ืŸ ื—ื•ืคืฉื™.
02:35
Why is this?
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02:36
Well, because we humans think we're special.
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02:39
We think we're the only creatures on the planet
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ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืืœื™ื ื•, ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืœื ืื ื•ืฉื™ื™ื ื”ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื˜ื‘ืข,
02:42
who have things like language, reason, free will.
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ืœื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืจืงืข ืœืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช,
ืจืง ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื–ื›ื•ืช ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื”ื ื›ืจืฆื•ื ื ื•.
02:48
By contrast, nonhuman things, to us, are just part of nature,
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02:53
a mere backdrop to human culture,
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ื•ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช:
02:55
a mere environment of things that we feel entitled to use
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ืžื” ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืื ื•ืฉื™ ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืืžืชื™ ืฉืœื ื•?
02:59
however we want.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืื™ื ื“ื™ื‘ื™ื“ื•ืืœ,
03:02
And third:
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ืื“ื ืฉื—ื™ ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืœืขืฆืžื•.
03:05
What does it mean to be a human in our real world?
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื”ื˜ื‘ืข ื™ืฆืจ ืื•ืชื ื• ื›ืืœื”,
03:08
Well, it means being an individual,
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03:10
a person who lives ultimately for oneself.
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ืฉืœื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžืื™ืชื ื• ื ื™ืชื ื• ื›ืœ ื”ืฆื“ืงื”, ื›ืœ ื–ื›ื•ืช,
ื›ืœ ื”ื—ื•ืคืฉ ื•ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจืก ื”ืขืฆืžื™
03:15
We think nature has made us this way,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉื’ืฉื’ ื•ืœื”ืชื—ืจื•ืช ืขื ืื™ื ื“ื™ื‘ื™ื“ื•ืืœื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ืœื—ื™ื™ื.
03:18
giving each and every one of us all of the reason, the right,
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03:22
the freedom and the self-interest
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ืžืฆื™ืข ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืฉื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืืžืชื™ ื”ื–ื” ืฉืœื ื•
03:26
to thrive and compete with other individuals
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03:29
for all of life's important resources.
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ื”ื•ื ืœื ืขืœ-ื–ืžื ื™, ื•ืœื ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกืœื™.
ื”ื•ื ืจืง ืื—ื“ ืžืื™ืŸ-ืกืคื•ืจ ืขื•ืœืžื•ืช ืืžืชื™ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื
03:33
But I'm suggesting to you that this real world of ours
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ืฉื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื—ื•ื• ื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”.
03:37
is neither timeless nor universal.
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ืื– ืื™ืš ื‘ืขืฆื ื™ื™ืจืื” ืขื•ืœื ืื—ืจ?
03:40
It's just one of countless different real worlds
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืกืชื›ืœ ืขืœ ืื—ื“,
03:43
that humans have experienced in history.
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ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืืžืชื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืืชื•ื ืื™ื ื”ืงืœืืกื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืขืชื™ืงื”.
03:46
What, then, would another world look like?
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ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ื‘ืืชื•ื ืื™ื ื›ืื‘ื•ืช ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•,
03:49
Well, let's look at one,
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03:52
the real world of the classical Athenians in ancient Greece.
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ื—ืœื•ืฆื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื ื”ื’ื™ื, ื”ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื”, ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื”, ื”ื“ืจืžื” ื•ื›ื•โ€ฒ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืขืจื‘.
03:56
Now, of course, we usually know the Athenians as our cultural ancestors,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืืžืชื™ ืฉืœื”ื ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื“ื•ืžื” ื›ืœืœ ืœืฉืœื ื•.
04:02
pioneers of our Western traditions, philosophy, democracy, drama
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ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืืžืชื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืืชื•ื ืื™ื ื”ื™ื” ืžืœื ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื
04:07
and so forth.
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ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื—ืฉื™ื‘ื™ื ื›ืœื ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื™ื ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื’ื ืœื ืืžืชื™ื™ื.
04:09
But their real world was nothing like our own.
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ื”ื•ื ืคืขื ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืžื• ืืœื™ื,
04:14
The real world of the Athenians was alive with things
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04:17
that we would consider immaterial and thus unreal.
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ืจื•ื—ื•ืช, ื ื™ืžืคื•ืช, ื’ื•ืจืœื•ืช,
ืงืœืœื•ืช, ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช, ื ืฉืžื•ืช
04:21
It pulsated with things like gods,
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ื•ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ืื ืจื’ื™ื•ืช ืžืกืชื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื•ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืžืื’ื™ื.
04:25
spirits, nymphs, Fates,
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืขื•ืœืžื ืœื ื”ื™ื• ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื, ืืœื ืืœื™ื.
04:29
curses, oaths, souls
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04:32
and all kinds of mysterious energies and magical forces.
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ืœืžื”?
04:36
Indeed the most important things in their real world
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืืœื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืื“ื™ืจื™ื-- ืžื™ืœื•ืœื™ืช.
04:39
were not humans at all, but gods.
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ื”ื ืฉืœื˜ื• ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื”ืคื›ื• ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืœืืคืฉืจื™ื™ื:
ืงืจื ื™ ื”ืฉืžืฉ, ื”ื’ืฉื, ื”ื™ื‘ื•ืœ,
04:43
Why?
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04:45
Because gods were awesome -- literally.
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ื”ื™ืœื•ื“ื”, ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ืื™ืฉื™ืช, ื”ืขื•ืฉืจ ื”ืžืฉืคื—ืชื™,
04:48
They controlled all the things that made life possible:
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ื”ืคืœื’ื•ืช, ื ื™ืฆื—ื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื“ื” ื”ืงืจื‘.
04:51
sunshine, rainfall, crop harvests,
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ื”ื™ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-200 ืืœื™ื ื‘ืืชื•ื ื”,
04:53
childbirth, personal health, family wealth,
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ื•ื”ื ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืืœื™ื ืžืจื•ื—ืงื™ื ื•ืžื ื•ืชืงื™ื ื”ืžืฉื’ื™ื—ื™ื ืขืœ ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื ืžืจื—ื•ืง.
04:57
sea voyages, battlefield victories.
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05:00
There were over 200 gods in Athens,
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ื”ื ื‘ืืžืช ื”ื™ื• ืฉื, ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ื”ืžื™ื“ื™ืช,
05:03
and they were not remote, detached divinities
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ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืงื“ืฉื™ื,
ืžืฉืชืชืคื™ื ื‘ื”ืงืจื‘ืช ืงืจื‘ื ื•ืช,
05:06
watching over human affairs from afar.
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ืžืชืขืจื‘ื‘ื™ื ืขื ื”ืืชื•ื ืื™ื ื‘ื—ื’ื™ื’ื•ืช, ื‘ืกืขื•ื“ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื ืฉืคื™ื.
05:08
They were really there, immediately there in experience,
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05:12
living in temples,
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ื•ื‘ืขื•ืœืžื ื”ืืžืชื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืืชื•ื ืื™ื, ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื ืœื ื—ื™ื• ื‘ื ืคืจื“ ืžืŸ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข.
05:14
attending sacrifices,
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05:16
mingling with the Athenians at their festivals, banquets and dances.
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ื—ื™ื™ื”ื ื ืฉืœื˜ื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืงืฆื‘ ืฉืœ ืขื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืฉื ื”
05:22
And in the real world of the Athenians, humans did not live apart from nature.
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ื•ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืขื’ืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืชื‘ื•ืื” ื•ื”ื—ื™ื•ืช.
ื’ื ื”ืื“ืžื” ืฉื‘ื” ื—ื™ื• ื”ืืชื•ื ืื™ื, ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืจืง ืคื™ืกืช ืจื›ื•ืฉ ืื• ื˜ืจื™ื˜ื•ืจื™ื”.
05:27
Their lives were dictated by the rhythms of the seasons
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05:30
and by the life cycles of crops and animals.
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ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืืœื”, ืืœื” ื—ื™ื”
05:34
Indeed the land of the Athenians itself
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ืฉืคืขื ื™ืœื“ื” ืืช ื”ืืชื•ื ืื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื
05:37
was not just a piece of property or territory.
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ื•ื”ื–ื™ื ื” ื•ื˜ื™ืคืœื” ื‘ื›ืœ ืฆืืฆืื™ื”ื ืžืื–,
05:39
It was a goddess, a living goddess
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ืขื ืžืชื ื•ืชื™ื” ื”ื™ืงืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื“ืžื”, ืžื™ื, ืื‘ื ื™ื ื•ื™ื‘ื•ืœ.
05:43
that had once given birth to the first Athenians
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05:46
and had nurtured and cared for all of their descendants ever since,
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ื•ืื›ืŸ, ืื ืžืฉื”ื• ื”ื™ื” ืžื–ื”ื ืืช ื”ืื“ืžื” ืฉืœื” ื‘ืฉืคื™ื›ื•ืช ื“ืžื™ื ื‘ืœืชื™ ื—ื•ืงื™ืช,
05:50
with her precious gifts of soils, water, stone and crops.
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืžื™ื“, ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืชื™ื”,
05:56
Indeed, if anything should pollute her soils with unlawful bloodshed,
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ื”ื™ื” ื–ื” ืื“ื, ื—ื™ื”, ืื• ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืจืขืฃ ืฉื ืคืœ ืžื”ื’ื’.
06:01
it had to be expelled immediately, beyond her boundaries,
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ื•ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืืžืชื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืืชื•ื ืื™ื, ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืื™ื ื“ื™ื‘ื™ื“ื•ืืœื™ื.
06:05
whether it was a man, an animal or just a fallen roof tile.
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ื›ืœ ื”ืืชื•ื ืื™ื ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืคืจื“ื™ื ืžืžืฉืคื—ื•ืชื™ื”ื,
ื•ื”ื™ื” ืžืฆื•ืคื” ืžื›ืœ ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ื”ืืชื•ื ืื™ื ืœื’ื•ืจ ื™ื—ื“ ื•ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื™ื—ื“
06:11
And in the real world of the Athenians, there were no individuals.
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06:15
All Athenians were inseparable from their families,
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ื›ื’ื•ืฃ ืื—ื“, ื›ืžื• ืชืื™ื ื‘ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ื ื—ื™.
06:19
and all Athenian families were expected to live together and work together
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ื”ื ืงืจืื• ืœื’ื•ืฃ ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ื‘ืคืฉื˜ื•ืช โ€œื“ืžื•ืกโ€œ, ื”ืขื,
06:24
as a single body, like cells of a living organism.
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ื•ื”ื ืงืจืื• ืœื“ืจืš ื—ื™ื™ื”ื โ€œื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื”โ€œ,
06:29
They called this social body simply "demos," the people,
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื“ื•ืžื” ื›ืœืœ ืœื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช ืฉืœื ื•,
ื›ื™ ืืชื•ื ืื™ื ืœื ื ื•ืœื“ื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืื™ื ื“ื™ื‘ื™ื“ื•ืืœื™ื ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืขืฆืžื.
06:35
and they called their way of life "demokratia,"
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06:39
but it was nothing like our modern democracy,
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ื”ื ื ื•ืœื“ื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืจืช ื•ืœืฉืžืจ ืืช ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ื•ืืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™
06:42
because Athenians were not born to be individuals living for themselves.
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ืฉื ืชื ื• ืœื”ื ื—ื™ื™ื ืžืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื”.
06:47
They were born to serve and preserve the families and the social body
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ืœืกื™ื›ื•ื,
ื”ื“ืจืš ืฉืœ ื”ืืชื•ื ืื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืื ื•ืฉื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ ืžื“ืจื›ื ื•.
06:53
that had given them life in the first place.
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ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ืชื™ื›ื ืช ืื•ืชื ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ื›ืื—ื“, ื›ื’ื•ืฃ ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ื™ื—ื™ื“,
06:57
In sum,
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06:59
the whole Athenian way of being human was radically different from our own.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืชื›ื ืŸ ืื•ืชื ื‘ืžืคื•ืจืฉ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืชืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื” ื•ืœื”ืชืงื™ื™ื ื™ื—ื“
07:03
Nature had programmed them to live as one, as a unitary social body,
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ืขื ื›ืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืœื ืื ื•ืฉื™ื™ื,
ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ 200 ืืœื™ื”ื
07:10
and it had designed them expressly to coexist and collaborate
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ื•ืืžื ื”ืื“ืžื” ื”ืืœื•ื”ื™ืช.
07:14
with all manner of nonhuman beings,
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ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืืชื•ื ื” ื”ืชืงื™ื™ืžื• ื‘ืžื” ืฉื ืงืจื โ€œืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืงื•ืกืžื™ืชโ€œ
07:17
especially their 200 gods
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07:20
and their divine earth mother.
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ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืกื™ืžื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืืœื™ื, ืื™ืžื-ืื“ืžื” ื•ืื ืฉื™ื.
07:23
Life in Athens was thus sustained by what we can call a "cosmic ecology,"
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ืœื ื• ื›ื™ื•ื ื‘ืขื•ืœืžื ื• ื”ืืžืชื™,
07:28
a symbiotic ecology of gods, motherland and people.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืืžืชื™ ืฉืœื”ื, ื•ื”ื•ื, ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื ืจืื” ืžืฉื•ื ื”,
07:34
Now, of course, to us today in our real world,
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ืžื•ื–ืจ, ื‘ื™ื–ืจื™, ืืงื–ื•ื˜ื™, ื•ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื’ื ืœื ืืžืชื™.
07:37
we look at their real world and, well, it looks strange,
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ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ื‘ื• ื›ืžื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขื™ืงืจื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ
ืขื ื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ืขื•ืœื ืืžืชื™ื•ืช ืฉื ื—ื•ื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืขืžื™ื ืคืจื”-ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื,
07:42
weird, bizarre, exotic and, of course, unreal.
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ื›ื•ืœืœ ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”,
07:47
But it has many major things in common
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ืžืฆืจื™ื ื”ืขืชื™ืงื”,
ืกื™ืŸ ื”ืขืชื™ืงื”,
07:49
with the real world experienced by numerous other premodern peoples,
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ื•ื”ืขืžื™ื ื”ืคืจื”-ืงื•ืœื•ื ื™ืืœื™ืกื˜ื™ื ืฉืœ ืคืจื•, ืžืงืกื™ืงื•, ื”ื•ื“ื•, ื‘ืืœื™, ื”ื•ื•ืื™.
07:54
including, for example,
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07:55
the ancient Egyptians,
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07:57
ancient Chinese
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ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœืžื•ืช ื”ืคืจื”-ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื™ื ื”ืืžืชื™ื™ื ื”ืœืœื•,
07:58
and the peoples of precolonial Peru, Mexico,
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ืืœื™ื ืฉืœื˜ื• ื‘ื›ืœ ืชื ืื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื.
08:02
India, Bali, Hawaii.
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ืชืžื™ื“ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืฆื™ืคื™ื™ื” ืฉืœื-ืื ื•ืฉื™ื™ื ื™ืฉืชืคื• ืคืขื•ืœื” ืขื ืื ื•ืฉื™ื™ื, ื•ืœื”ืคืš.
08:05
In all of those premodern real worlds,
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08:08
gods controlled all of the conditions of existence.
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ื•ืฆื™ืคื• ืžื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืœืฉืจืช ืืช ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืชื™ื”ื,
08:12
Nonhumans were always expected to collaborate with humans
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ืœื ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ืœืžืขืŸ ืขืฆืžื ื›ืื™ื ื“ื™ื‘ื™ื“ื•ืืœื™ื.
08:17
and vice versa.
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08:18
And humans were expected to serve their communities,
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ืื›ืŸ, ื‘ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืฉืœ ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”,
ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืืžืชื™ ืฉืœื ื•, ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•, ื”ื•ื ื™ื•ืฆื ื”ื“ื•ืคืŸ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ --
08:23
not to live for themselves as individuals.
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ื”ืืงื–ื•ื˜ื™, ื”ืžืฉื•ื ื”.
08:28
Indeed, in the grand scheme of history,
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08:30
it's our real world, our reality, that is the great exception to the rule --
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ืจืง ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืืžืชื™ ืฉืœื ื• ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืขืฆืžื” ื”ื™ื ื—ื•ืžืจื™ืช ื‘ืœื‘ื“.
08:36
the exotic one, the strange one.
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ืจืง ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืืžืชื™ ืฉืœื ื• ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืœื-ืื ื•ืฉื™ื™ื ืชืžื™ื“ ื›ืคื•ืคื™ื ืœื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื.
08:40
Only in our real world is reality itself a purely material order.
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ื•ืจืง ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืืžืชื™ ืฉืœื ื• ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื ื ื•ืœื“ื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืื™ื ื“ื™ื‘ื™ื“ื•ืืœื™ื.
08:45
Only in our real world are nonhumans always subordinate to humans.
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ืœืžื” ื”ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช ื”ื–ื•?
ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืืžืชื™ ืฉืœื ื• ืขื•ืฆื‘ ื•ื—ื•ืฉืœ ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ืช,
08:51
And only in our real world are humans born to be individuals.
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ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื—ืกืจืช ืชืงื“ื™ื ื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช,
08:57
Why this uniqueness?
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08:59
Well, because our real world was shaped and forged
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ืขื ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื”ืžื“ืขื™ืช ืฉืœื”, ื”ื ืื•ืจื•ืช ืฉืœื”,
09:02
in a unique environment,
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09:04
a historically unprecedented environment in early modern Europe,
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ื“ืจืš ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื—ื“ืฉื ื™ืช, ื”ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ืช, ื”ืงืคื™ื˜ืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืช.
09:09
with its scientific revolution, its enlightenment,
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ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ, ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช ื”ื–ื•,
ื ืจืื” ืœื ื• ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืžืืœื™ื• ืฉื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ื”ื™ื ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื”ืื—ืช ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื”,
09:13
its novel, experimental, capitalist way of life.
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ืฉื›ืœ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื ื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื—ื™ื• ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืืžืชื™ ืฉืœื ื•,
09:19
Yet, despite this uniqueness,
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09:21
we just take it for granted that our reality is the one true reality,
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ืื ื”ื ื™ื“ืขื• ืืช ื–ื” ื•ืื ืœื.
ื•ืจืง ืชื—ืฉื‘ื• ืจื’ืข ืขืœ ื”ื™ื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืขืฆื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ื”ื”ื ื—ื” ื”ื–ื•.
09:26
that all humans in history have lived in only our real world,
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ื‘ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ, ืื ื—ื ื• ืื•ืžืจื™ื: โ€œืื ื—ื ื• ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ื™ื ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื™ื ืฆื•ื“ืงื™ื ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช,
09:31
whether they knew it or not.
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09:33
And just think for a moment of the colossal arrogance
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ื•ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืื—ืจ ื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื˜ื•ืขื”โ€.
09:36
of this assumption.
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09:38
Basically, we're saying, "We modern Westerners are right about reality,
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ื‘ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ, ืื ื—ื ื• ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื™ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื•ืช ื”ื ื”ื“ืจื•ืช ื‘ืขื‘ืจ
09:42
and everybody else in all of history
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ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืขืฆื ืจืง ื˜ืขื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืžื•ื–ืœื•ืช,
09:45
is wrong."
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09:46
Basically, we're saying that all of those extraordinary civilizations of the past
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื›ื•ืœืŸ ื”ืชื‘ืกืกื• ืจืง ืขืœ ืžื™ืชื•ืกื™ื, ืืฉืœื™ื•ืช ื•ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื’ื•ื™ื™ื ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช.
09:52
were really just lucky accidents,
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09:54
because they were all founded on nothing more
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ืœืžื” ืื ื—ื ื• ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื™ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืฆื•ื“ืงื™ื?
09:58
than myths, illusions and false ideas about reality.
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ืœืžื” ื–ื” ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืžืืœื™ื• ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ?
10:04
Why are we so certain that we're right?
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ืœืžื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืชืงืฉื™ื ืœื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ื‘ืจืฆื™ื ื•ืช ืœืขื•ืœืžื•ืช ื”ืืžืชื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืคืจื”-ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื™ื?
10:08
Why do we just take it for granted that we know more?
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื›ื™ ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื”ืžื“ืขื™ื ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•
10:12
Why do we struggle to take seriously the real worlds of premodern peoples?
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ืžืกืคืงื™ื ืืช ื”ื™ื“ืข ื”ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ื”ืืžืชื™ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืขืœ ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช.
ืื‘ืœ ื”ืื ื–ื” ื‘ืืžืช ื›ืš?
10:18
Well, because we think our modern sciences
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ื›ื‘ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžืื” ืฉื ื”,
ืขืฆื ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ื˜ืœ ื‘ืกืคืง ื‘ืจืฆื™ื ื•ืช ื•ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช
10:22
provide the only truly objective knowledge of reality.
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10:25
But do they?
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื ืžืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื•ืฉื•ื ื™ื,
10:28
For more than a hundred years now,
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ืžืคื™ื–ื™ืงื” ื•ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”, ืขื“ ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื”.
10:30
the very idea of an objective reality has been seriously and continually questioned
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ื‘ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ, ื”ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ื”ืฆื™ืขื•
10:35
by experts in many different fields,
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ืฉื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืœื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืกื“ืจ ื—ื•ืžืจื™ ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื ื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข.
10:38
from physics and biology to philosophy.
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10:41
Basically, these experts would suggest
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ื”ื™ื ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืžืฉืชืชืคื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืคืขื™ืœ ื‘ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจื•
10:44
that reality is not simply a material order given to us by nature.
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ื›ืฉืฉื›ืœื ืžืชืงืฉืจ ืขื ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”.
10:50
It is something that humans actively participate in producing
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ื”ื ื” ื“ืจืš ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื–ื”.
10:55
when their minds interact with their environment.
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ื‘ืžื˜ืจื” ืœืžืฆื•ื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ื›ืœืฉื”ื™,
10:58
Here's a way to think about it.
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ื›ืœ ืื“ื ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืžืฆื™ื ืžื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืืžืชื™.
11:04
In order to make sense of experience,
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ื”ื ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ืžื•ื“ืœ ื”ื–ื” ื›ื‘ืกื™ืก ืœื›ืœ ื“ืจืš ื—ื™ื™ื”ื,
11:06
every people in the past, in effect, had to devise a model of the real world.
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ื›ืœ ื”ืžื ื”ื’ื™ื, ื”ื ื•ืจืžื•ืช, ื”ืขืจื›ื™ื.
ื•ืื ื“ืจืš ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื–ืืช ื”ื•ื›ื—ื” ื›ืžื•ืฆืœื—ืช ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ, ื‘ืช-ืงื™ื™ืžื,
11:13
They would then use that model as the basis for their whole way of life,
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11:16
all of its practices, its norms, its values.
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ืื– ื”ืืžืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื“ืœ ืชืื•ืฉืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืจืื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ื-ื™ื•ื: โ€œื–ื” ืขื•ื‘ื“!โ€
11:20
And if that way of life proved to be successful in practice, sustainable,
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ื•ืื–, ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉื”ืžื•ื“ืœ ืžื•ืคื ื ื‘ืžื—ืฉื‘ื”, ื•ืžืฉืชืœื‘ ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”,
11:25
then the truth of the model would be confirmed
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11:28
by the evidence of everyday experience: "It works!"
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ื”ืชืคื™ืกื” ืฉืœ ืขื•ืœื ืืžืชื™ ื•ื™ืฆื™ื‘ ื ื•ืฆืจืช
11:32
And thus, once the model became internalized in mind
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื™ื ื˜ืจืืงืฆื™ื” ืžืชืžืฉื›ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ืžืฆื“ ืื—ื“, ืœืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืžืฆื“ ืฉื ื™.
11:36
and baked into the environment,
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11:39
the effect of a stable real world would be generated
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ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื™ืชืŸ ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืžื”ื™ืจื”.
11:43
by ongoing interactions between the two,
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ืœืžื” ืื ื—ื ื• ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืžืฉื•ื›ื ืขื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ ืฉืœื ื•
11:47
between minds on the one hand, environments on the other.
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ืฉื›ื•ืœื ื•, ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ, ืื™ื ื“ื™ื‘ื™ื“ื•ืืœื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื˜ื‘ืขื™?
11:50
Let's take a quick example.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื—ื‘ื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ืžื“ืขื ื™ ื—ื‘ืจื” ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืงื“ืžืช
11:53
Why are we so convinced in our modern world
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ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ื” ืฉื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื•,
11:56
that we're all, ultimately, natural individuals?
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ื•ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ืžื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœื”ื ืœืขื•ืœื ืžืœื ืื™ื ื“ื™ื‘ื™ื“ื•ืืœื™ื ืชื—ืจื•ืชื™ื™ื ืžื˜ื‘ืขื
11:59
Well, because a bunch of social scientists in early modern Europe
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ื”ืคืš ืœื‘ืกื™ืก ืœื“ืจืš ื—ื™ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื”, ืงืคื™ื˜ืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืช
12:03
decided that we were,
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ืฉื™ืฆืจื” ืจืžื•ืช ื—ืกืจื•ืช ืชืงื“ื™ื ืฉืœ ืขื•ืฉืจ --
12:06
and because their model of a world full of natural competitive individuals
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ืœืคื—ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื›ืžื” ื‘ื ื™ ืžื–ืœ --
12:10
became the basis for a new, capitalist way of life
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ื•ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื›ืœ ืืœื” ืžืื™ืชื ื• ืฉื’ื“ืœื• ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืงืคื™ื˜ืœื™ืกื˜ื™ื•ืช ืžืื–
12:13
that generated unprecedented levels of wealth --
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ืขื‘ืจื ื• ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืฉื”ืคืš ืื•ืชื ื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืื™ื ื“ื™ื‘ื™ื“ื•ืืœื™ื,
12:17
at least for the lucky few --
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12:19
and because all of us who've been raised in capitalist nations ever since
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ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•, ื‘ืชื™ ื”ืกืคืจ ื•ื”ื—ื‘ืจื”,
ื•ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืืœื™ื ื• ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืื™ื ื“ื™ื‘ื™ื“ื•ืืœื™ื
12:23
have been continually socialized to be individuals by our families,
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ื›ืžืขื˜ ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ื•
12:28
our schools and our societies,
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžื‘ื ื™ื ืฉืฉื•ืœื˜ื™ื ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืœืœื•,
ื›ืžื• ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ื”ืœื™ื‘ืจืœื™ืช ืฉืœื ื•, ื•ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื” ื”ืงืคื™ื˜ืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืช ืฉืœื ื•.
12:31
and because we are treated precisely as individuals
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12:35
almost every day of our lives
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ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช,
12:36
by the structures which control those lives,
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ื”ืฉื›ืœ ืฉืœื ื• ื•ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื ื• ืงื•ืฉืจื™ื ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืงื‘ื•ืข
12:39
like our liberal democracy and our capitalist economy.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืื™ื ื“ื™ื‘ื™ื“ื•ืืœื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ.
12:43
In other words,
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12:45
our minds and our environment continually conspire
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ืœืกื™ื›ื•ื:
12:49
to make our individuality seem entirely natural.
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ืืฃ ืื“ื ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื—ื•ื•ื” ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ื‘ืืžืช.
ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืชืžื™ื“ ื—ื•ื• ืžืฆื™ืื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช,
12:55
In sum:
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12:57
no human being has ever experienced a truly objective reality.
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ื›ืœ ืื—ืช ืขื•ืฆื‘ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืฉื‘ืžืงืจื” ื”ื•ื˜ืžืข ื‘ืฉื›ืœ ื•ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื–ืžืŸ.
13:02
Different peoples have always experienced different realities,
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13:06
each one shaped by whatever model of the world
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ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช,
ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืชืžื™ื“ ื—ื™ื• ื‘ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืขื•ืœืžื•ืช ืืžืชื™ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื,
13:10
happened to be embedded in minds and environment at the time.
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ืœื ื‘ื™ืงื•ื ื™ื—ื™ื“.
13:16
In other words,
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13:17
humans have always lived in a pluriverse of many different real worlds,
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ืืกื™ื™ื ืขื ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื”ื ื•ื‘ืขื•ืช ืžื”ืžืกืงื ื” ื”ื–ืืช.
13:22
not in a universe of just one.
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ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”,
ืื ื—ื ื• ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ื™ื ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื™ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืคืกื™ืง ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืขืžื™ื ื”ืคืจื”-ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื™ื
13:26
Let me close with three thoughts that follow from this conclusion.
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ื”ื ืื™ื›ืฉื”ื• ืคืจื™ืžื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื ืื•ืจื™ื ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืืชื ื•.
13:30
First of all,
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13:31
we modern Westerners need to stop thinking that all premodern peoples
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ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืืžืชื™ ืฉืœื”ื, ืขื ื›ืœ ืืœื™ื”ื ื•ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืžืื’ื™ื,
13:36
are somehow more primitive or less enlightened than ourselves.
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ื”ื™ื” ืืžืชื™ ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืžื• ืฉืœื ื•.
ืื›ืŸ, ื”ืขื•ืœืžื•ืช ื”ืืžืชื™ื™ื ื”ืืœื•
13:41
Their real world, with all their gods and magical forces,
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ื‘ื™ืกืกื• ื“ืจืš ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉื ื—ื™ื™ืชื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžื•ื ื™ื
13:44
were just as real as our own.
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13:47
Indeed, those real worlds
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ืœืžืื•ืช, ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืืœืคื™ ืฉื ื™ื.
13:49
anchored ways of life that sustained the lives of multitudes
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ื”ืขื•ืœืžื•ืช ื”ืืžืชื™ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืฉื•ื ื™ื;
ื”ื ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืฉื’ื•ื™ื™ื.
13:56
for hundreds, sometimes thousands, of years.
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ืฉื ื™ื™ื”:
13:59
Their real worlds were different;
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ื™ื ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื™ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืชื’ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื ื•.
(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
14:02
they were not wrong.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืงืฆืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฆื ื•ืขื™ื.
14:05
Second:
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ืขื ื›ืœ ื”ื”ื™ืฉื’ื™ื ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ื™ื•ืฆืื™ ื”ื“ื•ืคืŸ,
14:07
we modern Westerners need to get over ourselves.
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ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืืžืชื™ ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ื•ื”ืืžื™ืฅ ืฉืœื ื•
14:10
(Laughter)
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14:11
We need to be a little more humble.
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ืกื™ื›ืŸ ืืช ื”ืขืชื™ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ืคืœื ื˜ื” ื”ื–ื• ืชื•ืš ืคื—ื•ืช ืž-300 ืฉื ื™ื.
14:14
For all of its extraordinary technological accomplishments,
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14:18
our brave new modern real world
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ื”ื•ื ื™ืฆืจ ื›ืžื” ืื™ืžื•ืช ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืช:
14:21
has imperiled the whole future of the planet in barely 300 years.
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ืจืฆื— ืขื ืœืื•ืจืš ื™ื‘ืฉื•ืช ืฉืœืžื•ืช,
ื ื™ืฆื•ืœ ื”ืžื•ื ื™ ืฉืœ ืขืžื™ื ื›ื‘ื•ืฉื™ื,
14:26
It's made possible all manner of historical horrors:
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ืขื‘ื“ื•ืช ืžืชื•ืขืฉืช,
14:30
genocides across entire continents,
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ืฉืชื™ ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ืขื•ืœื ื”ืจืกื ื™ื•ืช,
14:33
mass exploitation of colonized peoples,
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ื”ืฉื•ืื”,
ืœื•ื—ืžื” ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ืช,
ื”ื›ื—ื“ืช ืžื™ื ื™ื,
14:37
industrial servitude,
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ื”ื™ื“ืจื“ืจื•ืช ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื™ืช,
14:39
two disastrous world wars,
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ื—ืงืœืื•ืช ืžืชื•ืขืฉืช
ื•ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ื”ืชื—ืžืžื•ืช ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ืช.
14:42
the Holocaust,
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14:43
nuclear warfare,
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14:44
species extinctions,
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ื”ืจืื™ื•ืช ืฉื ืื ืืชื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืื•ืชืŸ.
14:46
environmental degradation,
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ื”ืžื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœื ื• ืœืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื ื›ืฉืœ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืงื˜ืกื˜ืจื•ืคืœื™ืช.
14:48
factory farming
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14:49
and, of course, global warming.
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14:52
The evidence is there if you want to see it.
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ื•ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช:
14:54
Our model of reality has failed catastrophically in practice.
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ืžื•ื“ืœื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื•ืขื•ืœืžื•ืช ืืžืชื™ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืืคืฉืจื™ื™ื.
ืขื•ืœืžื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ื ืžืชืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ืžืžืฉ ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื,
15:00
Third:
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15:03
other models and other real worlds are possible.
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ื‘ืžื” ืฉื ืฉืืจ ืžืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืขื•ืœืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”,
ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืืžื–ื•ื ื™ื”, ื”ืื ื“ื™ื, ืžืงืกื™ืงื• ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™ืช,
15:08
Other worlds are being lived right now, as we speak,
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ืงื ื“ื” ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™ืช, ืื•ืกื˜ืจืœื™ื”,
15:12
in what remains of history's pluriverse,
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ื•ื›ืœ ื”ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ื ืื‘ืงื™ื ืขืžื™ื ื™ืœื™ื“ื™ื ืœืฉืžืจ ืืช ื“ืจืš ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืช ื”ืงื™ื™ืžื ืฉืœ ืื‘ื•ืชื™ื”ื
15:16
in places like Amazonia, the Andes, Southern Mexico,
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15:20
Northern Canada, Australia
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15:22
and all the other places where Indigenous peoples are struggling
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžื ื•ืข ืžืžื ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืฉืžื“ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื™ืงื•ื ื”ืžืชืจื—ื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื•ืช.
15:26
to preserve their highly sustainable ancestral ways of life
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ืื ื™ ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืขืžื™ื ื”ืœื ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื™ื ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ื•ื‘ื”ื•ื•ื”
15:32
to prevent them being destroyed by modernity's ever-expanding universe.
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืœืžื“ ืื•ืชื ื• ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื”
15:38
I suggest that all of these nonmodern peoples past and present
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ืขืœ ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ื ื™ ืงื™ื™ืžื ื‘ืขื•ืœืžื•ืช ืืคืฉืจื™ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื.
15:44
have so much to teach us
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ืื– ื‘ื•ื ื ืชื—ื™ืœ ืžืžืฉ ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืžื”ื
15:47
about living more sustainable lives in other possible worlds.
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ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื–ื” ืžืื•ื—ืจ ืžื“ื™.
ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื ืกื” ืœื”ื’ื“ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื ื•.
15:53
So let's start right now to try to learn from them
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ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืื ื•ืฉื™ื™ื
15:56
before it's too late.
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15:59
Let's try to magnify our imaginations.
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ื‘ืขื•ืœืžื•ืช ืืคืฉืจื™ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื.
16:03
Let's start to imagine other possible ways of being human
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืœื›ื.
(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื ื•ืชืจื•ืขื•ืช)
16:08
in other possible worlds.
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16:11
Thank you.
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16:13
(Applause and cheers)
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ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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