Why there's no such thing as objective reality | Greg Anderson

115,646 views ・ 2021-03-19

TED


μ•„λž˜ μ˜λ¬Έμžλ§‰μ„ λ”λΈ”ν΄λ¦­ν•˜μ‹œλ©΄ μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.

00:00
Transcriber:
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λ²ˆμ—­: Jaewook Seol κ²€ν† : JY Kang
00:13
In the next few minutes,
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μ•žμœΌλ‘œ λͺ‡ λΆ„ λ™μ•ˆ,
00:15
I hope to change the way you think about the very nature of reality itself.
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μ €λŠ” ν˜„μ‹€ κ·Έ 자체의 속성에 λŒ€ν•œ μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ˜ 사고 방식을 λ°”κΎΈκ³  μ‹ΆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:21
I'm not a physicist, and I'm not a philosopher.
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μ €λŠ” λ¬Όλ¦¬ν•™μžλ„ μ•„λ‹ˆκ³ , μ² ν•™μžλ„ μ•„λ‹™λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:24
I'm a historian.
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μ €λŠ” μ—­μ‚¬ν•™μžμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:26
And after studying the ancient Greeks and many other premodern peoples
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κ³ λŒ€ κ·Έλ¦¬μŠ€μ™€ λ‹€λ₯Έ μ—¬λŸ¬ μ „κ·ΌλŒ€ 민쑱듀에 λŒ€ν•΄
00:30
for more than 20 years as a professional,
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20λ…„ λ„˜κ²Œ μ§μ—…μ μœΌλ‘œ μ—°κ΅¬ν•˜κ³  λ‚˜μ„œ
00:32
I've become convinced
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μ €λŠ” 확신을 κ°–κ²Œ λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:35
that they all lived in real worlds very different from our own.
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κ·Έλ“€ λͺ¨λ‘κ°€ μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μ‚¬λŠ” ν˜„μ‹€ μ„Έκ³„μ™€λŠ” μ „ν˜€ λ‹€λ₯Έ 세상에 μ‚΄μ•˜λ‹€λŠ” κ²ƒμ„μš”.
00:39
Now, of course, you and I here today,
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λ¬Όλ‘ , 였늘 이 자리의 μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„κ³Ό μ œκ°€ λ‹Ήμ—°ν•˜κ²Œ μ—¬κΈ°λŠ” ν•œ 가지가 있죠.
00:41
we take it for granted
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00:43
that there's just one ultimate reality out there --
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μ„Έμƒμ—λŠ” 였직 ν•˜λ‚˜μ˜ ꢁ극적인 ν˜„μ‹€λ§Œμ΄ μžˆλ‹€λŠ” μ‚¬μ‹€μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:47
our reality,
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우리의 ν˜„μ‹€,
00:48
a fixed universal world of experience
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κ³ μ •λœ 보편적 κ²½ν—˜μ˜ 세계,
00:51
ruled by timeless laws of science and nature.
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μ‹œκ°„μ„ μ΄ˆμ›”ν•œ κ³Όν•™κ³Ό μžμ—°μ˜ 법칙이 μ§€λ°°ν•˜λŠ” 세상 말이죠.
00:55
But I want you to see things differently.
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μ €λŠ” μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ΄ 세상을 λ‹€λ₯΄κ²Œ λ³΄μ•˜μœΌλ©΄ ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:58
I want you to see that humans have always lived in a pluriverse
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μ €λŠ” μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ΄ 인간듀은 항상 닀쀑 μš°μ£Όμ— μ‚΄μ•˜λ‹€κ³  λ³΄μ•˜μœΌλ©΄ ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:03
of many different worlds,
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그것은 μ—¬λŸ¬ λ‹€λ₯Έ μ„Έκ³„λ‘œ 이루어져 있고,
01:04
not in a universe of just one.
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단 ν•˜λ‚˜μ˜ λ‹¨μΌν•œ μš°μ£Όκ°€ μ•„λ‹ˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:08
And if you're willing to see this pluriverse of many worlds,
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λ§Œμ•½ 세상을 이처럼 μ—¬λŸ¬ μ„Έκ³„λ‘œ 이루어진 닀쀑 우주둜 보고자 ν•œλ‹€λ©΄,
01:11
it will fundamentally change, I hope,
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바라건데, μ΄λŠ” μΈκ°„μ˜ 과거에 λŒ€ν•œ 사고방식을 λ°”κΎΈμ–΄ 놓을 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:14
the way you think about the human past
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01:17
and hopefully the present and the future as well.
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또 μ–΄μ©Œλ©΄ ν˜„μž¬μ™€ λ―Έλž˜μ— λŒ€ν•œ μ‚¬κ³ λ°©μ‹κΉŒμ§€λ„ 말이죠.
01:21
Now, let's get started by asking three basic questions
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자, 이제 우리의 ν˜„μ‹€μ„ κ΅¬μ„±ν•˜λŠ” λ‚΄μš©μ— λŒ€ν•œ
01:26
about the contents of our reality,
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μ„Έ 가지 기본적인 질문으둜 μ‹œμž‘ν•΄ λ΄…μ‹œλ‹€.
01:29
the real world that you and I share right here, right now.
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„κ³Ό μ œκ°€ λ°”λ‘œ μ—¬κΈ°, λ°”λ‘œ μ§€κΈˆ κ³΅μœ ν•˜κ³  μžˆλŠ” ν˜„μ‹€ 세계 λ§μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:32
First of all:
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첫 번째둜,
01:35
What is it that makes something real in our real world?
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우리의 ν˜„μ‹€ μ„Έκ³„μ—μ„œ μ–΄λ–€ 것을 ν˜„μ‹€μ μœΌλ‘œ λ§Œλ“œλŠ” 것이 λ¬΄μ—‡μΌκΉŒμš”?
01:39
Well, for us, real things are material things,
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자, μš°λ¦¬μ—κ²Œ ν˜„μ‹€μ μΈ 것이라 ν•˜λ©΄ 물질적인 것을 λ§ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:42
things made of matter that we can somehow see,
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μ–΄λ–»κ²Œλ“  μš°λ¦¬κ°€ λ³Ό 수 μžˆλŠ” 물질둜 λ§Œλ“€μ–΄μ§„ 것듀 말이죠.
01:45
like atoms, people, trees, mountains, planets ...
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μ›μž, μ‚¬λžŒ, λ‚˜λ¬΄, μ‚°, ν–‰μ„± 같은 κ²ƒμ²˜λŸΌ 말이죠.
01:50
By the same token,
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같은 이유둜,
01:53
invisible, immaterial things -- like gods and demons,
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보이지 μ•ŠλŠ”, λΉ„ 물질적인 것듀 -- 예λ₯Ό λ“€λ©΄ μ‹ κ³Ό μ•…λ§ˆ,
01:57
heavens and hells --
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μ²œλ‹Ήκ³Ό 지μ˜₯ 같은 것듀은
02:00
these are considered unreal.
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λΉ„ν˜„μ‹€μ μ΄λΌκ³  κ°„μ£Όλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:02
They're simply beliefs,
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그런 것듀은 λ‹¨μˆœνžˆ 믿음일 λΏμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:04
subjective ideas that exist only in the realm of the mind.
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마음의 μ˜μ—­μ—μ„œλ§Œ μ‘΄μž¬ν•˜λŠ” 주관적인 κ°œλ…μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:09
To be real,
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ν˜„μ‹€μ΄ 되렀면,
02:10
a thing must exist objectively,
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사물은 λ°˜λ“œμ‹œ κ°κ΄€μ μœΌλ‘œ μ‘΄μž¬ν•΄μ•Ό ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:14
in some visible material form,
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κ°€μ‹œμ μ΄κ³  물질적 ν˜•νƒœμ—¬μ•Ό ν•˜μ£ .
02:16
whether our minds can perceive it or not.
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우리의 마음이 인지할 수 μžˆλ“  μ—†λ“  κ°„μ—μš”.
02:21
Second: What are the most important things in our real world?
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λ‘˜μ§Έλ‘œ, 우리의 ν˜„μ‹€ μ„Έκ³„μ—μ„œ κ°€μž₯ μ€‘μš”ν•œ 것듀은 λ¬΄μ—‡μΌκΉŒμš”?
02:25
Answer: human things --
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정닡은 인간적인 κ²ƒλ“€μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:28
people, cities, societies,
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μ‚¬λžŒ, λ„μ‹œ, μ‚¬νšŒ,
02:31
cultures, government, economies.
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λ¬Έν™”, μ •λΆ€, 경제.
02:35
Why is this?
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μ™œ κ·ΈλŸ΄κΉŒμš”?
02:36
Well, because we humans think we're special.
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μ™œλƒν•˜λ©΄ 우리 인간은 μš°λ¦¬κ°€ νŠΉλ³„ν•˜λ‹€κ³  μƒκ°ν•˜λ‹ˆκΉŒμš”.
02:39
We think we're the only creatures on the planet
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” μš°λ¦¬κ°€ 이 ν–‰μ„±μ—μ„œ μœ μΌν•˜κ²Œ
02:42
who have things like language, reason, free will.
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μ–Έμ–΄, 이성, 자유 μ˜μ§€ 같은 것듀을 가진 피쑰물이라고 μƒκ°ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:48
By contrast, nonhuman things, to us, are just part of nature,
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반면, 비인간적인 것듀은 μš°λ¦¬μ—κ²Œ μžμ—°μ˜ 일뢀일 λΏμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:53
a mere backdrop to human culture,
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단지 인간 λ¬Έν™”μ˜ 배경일 뿐이죠.
02:55
a mere environment of things that we feel entitled to use
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단지 μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μ“Έ 자격이 μžˆλ‹€κ³  λŠλΌλŠ” κ²ƒλ“€μ˜ ν™˜κ²½μΌ λΏμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:59
however we want.
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우리 λ§ˆμŒλŒ€λ‘œ 말이죠.
03:02
And third:
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그리고 μ„Έ 번째둜
03:05
What does it mean to be a human in our real world?
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우리의 ν˜„μ‹€ μ„Έκ³„μ—μ„œ 인간이 λœλ‹€λŠ” 것은 무슨 λœ»μΌκΉŒμš”?
03:08
Well, it means being an individual,
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자, 그것은 개인이 λœλ‹€λŠ” 것을 λœ»ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:10
a person who lives ultimately for oneself.
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ꢁ극적으둜 ν™€λ‘œ μ‚΄μ•„κ°€λŠ” μ‚¬λžŒ λ§μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:15
We think nature has made us this way,
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” μžμ—°μ΄ 우리λ₯Ό 이런 μ‹μœΌλ‘œ λ§Œλ“€μ—ˆλ‹€κ³  μƒκ°ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:18
giving each and every one of us all of the reason, the right,
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우리 λͺ¨λ‘μ—κ²Œ 각각 κ·Έ λͺ¨λ“  이성, ꢌ리,
03:22
the freedom and the self-interest
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μžμœ μ™€ 이기심을 μ£Όμ–΄μ„œ
03:26
to thrive and compete with other individuals
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μ‚Άμ˜ λͺ¨λ“  μ€‘μš”ν•œ μžμ›λ“€μ„ 놓고
03:29
for all of life's important resources.
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λ‹€λ₯Έ κ°œμΈλ“€κ³Ό ν•¨κ»˜ λ²ˆμ„±ν•˜κ³  κ²½μŸν•˜λ©° 살도둝 λ§μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:33
But I'm suggesting to you that this real world of ours
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μ œκ°€ μ œμ•ˆν•˜κ³  싢은 건 μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ ν˜„μ‹€ 세계가
03:37
is neither timeless nor universal.
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μ‹œκ°„μ„ μ΄ˆμ›”ν•œ 것도, 보편적인 것도 μ•„λ‹ˆλž€ κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:40
It's just one of countless different real worlds
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그건 단지 역사 μ†μ—μ„œ 인간이 κ²½ν—˜ν•΄μ˜¨
03:43
that humans have experienced in history.
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μˆ˜μ—†μ΄ λ‹€μ–‘ν•œ ν˜„μ‹€ 세계듀 쀑 ν•˜λ‚˜μΌ λΏμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:46
What, then, would another world look like?
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κ·Έλ ‡λ‹€λ©΄, λ‹€λ₯Έ μ„Έκ³„λŠ” μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ μƒκ²Όμ„κΉŒμš”?
03:49
Well, let's look at one,
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자, ν•˜λ‚˜λ₯Ό μ‚΄νŽ΄ λ΄…μ‹œλ‹€.
03:52
the real world of the classical Athenians in ancient Greece.
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κ³ λŒ€ 그리슀의 고전적인 μ•„ν…Œλ„€μΈμ˜ ν˜„μ‹€ μ„Έκ³„μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:56
Now, of course, we usually know the Athenians as our cultural ancestors,
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λ¬Όλ‘ , μ§€κΈˆ μš°λ¦¬λŠ” μ•„ν…Œλ„€μΈλ“€μ΄ 우리의 문화적 μ„ μ‘°, 즉
04:02
pioneers of our Western traditions, philosophy, democracy, drama
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μ„œμ–‘μ˜ 전톡, 역사, 민주주의, 희곑 λ“±μ˜
04:07
and so forth.
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μ„ κ΅¬μžμ˜€λ‹€λŠ” 것을 μ••λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:09
But their real world was nothing like our own.
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ κ·Έλ“€μ˜ ν˜„μ‹€ μ„Έκ³„λŠ” μš°λ¦¬μ™€ μ „ν˜€ λ‹¬λžμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:14
The real world of the Athenians was alive with things
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μ•„ν…Œλ„€μΈλ“€μ˜ ν˜„μ‹€ μ„Έκ³„λŠ” μš°λ¦¬κ°€ λΉ„λ¬Όμ§ˆμ μ΄λΌκ³  κ°„μ£Όν•˜λŠ”,
04:17
that we would consider immaterial and thus unreal.
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λ”°λΌμ„œ λΉ„ν˜„μ‹€μ μ΄λΌ κ°„μ£Όν•˜λŠ” κ²ƒλ“€λ‘œ μƒμƒνžˆ μ‚΄μ•„μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:21
It pulsated with things like gods,
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κ·Έλ“€μ˜ μ„Έκ³„λŠ” μ‹ ,
04:25
spirits, nymphs, Fates,
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유령, μš”μ •, 운λͺ…,
04:29
curses, oaths, souls
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μ €μ£Ό, λ§Ήμ„Έ, 영혼 같은 것듀과
04:32
and all kinds of mysterious energies and magical forces.
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λͺ¨λ“  μ’…λ₯˜μ˜ μ‹ λΉ„λ‘œμš΄ 기운과 λ§ˆλ²•μ˜ 힘으둜 λ§₯λ™ν•˜κ³  μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:36
Indeed the most important things in their real world
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κ·Έλ“€μ˜ μ„Έμƒμ—μ„œ 진정 κ°€μž₯ μ€‘μš”ν•œ 것은
04:39
were not humans at all, but gods.
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인간이 μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ, λ°”λ‘œ μ‹ μ΄μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:43
Why?
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μ™œλƒκ΅¬μš”?
04:45
Because gods were awesome -- literally.
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μ™œλƒν•˜λ©΄ 신은 κ²½μ΄λ‘œμ› μœΌλ‹ˆκΉŒμš”. 문자 κ·ΈλŒ€λ‘œ λ§μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:48
They controlled all the things that made life possible:
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신은 삢을 κ°€λŠ₯μΌ€ ν•΄μ£ΌλŠ” λͺ¨λ“  것듀을 ν†΅μ œν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:51
sunshine, rainfall, crop harvests,
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일쑰, κ°•μš°, μž‘λ¬Ό μˆ˜ν™•,
04:53
childbirth, personal health, family wealth,
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μΆœμ‚°, 개인의 건강, κ°€μ‘±μ˜ μž¬μ‚°,
04:57
sea voyages, battlefield victories.
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ν•­ν•΄, μ „μž₯의 승리λ₯Ό λ§μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:00
There were over 200 gods in Athens,
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μ•„ν…Œλ„€μ—λŠ” 200λͺ…이 λ„˜λŠ” 신듀이 μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:03
and they were not remote, detached divinities
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그듀은 λ©€λ¦¬μ„œ 인간사λ₯Ό μ§€μΌœλ³΄λŠ”
05:06
watching over human affairs from afar.
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멀리 떨어진 신격체가 μ•„λ‹ˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:08
They were really there, immediately there in experience,
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그듀은 ν˜„μ‹€μ΄μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€. κ²½ν—˜ μ†μ—μ„œ μ‘΄μž¬ν•˜κ³  μžˆμ—ˆμ£ .
05:12
living in temples,
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사원에 μ‚΄κ³ ,
05:14
attending sacrifices,
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ν¬μƒμ œμ— μ°Έμ„ν•˜λ©°,
05:16
mingling with the Athenians at their festivals, banquets and dances.
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μ•„ν…Œλ„€μΈλ“€κ³Ό μΆ•μ œ, μ—°νšŒ, λ¬΄λ„νšŒμ—μ„œ μ–΄μšΈλ Έμ£ .
05:22
And in the real world of the Athenians, humans did not live apart from nature.
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그리고 μ•„ν…Œλ„€μΈλ“€μ˜ ν˜„μ‹€ 세계에선 인간이 μžμ—°κ³Ό 동떨어져 살지 μ•Šμ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:27
Their lives were dictated by the rhythms of the seasons
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κ·Έλ“€μ˜ 삢은 κ³„μ ˆ λ³€ν™”μ˜ 지배λ₯Ό λ°›μ•˜κ³ 
05:30
and by the life cycles of crops and animals.
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곑식과 λ™λ¬Όλ“€μ˜ 생λͺ… 주기에 μ§€λ°°λ°›μ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:34
Indeed the land of the Athenians itself
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사싀 μ•„ν…Œλ„€μΈλ“€μ˜ λ•… μžμ²΄λ„
05:37
was not just a piece of property or territory.
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단지 ν•œ 쑰각의 μž¬μ‚°μ΄λ‚˜ μ˜ν† κ°€ μ•„λ‹ˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:39
It was a goddess, a living goddess
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그것은 μ—¬μ‹ , μ‚΄μ•„μžˆλŠ” μ—¬μ‹ μ΄μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:43
that had once given birth to the first Athenians
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μ˜›λ‚ μ— 졜초의 μ•„ν…Œλ„€μΈμ„ λ‚³μ•˜μœΌλ©°,
05:46
and had nurtured and cared for all of their descendants ever since,
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κ·Έ 이래둜 후손듀을 κΈ°λ₯΄κ³  λ³΄μ‚΄νŽ΄μ˜¨ μ—¬μ‹ μ΄μ—ˆμ£ .
05:50
with her precious gifts of soils, water, stone and crops.
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흙, λ¬Ό, 돌과 κ³‘μ‹μ΄λΌλŠ” μ†Œμ€‘ν•œ μ„ λ¬Όλ“€κ³Ό ν•¨κ»˜μš”.
05:56
Indeed, if anything should pollute her soils with unlawful bloodshed,
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사싀, 무엇이든 κ·Έ μ—¬μ‹ μ˜ 흙을 λΆ€μ •ν•œ 유혈 μ‚¬νƒœλ‘œ λ”λŸ½νžŒλ‹€λ©΄
06:01
it had to be expelled immediately, beyond her boundaries,
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κ·ΈλŠ” μ¦‰μ‹œ κ·Έ μ—¬μ‹ μ˜ 경계 λ°–μœΌλ‘œ μΆ”λ°©λ˜μ–΄μ•Ό ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:05
whether it was a man, an animal or just a fallen roof tile.
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κ·Έκ°€ μ‚¬λžŒμ΄λ“ , 동물이든, κ·Έλƒ₯ 떨어진 κΈ°μ™“μž₯이든 κ°„μ—μš”.
06:11
And in the real world of the Athenians, there were no individuals.
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그리고 μ•„ν…Œλ„€μΈλ“€μ˜ ν˜„μ‹€ μ„Έκ³„μ—μ„œλŠ” 개인이 μ—†μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:15
All Athenians were inseparable from their families,
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λͺ¨λ“  μ•„ν…Œλ„€μΈλ“€μ€ κ·Έλ“€μ˜ κ°€μ‘±κ³Ό λΆˆκ°€λΆ„ν•œ μ‘΄μž¬μ˜€μœΌλ©°,
06:19
and all Athenian families were expected to live together and work together
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λͺ¨λ“  μ•„ν…Œλ„€μΈλ“€μ€ ν•œ λͺΈμ²˜λŸΌ ν•¨κ»˜ μ‚΄κ³  ν•¨κ»˜ μΌν•œλ‹€κ³  μƒκ°ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:24
as a single body, like cells of a living organism.
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마치 μ‚΄μ•„μžˆλŠ” 유기체의 μ„Έν¬λ“€μ²˜λŸΌ 말이죠.
06:29
They called this social body simply "demos," the people,
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그듀은 이런 μ‚¬νšŒμ²΄λ₯Ό β€œλ°λͺ¨μŠ€β€œ, 즉 μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ΄λΌκ³  λΆˆλ €μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:35
and they called their way of life "demokratia,"
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그리고 κ·Έλ“€μ˜ μ‚Άμ˜ 방식을 β€œλ°λͺ¨ν¬λΌν‹°μ•„β€œλΌκ³  λΆˆλ €μ£ .
06:39
but it was nothing like our modern democracy,
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μ΄λŠ” 우리의 ν˜„λŒ€μ μΈ λ―Όμ£Όμ£Όμ˜μ™€λŠ” μ „ν˜€ λ‹¬λžμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:42
because Athenians were not born to be individuals living for themselves.
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μ™œλƒν•˜λ©΄ μ•„ν…Œλ„€μΈλ“€μ€ ν™€λ‘œ μ‚΄μ•„κ°€λŠ” 개인으둜 νƒœμ–΄λ‚œ 게 μ•„λ‹ˆμ—ˆκΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ΄μ£ .
06:47
They were born to serve and preserve the families and the social body
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그듀은 μ• μ΄ˆμ— κ·Έλ“€μ—κ²Œ 삢을 κ°€μ Έλ‹€ μ€€ κ°€μ‘±κ³Ό μ‚¬νšŒμ²΄λ₯Ό
06:53
that had given them life in the first place.
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섬기고 지킀도둝 νƒœμ–΄λ‚œ κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:57
In sum,
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μš”μ»¨λŒ€,
06:59
the whole Athenian way of being human was radically different from our own.
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λŒ€μ²΄λ‘œ μ•„ν…Œλ„€μΈμœΌλ‘œμ„œ 인간이 λœλ‹€λŠ” 건 우리의 방식과 κ·Ήλ‹¨μ μœΌλ‘œ λ‹¬λžμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:03
Nature had programmed them to live as one, as a unitary social body,
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μžμ—°μ€ 그듀이 ν•˜λ‚˜λ‘œ, 즉 λ‹¨μΌν•œ μ‚¬νšŒμ²΄λ‘œμ„œ 살아가도둝,
07:10
and it had designed them expressly to coexist and collaborate
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그리고 λͺ¨λ“  비인간적 μ‘΄μž¬λ“€κ³Ό κ³΅μ‘΄ν•˜κ³  ν˜‘λ ₯ν•˜λ„λ‘ μ„€κ³„ν–ˆλ˜ κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:14
with all manner of nonhuman beings,
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07:17
especially their 200 gods
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특히 κ·Έλ“€μ˜ 200λͺ…μ˜ μ‹ λ“€κ³Ό
07:20
and their divine earth mother.
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κ·Έλ“€μ˜ μ‹ μ„±ν•œ λŒ€μ§€μ˜ μ–΄λ¨Έλ‹ˆμ™€ ν•¨κ»˜ 살도둝 말이죠.
07:23
Life in Athens was thus sustained by what we can call a "cosmic ecology,"
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μ•„ν…Œλ„€μ—μ„œμ˜ 삢은 λ”°λΌμ„œ μš°λ¦¬κ°€ β€œμš°μ£Όμ  μƒνƒœβ€œλΌκ³  λΆ€λ₯΄λŠ”
07:28
a symbiotic ecology of gods, motherland and people.
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μ‹ , μ–΄λ¨Έλ‹ˆ λŒ€μ§€μ™€ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ˜ 곡생적 μƒνƒœλ‘œ λΆ€μ–‘λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:34
Now, of course, to us today in our real world,
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자, λ¬Όλ‘  우리의 ν˜„μ‹€ 세계에 μ‚¬λŠ” μ˜€λŠ˜λ‚ μ˜ μš°λ¦¬μ—κ²
07:37
we look at their real world and, well, it looks strange,
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κ·Έλ“€μ˜ ν˜„μ‹€ 세계가 μ΄μƒν•˜κ³ ,
07:42
weird, bizarre, exotic and, of course, unreal.
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νŠΉμ΄ν•˜κ³ , κΈ°μ΄ν•˜κ³ , 이ꡭ적이며, λ¬Όλ‘  λΉ„ν˜„μ‹€μ μœΌλ‘œ λ³΄μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:47
But it has many major things in common
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ 그것은 μˆ˜λ§Žμ€ λ‹€λ₯Έ μ „κ·ΌλŒ€ 민쑱듀이 κ²½ν—˜ν•œ ν˜„μ‹€ 세계와
07:49
with the real world experienced by numerous other premodern peoples,
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λ§Žμ€ 곡톡점을 κ°–κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:54
including, for example,
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예λ₯Ό λ“€μ–΄μ„œ,
07:55
the ancient Egyptians,
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κ³ λŒ€ μ΄μ§‘νŠΈμΈ,
07:57
ancient Chinese
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κ³ λŒ€ 쀑ꡭ인,
07:58
and the peoples of precolonial Peru, Mexico,
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그리고 식민지 μ΄μ „μ˜ 페루, λ©•μ‹œμ½”,
08:02
India, Bali, Hawaii.
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인도, 발리, ν•˜μ™€μ΄ 민쑱듀이 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:05
In all of those premodern real worlds,
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이 λͺ¨λ“  μ „κ·ΌλŒ€ ν˜„μ‹€ μ„Έκ³„μ—μ„œ
08:08
gods controlled all of the conditions of existence.
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신이 λͺ¨λ“  쑴재의 쑰건듀을 ν†΅μ œν•˜μ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:12
Nonhumans were always expected to collaborate with humans
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비인간듀은 항상 인간듀과 ν˜‘λ ₯ν•  κ²ƒμœΌλ‘œ μ—¬κ²¨μ‘ŒμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:17
and vice versa.
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κ·Έ λ°˜λŒ€λ„ λ§ˆμ°¬κ°€μ§€μ˜€μ£ .
08:18
And humans were expected to serve their communities,
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그리고 인간듀은 κ·Έλ“€μ˜ 곡동체λ₯Ό 섬기고,
08:23
not to live for themselves as individuals.
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ν™€λ‘œ κ°œμΈμœΌλ‘œμ„œ 살지 μ•Šμ„ κ²ƒμœΌλ‘œ μ—¬κ²¨μ‘ŒμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:28
Indeed, in the grand scheme of history,
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사싀, μ—­μ‚¬μ˜ μ›…λŒ€ν•œ κ³„νš μ†μ—μ„œ
08:30
it's our real world, our reality, that is the great exception to the rule --
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우리의 ν˜„μ‹€ 세계, 우리의 ν˜„μ‹€μ€ 맀우 μ˜ˆμ™Έμ μΈ κ·œμΉ™μ„ κ°€μ§‘λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:36
the exotic one, the strange one.
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이ꡭ적이고도 μ΄μƒν•œ κ·œμΉ™μ΄μ£ .
08:40
Only in our real world is reality itself a purely material order.
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였직 우리의 ν˜„μ‹€ μ†μ—μ„œλ§Œ ν˜„μ‹€μ€ 단지 물질적 μ§ˆμ„œ κ·Έ μžμ²΄μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:45
Only in our real world are nonhumans always subordinate to humans.
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였직 우리의 ν˜„μ‹€ μ†μ—μ„œλ§Œ 비인간듀이 항상 μΈκ°„μ—κ²Œ κ΅΄λ³΅ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:51
And only in our real world are humans born to be individuals.
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그리고 였직 우리의 ν˜„μ‹€ μ†μ—μ„œλ§Œ 인간이 κ°œμΈμœΌλ‘œμ„œ νƒœμ–΄λ‚©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:57
Why this uniqueness?
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이런 λ…νŠΉν•¨μ€ μ–΄λ””μ„œ 온 κ²ƒμΌκΉŒμš”?
08:59
Well, because our real world was shaped and forged
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자, μ™œλƒν•˜λ©΄ 우리의 ν˜„μ‹€ μ„Έκ³„λŠ” λ…νŠΉν•œ ν™˜κ²½ μ†μ—μ„œ
09:02
in a unique environment,
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ν˜•μ„±λ˜κ³  κ΅¬μΆ•λ˜μ—ˆκΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:04
a historically unprecedented environment in early modern Europe,
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그것은 초기 κ·ΌλŒ€ μœ λŸ½μ—μ„œμ˜ μ—­μ‚¬μ μœΌλ‘œ μ „λ‘€ μ—†λŠ” ν™˜κ²½μœΌλ‘œ
09:09
with its scientific revolution, its enlightenment,
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κ³Όν•™ 혁λͺ…κ³Ό 계λͺ½μ£Όμ˜,
09:13
its novel, experimental, capitalist way of life.
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μ°Έμ‹ ν•˜κ³ , μ‹€ν—˜μ μ΄κ³ , 자본주의적인 μ‚Άμ˜ λ°©μ‹μœΌλ‘œ 이루어져 μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:19
Yet, despite this uniqueness,
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λ‹€λ§Œ, κ·Έ λ…νŠΉν•¨μ—λ„ λΆˆκ΅¬ν•˜κ³ 
09:21
we just take it for granted that our reality is the one true reality,
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” λ‹Ήμ—°νžˆ 우리의 ν˜„μ‹€λ§Œμ΄ 참된 ν˜„μ‹€μ΄λΌκ³  λ°›μ•„λ“€μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:26
that all humans in history have lived in only our real world,
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역사상 λͺ¨λ“  인간듀이 였직 우리 ν˜„μ‹€μ—μ„œλ§Œ μ‚΄μ•˜λ‹€κ³  말이죠.
09:31
whether they knew it or not.
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그듀이 μ•Œμ•˜λ“ μ§€ λͺ°λžλ“ μ§€ κ°„μ—μš”.
09:33
And just think for a moment of the colossal arrogance
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그럼 μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ κ°€μ •μ˜ λ§‰λŒ€ν•œ μ˜€λ§Œν•¨μ— λŒ€ν•΄
09:36
of this assumption.
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잠깐만 생각해 λ³΄μ„Έμš”.
09:38
Basically, we're saying, "We modern Westerners are right about reality,
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기본적으둜 이런 μ£Όμž₯μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
ν˜„λŒ€ μ„œμ–‘μΈλ“€μ΄ λ§ν•˜λŠ” ν˜„μ‹€λ§Œ 옳고
09:42
and everybody else in all of history
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μ—­μ‚¬μ μœΌλ‘œ λ‹€λ₯Έ 이듀이 λ§ν•˜λŠ” 것은 ν‹€λ Έλ‹€λŠ” 것이죠.
09:45
is wrong."
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09:46
Basically, we're saying that all of those extraordinary civilizations of the past
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기본적으둜, μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μ΄μ•ΌκΈ°ν•˜λŠ” 것은
과거의 λͺ¨λ“  그토둝 νŠΉμΆœλ‚œ λ¬Έλͺ…듀은 사싀 κ·Έλƒ₯ 운 μ’‹κ²Œ μΌμ–΄λ‚œ μš°μ—°μ΄μ—ˆλ‹€κ³ ,
09:52
were really just lucky accidents,
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09:54
because they were all founded on nothing more
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μ™œλƒν•˜λ©΄ κ·Έλ“€μ˜ μ‚¬νšŒ κΈ°λ°˜μ€ κ·Έμ €
09:58
than myths, illusions and false ideas about reality.
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λ―Έμ‹ , ν™˜μƒ, 그리고 ν˜„μ‹€μ— λŒ€ν•œ κ·Έλ¦‡λœ κ΄€λ…μ΄λΌλŠ” κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:04
Why are we so certain that we're right?
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” μ–΄μ§Έμ„œ 그토둝 μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μ˜³λ‹€κ³  ν™•μ‹ ν•˜λŠ” κ±ΈκΉŒμš”?
10:08
Why do we just take it for granted that we know more?
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μ–΄μ§Έμ„œ μš°λ¦¬κ°€ λ‹Ήμ—°νžˆ 더 많이 μ•ˆλ‹€κ³  λ°›μ•„λ“€μΌκΉŒμš”?
10:12
Why do we struggle to take seriously the real worlds of premodern peoples?
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μ–΄μ§Έμ„œ μ „κ·ΌλŒ€ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ˜ ν˜„μ‹€ 세계λ₯Ό μ§„μ§€ν•˜κ²Œ 받아듀이지 λͺ»ν•˜λŠ” κ±ΈκΉŒμš”?
10:18
Well, because we think our modern sciences
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μ™œλƒν•˜λ©΄ 우리의 ν˜„λŒ€ 과학이
10:22
provide the only truly objective knowledge of reality.
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ν˜„μ‹€μ— λŒ€ν•œ μœ μΌν•˜κ³  참된 객관적인 지식을 μ œκ³΅ν•œλ‹€κ³  μƒκ°ν•˜κΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:25
But do they?
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κ³Όμ—° κ·ΈλŸ΄κΉŒμš”?
10:28
For more than a hundred years now,
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이제 100년이 λ„˜λŠ” μ„Έμ›” λ™μ•ˆ
10:30
the very idea of an objective reality has been seriously and continually questioned
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객관적 ν˜„μ‹€μ΄λΌλŠ” κ·Έ λ°œμƒ μžμ²΄κ°€ μ‹¬κ°ν•˜κ²Œ μ§€μ†μ μœΌλ‘œ μ˜μ‹¬ λ°›μ•„μ™”μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:35
by experts in many different fields,
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μ—¬λŸ¬ λ‹€μ–‘ν•œ λΆ„μ•Όμ˜ μ „λ¬Έκ°€λ“€μ—κ²Œμ„œμš”.
10:38
from physics and biology to philosophy.
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λ¬Όλ¦¬ν•™μ—μ„œλΆ€ν„° 생물학과 철학에 이λ₯΄κΈ°κΉŒμ§€ λ§μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:41
Basically, these experts would suggest
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기본적으둜, 이듀 전문가듀이 μ œμ•ˆν•˜λŠ” λ°”λŠ”
10:44
that reality is not simply a material order given to us by nature.
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ν˜„μ‹€μ€ λ‹¨μˆœνžˆ μžμ—°μœΌλ‘œλΆ€ν„° 주어진 물질적인 것이 μ•„λ‹ˆλΌλŠ” μ μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:50
It is something that humans actively participate in producing
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그것은 인간이 적극적으둜 μ°Έμ—¬ν•˜μ—¬ λ§Œλ“€μ–΄ λ‚Έ μ‚°λ¬Όμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:55
when their minds interact with their environment.
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μΈκ°„μ˜ 마음과 ν™˜κ²½μ΄ μƒν˜Έμž‘μš©ν•œ 결과물이죠.
10:58
Here's a way to think about it.
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이런 μ‹μœΌλ‘œ ν•œλ²ˆ μƒκ°ν•΄λ΄…μ‹œλ‹€.
11:04
In order to make sense of experience,
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κ²½ν—˜μ„ μ΄ν•΄ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄μ„œ,
11:06
every people in the past, in effect, had to devise a model of the real world.
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μ‹€μ§ˆμ μœΌλ‘œ 과거의 λͺ¨λ“  μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ΄ ν˜„μ‹€ μ„Έκ³„μ˜ λͺ¨ν˜•μ„ κ³ μ•ˆν•΄μ•Ό ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:13
They would then use that model as the basis for their whole way of life,
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그리고 κ·Έ λͺ¨ν˜•μ„ 그듀이 μ‚΄μ•„κ°€λŠ” 전체 μ‚Άμ˜ λ°©μ‹μ˜ κ·Όκ°„μœΌλ‘œ μ‚Όμ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:16
all of its practices, its norms, its values.
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κ·Έ λͺ¨λ“  κ΄€μŠ΅κ³Ό, κ·œλ²”κ³Ό κ°€μΉ˜λ“€μ„ λ§μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:20
And if that way of life proved to be successful in practice, sustainable,
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그리고 κ·ΈλŸ¬ν•œ μ‚Άμ˜ 방식이 μ‹€μ œλ‘œλ„ 성곡적이고 지속가λŠ₯ν•œ κ²ƒμœΌλ‘œ λ“œλŸ¬λ‚˜λ©΄
11:25
then the truth of the model would be confirmed
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κ·Έ λͺ¨ν˜•μ˜ 진싀성이 ν™•μ¦λ˜μ—ˆλ˜ 것이죠.
11:28
by the evidence of everyday experience: "It works!"
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μΌμƒμ˜ κ²½ν—˜μ„ 증거둜 μ‚Όμ•„ β€œμž˜ λ§žλ„€!”라고 νŒλ‹¨ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:32
And thus, once the model became internalized in mind
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λ”°λΌμ„œ, 일단 κ·Έ λͺ¨ν˜•μ΄ 마음 μ†μ—μ„œ λ‚΄μž¬ν™”λ˜κ³ 
11:36
and baked into the environment,
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ν™˜κ²½μ— 각인이 되면
11:39
the effect of a stable real world would be generated
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μ•ˆμ •μ μΈ ν˜„μ‹€ μ„Έκ³„μ˜ νš¨κ³Όκ°€
11:43
by ongoing interactions between the two,
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κ·Έ λ‘˜ μ‚¬μ˜μ˜ 지속적인 μƒν˜Έμž‘μš©μœΌλ‘œ λ§Œλ“€μ–΄μ§‘λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:47
between minds on the one hand, environments on the other.
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ν•œνŽΈμ—μ„œμ˜ 마음과, λ°˜λŒ€νŽΈμ˜ ν™˜κ²½ μ‚¬μ΄μ—μ„œ 말이죠.
11:50
Let's take a quick example.
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κ°„λ‹¨ν•œ 예λ₯Ό ν•˜λ‚˜ λ“€μ–΄λ΄…μ‹œλ‹€.
11:53
Why are we so convinced in our modern world
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” μ™œ 그토둝 우리의 ν˜„λŒ€ μ„Έκ³„μ—μ„œ
11:56
that we're all, ultimately, natural individuals?
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우리 λͺ¨λ‘κ°€ κΆκ·Ήμ μœΌλ‘œλŠ” μžμ—°μ μΈ 개인이라고 ν™•μ‹ ν• κΉŒμš”?
11:59
Well, because a bunch of social scientists in early modern Europe
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자, μ™œλƒν•˜λ©΄ 초기 κ·ΌλŒ€ 유럽의 μ—¬λŸ¬ μ‚¬νšŒκ³Όν•™μžλ“€μ΄
12:03
decided that we were,
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κ·Έλ ‡κ²Œ μ •ν–ˆκΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:06
and because their model of a world full of natural competitive individuals
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그리고 μžμ—°μ μœΌλ‘œ κ²½μŸν•˜λŠ” κ°œμΈλ“€λ‘œ 가득 μ°¬ μ„Έμƒμ΄λΌλŠ” κ·Έλ“€μ˜ λͺ¨ν˜•μ΄
12:10
became the basis for a new, capitalist way of life
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μƒˆλ‘œμš΄, 자본주의적인 μ‚Άμ˜ λ°©μ‹μ˜ 근간이 λ˜μ—ˆκΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:13
that generated unprecedented levels of wealth --
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μ΄λŠ” μ „λ‘€μ—†λŠ” μˆ˜μ€€μ˜ λΆ€λ₯Ό μ°½μΆœν–ˆμ£ .
12:17
at least for the lucky few --
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적어도 볡 받은 μ†Œμˆ˜μ—κ²ŒλŠ”μš”.
12:19
and because all of us who've been raised in capitalist nations ever since
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그리고 κ·Έ 이래둜 자본주의 κ΅­κ°€μ—μ„œ κΈΈλŸ¬μ§„ 우리 λͺ¨λ‘λŠ”
12:23
have been continually socialized to be individuals by our families,
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개인이 λ˜λ„λ‘ μ§€μ†μ μœΌλ‘œ μ‚¬νšŒν™”λ˜μ–΄μ™”κΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:28
our schools and our societies,
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κ°€μ‘±κ³Ό, 학ꡐ와 μ‚¬νšŒμ— μ˜ν•΄μ„œ λ§μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:31
and because we are treated precisely as individuals
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그리고 μš°λ¦¬λŠ” μ •ν™•ν•˜κ²Œ κ°œμΈμœΌλ‘œμ„œ 닀루어지기 λ•Œλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:35
almost every day of our lives
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거의 λͺ¨λ“  우리의 μΌμƒμ—μ„œ
12:36
by the structures which control those lives,
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κ·Έ 삢을 ν†΅μ œν•˜λŠ” ꡬ쑰듀에 μ˜ν•΄μ„œ λ§μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:39
like our liberal democracy and our capitalist economy.
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우리의 자유 λ―Όμ£Όμ£Όμ˜μ™€ 자본주의 κ²½μ œμ™€ 같은 것듀 말이죠.
12:43
In other words,
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λ‹€μ‹œ 말해,
12:45
our minds and our environment continually conspire
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우리의 마음과 ν™˜κ²½μ€ μ§€μ†μ μœΌλ‘œ
12:49
to make our individuality seem entirely natural.
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우리의 κ°œμΈμ„±μ„ μ™„μ „νžˆ λ‹Ήμ—°ν•˜κ²Œ λ³΄μ΄κ²Œλ” ν•˜λ„λ‘ 곡λͺ¨ν•˜κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:55
In sum:
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μš”μ»¨λŒ€,
12:57
no human being has ever experienced a truly objective reality.
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μ§„μ •μœΌλ‘œ 객관적인 ν˜„μ‹€μ„ κ²½ν—˜ν•œ 인간은 여지껏 μ—†μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:02
Different peoples have always experienced different realities,
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λ‹€μ–‘ν•œ 민쑱듀이 항상 λ‹€μ–‘ν•œ ν˜„μ‹€μ„ κ²½ν—˜ν•΄μ™”μœΌλ©°,
13:06
each one shaped by whatever model of the world
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κ·Έλ“€ κ°μžλŠ” κ·Έ λ‹Ήμ‹œμ˜ 마음과 ν™˜κ²½μ— μ–΄μ©Œλ‹€κ°€ λ‚΄ν¬λœ
13:10
happened to be embedded in minds and environment at the time.
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κ·Έ μ–΄λ–€ μ„Έκ³„μ˜ λͺ¨ν˜•μ— μ˜ν•΄μ„œ ν˜•μ„±λœ κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:16
In other words,
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λ‹€μ‹œ 말해,
13:17
humans have always lived in a pluriverse of many different real worlds,
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인간은 항상 μ—¬λŸ¬ λ‹€μ–‘ν•œ ν˜„μ‹€ μ„Έκ³„λ‘œ 이루어진 닀쀑 μš°μ£Όμ—μ„œ μ‚΄μ•„μ™”μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:22
not in a universe of just one.
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단지 ν•˜λ‚˜λ‘œ 된 단일 μš°μ£Όκ°€ μ•„λ‹ˆλΌμš”.
13:26
Let me close with three thoughts that follow from this conclusion.
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μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ κ²°λ‘ μ—μ„œ λ”°λΌμ˜€λŠ” μ„Έ 가지 μƒκ°μœΌλ‘œ λ§ˆλ¬΄λ¦¬ν•˜κ² μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:30
First of all,
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첫째,
13:31
we modern Westerners need to stop thinking that all premodern peoples
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우리 ν˜„λŒ€ μ„œμ–‘μΈλ“€μ€ λͺ¨λ“  κ·ΌλŒ€ 민쑱듀이 μš°λ¦¬μ— λΉ„ν•΄μ„œ
13:36
are somehow more primitive or less enlightened than ourselves.
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μ–Όλ§ˆκ°„ 더 μ›μ‹œμ μ΄μ—ˆλ‹€κ±°λ‚˜ 덜 계λͺ½λ˜μ—ˆλ‹€λŠ” 생각을 버렀야 ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:41
Their real world, with all their gods and magical forces,
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κ·Έ λͺ¨λ“  μ‹ κ³Ό λ§ˆλ²•μ˜ 힘으둜 이루어진 κ·Έλ“€μ˜ ν˜„μ‹€ μ„Έκ³„λŠ”
13:44
were just as real as our own.
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우리의 ν˜„μ‹€ 세계 λ§ŒνΌμ΄λ‚˜ ν˜„μ‹€μ μ΄μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:47
Indeed, those real worlds
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사싀, κ·ΈλŸ¬ν•œ ν˜„μ‹€ 세계듀은
13:49
anchored ways of life that sustained the lives of multitudes
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λŒ€μ€‘μ˜ 삢을 μ§€μ†μ‹œμΌœ 온 λΏŒλ¦¬κ°€ λ˜μ–΄μ£Όμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:56
for hundreds, sometimes thousands, of years.
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수백 λ…„ ν˜Ήμ€ 수천 λ…„ λ™μ•ˆμ΄λ‚˜ 말이죠.
13:59
Their real worlds were different;
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κ·Έλ“€μ˜ ν˜„μ‹€ 세계가 μš°λ¦¬μ™€ λ‹¬λžμ„ 뿐이지
14:02
they were not wrong.
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그듀이 ν‹€λ¦° 것은 μ•„λ‹™λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:05
Second:
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λ‘˜μ§Έ.
14:07
we modern Westerners need to get over ourselves.
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우리 ν˜„λŒ€ μ„œμ–‘μΈλ“€μ€ 슀슀둜λ₯Ό 극볡할 ν•„μš”κ°€ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:10
(Laughter)
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14:11
We need to be a little more humble.
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 쑰금 더 κ²Έμ†ν•΄μ§ˆ ν•„μš”κ°€ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:14
For all of its extraordinary technological accomplishments,
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κ·Έ λͺ¨λ“  νŠΉμΆœλ‚œ 기술적 μ„±μ·¨λ“€λ‘œ,
14:18
our brave new modern real world
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우리의 멋진 μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ ν˜„λŒ€μ  ν˜„μ‹€ μ„Έκ³„λŠ”
14:21
has imperiled the whole future of the planet in barely 300 years.
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300년도 채 μ•ˆλΌμ„œ 이 ν–‰μ„±μ˜ 전체 미래λ₯Ό μœ„ν—˜μ— λΉ λœ¨λ ΈμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:26
It's made possible all manner of historical horrors:
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κ·Έ ν˜„μ‹€ μ„Έκ³„λŠ” λͺ¨λ“  λ°©μ‹μ˜ 역사적 참상을 κ°€λŠ₯μΌ€ ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:30
genocides across entire continents,
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μ „ λŒ€λ₯™μ— 걸친 λ―Όμ‘± 말살,
14:33
mass exploitation of colonized peoples,
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피식민인듀에 λŒ€ν•œ 집단 μ°©μ·¨,
14:37
industrial servitude,
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산업적 λ…Έμ˜ˆμ œ,
14:39
two disastrous world wars,
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두 번의 μž¬λ‚œμ  세계 λŒ€μ „,
14:42
the Holocaust,
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ν™€λ‘œμ½”μŠ€νŠΈ,
14:43
nuclear warfare,
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ν•΅ μ „μŸ,
14:44
species extinctions,
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λ©Έμ’…,
14:46
environmental degradation,
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ν™˜κ²½ 파괴,
14:48
factory farming
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곡μž₯ν˜• μΆ•μ‚°,
14:49
and, of course, global warming.
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또 λ¬Όλ‘ , 지ꡬ μ˜¨λ‚œν™” κΉŒμ§€λ„μš”.
14:52
The evidence is there if you want to see it.
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κ·Έ μ¦κ±°λŠ” μ–΄λ””μ„œλ‚˜ 찾을 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:54
Our model of reality has failed catastrophically in practice.
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ν˜„μ‹€μ— λŒ€ν•œ 우리의 λͺ¨ν˜•μ€ μ‹€μ œμ μœΌλ‘œ μž¬μ•™μ  μˆ˜μ€€μœΌλ‘œ μ‹€νŒ¨ν•΄ μ™”μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
15:00
Third:
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μ…‹μ§Έ.
15:03
other models and other real worlds are possible.
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λ‹€λ₯Έ λͺ¨ν˜•λ“€κ³Ό λ‹€λ₯Έ ν˜„μ‹€ 세계듀도 쑴재 κ°€λŠ₯ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
15:08
Other worlds are being lived right now, as we speak,
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μ§€κΈˆ μš°λ¦¬κ°€ λ§ν•˜κ³  μžˆλŠ” μˆœκ°„μ—λ„ λ‹€λ₯Έ 세계λ₯Ό μ‚¬λŠ” μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ΄ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
15:12
in what remains of history's pluriverse,
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μ—­μ‚¬μ˜ 닀쀑 우주 속에 λ‚¨μ•„μžˆλŠ” κ³³μ—μ„œ λ§μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
15:16
in places like Amazonia, the Andes, Southern Mexico,
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μ•„λ§ˆμ‘΄ 지역, μ•ˆλ°μŠ€, λ©•μ‹œμ½” 남뢀,
15:20
Northern Canada, Australia
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μΊλ‚˜λ‹€ 뢁뢀, 호주 같은 μž₯μ†Œλ“€κ³Ό
15:22
and all the other places where Indigenous peoples are struggling
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쑰상 λŒ€λŒ€λ‘œ μ‚΄μ•„μ˜¨ κ³ λ„λ‘œ 지속가λŠ₯ν•œ μ‚Άμ˜ 방식을 지킀기 μœ„ν•΄
15:26
to preserve their highly sustainable ancestral ways of life
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ν˜„λŒ€μ˜ 끝없이 νŒ½μ°½ν•˜λŠ” 단일 μš°μ£Όμ— μ˜ν•΄ κ·Έ 삢이 νŒŒκ΄΄λ˜λŠ” 것을 막기 μœ„ν•΄
15:32
to prevent them being destroyed by modernity's ever-expanding universe.
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ν† μ°© 민쑱듀이 λΆ„νˆ¬ν•˜κ³  μžˆλŠ” λͺ¨λ“  μž₯μ†Œλ“€μ—μ„œ λ§μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
15:38
I suggest that all of these nonmodern peoples past and present
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과거와 ν˜„λŒ€μ˜ 이 λͺ¨λ“  λΉ„ν˜„λŒ€ 민쑱듀이
15:44
have so much to teach us
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μš°λ¦¬μ—κ²Œ κ°€λ₯΄μ³μ£ΌλŠ” 것은
15:47
about living more sustainable lives in other possible worlds.
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그듀은 λ‹€λ₯Έ μ„Έκ³„μ—μ„œ 더 지속가λŠ₯ν•œ 삢을 μ‚΄κ³  μžˆλ‹€λŠ” μ‚¬μ‹€μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
15:53
So let's start right now to try to learn from them
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그럼 μ§€κΈˆ λ‹Ήμž₯ κ·Έλ“€λ‘œλΆ€ν„° λ°°μ›Œ 보기둜 ν•©μ‹œλ‹€.
15:56
before it's too late.
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λ„ˆλ¬΄ 늦기 μ „μ—μš”.
15:59
Let's try to magnify our imaginations.
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우리의 상상λ ₯을 ν™•λŒ€μ‹œμΌœ λ΄…μ‹œλ‹€.
16:03
Let's start to imagine other possible ways of being human
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인간이 λ˜λŠ” λ‹€λ₯Έ 방식을 μƒμƒν•΄λ΄…μ‹œλ‹€.
16:08
in other possible worlds.
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λ‹€λ₯Έ κ°€λŠ₯ν•œ 세계 μ†μ—μ„œμš”.
16:11
Thank you.
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κ°μ‚¬ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
16:13
(Applause and cheers)
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(λ°•μˆ˜μ™€ ν™˜ν˜Έ)
이 μ›Ήμ‚¬μ΄νŠΈ 정보

이 μ‚¬μ΄νŠΈλŠ” μ˜μ–΄ ν•™μŠ΅μ— μœ μš©ν•œ YouTube λ™μ˜μƒμ„ μ†Œκ°œν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ „ 세계 졜고의 μ„ μƒλ‹˜λ“€μ΄ κ°€λ₯΄μΉ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μˆ˜μ—…μ„ 보게 될 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. 각 λ™μ˜μƒ νŽ˜μ΄μ§€μ— ν‘œμ‹œλ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μžλ§‰μ„ 더블 ν΄λ¦­ν•˜λ©΄ κ·Έκ³³μ—μ„œ λ™μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. λΉ„λ””μ˜€ μž¬μƒμ— 맞좰 μžλ§‰μ΄ μŠ€ν¬λ‘€λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ˜κ²¬μ΄λ‚˜ μš”μ²­μ΄ μžˆλŠ” 경우 이 문의 양식을 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ—¬ λ¬Έμ˜ν•˜μ‹­μ‹œμ˜€.

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