Andrea Ghez: The hunt for a supermassive black hole

117,450 views ใƒป 2009-12-03

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Shahar Roth ืžื‘ืงืจ: Shlomo Adam
00:15
How do you observe something you can't see?
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ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืฆื•ืคื™ื ื‘ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืื™-ืืคืฉืจ ืœืจืื•ืช?
00:18
This is the basic question of somebody who's interested
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืฉืืœื” ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ืช ืฉืœ ืื“ื ืฉืžืชืขื ื™ื™ืŸ
00:21
in finding and studying black holes.
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ื‘ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ื•ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื.
00:23
Because black holes are objects
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ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื ื”ื™ื ื ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื
00:25
whose pull of gravity is so intense
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ืฉืžืฉื™ื›ืช ื”ื›ื‘ื™ื“ื” ืฉืœื”ื ื”ื™ื ื›ื” ื—ื–ืงื”
00:28
that nothing can escape it, not even light,
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ื›ืš ืฉืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื‘ืจื•ื— ืžืžื ื”, ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื ืงืจื ื™ ืื•ืจ,
00:30
so you can't see it directly.
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ื›ืš ืฉืื™-ืืคืฉืจ ืœืฆืคื•ืช ื‘ื”ื ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช.
00:32
So, my story today about black holes
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ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉืœื™ ื”ื™ื•ื ืขืœ ื—ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื
00:35
is about one particular black hole.
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ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืฉื—ื•ืจ ืื—ื“ ืžืกื•ื™ื™ื.
00:37
I'm interested in finding whether or not
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ืื ื™ ืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ื ืช ืœื’ืœื•ืช ื”ืื
00:40
there is a really massive, what we like to call
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ื™ืฉ ื—ื•ืจ ืฉื—ื•ืจ ืžืื•ื“ ืžืกื™ื‘ื™, ื›ื–ื” ืฉืื ื• ืžื›ื ื™ื
00:43
"supermassive" black hole at the center of our galaxy.
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ื—ื•ืจ ืฉื—ื•ืจ "ืขืœ-ืžืกื™ื‘ื™", ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ื”ื’ืœืงืกื™ื” ืฉืœื ื•.
00:46
And the reason this is interesting is that
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ื•ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉื–ื” ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื
00:49
it gives us an opportunity to prove
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ืฉื–ื” ื ื•ืชืŸ ืœื ื• ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœื”ื•ื›ื™ื—
00:52
whether or not these exotic objects really exist.
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ื”ืื ื”ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื ื”ืืงื–ื•ื˜ื™ื™ื ื”ืืœื• ืื›ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื.
00:56
And second, it gives us the opportunity
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ืฉื ื™ืช, ื–ื” ื ื•ืชืŸ ืœื ื• ืืช ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช
00:58
to understand how these supermassive black holes
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ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื—ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื ืขืœ-ืžืกื™ื‘ื™ื™ื ืืœื•
01:01
interact with their environment,
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ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืื™ื ื˜ืจืืงืฆื™ื” ืขื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื,
01:03
and to understand how they affect the formation and evolution
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ื•ื›ืŸ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ื ืžืฉืคื™ืขื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืชื”ื•ื•ืชืŸ ื•ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืชืŸ
01:06
of the galaxies which they reside in.
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ืฉืœ ื”ื’ืœืงืกื™ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืŸ ื”ื ืฉื•ื›ื ื™ื.
01:09
So, to begin with,
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ืจืืฉื™ืช ื›ืœ,
01:11
we need to understand what a black hole is
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ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื”ื• ื—ื•ืจ ืฉื—ื•ืจ
01:14
so we can understand the proof of a black hole.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ื•ื›ื—ืช ืงื™ื•ืžื ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื.
01:16
So, what is a black hole?
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ืื ื›ืŸ, ืžื”ื• ื—ื•ืจ ืฉื—ื•ืจ?
01:18
Well, in many ways a black hole is an incredibly simple object,
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ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช, ื—ื•ืจ ืฉื—ื•ืจ ื”ื™ื ื• ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื”ืคืœื™ื,
01:22
because there are only three characteristics that you can describe:
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ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืฉื ื ืจืง ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื ื™ืชื ื•ืช ืœืชืื•ืจ:
01:25
the mass,
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ื”ืžืกื”,
01:27
the spin, and the charge.
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ื”ืกื—ืจื•ืจ, ื•ื”ืžื˜ืขืŸ.
01:29
And I'm going to only talk about the mass.
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ืื ื™ ืขื•ืžื“ืช ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืจืง ืขืœ ื”ืžืกื”.
01:31
So, in that sense, it's a very simple object.
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ืื ื›ืŸ, ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื–ื•, ื–ื”ื• ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ ืคืฉื•ื˜.
01:34
But in another sense, it's an incredibly complicated object
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืื—ืจืช, ื–ื”ื• ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ืžืื•ื“
01:36
that we need relatively exotic physics to describe,
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ื•ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื”ืขื–ืจ ื‘ืคื™ืกื™ืงื” ืืงื–ื•ื˜ื™ืช ืœืžื“ื™ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชืืจื•,
01:39
and in some sense represents the breakdown of our physical understanding
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ื•ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžืช ื”ื•ื ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ ืืช ื”ืชืคื•ืจืจื•ืช ื”ื‘ื ืชื ื• ื”ืคื™ืกื™ืงืืœื™ืช
01:43
of the universe.
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ื‘ื™ื—ืก ื”ื™ืงื•ื.
01:45
But today, the way I want you to understand a black hole,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื•ื, ื”ื“ืจืš ืฉื‘ื” ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืฉืชืชืคืกื• ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืจ ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจ,
01:47
for the proof of a black hole,
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ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื”ื•ื›ื—ืช ืงื™ื•ืžื•,
01:49
is to think of it as an object
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ื”ื™ื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœื™ื• ื›ืขืœ ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜
01:51
whose mass is confined to zero volume.
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ืฉืžืกืชื• ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœืช ืœื ืคื— ืืคืกื™.
01:54
So, despite the fact that I'm going to talk to you about
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ืื ื›ืŸ, ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉืื ื™ ืขื•ืžื“ืช ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืื™ืชื›ื ืขืœ
01:56
an object that's supermassive,
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ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ ืฉื”ื•ื ืขืœ-ืžืกื™ื‘ื™,
01:59
and I'm going to get to what that really means in a moment,
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ื•ืื ื™ ืืกื‘ื™ืจ ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืจื’ืข ืžื”ื™ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจ,
02:01
it has no finite size.
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ืื™ืŸ ืœื• ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืกื•ืคื™.
02:04
So, this is a little tricky.
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ื›ืš ืฉื–ื” ืงืฆืช ื‘ืขื™ื™ืชื™.
02:06
But fortunately there is a finite size that you can see,
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ืืš ืœืžื–ืœื ื• ื™ืฉื ื• ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืกื•ืคื™ ืฉื›ืŸ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืฆืคื™ื”,
02:10
and that's known as the Schwarzschild radius.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื™ื“ื•ืข ื‘ืฉื ืจื“ื™ื•ืก ืฉื•ื•ืจืฆืฉื™ืœื“.
02:13
And that's named after the guy who recognized
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื ืงืจื ืขืœ ืฉื ื”ื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืฉื–ื™ื”ื”
02:15
why it was such an important radius.
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ืžื“ื•ืข ื–ื”ื• ืจื“ื™ื•ืก ื›ืœ-ื›ืš ื—ืฉื•ื‘.
02:17
This is a virtual radius, not reality; the black hole has no size.
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ื–ื”ื• ืจื“ื™ื•ืก ืžื“ื•ืžื”, ืœื ืžืžืฉื™. ืœื—ื•ืจ ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจ ืื™ืŸ ื’ื•ื“ืœ.
02:20
So why is it so important?
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ืื ื›ืŸ, ืžื“ื•ืข ื”ื•ื ื›ื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘?
02:22
It's important because it tells us
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ื”ื•ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ืื•ืžืจ ืœื ื•
02:24
that any object can become a black hole.
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ืฉื›ืœ ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืœื—ื•ืจ ืฉื—ื•ืจ.
02:28
That means you, your neighbor, your cellphone,
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ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื ื’ื ืืœื™ืš, ืœืฉื›ืŸ ืฉืœืš, ืœื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ ื”ื ื™ื™ื“ ืฉืœืš,
02:31
the auditorium can become a black hole
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ื”ืื•ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืœื—ื•ืจ ืฉื—ื•ืจ
02:33
if you can figure out how to compress it down
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ืื ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ื“ืจืš ืœื“ื—ื•ืก ืื•ืชื•
02:36
to the size of the Schwarzschild radius.
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ืœื’ื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœ ืจื“ื™ื•ืก ืฉื•ื•ืจืฆืฉื™ืœื“.
02:38
At that point, what's going to happen?
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ื‘ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื–ื•, ืžื” ื™ืงืจื”?
02:41
At that point gravity wins.
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ื‘ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื–ื• ืžืฉื™ื›ืช ื”ื›ื‘ื™ื“ื” ืžื ืฆื—ืช.
02:43
Gravity wins over all other known forces.
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ืžืฉื™ื›ืช ื”ื›ื‘ื™ื“ื” ื’ื•ื‘ืจืช ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจื™ื ื”ื™ื“ื•ืขื™ื.
02:45
And the object is forced to continue to collapse
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ื•ื”ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœืงืจื•ืก
02:48
to an infinitely small object.
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ืœืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ ืงื˜ืŸ ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืื™ืŸ-ืกื•ืคื™ืช.
02:50
And then it's a black hole.
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ื•ืื– ื”ื•ื ื”ื•ืคืš ืœื—ื•ืจ ืฉื—ื•ืจ.
02:52
So, if I were to compress the Earth down to the size of a sugar cube,
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ืœื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื“ื•ื—ืกืช ืืช ื›ื“ื•ืจ-ื”ืืจืฅ ืœื’ื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœ ืงื•ื‘ื™ื™ืช ืกื•ื›ืจ,
02:57
it would become a black hole,
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื”ื•ืคืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ื•ืจ ืฉื—ื•ืจ,
02:59
because the size of a sugar cube is its Schwarzschild radius.
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ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœ ืงื•ื‘ื™ื™ืช ืกื•ื›ืจ ื”ื™ื ื• ืจื“ื™ื•ืก ืฉื•ื•ืจืฆืฉื™ืœื“ ืฉืœื”.
03:03
Now, the key here is to figure out what that Schwarzschild radius is.
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ื›ืขืช, ื”ืžืคืชื— ื”ื•ื ืœืžืฆื•ื ืžื”ื• ืจื“ื™ื•ืก ืฉื•ื•ืจืฆืฉื™ืœื“ ื”ืžืชืื™ื.
03:06
And it turns out that it's actually pretty simple to figure out.
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ืžืกืชื‘ืจ ืฉืœืžืขืฉื” ื“ื™ ืงืœ ืœืžืฆื•ื ืืช ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”.
03:10
It depends only on the mass of the object.
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ื”ื•ื ืชืœื•ื™ ืืš ื•ืจืง ื‘ืžืกืช ื”ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜.
03:12
Bigger objects have bigger Schwarzschild radii.
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ืœืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื™ืฉ ืจื“ื™ื•ืกื™ ืฉื•ื•ืจืฆืฉื™ืœื“ ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ.
03:14
Smaller objects have smaller Schwarzschild radii.
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ืœืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื™ืฉ ืจื“ื™ื•ืกื™ ืฉื•ื•ืจืฆืฉื™ืœื“ ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ.
03:17
So, if I were to take the sun
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ืื ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืœื•ืงื—ืช ืืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ
03:19
and compress it down to the scale of the University of Oxford,
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ื•ื“ื•ื—ืกืช ืื•ืชื” ืœื’ื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœ ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืื•ืงืกืคื•ืจื“,
03:22
it would become a black hole.
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ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ื•ืคื›ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ื•ืจ ืฉื—ื•ืจ.
03:25
So, now we know what a Schwarzschild radius is.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื›ืขืช ืžื”ื• ืจื“ื™ื•ืก ืฉื•ื•ืจืฆืฉื™ืœื“.
03:28
And it's actually quite a useful concept,
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ื•ื–ื”ื• ื‘ืขืฆื ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™,
03:30
because it tells us not only
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ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ืื•ืžืจ ืœื ื• ืœื ืจืง
03:32
when a black hole will form,
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ืžืชื™ ื™ื•ื•ืฆืจ ื—ื•ืจ ืฉื—ื•ืจ,
03:34
but it also gives us the key elements for the proof of a black hole.
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ืืœื ื’ื ื ื•ืชืŸ ืœื ื• ืืช ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ ื”ืžืคืชื— ืœื”ื•ื›ื—ืช ืงื™ื•ืžื• ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืจ ืฉื—ื•ืจ.
03:37
I only need two things.
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ืื ื™ ื–ืงื•ืงื” ืจืง ืœืฉื ื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื.
03:39
I need to understand the mass of the object
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ืื ื™ ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื”ื™ ื”ืžืกื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜
03:41
I'm claiming is a black hole,
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ืฉืื ื™ ื˜ื•ืขื ืช ืฉื”ื•ื ื—ื•ืจ ืฉื—ื•ืจ,
03:43
and what its Schwarzschild radius is.
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ื•ืžื”ื• ืจื“ื™ื•ืก ืฉื•ื•ืจืฆืฉื™ืœื“ ืฉืœื•.
03:45
And since the mass determines the Schwarzschild radius,
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ื•ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืžืกื” ืงื•ื‘ืขืช ืืช ืจื“ื™ื•ืก ืฉื•ื•ืจืฆืฉื™ืœื“,
03:47
there is actually only one thing I really need to know.
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ื™ืฉ ืจืง ื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ื“ ืฉืื ื™ ื‘ืขืฆื ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื“ืขืช.
03:49
So, my job in convincing you
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ืื ื›ืŸ, ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉื›ื ืข ืืชื›ื
03:51
that there is a black hole
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ืฉื™ืฉื ื• ื—ื•ืจ ืฉื—ื•ืจ,
03:53
is to show that there is some object
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ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉื ื• ืื™ื–ืฉื”ื• ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜
03:55
that's confined to within its Schwarzschild radius.
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ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœ ื‘ื”ื™ืงืคื• ืœืจื“ื™ื•ืก ืฉื•ื•ืจืฆืฉื™ืœื“ ืฉืœื•.
03:58
And your job today is to be skeptical.
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ื•ืชืคืงื™ื“ื›ื ื”ื•ื ืœื”ื˜ื™ืœ ืกืคืง ื‘ื›ืš.
04:01
Okay, so, I'm going to talk about no ordinary black hole;
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืื ื™ ืขื•ืžื“ืช ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื—ื•ืจ ืฉื—ื•ืจ ืฉืื™ื ื• ืจื’ื™ืœ;
04:05
I'm going to talk about supermassive black holes.
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ืื ื™ ืขื•ืžื“ืช ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื—ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื ืขืœ-ืžืกื™ื‘ื™ื™ื.
04:08
So, I wanted to say a few words about what an ordinary black hole is,
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ืจืืฉื™ืช, ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ื›ืžื” ืžื™ืœื™ื ืขืœ ืžื”ื• ื—ื•ืจ ืฉื—ื•ืจ ืจื’ื™ืœ,
04:10
as if there could be such a thing as an ordinary black hole.
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ื›ืื™ืœื• ืฉื™ืฉ ื“ื‘ืจ ื›ื–ื”, ื—ื•ืจ ืฉื—ื•ืจ ืจื’ื™ืœ.
04:13
An ordinary black hole is thought to be the end state
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ื—ื•ืจ ืฉื—ื•ืจ ืจื’ื™ืœ ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืœืฉืœื‘ ื”ืกื•ืคื™
04:16
of a really massive star's life.
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ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ืžืื•ื“ ืžืกื™ื‘ื™.
04:18
So, if a star starts its life off
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ืื ื›ืŸ, ืื ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื•
04:20
with much more mass than the mass of the Sun,
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ืขื ืžืกื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื”ืžืกื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืžืฉ,
04:22
it's going to end its life by exploding
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ื”ื•ื ื™ืกื™ื™ื ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื• ื‘ื”ืชืคื•ืฆืฆื•ืช
04:25
and leaving behind these beautiful supernova remnants that we see here.
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ื•ื™ืฉืื™ืจ ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ื• ืืช ืฉืืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืกื•ืคืจื ื•ื‘ื” ื”ื ืคืœืื•ืช ืฉืื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ื›ืืŸ.
04:28
And inside that supernova remnant
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ื•ื‘ืชื•ืš ืฉืืจื™ืช ื”ืกื•ืคืจื ื•ื‘ื”
04:30
is going to be a little black hole
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ืขืชื™ื“ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ื•ืจ ืฉื—ื•ืจ ืงื˜ืŸ
04:32
that has a mass roughly three times the mass of the Sun.
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ื‘ืขืœ ืžืกื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ืขืจืš ืคื™ ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืžื–ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืžืฉ.
04:35
On an astronomical scale
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ื‘ืงื ื” ืžื™ื“ื” ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ื•ืžื™
04:37
that's a very small black hole.
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ื–ื”ื• ื—ื•ืจ ืฉื—ื•ืจ ืงื˜ืŸ ืžืื•ื“.
04:39
Now, what I want to talk about are the supermassive black holes.
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ื•ื›ืขืช, ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื—ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื ืขืœ-ืžืกื™ื‘ื™ื™ื.
04:42
And the supermassive black holes are thought to reside at the center of galaxies.
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ื”ืกื‘ืจื” ื”ื™ื ืฉื”ื—ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืขืœ-ืžืกื™ื‘ื™ื™ื ืฉื•ื›ื ื™ื ื‘ืžืจื›ื–ืŸ ืฉืœ ื’ืœืงืกื™ื•ืช.
04:46
And this beautiful picture taken with the Hubble Space Telescope
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ื•ืชืžื•ื ื” ื ื”ื“ืจืช ื–ื• ืฉืฆื•ืœืžื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื˜ืœืกืงื•ืค ื”ื—ืœืœ ื”ืื‘ืœ
04:49
shows you that galaxies come in all shapes and sizes.
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ืžืจืื” ืœื›ื ืฉื’ืœืงืกื™ื•ืช ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื•ื”ื’ื“ืœื™ื.
04:52
There are big ones. There are little ones.
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ื™ืฉื ืŸ ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช, ื™ืฉื ืŸ ืงื˜ื ื•ืช.
04:54
Almost every object in that picture there is a galaxy.
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ื›ืžืขื˜ ื›ืœ ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ ื‘ืชืžื•ื ื” ื–ื• ื”ื•ื ื’ืœืงืกื™ื”.
04:57
And there is a very nice spiral up in the upper left.
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ื•ื”ื ื” ืกืคื™ืจืœื” ื™ืคื” ืžืื•ื“, ืœืžืขืœื” ื‘ืฆื“ ืฉืžืืœ.
05:00
And there are a hundred billion stars in that galaxy,
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ื•ื™ืฉื ื ืžืื•ืช ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ื™ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื’ืœืงืกื™ื” ื”ื”ื™ื.
05:04
just to give you a sense of scale.
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ืจืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชืช ืœื›ื ืงื ื” ืžื™ื“ื”.
05:06
And all the light that we see from a typical galaxy,
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ื•ื›ืœ ื”ืื•ืจ ืฉืื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืžื’ืœืงืกื™ื” ื˜ื™ืคื•ืกื™ืช,
05:08
which is the kind of galaxies that we're seeing here,
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ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืื•ืชื• ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ื’ืœืงืกื™ื•ืช ืฉืื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ื›ืืŸ,
05:10
comes from the light from the stars.
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ืžืงื•ืจื• ื‘ืื•ืจ ืฉืžื’ื™ืข ืžื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื.
05:12
So, we see the galaxy because of the star light.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื”ื’ืœืงืกื™ื•ืช ื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ืœืื•ืจ ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื.
05:14
Now, there are a few relatively exotic galaxies.
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ื™ืฉื ืŸ ื›ืžื” ื’ืœืงืกื™ื•ืช ืืงื–ื•ื˜ื™ื•ืช ื™ื—ืกื™ืช.
05:18
I like to call these the prima donna of the galaxy world,
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ืื ื™ ืื•ื”ื‘ืช ืœืงืจื•ื ืœื”ืŸ ื”ืคืจื™ืžื“ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืขื•ืœื ื”ื’ืœืงืกื™ื•ืช,
05:21
because they are kind of show offs.
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ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืŸ ื’ื ื“ืจื ื™ื•ืช ื›ืืœื”.
05:23
And we call them active galactic nuclei.
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ื•ืื ื• ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœื”ืŸ ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ื ื’ืœืงื˜ื™ื™ื ืคืขื™ืœื™ื.
05:25
And we call them that because their nucleus,
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ื•ืื ื• ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœื”ืŸ ื›ืš ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ื ืฉืœื”ืŸ,
05:27
or their center, are very active.
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ืื• ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื”ืŸ, ืคืขื™ืœื™ื ืžืื•ื“.
05:30
So, at the center there, that's actually where
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ืื ื›ืŸ, ืฉื ื‘ืžืจื›ื–, ื”ื•ื ื‘ืขืฆื ื”ืžืงื•ื
05:32
most of the starlight comes out from.
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ืžืžื ื• ืžื’ื™ืข ืจื•ื‘ ืื•ืจ ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื.
05:34
And yet, what we actually see is light
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ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ, ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืœืžืขืฉื” ืจื•ืื™ื ื”ื•ื ืื•ืจ
05:36
that can't be explained by the starlight.
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ืฉืื™ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืกื‘ืจ ื›ืื•ืจ ืฉื ื•ื‘ืข ืžื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื.
05:39
It's way more energetic.
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ื”ื•ื ื‘ืขืœ ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ.
05:41
In fact, in a few examples it's like the ones that we're seeing here.
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžื™ื ื”ื•ื ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืืœื” ืฉืื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ื›ืืŸ.
05:43
There are also jets emanating out from the center.
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ื™ืฉื ื ื’ื ืกื™ืœื•ื ื™ื ืฉื‘ื•ืงืขื™ื ืžื”ืžืจื›ื–.
05:46
Again, a source of energy that's very difficult to explain
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ืฉื•ื‘, ื–ื”ื• ืžืงื•ืจ ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืฉืงืฉื” ืžืื•ื“ ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจื•
05:50
if you just think that galaxies are composed of stars.
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ืื ืžื ื™ื—ื™ื ืฉื’ืœืงืกื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ืจืง ืžื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื.
05:52
So, what people have thought is that perhaps
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ืื ื›ืŸ, ืื ืฉื™ื ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืฉืื•ืœื™
05:54
there are supermassive black holes
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ื™ืฉื ื ื—ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื ืขืœ-ืžืกื™ื‘ื™ื™ื
05:57
which matter is falling on to.
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ืฉื—ื•ืžืจ ื ื•ืคืœ ืœืชื•ื›ื.
06:00
So, you can't see the black hole itself,
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ืžื›ืืŸ, ืฉืื™-ืืคืฉืจ ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืจ ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจ ืขืฆืžื•,
06:02
but you can convert the gravitational energy of the black hole
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ืื‘ืœ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืžื™ืจ ืืช ืื ืจื’ื™ืช ื”ื›ื‘ื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ืจ ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจ
06:05
into the light we see.
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ืœืื•ืจ ืฉืื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื.
06:07
So, there is the thought that maybe supermassive black holes
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ืงื™ื™ื ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืื•ืœื™ ื—ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื ืขืœ-ืžืกื™ื‘ื™ื™ื
06:09
exist at the center of galaxies.
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ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ืžืจื›ื–ืŸ ืฉืœ ื’ืœืงืกื™ื•ืช.
06:11
But it's a kind of indirect argument.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื”ื• ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ื˜ื™ืขื•ืŸ ืขืงื™ืฃ.
06:13
Nonetheless, it's given rise to the notion
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืื•ืคืŸ, ื–ื” ืžืขืœื” ืืช ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ
06:15
that maybe it's not just these prima donnas
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ืฉื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉืœื ืจืง ืœืคืจื™ืžื“ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•
06:18
that have these supermassive black holes,
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ื™ืฉ ื—ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื ืขืœ-ืžืกื™ื‘ื™ื™ื,
06:20
but rather all galaxies might harbor these
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ืืœื ืฉื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื‘ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื”ืŸ ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื”ื’ืœืงืกื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื›ื ื™ื
06:23
supermassive black holes at their centers.
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ื—ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื ืขืœ-ืžืกื™ื‘ื™ื™ื ืืœื”.
06:25
And if that's the case -- and this is an example of a normal galaxy;
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ื•ืื ื–ื” ืื›ืŸ ื›ืš - ื•ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืœื’ืœืงืกื™ื” ืจื’ื™ืœื”;
06:28
what we see is the star light.
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ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ื”ื•ื ืื•ืจ ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื.
06:30
And if there is a supermassive black hole,
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ื•ืื ื™ืฉ ื—ื•ืจ ืฉื—ื•ืจ ืขืœ-ืžืกื™ื‘ื™,
06:32
what we need to assume is that it's a black hole on a diet.
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ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื”ื ื™ื— ืฉื–ื”ื• ื—ื•ืจ ืฉื—ื•ืจ ื‘ื“ื™ืื˜ื”.
06:35
Because that is the way to suppress the energetic phenomena that we see
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ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื–ื•ื”ื™ ื”ื“ืจืš ืœื”ืงื˜ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืชื•ืคืขื” ื”ืื ืจื’ื˜ื™ืช ืฉืื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื
06:38
in active galactic nuclei.
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ื‘ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ื ื’ืœืงื˜ื™ื™ื ืคืขื™ืœื™ื.
06:41
If we're going to look for these stealth black holes
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ืื ื ืจืฆื” ืœื—ืคืฉ ืื—ืจ ื—ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื ื—ืžืงืžืงื™ื ืืœื•
06:44
at the center of galaxies,
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ื‘ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ื”ื’ืœืงืกื™ื•ืช,
06:46
the best place to look is in our own galaxy, our Milky Way.
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ื”ืžืงื•ื ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื—ืคืฉ ื‘ื• ื”ื•ื ื‘ื’ืœืงืกื™ื” ืฉืœื ื•, ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”ื—ืœื‘ ืฉืœื ื•.
06:50
And this is a wide field picture
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ื•ื–ื”ื• ืฆื™ืœื•ื ื‘ืžื™ืคืชื— ืจื—ื‘
06:52
taken of the center of the Milky Way.
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ืฉืœ ืžืจื›ื– ื’ืœืงืกื™ื™ืช ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”ื—ืœื‘.
06:55
And what we see is a line of stars.
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ื•ืžื” ืฉืื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ื”ื™ื ืฉื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื.
06:58
And that is because we live in a galaxy which has
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ื•ื–ื” ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ื’ืœืงืกื™ื” ืฉื”ื™ื
07:00
a flattened, disk-like structure.
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ืฉื˜ื•ื—ื” ื•ื‘ืขืœืช ืžื‘ื ื” ื“ื™ืกืงื”.
07:02
And we live in the middle of it, so when we look towards the center,
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ื•ืื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืจื›ื–ื”, ื›ืš ืฉื›ืืฉืจ ืื ื• ืžื‘ื™ื˜ื™ื ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืžืจื›ื–,
07:04
we see this plane which defines the plane of the galaxy,
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ืื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื™ืฉื•ืจ ื”ื–ื” ืืฉืจ ืžื’ื“ื™ืจ ืืช ืžื™ืฉื•ืจ ื”ื’ืœืงืกื™ื”,
07:06
or line that defines the plane of the galaxy.
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ืื• ืงื• ืฉืžื’ื“ื™ืจ ืืช ืžื™ืฉื•ืจ ื”ื’ืœืงืกื™ื”.
07:10
Now, the advantage of studying our own galaxy
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ื›ืขืช, ื”ื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ื—ืงื™ืจืช ื”ื’ืœืงืกื™ื” ืฉืœื ื•
07:13
is it's simply the closest example of the center of a galaxy
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ื”ื•ื ืฉื–ื•ื”ื™ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื”ื“ื•ื’ืžื ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ื” ืืœื™ื ื• ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ืžืจื›ื– ื’ืœืงืกื™ื”
07:16
that we're ever going to have, because the next closest galaxy
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ืฉืื™-ืคืขื ืชื”ื™ื” ืœื ื•, ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื’ืœืงืกื™ื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื” ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ื” ืืœื™ื ื• ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
07:18
is 100 times further away.
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ื ืžืฆืืช ื‘ืžืจื—ืง ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืคื™ ืžืื”.
07:21
So, we can see far more detail in our galaxy
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ืžื›ืืŸ ืฉืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืคืจื˜ื™ื ื‘ื’ืœืงืกื™ื” ืฉืœื ื•
07:23
than anyplace else.
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ืžืืฉืจ ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ืื—ืจ.
07:25
And as you'll see in a moment, the ability to see detail
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ื•ื›ืคื™ ืฉืชืจืื• ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืจื’ืข, ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœืจืื•ืช ืคืจื˜ื™ื
07:27
is key to this experiment.
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ื”ื™ื ื”ืžืคืชื— ืœื ื™ืกื•ื™ ื”ื–ื”.
07:30
So, how do astronomers prove that there is a lot of mass
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ืื ื›ืŸ, ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืžื•ื›ื™ื—ื™ื ื”ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ื•ืžื™ื ืฉื™ืฉื ื” ืžืกื” ืจื‘ื”
07:33
inside a small volume?
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ื‘ืชื•ืš ื ืคื— ืงื˜ืŸ?
07:35
Which is the job that I have to show you today.
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ื–ื”ื• ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืœื›ื ื›ื™ื•ื.
07:38
And the tool that we use is to watch the way
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ื•ื”ื›ืœื™ ืฉื‘ื• ื ืฉืชืžืฉ ื”ื•ื ืฆืคื™ื” ื‘ื“ืจืš ืฉื‘ื”
07:40
stars orbit the black hole.
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ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ื—ื’ื™ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ื—ื•ืจ ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจ.
07:43
Stars will orbit the black hole
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ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ื™ืกืชื•ื‘ื‘ื• ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ื—ื•ืจ ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจ
07:45
in the very same way that planets orbit the sun.
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ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื‘ืื•ืชื” ื“ืจืš ืฉื‘ื” ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™-ืœื›ืช ื—ื’ื™ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ืฉืžืฉ.
07:48
It's the gravitational pull
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ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื” ื”ื’ืจื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืช ื”ื™ื ืืฉืจ
07:50
that makes these things orbit.
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ื’ื•ืจืžืช ืœื’ื•ืคื™ื ืืœื• ืœื—ื•ื’ ื‘ืžืกืœื•ืœ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ ืื—ืจ.
07:52
If there were no massive objects these things would go flying off,
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ืื ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื ืžืกื™ื‘ื™ื™ื ืืœื•, ื’ื•ืคื™ื ืืœื• ื”ื™ื• ืžืชืขื•ืคืคื™ื ื”ืœืื”
07:55
or at least go at a much slower rate
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ืื• ืœืคื—ื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ื ืขื™ื ื‘ืงืฆื‘ ืื™ื˜ื™ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ
07:57
because all that determines how they go around
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ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืงื•ื‘ืข ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ื ื—ื’ื™ื
08:00
is how much mass is inside its orbit.
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ื”ื•ื ื›ืžื” ืžืกื” ื ืžืฆืืช ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืžืกืœื•ืœ ืฉืœื”ื.
08:02
So, this is great, because remember my job is to show
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ื–ื” ื ื”ื“ืจ, ื›ื™ ืืชื ื–ื•ื›ืจื™ื ืฉืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ ื”ื•ื ืœื”ืจืื•ืช
08:04
there is a lot of mass inside a small volume.
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ืฉื™ืฉื ื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืžืกื” ื‘ืชื•ืš ื ืคื— ืงื˜ืŸ.
08:06
So, if I know how fast it goes around, I know the mass.
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ื›ืš ืฉืื ืื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืขืช ื›ืžื” ืžื”ืจ ื”ื•ื ื—ื’, ืื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืขืช ืžื” ื”ืžืกื”.
08:09
And if I know the scale of the orbit I know the radius.
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ื•ืื ืื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืขืช ืืช ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืžืกืœื•ืœ ื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ื‘, ืื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืขืช ืžื” ื”ืจื“ื™ื•ืก.
08:12
So, I want to see the stars
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ืื ื›ืŸ, ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื
08:14
that are as close to the center of the galaxy as possible.
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ืฉืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ื›ืžื” ืฉื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืžืจื›ื– ื”ื’ืœืงืกื™ื”.
08:16
Because I want to show there is a mass inside as small a region as possible.
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ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ืžืกื” ื‘ืชื•ืš ืื™ื–ื•ืจ ืงื˜ืŸ ื›ืžื” ืฉื™ื•ืชืจ.
08:20
So, this means that I want to see a lot of detail.
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ืžื›ืืŸ, ืฉืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืจืื•ืช ื›ืžื” ืฉื™ื•ืชืจ ืคืจื˜ื™ื.
08:23
And that's the reason that for this experiment we've used
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ื•ื–ื• ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœืฆื•ืจืš ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ื–ื” ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื ื•
08:25
the world's largest telescope.
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ื‘ื˜ืœืกืงื•ืค ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
08:27
This is the Keck observatory. It hosts two telescopes
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ื–ื”ื• ืžืฆืคื” ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ืงืง. ื”ื•ื ืžื›ื™ืœ ืฉื ื™ ื˜ืœืกืงื•ืคื™ื
08:30
with a mirror 10 meters, which is roughly
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ืขื ืžืจืื” ื‘ืงื•ื˜ืจ 10 ืžื˜ืจื™ื, ืฉื–ื” ื‘ืขืจืš
08:32
the diameter of a tennis court.
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ื”ืงื•ื˜ืจ ืฉืœ ืžื’ืจืฉ ื˜ื ื™ืก.
08:34
Now, this is wonderful,
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ื–ื” ื ื”ื“ืจ
08:36
because the campaign promise
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ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื”ื‘ื˜ื—ื” ืฉืœ ืžืกืข ื”ืชืขืžื•ืœื”
08:38
of large telescopes is that is that the bigger the telescope,
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ืœืžืขืŸ ื˜ืœืกืงื•ืคื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื”ื™ื ืฉื›ื›ืœ ืฉื”ื˜ืœืกืงื•ืค ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ,
08:41
the smaller the detail that we can see.
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ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืจืื•ืช ืคืจื˜ื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ.
08:45
But it turns out these telescopes, or any telescope on the ground
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ืžืกืชื‘ืจ ืฉืœื˜ืœืกืงื•ืคื™ื ืืœื•, ืื• ื›ืœ ื˜ืœืกืงื•ืค ืื—ืจ ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืื“ืžื”
08:48
has had a little bit of a challenge living up to this campaign promise.
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ื™ืฉ ืงื•ืฉื™ ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ื”ื‘ื˜ื—ื•ืช ืžืกืข ื”ืชืขืžื•ืœื”.
08:52
And that is because of the atmosphere.
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ื•ื–ื” ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื”.
08:54
Atmosphere is great for us; it allows us
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ื”ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื” ื ื”ื“ืจืช ืขื‘ื•ืจื ื•; ื”ื™ื ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืœื ื•
08:56
to survive here on Earth.
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ืœืฉืจื•ื“ ื›ืืŸ ืขืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
08:58
But it's relatively challenging for astronomers
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื ื“ื™ ืžืงืฉื” ืขืœ ื”ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ื•ืžื™ื
09:01
who want to look through the atmosphere to astronomical sources.
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ืฉืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ื˜ ื“ืจืš ื”ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื” ืขืœ ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ื•ืžื™ื.
09:05
So, to give you a sense of what this is like,
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ืื– ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชืช ืœื›ื ืžื•ืฉื’ ืžื”ื™ ื”ืชื—ื•ืฉื”,
09:07
it's actually like looking at a pebble
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ื–ื” ื‘ืขืฆื ื›ืžื• ืœื”ืกืชื›ืœ ืขืœ ื—ืœื•ืง ื ื—ืœ
09:09
at the bottom of a stream.
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ื‘ืงืจืงืขื™ืช ืฉืœ ื ื—ืœ.
09:11
Looking at the pebble on the bottom of the stream,
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ื›ืฉืžืชื‘ื•ื ื ื™ื ื‘ื—ืœื•ืง ื ื—ืœ ืขืœ ื”ืงืจืงืขื™ืช,
09:13
the stream is continuously moving and turbulent,
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ื”ืžื™ื ืฉื ืขื™ื ื•ืžืชืขืจื‘ืœื™ื,
09:16
and that makes it very difficult to see the pebble on the bottom of the stream.
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ืžืงืฉื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ื—ืœื•ืง ืฉื ืžืฆื ืขืœ ืงืจืงืขื™ืช ื”ื ื—ืœ.
09:20
Very much in the same way, it's very difficult
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ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืžื“ื™, ืงืฉื” ืžืื•ื“
09:22
to see astronomical sources, because of the
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ืœืจืื•ืช ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ื•ืžื™ื™ื, ื‘ื’ืœืœ
09:24
atmosphere that's continuously moving by.
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ื”ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื” ืฉื ืขื” ื•ื—ื•ืœืคืช ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ.
09:26
So, I've spent a lot of my career working on ways
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื‘ื™ืœื™ืชื™ ื—ืœืง ื ื™ื›ืจ ืžื”ืงืจื™ื™ืจื” ืฉืœื™ ื‘ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื“ืจื›ื™ื
09:29
to correct for the atmosphere, to give us a cleaner view.
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ืœืคืฆื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื”ื ื’ืจืžื™ื ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื”, ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืชืฆืคื™ืช ื ืงื™ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ.
09:32
And that buys us about a factor of 20.
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ืชื™ืงื•ื ื™ื ืืœื• ืžืืคืฉืจื™ื ืœื ื• ืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืจืš ืคื™ - 20.
09:35
And I think all of you can agree that if you can
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ื•ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืฉื›ื•ืœื›ื ืชืกื›ื™ืžื• ืฉืื ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ
09:37
figure out how to improve life by a factor of 20,
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ืœืžืฆื•ื ื“ืจืš ืœืฉืคืจ ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืคื™ - 20
09:40
you've probably improved your lifestyle by a lot,
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ืื– ื›ื ืจืื” ืฉืฉื™ืคืจืช ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืืช ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ืš,
09:42
say your salary, you'd notice, or your kids, you'd notice.
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ื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื™ ืฉืชื‘ื—ื™ืŸ ืœืžืฉืœ ื‘ืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ื‘ืžืฉื›ื•ืจืช ืื• ืืฆืœ ื™ืœื“ื™ืš.
09:47
And this animation here shows you one example of
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ื•ืื ื™ืžืฆื™ื” ื–ื• ืžืฆื™ื’ื” ื“ื•ื’ืžื ืื—ืช
09:49
the techniques that we use, called adaptive optics.
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ืœื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื•ืช ื‘ื”ืŸ ืื ื• ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื, ืฉื ืงืจืื•ืช ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืงื” ืžืกืชื’ืœืช.
09:52
You're seeing an animation that goes between
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ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืื ื™ืžืฆื™ื” ืฉืขื•ื‘ืจืช ื‘ื™ืŸ
09:54
an example of what you would see if you don't use this technique --
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ื“ื•ื’ืžื ืฉืœ ืžื” ืฉืจื•ืื™ื ืื ืœื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื” ื–ื•,
09:57
in other words, just a picture that shows the stars --
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ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช, ืกืชื ืชืžื•ื ื” ืฉืžืจืื” ืืช ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื,
10:00
and the box is centered on the center of the galaxy,
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ื•ื”ืžืกื’ืจืช ืžืžื•ืจื›ื–ืช ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ื”ื’ืœืงืกื™ื”.
10:02
where we think the black hole is.
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ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืฉืื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื”ื—ื•ืจ ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจ ื ืžืฆื.
10:04
So, without this technology you can't see the stars.
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ืื ื›ืŸ, ืœืœื ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื–ื• ืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื.
10:07
With this technology all of a sudden you can see it.
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ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื–ื• ืืคืฉืจ ืœืคืชืข ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”.
10:09
This technology works by introducing a mirror
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ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื–ื• ืขื•ื‘ื“ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื•ืกืคืช ืžืจืื”
10:11
into the telescope optics system
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ืœืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ืœืกืงื•ืค
10:13
that's continuously changing to counteract what the atmosphere is doing to you.
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ืฉืžืฉืชื ื” ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืจืฆื™ืคื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื ื’ื“ ืืช ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื”.
10:18
So, it's kind of like very fancy eyeglasses for your telescope.
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ืื ื›ืŸ, ืžืจืื” ื–ื• ื”ื™ื ืžืขื™ืŸ ืžืฉืงืคื™ ืจืื™ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืžืฉื•ื›ืœืœื™ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื˜ืœืกืงื•ืค.
10:22
Now, in the next few slides I'm just going to focus on
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ื›ืขืช, ื‘ืฉืงืคื™ื ื”ื‘ืื™ื ืื ื™ ืขื•ืžื“ืช ืœื”ืชืžืงื“
10:24
that little square there.
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ื‘ืจื™ื‘ื•ืข ื”ืงื˜ืŸ ื”ื–ื”.
10:26
So, we're only going to look at the stars inside that small square,
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ืื ื• ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ืœื”ืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ื‘ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ืฉื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืจื™ื‘ื•ืข ื”ืงื˜ืŸ ื”ื–ื”,
10:28
although we've looked at all of them.
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืื ื• ืžื‘ื™ื˜ื™ื ื‘ื›ื•ืœื.
10:30
So, I want to see how these things have moved.
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ื•ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืจืื•ืช ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืืœื• ื–ื–ื•.
10:32
And over the course of this experiment, these stars
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ื•ืœืื•ืจืš ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ื–ื” ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ื”ืืœื•
10:34
have moved a tremendous amount.
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ื ืขื• ืžืจื—ืง ืขืฆื•ื.
10:36
So, we've been doing this experiment for 15 years,
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ื‘ื™ืฆืขื ื• ืืช ื”ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ื”ื–ื” ืœืื•ืจืš 15 ืฉื ื™ื,
10:38
and we see the stars go all the way around.
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ื•ืื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืฉื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ื ืขื• ืœืื•ืจืš ื›ืœ ื”ื“ืจืš ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘.
10:40
Now, most astronomers have a favorite star,
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ืœืจื•ื‘ ื”ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ื•ืžื™ื ื™ืฉ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ืžื•ืขื“ืฃ,
10:43
and mine today is a star that's labeled up there, SO-2.
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ื•ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื”ืžื•ืขื“ืฃ ืฉืœื™ ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ื•ื ื–ื” ืฉื ืงืจื ืืก-ืื•-2.
10:47
Absolutely my favorite star in the world.
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ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื”ืžื•ืขื“ืฃ ืขืœื™.
10:49
And that's because it goes around in only 15 years.
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ื•ื–ื” ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื‘ืฆืข ื”ืงืคื” ืžืœืื” ื‘- 15 ืฉื ื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ื“.
10:52
And to give you a sense of how short that is,
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ื•ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชืช ืœื›ื ืžื•ืฉื’ ื›ืžื” ืžื”ืจ ื–ื”,
10:54
the sun takes 200 million years to go around the center of the galaxy.
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ืœืฉืžืฉ ืœื•ืงื— 200 ืžืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืงื™ืฃ ืืช ืžืจื›ื– ื”ื’ืœืงืกื™ื”.
10:59
Stars that we knew about before, that were as close to the center of the galaxy
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ืœื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ืฉื”ื›ืจื ื• ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืŸ, ืฉื”ื™ื• ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ื›ื–ื• ืœืžืจื›ื– ื”ื’ืœืงืกื™ื”
11:02
as possible, take 500 years.
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ืœื•ืงื— 500 ืฉื ื™ื ืœื‘ืฆืข ื”ืงืคื”.
11:04
And this one, this one goes around in a human lifetime.
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ื•ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื–ื”, ืžื‘ืฆืข ื”ืงืคื” ื‘ืชื•ืš ืชืงื•ืคืช ื—ื™ื™ ืื“ื.
11:08
That's kind of profound, in a way.
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ื–ื” ื“ื™ ืžื“ื”ื™ื, ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžืช.
11:10
But it's the key to this experiment. The orbit tells me
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืžืคืชื— ืœื ื™ืกื•ื™ ื”ื–ื”. ืžืกืœื•ืœ ื”ื”ืงืคื” ืื•ืžืจ ืœื™
11:12
how much mass is inside a very small radius.
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ื›ืžื” ืžืกื” ื™ืฉ ื‘ืชื•ืš ืจื“ื™ื•ืก ืงื˜ืŸ ืžืื•ื“.
11:16
So, next we see a picture here that shows you
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื›ืขืช ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืชืžื•ื ื” ืฉืžืจืื” ืœื›ื
11:19
before this experiment the size to which we could
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ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ืืช ื”ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื‘ืชื•ื›ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื ื•
11:21
confine the mass of the center of the galaxy.
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ืœืชื—ื•ื ืืช ื”ืžืกื” ืฉืœ ืžืจื›ื– ื”ื’ืœืงืกื™ื”.
11:24
What we knew before is that there was four million
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ืžื” ืฉื™ื“ืขื ื• ืงื•ื“ื ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ืžืกื” ืฉื ื”ื™ืชื” ืคื™ ืืจื‘ืขื” ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ
11:26
times the mass of the sun inside that circle.
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ืžื”ืžืกื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืžืฉ ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืžืขื’ืœ ื”ื”ื•ื.
11:29
And as you can see, there was a lot of other stuff inside that circle.
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ื•ื›ืคื™ ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื, ื”ื™ื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืžืขื’ืœ ื”ื–ื”.
11:31
You can see a lot of stars.
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื” ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื.
11:33
So, there was actually lots of alternatives
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ืžื›ืืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื• ื‘ืขืฆื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื—ืœื•ืคื•ืช
11:35
to the idea that there was a supermassive black hole at the center of the galaxy,
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ืœืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืฉ ื—ื•ืจ ืฉื—ื•ืจ ืขืœ-ืžืกื™ื‘ื™ ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ื”ื’ืœืงืกื™ื”,
11:38
because you could put a lot of stuff in there.
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ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื›ื ื™ืก ืœืฉื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื.
11:40
But with this experiment, we've confined
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ื–ื” ื”ื’ื‘ืœื ื•
11:42
that same mass to a much smaller volume
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ืืช ืื•ืชื” ื”ืžืกื” ืœื ืคื— ืงื˜ืŸ ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื”
11:45
that's 10,000 times smaller.
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ืงื˜ืŸ ืคื™ ืขืฉืจืช ืืœืคื™ื.
11:49
And because of that, we've been able to show
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ื•ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื›ืš, ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื•ื›ื™ื—
11:51
that there is a supermassive black hole there.
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ืฉื™ืฉ ืฉื ื—ื•ืจ ืฉื—ื•ืจ ืขืœ-ืžืกื™ื‘ื™.
11:53
To give you a sense of how small that size is,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืชืงื‘ืœื• ืžื•ืฉื’ ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ืงื˜ืŸ ื”ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื”ื–ื”,
11:55
that's the size of our solar system.
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ื–ื”ื• ื”ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ ืฉืœื ื•.
11:57
So, we're cramming four million times the mass of the sun
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ืื– ืื ื—ื ื• ื“ื•ื—ืกื™ื ืืช ืžืกืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ ืคื™ ืืจื‘ืขื” ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ
12:01
into that small volume.
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ืœื ืคื— ืงื˜ืŸ ื–ื”.
12:03
Now, truth in advertising. Right?
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ื•ื›ืขืช, ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืืžืช ื‘ืคืจืกื•ื...
12:06
I have told you my job is to get it down to the Schwarzchild radius.
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ืืžืจืชื™ ืœื›ื ืฉืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ ื”ื•ื ืœืฆืžืฆื ืืช ื–ื” ืœืจื“ื™ื•ืก ืฉื•ื•ืจืฆืฉื™ืœื“.
12:09
And the truth is, I'm not quite there.
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ื•ื”ืืžืช ืฉื”ื™ื, ืฉืขื•ื“ ืœื ืžืžืฉ ื”ื’ืขืชื™ ืœื›ืš.
12:11
But we actually have no alternative today
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ืœืžืขืฉื” ืื™ืŸ ืœื ื• ื›ื™ื•ื ืืœื˜ืจื ื˜ื™ื‘ื”
12:13
to explaining this concentration of mass.
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ืฉืžืกื‘ื™ืจื” ืืช ืจื™ื›ื•ื– ื”ืžืกื” ื”ื–ื”.
12:16
And, in fact, it's the best evidence we have to date
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ื•ื”ืืžืช ื”ื™ื ืฉื–ื•ื”ื™ ื”ื”ื•ื›ื—ื” ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื›ื™ื•ื
12:19
for not only existence of a supermassive black hole
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ืœื ืจืง ืœืงื™ื•ื ื—ื•ืจ ืฉื—ื•ืจ ืขืœ-ืžืกื™ื‘ื™
12:21
at the center of our own galaxy, but any in our universe.
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ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ื”ื’ืœืงืกื™ื” ืฉืœื ื•, ืืœื ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื™ืงื•ื ืฉืœื ื•.
12:24
So, what next? I actually think
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ืื– ืžื” ื”ืœืื”? ื”ืืžืช ื”ื™ื ืฉืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช
12:27
this is about as good as we're going to do with today's technology,
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ืฉื–ื” ื‘ืขืจืš ื”ืžื™ื˜ื‘ ืฉื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืขื ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ื,
12:29
so let's move on with the problem.
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ืื– ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืชืงื“ื ื”ืœืื” ืขื ื”ื‘ืขื™ื”.
12:31
So, what I want to tell you, very briefly,
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ืื– ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืฆื™ื’ ืœื›ื, ื‘ืงืฆืจื”,
12:33
is a few examples
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ื”ืŸ ื›ืžื” ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช
12:35
of the excitement of what we can do today
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ืžื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืžืœื”ื™ื‘ื™ื ืฉืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื›ื™ื•ื
12:37
at the center of the galaxy, now that we know that there is,
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ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ื”ื’ืœืงืกื™ื”, ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืฉืื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืฉื,
12:39
or at least we believe,
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ืื• ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื,
12:41
that there is a supermassive black hole there.
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ืฉื™ืฉ ืฉื ื—ื•ืจ ืฉื—ื•ืจ ืขืœ-ืžืกื™ื‘ื™.
12:43
And the fun phase of this experiment
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ื•ื”ืฉืœื‘ ื”ื›ื™ื™ืคื™ ื‘ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ื–ื”
12:45
is, while we've tested some of our ideas
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ื”ื•ื, ืฉื›ืืฉืจ ื‘ื“ืงื ื• ื›ืžื” ืžื”ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•
12:48
about the consequences of a supermassive black hole
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ืขืœ ื”ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืžืฆืื•ืช ื—ื•ืจ ืฉื—ื•ืจ ืขืœ-ืžืกื™ื‘ื™
12:50
being at the center of our galaxy,
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ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ื”ื’ืœืงืกื™ื” ืฉืœื ื•,
12:52
almost every single one
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ื›ืžืขื˜ ื›ืœ ืื—ืช ืžื”ืŸ
12:54
has been inconsistent with what we actually see.
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ืื™ื ื” ืžืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ืช ืขื ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ืืžืช ืจื•ืื™ื.
12:56
And that's the fun.
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ื•ื–ื” ื”ื›ื™ื™ืฃ ืฉื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ.
12:58
So, let me give you the two examples.
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ื”ืจืฉื• ืœื™ ืœื”ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืฉืชื™ ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช.
13:00
You can ask, "What do you expect
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉืื•ืœ, "ืžื” ื”ื™ื™ืช ืžืฆืคื”
13:02
for the old stars, stars that have been around the center of the galaxy
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ืžื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ื”ื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื, ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื• ื‘ืงืจื‘ืช ืžืจื›ื– ื”ื’ืœืงืกื™ื”
13:04
for a long time, they've had plenty of time to interact with the black hole."
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ื‘ืžืฉืš ื–ืžืŸ ืจื‘, ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื ืฉืคืข ื–ืžืŸ ืœืื™ื ื˜ืจืืงืฆื™ื” ืขื ื”ื—ื•ืจ ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจ."
13:08
What you expect there is that old stars
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ืžื” ืฉืฆืคื•ื™ ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ื”ื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื
13:10
should be very clustered around the black hole.
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ื™ื”ื™ื• ืžืจื•ื›ื–ื™ื ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœื—ื•ืจ ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจ.
13:12
You should see a lot of old stars next to that black hole.
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืŸ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื ืœื™ื“ ื”ื—ื•ืจ ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจ.
13:16
Likewise, for the young stars, or in contrast, the young stars,
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ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืื•ืคืŸ, ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื, ืื• ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœื›ืš, ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ื”ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื,
13:20
they just should not be there.
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ื”ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื ืืžื•ืจื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉื.
13:22
A black hole does not make a kind neighbor to a stellar nursery.
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ื—ื•ืจ ืฉื—ื•ืจ ืื™ื ื• ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื ืขื™ืžื” "ืœืคืขื•ื˜ื•ืŸ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™".
13:26
To get a star to form, you need a big ball of gas and dust to collapse.
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ืขืœ-ืžื ืช ืฉื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื™ื•ื•ืฆืจ, ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ื’ื– ื•ืื‘ืง ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืงืจื•ืก.
13:30
And it's a very fragile entity.
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ื•ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื™ื™ืฉื•ืช ืฉื‘ืจื™ืจื™ืช ืžืื•ื“.
13:32
And what does the big black hole do?
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ื•ืžื” ื”ื—ื•ืจ ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืขื•ืฉื”?
13:34
It strips that gas cloud apart.
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ื”ื•ื ืงื•ืจืข ืืช ืขื ืŸ ื”ื’ื– ืœื—ืชื™ื›ื•ืช.
13:36
It pulls much stronger on one side than the other
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ื”ื•ื ืžื•ืฉืš ื‘ืฆื“ ืื—ื“ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื—ื–ืง ืžืืฉืจ ื‘ืฆื“ ื”ืฉื ื™
13:38
and the cloud is stripped apart.
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ื•ื”ืขื ืŸ ื ืงืจืข ืœื’ื–ืจื™ื.
13:40
In fact, we anticipated that star formation shouldn't proceed in that environment.
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืฆืคื™ื ื• ืฉื”ื™ื•ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ืื™ื ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ืžืฉืš ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืฉื›ื–ื•.
13:43
So, you shouldn't see young stars.
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ืžื›ืืŸ, ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืืžื•ืจื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื.
13:45
So, what do we see?
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ืื ื›ืŸ, ืžื” ืื ื• ื›ืŸ ืจื•ืื™ื?
13:47
Using observations that are not the ones I've shown you today,
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ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืชืฆืคื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ืžืืœื• ืฉื”ืจืื™ืชื™ ืœื›ื ื”ื™ื•ื,
13:49
we can actually figure out which ones are old and which ones are young.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื™ ืžื”ื ื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื ื•ืžื™ ืžื”ื ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื.
13:52
The old ones are red.
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ื”ื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื ื”ื ืื“ื•ืžื™ื.
13:54
The young ones are blue. And the yellow ones, we don't know yet.
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ื”ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ื”ื ื›ื—ื•ืœื™ื. ื•ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืฆื”ื•ื‘ื™ื, ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื.
13:57
So, you can already see the surprise.
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ืืชื ื›ื‘ืจ ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ื”ืคืชืขื”.
13:59
There is a dearth of old stars.
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ื™ืฉ ื—ื•ืกืจ ื‘ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื.
14:01
There is an abundance of young stars, so it's the exact opposite of the prediction.
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ื™ืฉ ืฉืคืข ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื, ื”ื”ืคืš ื”ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ ืžืžื” ืฉืฉื™ืขืจื ื•.
14:05
So, this is the fun part.
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ื•ื–ื”ื• ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ื›ื™ื™ืคื™.
14:07
And in fact, today, this is what we're trying to figure out,
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ื•ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื›ื™ื•ื, ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื ืกื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ,
14:09
this mystery of how do you get --
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ื”ืชืขืœื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ืื™ืš --
14:11
how do you resolve this contradiction.
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ืื™ืš ืคื•ืชืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืกืชื™ืจื” ื”ื–ื•
14:13
So, in fact, my graduate students
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ืฉืœื™
14:15
are, at this very moment, today, at the telescope,
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ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืจื’ืขื™ื ืืœื• ืžืžืฉ ืœื™ื“ ื”ื˜ืœืกืงื•ืค,
14:19
in Hawaii, making observations to get us
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ื‘ื”ื•ื•ืื™, ืžื‘ืฆืขื™ื ืชืฆืคื™ื•ืช ืฉื™ื‘ื™ืื• ืื•ืชื ื•
14:22
hopefully to the next stage,
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ื‘ืชืงื•ื•ื” ืœืฉืœื‘ ื”ื‘ื,
14:24
where we can address this question
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ืฉื‘ื• ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืขื ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืฉืืœื”
14:26
of why are there so many young stars,
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ืžื“ื•ืข ื™ืฉื ื ื›ืœ-ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื,
14:28
and so few old stars.
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ื•ื›ื” ืžืขื˜ ื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื.
14:30
To make further progress we really need to look at the orbits
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชืงื“ื ื”ืœืื” ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื”ืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ื‘ืžืกืœื•ืœื™ื”ื
14:32
of stars that are much further away.
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ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืจื—ื•ืงื™ื.
14:34
To do that we'll probably need much more
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช ื›ื ืจืื” ืฉื ืฆื˜ืจืš
14:36
sophisticated technology than we have today.
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ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืžืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžื” ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื ื• ื›ื™ื•ื.
14:38
Because, in truth, while I said we're correcting
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ื›ื™, ืœืžืขืŸ ื”ืืžืช, ื›ืฉืืžืจืชื™ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžืคืฆื™ื
14:40
for the Earth's atmosphere, we actually only
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ืขืœ ืขื™ื•ื•ืชื™ ื”ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ-ื”ืืจืฅ, ืื ื—ื ื• ืœืžืขืฉื”
14:42
correct for half the errors that are introduced.
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ืžืชืงื ื™ื ืจืง ื—ืฆื™ ืžื”ืฉื’ื™ืื•ืช ืฉืžืชื•ื•ืกืคื•ืช.
14:44
We do this by shooting a laser up into the atmosphere,
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ืื—ื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื–ืืช ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื’ื•ืจ ืงืจืŸ ืœื™ื™ื–ืจ ืืœ ื”ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื”,
14:47
and what we think we can do is if we
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉืื ื ื•ื›ืœ
14:50
shine a few more that we can correct the rest.
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ืœื”ืงืจื™ืŸ ืขื•ื“ ื›ืžื” ืื– ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืชืงืŸ ืืช ื”ืฉืืจ.
14:52
So this is what we hope to do in the next few years.
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ืื– ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžืงื•ื•ื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ื‘ืื•ืช.
14:54
And on a much longer time scale,
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ื•ื‘ืจืื™ื™ื” ืœื˜ื•ื•ื— ืืจื•ืš ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื”
14:56
what we hope to do is build even larger telescopes,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืงื•ื•ื™ื ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ื˜ืœืกืงื•ืคื™ื ืืฃ ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ,
14:59
because, remember, bigger is better in astronomy.
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ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืชื–ื›ืจื•, ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื•ื ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ื•ืžื™ื”.
15:02
So, we want to build a 30 meter telescope.
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ืื– ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ื˜ืœืกืงื•ืค ื‘ืงื•ื˜ืจ 30 ืžื˜ืจื™ื.
15:04
And with this telescope we should be able to see
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ื•ืขื ื˜ืœืกืงื•ืค ื›ื–ื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืืžื•ืจื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช
15:06
stars that are even closer to the center of the galaxy.
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ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืขื•ื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืžืจื›ื– ื”ื’ืœืงืกื™ื”.
15:09
And we hope to be able to test some of
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืงื•ื•ื™ื ืฉื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง ื›ืžื”
15:11
Einstein's theories of general relativity,
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ืžื”ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ื ื•ื’ืขื•ืช ืœืชื•ืจืช ื”ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ื”ื›ืœืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ืื™ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ,
15:14
some ideas in cosmology about how galaxies form.
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ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืงื•ืกืžื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ืขื•ืกืงื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ื™ื•ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ื’ืœืงืกื™ื•ืช.
15:17
So, we think the future of this experiment
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื”ืขืชื™ื“ ืฉืœ ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ื–ื”
15:19
is quite exciting.
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ื”ื•ื ืžืœื”ื™ื‘ ืœืžื“ื™.
15:22
So, in conclusion, I'm going to show you an animation
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ืœืกื™ื›ื•ื, ืื ื™ ืขื•ืžื“ืช ืœื”ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืื ื™ืžืฆื™ื”
15:24
that basically shows you how these
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ืฉืžืจืื” ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืžืกืœื•ืœื™ื ืืœื•
15:26
orbits have been moving, in three dimensions.
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ื ืขื™ื ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืžื™ืžื“ื™ื.
15:29
And I hope, if nothing else,
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ื•ืื ื™ ืžืงื•ื•ื”, ืฉืœืคื—ื•ืช
15:31
I've convinced you that, one, we do in fact
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ืฉื™ื›ื ืขืชื™ ืืชื›ื ืฉืจืืฉื™ืช, ืื›ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืœื ื•
15:33
have a supermassive black hole at the center of the galaxy.
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ื—ื•ืจ ืฉื—ื•ืจ ืขืœ-ืžืกื™ื‘ื™ ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ื”ื’ืœืงืกื™ื”.
15:36
And this means that these things do exist in our universe,
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ื•ืฉื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืฉื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืืœื• ืื›ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ื™ืงื•ื ืฉืœื ื•,
15:39
and we have to contend with this, we have to explain
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ื•ืฉืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ื›ืš, ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ
15:41
how you can get these objects in our physical world.
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ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื ื›ืืœื• ื‘ืขื•ืœืžื ื• ื”ืคื™ืกื™.
15:44
Second, we've been able to look at that interaction
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ืฉื ื™ืช, ืขืœื” ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื ื• ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืื™ื ื˜ืจืืงืฆื™ื” ื–ื•
15:47
of how supermassive black holes interact,
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ื•ืคื™ื ืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื ืขืœ-ืžืกื™ื‘ื™ื™ื,
15:50
and understand, maybe, the role in which they play
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ื•ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ, ืื•ืœื™, ืืช ื”ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืฉื”ื ืžืžืœืื™ื
15:54
in shaping what galaxies are, and how they work.
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ื‘ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื’ืœืงืกื™ื•ืช ื•ืื•ืคืŸ ืคืขื•ืœืชืŸ.
15:57
And last but not least,
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ื•ื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ืจื•ืŸ, ืืš ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื ืคื—ื•ืช,
15:59
none of this would have happened
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ื“ื‘ืจ ืžื–ื” ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืงื•ืจื”
16:01
without the advent of the tremendous progress
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ืœืœื ื”ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ื”ืขืฆื•ืžื”
16:04
that's been made on the technology front.
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ืฉื”ื•ืฉื’ื” ื‘ื—ื–ื™ืช ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช.
16:06
And we think that this is a field that is moving incredibly fast,
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื–ื”ื• ืชื—ื•ื ืฉืžืชืงื“ื ื‘ืงืฆื‘ ืžื”ื™ืจ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ,
16:10
and holds a lot in store for the future.
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ื•ืฆื•ืคืŸ ื‘ื—ื•ื‘ื• ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืœืขืชื™ื“.
16:13
Thanks very much.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืœื›ื.
16:15
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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