Andrea Ghez: The hunt for a supermassive black hole

117,763 views ・ 2009-12-03

TED


μ•„λž˜ μ˜λ¬Έμžλ§‰μ„ λ”λΈ”ν΄λ¦­ν•˜μ‹œλ©΄ μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.

λ²ˆμ—­: Junhan Kim κ²€ν† : Juyung Seo
00:15
How do you observe something you can't see?
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λˆˆμ— 보이지 μ•ŠλŠ” 것을 μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ κ΄€μΈ‘ν• κΉŒμš”?
00:18
This is the basic question of somebody who's interested
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이것이 λΈ”λž™ν™€μ„ μ—°κ΅¬ν•˜κ³  λ°œκ²¬ν•˜κ³ μž ν•˜λŠ”
00:21
in finding and studying black holes.
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μ‚¬λžŒμ΄ κ°–κ³  μžˆλŠ” 기본적인 μ§ˆλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:23
Because black holes are objects
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μ™œλƒν•˜λ©΄ λΈ”λž™ν™€μ΄λž€
00:25
whose pull of gravity is so intense
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κ·Έ 쀑λ ₯의 힘이 λ„ˆλ¬΄λ‚˜ κ°•ν•œ λ‚˜λ¨Έμ§€
00:28
that nothing can escape it, not even light,
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μ‹¬μ§€μ–΄λŠ” λΉ›μ‘°μ°¨ νƒˆμΆœν•  수 μ—†μ–΄μ„œ
00:30
so you can't see it directly.
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μ§μ ‘μ μœΌλ‘œ κ΄€μ°°ν•  수 μ—†κΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:32
So, my story today about black holes
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ 였늘 μ œκ°€ λ§μ”€λ“œλ¦¬κ³ μž ν•˜λŠ” μ£Όμ œλŠ”
00:35
is about one particular black hole.
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μ•„μ£Ό νŠΉλ³„ν•œ λΈ”λž™ν™€μ— κ΄€ν•œ κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:37
I'm interested in finding whether or not
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μ €μ˜ κ΄€μ‹¬μ‚¬λŠ” κ³Όμ—° μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μ‚΄κ³  μžˆλŠ” μ€ν•˜ ν•œκ°€μš΄λ°μ—
00:40
there is a really massive, what we like to call
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μ΄ˆκ±°λŒ€ λΈ”λž™ν™€μ΄λΌκ³  λΆˆλ¦¬λŠ”
00:43
"supermassive" black hole at the center of our galaxy.
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κ±°λŒ€ν•œ λΈ”λž™ν™€μ΄ μ •λ§λ‘œ μ‘΄μž¬ν•˜λŠ”κ°€ μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:46
And the reason this is interesting is that
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이 μ£Όμ œκ°€ ν₯미둜운 μ΄μœ λŠ”
00:49
it gives us an opportunity to prove
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이 λ³„λ‚œ 물체가 μ‹€μ œλ‘œ μ‘΄μž¬ν•˜λŠ”μ§€
00:52
whether or not these exotic objects really exist.
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증λͺ…ν•  수 μžˆλŠ” 기회λ₯Ό μ£ΌκΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:56
And second, it gives us the opportunity
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또 λ‹€λ₯Έ μ΄μœ λŠ”
00:58
to understand how these supermassive black holes
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이런 μ΄ˆκ±°λŒ€ λΈ”λž™ν™€λ“€μ΄ μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ μ£Όλ³€ ν™˜κ²½κ³Ό
01:01
interact with their environment,
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μƒν˜Έμž‘μš©ν•˜λŠ”μ§€ μ΄ν•΄ν•˜λŠ” λ™μ‹œμ—,
01:03
and to understand how they affect the formation and evolution
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이듀 λΈ”λž™ν™€μ΄ μ†ν•œ μ€ν•˜μ˜ ν˜•μ„±κ³Ό 진화에 μ–΄λ–€ 영ν–₯을 μ£ΌλŠ”μ§€
01:06
of the galaxies which they reside in.
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νŒŒμ•…ν•  수 있기 λ•Œλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:09
So, to begin with,
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μ‹œμž‘ν•˜κΈ°μ— μ•žμ„œ
01:11
we need to understand what a black hole is
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λ¨Όμ € λΈ”λž™ν™€μ΄ 무엇인지 μ•Œμ•„μ•Ό
01:14
so we can understand the proof of a black hole.
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λΈ”λž™ν™€μ˜ 증거λ₯Ό 이해 ν•  수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:16
So, what is a black hole?
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그럼 λŒ€μ²΄ λΈ”λž™ν™€μ΄λž€ λ¬΄μ—‡μΌκΉŒμš”?
01:18
Well, in many ways a black hole is an incredibly simple object,
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μ—¬λŸ¬κ°€μ§€ μ˜λ―Έμ—μ„œ λΈ”λž™ν™€μ΄λž€ μ—„μ²­λ‚˜κ²Œ λ‹¨μˆœν•œ λ¬Όμ²΄μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:22
because there are only three characteristics that you can describe:
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μ™œλƒν•˜λ©΄ λΈ”λž™ν™€μ€ λ”± 세가지 νŠΉμ§•λ§Œμ„ μ§€λ‹ˆκΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:25
the mass,
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μ§ˆλŸ‰, νšŒμ „,
01:27
the spin, and the charge.
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그리고 μ „ν•˜(電荷)μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:29
And I'm going to only talk about the mass.
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μ €λŠ” κ·Έ 쀑 μ§ˆλŸ‰μ— κ΄€ν•΄μ„œλ§Œ μ΄μ•ΌκΈ°ν•˜λ € ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:31
So, in that sense, it's a very simple object.
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그런 μ˜λ―Έμ—μ„œ λΈ”λž™ν™€μ€ κ½€λ‚˜ λ‹¨μˆœν•œ λ¬Όμ²΄μ΄μ§€λ§Œ
01:34
But in another sense, it's an incredibly complicated object
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λ‹€λ₯Έ 의미둜 μƒλŒ€μ μœΌλ‘œ νŠΉμ΄ν•œ 물리 이둠이
01:36
that we need relatively exotic physics to describe,
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ν•„μš”ν•˜κΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ— κ½€λ‚˜ λ³΅μž‘ν•œ 물체라고도 ν•  수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:39
and in some sense represents the breakdown of our physical understanding
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μ–΄λ–€ μ˜λ―Έλ‘œλŠ” 우주 물리학을
01:43
of the universe.
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λ’€μ—Žμ–΄λ²„λ¦¬λŠ” 것이기도 ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:45
But today, the way I want you to understand a black hole,
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 였늘 λΈ”λž™ν™€μ„ μ΄ν•΄ν•˜κ³ 
01:47
for the proof of a black hole,
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μ‹€μ œλ‘œ μ‘΄μž¬ν•¨μ„ μ„€λͺ…ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•œ λ°©λ²•μœΌλ‘œ
01:49
is to think of it as an object
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크기가 0인 곡간에 μ§ˆλŸ‰μ„ 쑀셔넣은
01:51
whose mass is confined to zero volume.
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μ–΄λ–€ 물체λ₯Ό 생각해 보고자 ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:54
So, despite the fact that I'm going to talk to you about
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즉, μ—„μ²­λ‚œ μ§ˆλŸ‰μ„ κ°€μ‘Œμ§€λ§Œ
01:56
an object that's supermassive,
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μœ ν•œν•œ 크기λ₯Ό 갖지 λͺ»ν•œ 물체가
01:59
and I'm going to get to what that really means in a moment,
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λŒ€μ²΄ μ–΄λ– ν•œ 물체인지λ₯Ό
02:01
it has no finite size.
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μ„€λͺ…λ“œλ¦¬κ² μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:04
So, this is a little tricky.
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쑰금 μ–΄λ €μšΈμ§€λ„ λͺ¨λ₯΄κ² λ„€μš”.
02:06
But fortunately there is a finite size that you can see,
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ λ‹€ν–‰νžˆλ„ λ³Ό μˆ˜μžˆλŠ” μœ ν•œν•œ 크기가 있으며,
02:10
and that's known as the Schwarzschild radius.
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그것은 μŠˆλ°”λ₯΄μΈ μ‹€νŠΈ λ°˜κ²½μ΄λž€ μ΄λ¦„μœΌλ‘œ μ•Œλ €μ Έ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:13
And that's named after the guy who recognized
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κ·Έ 이름은 반경이 μ™œ κ·Έλ ‡κ²Œ μ€‘μš”ν•œκ°€λ₯Ό μ•Œμ•„λ‚Έ
02:15
why it was such an important radius.
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μ‚¬λžŒμ˜ 이름을 λ”°μ„œ μ§€μ–΄μ‘ŒμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:17
This is a virtual radius, not reality; the black hole has no size.
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λΈ”λž™ν™€μ€ 크기가 μ—†κΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ— μŠˆλ°”λ₯΄μΈ μ‹€νŠΈ λ°˜κ²½μ€ κ°€μƒμ˜ λ°˜κ²½μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:20
So why is it so important?
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λŒ€μ²΄ μ™œ 그게 μ€‘μš”ν•œκ±ΈκΉŒμš”?
02:22
It's important because it tells us
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μ™œλƒν•˜λ©΄ 그것은 μ–΄λ– ν•œ 물체라도
02:24
that any object can become a black hole.
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λΈ”λž™ν™€μ΄ 될 수 μžˆλ‹€λΌλŠ”κ±Έ λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚΄κΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:28
That means you, your neighbor, your cellphone,
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κ²°κ΅­ μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ΄λ‚˜ μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ˜ μ˜† μ‚¬λžŒμ΄λ‚˜
02:31
the auditorium can become a black hole
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ˜ νœ΄λŒ€ν°μ΄λ‚˜ 이 κ°•μ—°μž₯μ΄λ‚˜
02:33
if you can figure out how to compress it down
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μŠˆλ°”λ₯΄μΈ μ‹€νŠΈ 반경 μ΄ν•˜λ‘œ μ••μΆ•λ˜λ©΄
02:36
to the size of the Schwarzschild radius.
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λΈ”λž™ν™€μ΄ λ˜μ–΄λ²„λ¦¬λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:38
At that point, what's going to happen?
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κ·Έλ ‡κ²Œ 되면 어떀일이 μΌμ–΄λ‚ κΉŒμš”.
02:41
At that point gravity wins.
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그곳에선 쀑λ ₯이 λͺ¨λ“ κ²ƒμ„ μ§€λ°°ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:43
Gravity wins over all other known forces.
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쀑λ ₯이 λ‹€λ₯Έ λͺ¨λ“  νž˜μ„ μ••λ„ν•˜κ²Œ 되죠.
02:45
And the object is forced to continue to collapse
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그리고 κ·Έ λ¬Όμ²΄λŠ” λ¬΄ν•œνžˆ μž‘μ€ 물체둜
02:48
to an infinitely small object.
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λΆ•κ΄΄λ₯Ό κ³„μ†ν•˜κ²Œ λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:50
And then it's a black hole.
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그것이 λΈ”λž™ν™€μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:52
So, if I were to compress the Earth down to the size of a sugar cube,
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지ꡬλ₯Ό 각섀탕 크기둜 μ••μΆ•ν•œλ‹€λ©΄
02:57
it would become a black hole,
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λΈ”λž™ν™€μ΄ λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:59
because the size of a sugar cube is its Schwarzschild radius.
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이 경우, κ°μ„€νƒ•μ˜ 크기가 μ§€κ΅¬μ˜ μŠˆλ°”λ₯΄μΈ μ‹€νŠΈ 반경이 되기 λ•Œλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:03
Now, the key here is to figure out what that Schwarzschild radius is.
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이제 μš”μ μ€ μŠˆλ°”λ₯΄μΈ μ‹€νŠΈ 반경이 μ–Όλ§ˆμΈκ°€ μ•Œμ•„λ‚΄λŠ” 것인데,
03:06
And it turns out that it's actually pretty simple to figure out.
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그게 μ–Όλ§ˆμΈμ§€ μ•Œμ•„λ‚΄λŠ” 것은 μ‹€μ œλ‘  κ°„λ‹¨ν•˜λ‹€λŠ”κ²Œ λ°ν˜€μ‘ŒμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:10
It depends only on the mass of the object.
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그것은 λ°”λ‘œ 물체의 μ§ˆλŸ‰μ— 달렀 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:12
Bigger objects have bigger Schwarzschild radii.
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μ§ˆλŸ‰μ΄ 큰 λ¬Όμ²΄λŠ” μŠˆλ°”λ₯΄μΈ μ‹€νŠΈ λ°˜κ²½λ„ 크고
03:14
Smaller objects have smaller Schwarzschild radii.
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μž‘μ€ λ¬Όμ²΄λŠ” μž‘μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:17
So, if I were to take the sun
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λ§Œμ•½ νƒœμ–‘μ„
03:19
and compress it down to the scale of the University of Oxford,
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μ˜₯μŠ€ν¬λ“œ λŒ€ν•™ 크기둜 μ••μΆ•ν•œλ‹€λ©΄
03:22
it would become a black hole.
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λΈ”λž™ν™€μ΄ λ˜λŠ” κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:25
So, now we know what a Schwarzschild radius is.
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이제 μŠˆλ°”λ₯΄μΈ μ‹€νŠΈ 반경이 무엇인지 μ•„μ‹œκ² μ£ ?
03:28
And it's actually quite a useful concept,
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μ΄ν•΄ν•˜λŠ”λ° μƒλ‹Ήνžˆ 도움이 λ˜λŠ” κ°œλ…μœΌλ‘œ
03:30
because it tells us not only
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λΈ”λž™ν™€μ΄ μ–Έμ œ ν˜•μ„±λ˜λŠ”μ§€ 뿐만 μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ
03:32
when a black hole will form,
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λΈ”λž™ν™€μ˜ 증거가 λ˜λŠ”
03:34
but it also gives us the key elements for the proof of a black hole.
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μ€‘μš”ν•œ μš”μ†Œλ“€λ„ μ•Œλ €μ£ΌκΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:37
I only need two things.
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λ”± λ‘κ°€μ§€λ§Œ μ•Œλ©΄ λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:39
I need to understand the mass of the object
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λΈ”λž™ν™€μ΄λΌλŠ”κ±Έ 증λͺ…ν•˜κ³  싢은
03:41
I'm claiming is a black hole,
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μ–΄λ–€ 물체의 μ§ˆλŸ‰κ³Ό
03:43
and what its Schwarzschild radius is.
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μŠˆλ°”λ₯΄μΈ μ‹€νŠΈ λ°˜κ²½μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:45
And since the mass determines the Schwarzschild radius,
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그리고 μŠˆλ°”λ₯΄μΈ μ‹€νŠΈ λ°˜κ²½μ€ μ§ˆλŸ‰μ— μ˜ν•΄ κ²°μ •λ˜λ―€λ‘œ
03:47
there is actually only one thing I really need to know.
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μ‹€μ œλ‘œλŠ” μ§ˆλŸ‰λ§Œ μ•Œλ©΄ λ˜λŠ”κ²ƒμ΄μ£ .
03:49
So, my job in convincing you
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κ²°κ΅­ μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ—κ²Œ λΈ”λž™ν™€μ΄
03:51
that there is a black hole
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μ‹€μ œλ‘œ μ‘΄μž¬ν•œλ‹€λŠ”κ±Έ μ΄ν•΄μ‹œν‚€κΈ° μœ„ν•΄μ„œ
03:53
is to show that there is some object
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μŠˆλ°”λ₯΄μΈ μ‹€νŠΈ μ•ˆμ— κ°‡ν˜€ μžˆλŠ”
03:55
that's confined to within its Schwarzschild radius.
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μ–΄λ–€ 물체가 μ‘΄μž¬ν•œλ‹€λŠ”κ²ƒμ„ λ³΄μ—¬λ“œλ¦¬λŠ” 것이 제 ν• μΌμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:58
And your job today is to be skeptical.
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ€ κ·Έλƒ₯ 미심쩍은 눈으둜 λ³΄μ‹œλ©΄ λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:01
Okay, so, I'm going to talk about no ordinary black hole;
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μ €λŠ” 일반적인 λΈ”λž™ν™€μ΄ μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ
04:05
I'm going to talk about supermassive black holes.
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μ΄ˆκ±°λŒ€ λΈ”λž™ν™€μ— λŒ€ν•œ 이야기λ₯Ό ν•˜λ €κ³  ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:08
So, I wanted to say a few words about what an ordinary black hole is,
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일단 일반적인 λΈ”λž™ν™€μ— λŒ€ν•΄ 쑰금 λ§μ”€λ“œλ¦¬κ² μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:10
as if there could be such a thing as an ordinary black hole.
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'일반적' 인 λΈ”λž™ν™€μ΄λž€κ²Œ μžˆλ‹€κ³  ν•΄ 보죠.
04:13
An ordinary black hole is thought to be the end state
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일반적인 λΈ”λž™ν™€μ€ 삢을 마친 μ΄ˆμ‹ μ„±μ˜
04:16
of a really massive star's life.
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λ§ˆμ§€λ§‰ λͺ¨μŠ΅μ΄λΌκ³  μ•Œλ €μ ΈμžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:18
So, if a star starts its life off
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즉, νƒœμ–‘λ³΄λ‹€ μ—„μ²­λ‚˜κ²Œ 큰
04:20
with much more mass than the mass of the Sun,
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κ±°λŒ€ν•œ μ§ˆλŸ‰μ„ 가지고 μƒκ²¨λ‚œ 항성은
04:22
it's going to end its life by exploding
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κ·Έ 생애λ₯Ό λ§ˆμΉ˜λŠ” μˆœκ°„ ν­λ°œμ„ 일으켜,
04:25
and leaving behind these beautiful supernova remnants that we see here.
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λ³΄μ‹œλŠ” 바와 같이 아름닀은 μ΄ˆμ‹ μ„±ν­λ°œμ˜ μž”ν•΄λ₯Ό λ‚¨κΉλ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:28
And inside that supernova remnant
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그리고 κ·Έ μ΄ˆμ‹ μ„±ν­λ°œμ˜ μž”ν•΄ κ°€μš΄λ°
04:30
is going to be a little black hole
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μž‘μ€ λΈ”λž™ν™€μ΄ μƒκ²¨λ‚©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:32
that has a mass roughly three times the mass of the Sun.
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λŒ€λž΅ νƒœμ–‘ μ§ˆλŸ‰μ˜ 3배정도 μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:35
On an astronomical scale
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μ²œλ¬Έν•™μ κ·œλͺ¨λ‘œ μ΄μ•ΌκΈ°ν•œλ‹€λ©΄
04:37
that's a very small black hole.
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κ·Έ λΈ”λž™ν™€μ€ μƒλ‹Ήνžˆ μž‘μ€ νŽΈμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:39
Now, what I want to talk about are the supermassive black holes.
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λ„€, μ΄μ œλΆ€ν„°λŠ” μ΄ˆκ±°λŒ€ λΈ”λž™ν™€μ— λŒ€ν•΄ μ΄μ•ΌκΈ°ν•˜κ² μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:42
And the supermassive black holes are thought to reside at the center of galaxies.
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μ΄ˆκ±°λŒ€ λΈ”λž™ν™€μ€ μ€ν•˜μ€‘μ‹¬λΆ€μ— μžˆλ‹€κ³  μ•Œλ €μ Έ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:46
And this beautiful picture taken with the Hubble Space Telescope
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ν—ˆλΈ”μš°μ£Όλ§μ›κ²½μ΄ μ΄¬μ˜ν•œ 이 μ•„λ¦„λ‹€μš΄ 사진은
04:49
shows you that galaxies come in all shapes and sizes.
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μ€ν•˜λ“€μ΄ μ—¬λŸ¬κ°€μ§€ ν˜•νƒœλ₯Ό 가지고 μžˆμŒμ„ λ³΄μ—¬μ€λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:52
There are big ones. There are little ones.
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큰 것도 있고 μž‘μ€ 것도 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:54
Almost every object in that picture there is a galaxy.
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이 사진에 λ³΄μ΄λŠ” 거의 λŒ€λΆ€λΆ„μ΄ μ€ν•˜μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:57
And there is a very nice spiral up in the upper left.
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μ‚¬μ§„μ˜ 쒌츑 상단에 멋진 λ‚˜μ„ μ€ν•˜κ°€ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:00
And there are a hundred billion stars in that galaxy,
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κ·Έ μ€ν•˜μ—λŠ” 1μ²œμ–΅κ°œμ˜ 항성이 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:04
just to give you a sense of scale.
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μ–΄λŠ 정도 크기인지 감이 μ˜€μ‹œλ‚˜μš”?
05:06
And all the light that we see from a typical galaxy,
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그리고 μ§€κΈˆ λ³΄μ‹œλŠ” μ€ν•˜μ™€ 같이
05:08
which is the kind of galaxies that we're seeing here,
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μ€ν•˜λ‘œλΆ€ν„° 온 λͺ¨λ“  빛은
05:10
comes from the light from the stars.
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항성듀이 λ‚΄λΏœλŠ” λΉ›λ“€μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:12
So, we see the galaxy because of the star light.
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κ²°κ΅­ 항성이 있기 λ•Œλ¬Έμ— μ€ν•˜κ°€ λ³΄μ΄λŠ” 것이죠.
05:14
Now, there are a few relatively exotic galaxies.
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μ€‘μ‹¬μ—λŠ” μƒλ‹Ήνžˆ νŠΉμ΄ν•œ μ€ν•˜κ°€ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:18
I like to call these the prima donna of the galaxy world,
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λˆˆμ— λ„λŠ” μ€ν•˜μ΄κΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ— μ €λŠ” 이것λ₯Ό μ€ν•˜ μ„Έκ³„μ˜
05:21
because they are kind of show offs.
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ν”„λ¦¬λ§ˆλˆλ‚˜λΌκ³  λΆ€λ₯΄κ³  μ‹ΆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:23
And we call them active galactic nuclei.
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” ν™œλ™μ„± μ€ν•˜ν•΅ 이라고 λΆ€λ₯΄μ£ .
05:25
And we call them that because their nucleus,
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μ™œλ‚˜ν•˜λ©΄ κ·Έ μ€ν•˜μ˜ 쀑심핡 λ˜λŠ”
05:27
or their center, are very active.
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μ€‘μ•™λΆ€λŠ” μƒλ‹Ήνžˆ μ™•μ„±ν•˜κ²Œ ν™œλ™ν•˜κΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:30
So, at the center there, that's actually where
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ κ·Έ μ€‘μ‹¬λΆ€μ—μ„œ
05:32
most of the starlight comes out from.
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λŒ€λΆ€λΆ„μ˜ 별빛이 흘러 λ‚˜μ˜€λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:34
And yet, what we actually see is light
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κ²Œλ‹€κ°€ μ˜ˆμƒμΉ˜λ³΄λ‹€
05:36
that can't be explained by the starlight.
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훨씬 μ—λ„ˆμ§€κ°€ λ†’μ•„μ„œ ν•­μ„±μ˜ λΉ›μœΌλ‘œλŠ”
05:39
It's way more energetic.
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μ„€λͺ…ν•  수 μ—†λŠ” 빛도 λ³΄μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:41
In fact, in a few examples it's like the ones that we're seeing here.
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μ§€κΈˆ μš°λ¦¬κ°€ 보고 μžˆλŠ” κ·ΈλŸ¬ν•œ μ€ν•˜λ“€μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:43
There are also jets emanating out from the center.
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μ€‘μ•™λΆ€μ—μ„œ 제트λ₯Ό λ‚΄λΏœκ³  μžˆλŠ”κ²ƒλ„ λ³΄μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:46
Again, a source of energy that's very difficult to explain
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μ€ν•˜κ°€ ν•­μ„±λ§ŒμœΌλ‘œ 이루어져 μžˆλ‹€κ³  μƒκ°ν•˜λ©΄
05:50
if you just think that galaxies are composed of stars.
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이 μ—λ„ˆμ§€μ›μ„ μ„€λͺ…ν•  수 μ—†μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:52
So, what people have thought is that perhaps
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ 거기에 μ΄ˆκ±°λŒ€ λΈ”λž™ν™€μ΄ 있기 λ•Œλ¬Έμ—
05:54
there are supermassive black holes
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물질이 거기둜 λΉ¨λ €λ“€μ–΄κ°€κ³  μžˆλ‹€κ³ 
05:57
which matter is falling on to.
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μΆ”μΈ‘ν•˜κ³  μžˆλŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:00
So, you can't see the black hole itself,
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κ²°κ΅­ λΈ”λž™ν™€μ„ 직접 λ³Ό μˆ˜λŠ” μ—†μ§€λ§Œ
06:02
but you can convert the gravitational energy of the black hole
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그곳의 쀑λ ₯μ—λ„ˆμ§€κ°€ λΉ›μœΌλ‘œ λ³€ν™˜λ˜μ–΄
06:05
into the light we see.
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μš°λ¦¬μ—κ²Œ 보이고 μžˆλŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:07
So, there is the thought that maybe supermassive black holes
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그것이 μ΄ˆκ±°λŒ€ λΈ”λž™ν™€μ΄ μ€ν•˜μ€‘μ‹¬λΆ€μ— μžˆμ„κ±°λΌκ³ 
06:09
exist at the center of galaxies.
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μƒκ°ν•˜λŠ” μ΄μœ μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:11
But it's a kind of indirect argument.
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 이것은 간접적인 μ΄λ‘ μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:13
Nonetheless, it's given rise to the notion
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κ·ΈλŸΌμ—λ„ λΆˆκ΅¬ν•˜κ³ 
06:15
that maybe it's not just these prima donnas
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κ·ΈλŸ¬ν•œ μ‚¬μ‹€λ‘œλΆ€ν„° μ΄ˆκ±°λŒ€ λΈ”λž™ν™€μ΄
06:18
that have these supermassive black holes,
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ν”„λ¦¬λ§ˆλˆλ‚˜ μ€ν•˜λΏλ§Œ μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ
06:20
but rather all galaxies might harbor these
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였히렀 λͺ¨λ“  μ€ν•˜μ˜ 쀑심에
06:23
supermassive black holes at their centers.
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μ‘΄μž¬ν•˜λŠ”κ²ƒμ΄ μ•„λ‹Œκ°€ ν•˜κ³  μΆ”μΈ‘ν•˜κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:25
And if that's the case -- and this is an example of a normal galaxy;
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예λ₯Ό λ“€μ–΄, 이것은 일반적인 μ€ν•˜μΈλ°
06:28
what we see is the star light.
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ 보고 μžˆλŠ”κ²ƒμ€ ν•­μ„±μ˜ λΉ›μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:30
And if there is a supermassive black hole,
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λ§Œμ•½ 여기에 μ΄ˆκ±°λŒ€ λΈ”λž™ν™€μ΄ μžˆλ‹€κ³  ν•œλ‹€λ©΄
06:32
what we need to assume is that it's a black hole on a diet.
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κ·Έ λΈ”λž™ν™€μ΄ 'λ‹€μ΄μ–΄νŠΈμ€‘μ΄λ‹€' 라고 ν•  수 있겠죠.
06:35
Because that is the way to suppress the energetic phenomena that we see
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μ™œλƒν•˜λ©΄ 그것이 ν™œλ™μ„± μ€ν•˜ν•΅μ—μ„œ λ³΄μ΄λŠ”
06:38
in active galactic nuclei.
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μ—λ„ˆμ§€ν˜„μƒμ„ μ–΅μ œν•˜κ³  있기 λ•Œλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:41
If we're going to look for these stealth black holes
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λ§Œμ•½ μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ 눈으둜 보이지 μ•ŠλŠ” λΈ”λž™ν™€μ„
06:44
at the center of galaxies,
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μ€ν•˜μ€‘μ‹¬μ—μ„œ μ°ΎλŠ”λ‹€κ³  ν•œλ‹€λ©΄
06:46
the best place to look is in our own galaxy, our Milky Way.
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κ°€μž₯ μ ν•©ν•œ 것은 우리 μ€ν•˜μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:50
And this is a wide field picture
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이것은 우리 μ€ν•˜ 쀑심뢀λ₯Ό
06:52
taken of the center of the Milky Way.
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κ΄‘κ°μœΌλ‘œ μ΄¬μ˜ν•œ μ‚¬μ§„μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:55
And what we see is a line of stars.
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λ³„μ˜ 띠가 보이고 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:58
And that is because we live in a galaxy which has
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μš°λ¦¬λ“€μ΄ ν‰ν‰ν•˜κ³  μ›λ°˜ λͺ¨μ–‘을 ν•œ ν˜•νƒœμ˜ μ€ν•˜μ—
07:00
a flattened, disk-like structure.
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μ‚΄κ³  있기 λ•Œλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:02
And we live in the middle of it, so when we look towards the center,
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” κ·Έ μ€‘κ°„μ§€λŒ€μ— μ‚΄κ³  있고
07:04
we see this plane which defines the plane of the galaxy,
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κ±°κΈ°μ„œ 쀑심방ν–₯을 보면
07:06
or line that defines the plane of the galaxy.
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μ€ν•˜λ©΄μ„ ν˜•μ„±ν•˜λŠ” λ©΄ λ˜λŠ” κ·Έ 띠λ₯Ό λ³Ό 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:10
Now, the advantage of studying our own galaxy
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우리 μ€ν•˜λ₯Ό μ—°κ΅¬ν•΄μ„œ 쒋은 점은 λ‹¨μˆœνžˆ 그것이
07:13
is it's simply the closest example of the center of a galaxy
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μš°λ¦¬μ—κ²Œ κ°€μž₯ κ°€κΉŒμš΄ μ€ν•˜μ€‘μ‹¬λΆ€μ΄κΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:16
that we're ever going to have, because the next closest galaxy
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κ·Έ λ‹€μŒμœΌλ‘œ κ°€κΉŒμš΄ μ€ν•˜λΌλ„
07:18
is 100 times further away.
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100λ°° 멀리 λ–¨μ–΄μ Έ 있죠.
07:21
So, we can see far more detail in our galaxy
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κ·Έλ ‡κΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ— λ‹€λ₯Έ μ€ν•˜ 보닀
07:23
than anyplace else.
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우리 μ€ν•˜λ₯Ό 더 μžμ„Ένžˆ λ³Ό 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:25
And as you'll see in a moment, the ability to see detail
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μ§€κΈˆλΆ€ν„° λ³΄μ—¬λ“œλ¦΄κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€λ§Œ,
07:27
is key to this experiment.
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μ–΄λŠ 정도 μžμ„Ένžˆ λ³΄μ΄λŠ”κ°€κ°€ μ—°κ΅¬μ˜ μ—΄μ‡ κ°€ λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:30
So, how do astronomers prove that there is a lot of mass
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그럼 μ²œλ¬Έν•™μžλŠ” μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ μž‘μ€ 곡간에 κ±°λŒ€ν•œ μ§ˆλŸ‰μ΄ μ‘΄μž¬ν•œλ‹€κ³ 
07:33
inside a small volume?
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μ΄μ•ΌκΈ°ν•˜λŠ” κ²ƒμΌκΉŒμš”?
07:35
Which is the job that I have to show you today.
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그게 μ œκ°€ 였늘 λ³΄μ—¬λ“œλ €μ•Ό ν•  κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:38
And the tool that we use is to watch the way
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μ“°λŠ” 방법은 항성듀이 λΈ”λž™ν™€μ˜ μ£Όμœ„λ₯Ό
07:40
stars orbit the black hole.
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돌고 μžˆλŠ”κ²ƒμ„ κ΄€μ°°ν•˜λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:43
Stars will orbit the black hole
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항성은 행성이 νƒœμ–‘μ˜ μ£Όμœ„λ₯Ό λ„λŠ”κ²ƒκ³Ό
07:45
in the very same way that planets orbit the sun.
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λ§ˆμ°¬κ°€μ§€λ‘œ λΈ”λž™ν™€μ˜ μ£Όμœ„λ₯Ό 돌고 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:48
It's the gravitational pull
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쀑λ ₯에 μ˜ν•œ 인λ ₯으둜
07:50
that makes these things orbit.
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물체의 곡전ꢀ도가 μ •ν•΄μ§€λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:52
If there were no massive objects these things would go flying off,
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λ§Œμ•½ 거기에 κ±°λŒ€ν•œ μ§ˆλŸ‰μ΄ μ‘΄μž¬ν•˜μ§€ μ•ŠλŠ”λ‹€λ©΄ 항성은 λ‚ μ•„κ°€λ²„λ¦¬κ±°λ‚˜
07:55
or at least go at a much slower rate
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μ’€ 더 천천히 곡전을 ν•˜κ² μ£ .
07:57
because all that determines how they go around
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μ™œλƒν•˜λ©΄ μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ κ³΅μ „ν•˜λŠ”κ°€λ₯Ό κ²°μ •ν•˜λŠ”κ±΄
08:00
is how much mass is inside its orbit.
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κΆ€λ„μ•ˆμ— μžˆλŠ” μ§ˆλŸ‰μ΄κΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:02
So, this is great, because remember my job is to show
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이거 λ”± μ’‹κ΅°μš”. μ™œλƒν•˜λ©΄ 제 일은
08:04
there is a lot of mass inside a small volume.
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μž‘μ€ 곡간에 κ±°λŒ€ν•œ μ§ˆλŸ‰μ΄ μžˆλ‹€λŠ”κ±Έ μ„€λͺ…ν•˜λŠ” 것이기 λ•Œλ¬Έμ΄μ£ .
08:06
So, if I know how fast it goes around, I know the mass.
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κ²°κ΅­ 별이 κ³΅μ „ν•˜λŠ” 속도λ₯Ό μ•ˆλ‹€λ©΄ μ§ˆλŸ‰μ„ μ•Œ 수 있으며
08:09
And if I know the scale of the orbit I know the radius.
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κΆ€λ„μ˜ 크기λ₯Ό μ•ˆλ‹€λ©΄ κΆ€λ„μ˜ λ°˜κ²½λ„ μ•Œ 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:12
So, I want to see the stars
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κ·Έλ ‡κΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ— μ €λŠ” μ€ν•˜ 쀑심에
08:14
that are as close to the center of the galaxy as possible.
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κ°€λŠ₯ν•œ κ°€κΉŒμš΄ 항성을 보고 μ‹Άμ€κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:16
Because I want to show there is a mass inside as small a region as possible.
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ—κ²Œ κ°€λŠ₯ν•œ μž‘μ€ μ˜μ—­μ— μ§ˆλŸ‰μ΄ μžˆλ‹€λŠ”κ±Έ λ³΄μ—¬λ“œλ¦¬κ³  μ‹ΆκΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ΄μ£ .
08:20
So, this means that I want to see a lot of detail.
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ ν•  수 μžˆλŠ” ν•œ μžμ„Έν•œ λͺ¨μŠ΅μ„ 보고 μ‹Άμ–΄ ν•˜λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:23
And that's the reason that for this experiment we've used
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κ·ΈλŸ¬ν•œ 이유둜 이 연ꡬλ₯Ό μœ„ν•΄
08:25
the world's largest telescope.
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μ„Έκ³„μ΅œλŒ€μ˜ 망원경을 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:27
This is the Keck observatory. It hosts two telescopes
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μ—¬κΈ°λŠ” 케크 μ²œλ¬ΈλŒ€μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. 10λ―Έν„°μ§œλ¦¬ λ°˜μ‚¬κ²½μ„ 가진
08:30
with a mirror 10 meters, which is roughly
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망원경이 2개 있고 지름이 λŒ€λž΅
08:32
the diameter of a tennis court.
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ν…Œλ‹ˆμŠ€μ½”νŠΈ μ •λ„μ˜ ν¬κΈ°μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:34
Now, this is wonderful,
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μƒλ‹Ήνžˆ 쒋은 망원경이죠.
08:36
because the campaign promise
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μ™œλƒν•˜λ©΄ μ»€λ‹€λž€ 망원경은
08:38
of large telescopes is that is that the bigger the telescope,
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더 크면 클수둝 μž‘μ€ 뢀뢄을 μžμ„Έν•˜κ²Œ
08:41
the smaller the detail that we can see.
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λ³Ό 수 μžˆλ„λ‘ ν•΄ μ£ΌκΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€,
08:45
But it turns out these telescopes, or any telescope on the ground
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ 지상에 μžˆλŠ” λͺ¨λ“  망원경은
08:48
has had a little bit of a challenge living up to this campaign promise.
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κ·Έ μ„±λŠ₯을 λ°œνœ˜ν•˜λŠ”λ° λ¬Έμ œκ°€ 쑰금 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:52
And that is because of the atmosphere.
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그것은 λŒ€κΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:54
Atmosphere is great for us; it allows us
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λŒ€κΈ° 덕뢄에 μš°λ¦¬λ“€μ€ 지ꡬ에 μ‚΄μˆ˜ 있죠.
08:56
to survive here on Earth.
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쒋은 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:58
But it's relatively challenging for astronomers
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ λŒ€κΈ°λ₯Ό 톡해 천체의 빛을 λ³΄λŠ” μ²œλ¬Έν•™μžλŠ”
09:01
who want to look through the atmosphere to astronomical sources.
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μƒλŒ€μ μœΌλ‘œ 어렀움이 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:05
So, to give you a sense of what this is like,
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μž‘μ€ 개울의 λ¬Ό μœ„μ—μ„œ
09:07
it's actually like looking at a pebble
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λ¬Ό 속 λ°‘λ°”λ‹₯에 μžˆλŠ” μžκ°ˆμ„
09:09
at the bottom of a stream.
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λ³΄λŠ” 것과 λΉ„μŠ·ν•œ μ΄μΉ˜μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:11
Looking at the pebble on the bottom of the stream,
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물속에 μžˆλŠ” μžκ°ˆμ„ 보면
09:13
the stream is continuously moving and turbulent,
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물의 흐름이 κ³„μ†ν•΄μ„œ μ‚°λž€μ„ 일으켜
09:16
and that makes it very difficult to see the pebble on the bottom of the stream.
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λ°”λ‹₯에 μžˆλŠ” μžκ°ˆμ„ μžμ„Ένžˆ 보기가 맀우 μ–΄λ ΅μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:20
Very much in the same way, it's very difficult
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λ§ˆμ°¬κ°€μ§€λ‘œ λŒ€κΈ°λŠ” κ³„μ†ν•΄μ„œ 움직이기 λ•Œλ¬Έμ—
09:22
to see astronomical sources, because of the
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λŒ€κΈ°λ₯Ό ν†΅ν•΄μ„œ 천체의 빛을 κ΄€μΈ‘ν•˜λŠ”κ²ƒμ€
09:24
atmosphere that's continuously moving by.
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μƒλ‹Ήνžˆ μ–΄λ €μš΄ μΌμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:26
So, I've spent a lot of my career working on ways
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μ €λŠ” μ œκ°€ μΌν•˜λŠ” λŒ€λΆ€λΆ„μ˜ μ‹œκ°„λ™μ•ˆ λŒ€κΈ°μ˜ μ–΄λ₯Έκ±°λ¦Όμ„ λ³΄μ •ν•˜κ³ 
09:29
to correct for the atmosphere, to give us a cleaner view.
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λ˜λ ·ν•œ μ˜μƒμ„ μ–»λŠ”λ° μ‹œκ°„μ„ λ³΄λƒˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:32
And that buys us about a factor of 20.
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κ·Έλ¦¬ν•˜μ—¬ λŒ€λž΅ 20배정도 ν–₯μƒλœ κ²°κ³Όλ₯Ό μ–»μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:35
And I think all of you can agree that if you can
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λ§Œμ•½ μƒν™œμ„ 20λ°° κ°œμ„ ν•˜λŠ” 방법을 μ•Œ 수 μžˆλ‹€λ©΄
09:37
figure out how to improve life by a factor of 20,
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λΌμ΄ν”„μŠ€νƒ€μΌλ„ μ „ν˜€ λ‹€λ₯Έκ²ƒμ΄ λ˜κ² μ§€μš”.
09:40
you've probably improved your lifestyle by a lot,
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κΈ‰μ—¬μ—μ„œλ„ 그럴 것이고
09:42
say your salary, you'd notice, or your kids, you'd notice.
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아이듀에 λŒ€ν•΄μ„œλ„ κ·Έλ ‡κ² μ§€μš”.
09:47
And this animation here shows you one example of
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보고 계신 λ™μ˜μƒμ€ μš°λ¦¬λ“€μ΄ μ‚¬μš©ν•˜κ³  μžˆλŠ”
09:49
the techniques that we use, called adaptive optics.
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적응광학계 (adaptive optics) 라고 λΆˆλ¦¬λŠ” 기술의 μΌλ‘€μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:52
You're seeing an animation that goes between
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μ§€κΈˆ λ³΄μ‹œλŠ” μ˜μƒμ—μ„œλŠ”
09:54
an example of what you would see if you don't use this technique --
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이 κΈ°μˆ μ„ μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ§€ μ•Šμ•˜μ„λ•Œ λ³΄μ΄λŠ” μ˜μƒ,
09:57
in other words, just a picture that shows the stars --
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즉 보톡 λ³΄μ΄λŠ” λ³„μ˜ μ˜μƒμ΄ 보이고
10:00
and the box is centered on the center of the galaxy,
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λ°•μŠ€ 뢀뢄은 μ€ν•˜μ˜ 쀑심에 κ³ μ •λ˜μ–΄ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:02
where we think the black hole is.
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거기에 λΈ”λž™ν™€μ΄ μžˆμ„ κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:04
So, without this technology you can't see the stars.
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이 기술이 μ—†μ΄λŠ” 별이 보이지 μ•ŠμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:07
With this technology all of a sudden you can see it.
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λ³΄μ •κΈ°μˆ μ„ μ‚¬μš©ν•˜λ©΄ κ°‘μžκΈ° 별이 보이기 μ‹œμž‘ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:09
This technology works by introducing a mirror
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이 기술둜 λ§μ›κ²½μ˜ κ΄‘ν•™μ‹œμŠ€ν…œμ—
10:11
into the telescope optics system
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λŒ€κΈ°μ˜ μ–΄λ₯Έκ±°λ¦Όμ— λŒ€ν•­ν•˜μ—¬ μ§€μ†μ μœΌλ‘œ
10:13
that's continuously changing to counteract what the atmosphere is doing to you.
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λ³€ν˜•ν•˜λŠ” 망원경을 λ„μž…ν•˜κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:18
So, it's kind of like very fancy eyeglasses for your telescope.
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ 망원경이 μ΄λ ‡κ²Œ 멋진 μ•ˆκ²½μ„ μ“°κ³  μžˆλŠ”κ±°μ£ .
10:22
Now, in the next few slides I'm just going to focus on
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μ—¬κΈ°μ„œλΆ€ν„° λͺ‡ μž₯의 μŠ¬λΌμ΄λ“œλŠ”
10:24
that little square there.
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κ·Έ μž‘μ€ μ‚¬κ°ν˜• μ•ˆμͺ½ 뢀뢄에 μ£Όλͺ©ν• κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:26
So, we're only going to look at the stars inside that small square,
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λ‹€λ₯Έ 뢀뢄도 λ³΄μ΄μ§€λ§Œ, μž‘μ€ μ‚¬κ°ν˜• μ•ˆμ— μžˆλŠ” λ³„μ—λ§Œ
10:28
although we've looked at all of them.
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μ£Όλͺ©ν•΄ λ³΄κ² μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:30
So, I want to see how these things have moved.
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μ €λŠ” 항성이 μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ μ›€μ§μ΄λŠ”κ°€λ₯Ό μ•Œκ³  μ‹Άμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:32
And over the course of this experiment, these stars
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그런데 이 연ꡬλ₯Ό 톡해 항성이 μƒλ‹Ήνžˆ
10:34
have moved a tremendous amount.
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λΉ λ₯΄κ²Œ 움직이고 μžˆλ‹€λŠ”κ²Œ λ°ν˜€μ‘ŒμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:36
So, we've been doing this experiment for 15 years,
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 이 연ꡬλ₯Ό 15λ…„κ°„ ν•΄ μ™”μœΌλ©°,
10:38
and we see the stars go all the way around.
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항성듀이 κ³΅μ „μš΄λ™μ„ ν•˜κ³  μžˆλŠ” 것을 μ•Œμ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:40
Now, most astronomers have a favorite star,
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λŒ€μ²΄λ‘œ μ²œλ¬Έν•™μžλ“€μ€ μ’‹μ•„ν•˜λŠ” 항성을 ν•˜λ‚˜μ―€ 가지고 μžˆλŠ”λ°,
10:43
and mine today is a star that's labeled up there, SO-2.
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μ €λŠ” 였늘 μ œκ°€ μ’‹μ•„ν•˜λŠ” 항성을 μ†Œκ°œ ν•˜κ² μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:47
Absolutely my favorite star in the world.
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SO-2, μ œκ°€ κ°€μž₯ μ’‹μ•„ν•˜λŠ” ν•­μ„±μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:49
And that's because it goes around in only 15 years.
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μ™œλƒν•˜λ©΄ 단 15λ…„λ§Œμ— μΌμ£Όν•˜κ³  있기 λ•Œλ¬Έμ΄μ£ .
10:52
And to give you a sense of how short that is,
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그게 μ–Όλ§ˆλ‚˜ 짧은 것인가라고 λ§μ”€λ“œλ¦¬λ©΄,
10:54
the sun takes 200 million years to go around the center of the galaxy.
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예λ₯Όλ“€μ–΄ νƒœμ–‘μ΄ μ€ν•˜μ€‘μ‹¬μ„ μΌμ£Όν•˜λŠ”λ° 2얡년이 κ±Έλ¦½λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:59
Stars that we knew about before, that were as close to the center of the galaxy
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μ§€κΈˆκΉŒμ§€ μ•Œλ €μ§„ 별듀 쀑 μ€ν•˜μ€‘μ‹¬μ— κ°€μž₯ κ°€κΉŒμ› λ˜ 별은
11:02
as possible, take 500 years.
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무렀 500년에 걸쳐 μΌμ£Όν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:04
And this one, this one goes around in a human lifetime.
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이 별은 μΈκ°„μ˜ 수λͺ… 내에 일주λ₯Ό ν•˜λŠ” 것이죠.
11:08
That's kind of profound, in a way.
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μ–΄λ–€ λ©΄μ—μ„œλŠ” μ‹¬μ˜€ν•œ κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:10
But it's the key to this experiment. The orbit tells me
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 이것이 μ—°κ΅¬μ˜ ν•΅μ‹¬μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. ν•­μ„±μ˜ ꢀ도λ₯Ό 톡해 .
11:12
how much mass is inside a very small radius.
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이와 같이 μž‘μ€ 반경 μ•ˆμ— μ–΄λŠ μ •λ„μ˜ μ§ˆλŸ‰μ΄ μžˆλŠ”μ§€λ₯Ό μ•Œ 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€
11:16
So, next we see a picture here that shows you
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μ§€κΈˆ λ³΄μ—¬λ“œλ¦¬λŠ” μ‚¬μ§„μ—μ„œλŠ”
11:19
before this experiment the size to which we could
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연ꡬλ₯Ό ν•˜κΈ° 전에 μ€ν•˜μ€‘μ‹¬λΆ€μ˜ μ§ˆλŸ‰μ΄
11:21
confine the mass of the center of the galaxy.
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λ“€μ–΄ μžˆλ‹€κ³  μ—¬κ²¨μ§€λ˜ 크기λ₯Ό 보여주고 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:24
What we knew before is that there was four million
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μ˜ˆμ „λΆ€ν„° 이 μ›μ˜ 쀑심에 νƒœμ–‘μ˜ 400λ°° λ˜λŠ”
11:26
times the mass of the sun inside that circle.
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μ§ˆλŸ‰μ΄ μžˆλŠ” κ²ƒμœΌλ‘œ μ•Œλ €μ Έ μ™”μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:29
And as you can see, there was a lot of other stuff inside that circle.
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λ³΄μ‹œλ‹€μ‹œν”Ό μ›μ˜ μ€‘μ‹¬μ—λŠ” μ—¬λŸ¬κ°€μ§€ 물질이 μ‘΄μž¬ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:31
You can see a lot of stars.
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항성이 맀우 많이 μžˆμ§€μš”.
11:33
So, there was actually lots of alternatives
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즉, μ—¬λŸ¬κ°€μ§€ 물질이 λŒ€λŸ‰μœΌλ‘œ μ‘΄μž¬ν•˜μ˜€κΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ—
11:35
to the idea that there was a supermassive black hole at the center of the galaxy,
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μ€ν•˜ μ€‘μ‹¬μ—λŠ” μ΄ˆκ±°λŒ€ λΈ”λž™ν™€μ΄ μžˆλ‹€λΌκ³  ν•˜λŠ” μ„€ 이외에도
11:38
because you could put a lot of stuff in there.
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λ§Žμ€ 또 λ‹€λ₯Έ 선택지듀이 μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:40
But with this experiment, we've confined
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ μš°λ¦¬λ“€μ˜ 연ꡬ에 μ˜ν•˜λ©΄
11:42
that same mass to a much smaller volume
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그와 같은 μ§ˆλŸ‰μ΄ 1μ²œλ§ŒλΆ„μ˜ 1이라고 ν•˜λŠ”
11:45
that's 10,000 times smaller.
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μ—„μ²­λ‚˜κ²Œ μž‘μ€ 곡간에 μžˆλŠ”κ²ƒμ΄ μ•Œλ €μ‘ŒμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:49
And because of that, we've been able to show
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ 이 μ΄ˆκ±°λŒ€ λΈ”λž™ν™€μ΄
11:51
that there is a supermassive black hole there.
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μ‘΄μž¬ν•œλ‹€κ³  μ„€λͺ…ν•  수 μžˆμ—ˆλ˜ κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:53
To give you a sense of how small that size is,
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μ–Όλ§ˆλ‚˜ μž‘μ€κ°€λΌκ³  ν•œλ‹€λ©΄
11:55
that's the size of our solar system.
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λŒ€μΆ© νƒœμ–‘κ³„ 전체 ν¬κΈ°μ •λ„μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:57
So, we're cramming four million times the mass of the sun
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즉 νƒœμ–‘μ˜ 400만배의 μ§ˆλŸ‰μ΄ νƒœμ–‘κ³„μ™€
12:01
into that small volume.
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같은 μ •λ„λ‘œ μ••μΆ•λ˜μ–΄ μžˆλ‹€λŠ” μ΄μ•ΌκΈ°μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:03
Now, truth in advertising. Right?
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κ²°κ΅­ μ œκ°€ λ§ν•œλŒ€λ‘œμ£ ? κ·Έλ ‡μ£ ?
12:06
I have told you my job is to get it down to the Schwarzchild radius.
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제 일은 그것을 μŠˆλ°”λ₯΄μΈ μ‹€νŠΈ λ°˜κ²½κΉŒμ§€ μ••μΆ•ν•˜λŠ”κ²ƒμ΄λΌκ³  λ§ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€λ§Œ
12:09
And the truth is, I'm not quite there.
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μ‹€μ œλŠ” κ·Έ μ •λ„κΉŒμ§€λŠ” ν•˜μ§€ λͺ»ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:11
But we actually have no alternative today
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ μ΄λ ‡κ²Œ μ§ˆλŸ‰μ΄ μ§‘μ€‘λœ ν˜„μƒμ„
12:13
to explaining this concentration of mass.
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μ„€λͺ…ν•˜λŠ” 방법은 이 μ΄μ™Έμ—λŠ” μ—†μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€,
12:16
And, in fact, it's the best evidence we have to date
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그리고 이것은 우리 μ€ν•˜μ€‘μ‹¬μ— μ΄ˆκ±°λŒ€λΈ”λž™ν™€μ΄
12:19
for not only existence of a supermassive black hole
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μžˆλ‹€κ³  ν•˜λŠ” 증거뿐만 μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ
12:21
at the center of our own galaxy, but any in our universe.
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λ‹€λ₯Έ λͺ¨λ“  μ€ν•˜μ—λ„ μ‘΄μž¬ν•œλ‹€λŠ” 증거가 될 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:24
So, what next? I actually think
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그럼 κ·Έ λ‹€μŒμ€ λ­˜κΉŒμš”?
12:27
this is about as good as we're going to do with today's technology,
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사싀 이것이 ν˜„μž¬ 기술둜 ν•  수 μžˆλŠ” ν•œκ³„λΌκ³  μƒκ°ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:29
so let's move on with the problem.
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μ—¬κΈ°μ„œ 문제λ₯Ό νŒŒκ³ λ“€μ–΄κ°€λ³΄μ£ .
12:31
So, what I want to tell you, very briefly,
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μ €λŠ” μ˜€λŠ˜λ‚  μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μ•Œ 수 μžˆλŠ”
12:33
is a few examples
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μ€ν•˜μ€‘μ‹¬λΆ€μ— κ΄€ν•œ
12:35
of the excitement of what we can do today
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μž¬λ―ΈμžˆλŠ” λͺ‡ 가지 μ˜ˆμ™€ ν•¨κ»˜,
12:37
at the center of the galaxy, now that we know that there is,
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μ€ν•˜μ€‘μ‹¬λΆ€μ— μ΄ˆκ±°λŒ€ λΈ”λž™ν™€μ΄ μžˆκ±°λ‚˜
12:39
or at least we believe,
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λ˜λŠ” κ·Έλ ‡κ²Œ λ―Ώκ³  μžˆλ‹€λŠ” 것을
12:41
that there is a supermassive black hole there.
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κ°„λ‹¨νžˆ 이야기 ν•˜μ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:43
And the fun phase of this experiment
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이 μ—°κ΅¬μ—μ„œ μž¬λ―ΈμžˆλŠ” 점은
12:45
is, while we've tested some of our ideas
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μ€ν•˜μ€‘μ‹¬λΆ€μ—
12:48
about the consequences of a supermassive black hole
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μ΄ˆκ±°λŒ€ λΈ”λž™ν™€μ΄ μžˆλ‹€λŠ” 생각을
12:50
being at the center of our galaxy,
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κ²€ν† ν•΄λ³Έ κ²°κ³Ό,
12:52
almost every single one
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거의 λͺ¨λ“  가섀이 μ‹€μ œλ‘œ μš°λ¦¬κ°€ λ³΄λŠ” 것과
12:54
has been inconsistent with what we actually see.
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λ‹¬λžλ‹€λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:56
And that's the fun.
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재미있죠.
12:58
So, let me give you the two examples.
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두 가지 예λ₯Ό λ“€μ–΄λ³΄κ² μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:00
You can ask, "What do you expect
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μ€ν•˜ 쀑심뢀에 μ˜€λž«λ™μ•ˆ μ‘΄μž¬ν–ˆλ˜
13:02
for the old stars, stars that have been around the center of the galaxy
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λ‚˜μ΄λ“  별듀은 λΈ”λž™ν™€κ³Ό
13:04
for a long time, they've had plenty of time to interact with the black hole."
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μž₯κΈ°κ°„ μƒν˜Έμž‘μš©ν•˜μ—¬ μ–΄λ–€ λͺ¨μŠ΅μ΄ λ˜μ–΄ μžˆμ„κΉŒμš”?
13:08
What you expect there is that old stars
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μ˜ˆμƒν•΄ λ³΄κ±΄λŒ€ λ‚˜μ΄λ“  항성이
13:10
should be very clustered around the black hole.
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λΈ”λž™ν™€μ˜ μ£Όμœ„μ— λͺ¨μ—¬λ“€μ–΄ μžˆλŠ” μƒνƒœκ² μ£ .
13:12
You should see a lot of old stars next to that black hole.
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λΈ”λž™ν™€ κ·Όμ²˜μ— λ‚˜μ΄λ“  항성이 많이 μžˆλ‹€λŠ” 것은 ν‹€λ¦Ό 없을 κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:16
Likewise, for the young stars, or in contrast, the young stars,
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λ§ˆμ°¬κ°€μ§€λ‘œ λ˜λŠ” λŒ€μ‘°μ μœΌλ‘œ μ Šμ€ 항성은
13:20
they just should not be there.
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κ±°κΈ° μžˆμ„ μˆ˜κ°€ 없을 κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:22
A black hole does not make a kind neighbor to a stellar nursery.
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λΈ”λž™ν™€μ€ λ³„μ˜ μš”λžŒμœΌλ‘œμ„œλŠ” 그닀지 쒋은 μž₯μ†Œκ°€ μ•„λ‹™λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:26
To get a star to form, you need a big ball of gas and dust to collapse.
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항성이 μƒκ²¨λ‚˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄μ„  μƒλ‹Ήνžˆ 큰 κ°€μŠ€μ™€ 먼지 덩어리가 ν•„μš”ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:30
And it's a very fragile entity.
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그것은 μƒλ‹Ήνžˆ λΆ•κ΄΄λ˜κΈ° 쉽죠.
13:32
And what does the big black hole do?
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λΈ”λž™ν™€μ€ 무엇을 ν•œλ‹€κ³  μƒκ°ν•˜μ‹œλ‚˜μš”?
13:34
It strips that gas cloud apart.
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κ°€μŠ€λ₯Ό λΉΌμ•—μ•„κ°‘λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:36
It pulls much stronger on one side than the other
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ν•œμͺ½μ„ λ”μš± κ°•ν•œ 인λ ₯으둜 λŒμ–΄λ‹Ήκ²¨
13:38
and the cloud is stripped apart.
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κ°€μŠ€ ꡬ름이 흩어지고 λ§™λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:40
In fact, we anticipated that star formation shouldn't proceed in that environment.
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사싀, λ³„μ˜ 탄생은 μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ μž₯μ†Œμ—μ„œ μΌμ–΄λ‚˜μ§€ μ•Šμ„κ±°λΌκ³  μ˜ˆμΈ‘ν•˜κ³  μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:43
So, you shouldn't see young stars.
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μ Šμ€ 항성은 κ±°κΈ° μžˆμ„ 수 μ—†λ‹€λŠ”κ±°μ£ .
13:45
So, what do we see?
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μ‹€μ œλ‘œλŠ” μ–΄λ–¨κΉŒμš”?
13:47
Using observations that are not the ones I've shown you today,
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였늘 λ³΄μ—¬λ“œλ¦° 적 μ—†μ—ˆλ˜ κ΄€μΈ‘ κ²°κ³Όλ₯Ό μ‚¬μš©ν•΄ 보면
13:49
we can actually figure out which ones are old and which ones are young.
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λ‚˜μ΄λ“  항성이 μ–΄λ–€ 것이고 μ Šμ€ 항성이 μ–΄λ–€ 것인지 μ•Œ μˆ˜κ°€ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:52
The old ones are red.
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뢉은 것이 λ‚˜μ΄λ“  항성이고
13:54
The young ones are blue. And the yellow ones, we don't know yet.
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ν‘Έλ₯Έ 것이 μ Šμ€ ν•­μ„±μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. λ…Έλž€μƒ‰μ€ 아직 잘 λͺ¨λ¦…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:57
So, you can already see the surprise.
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이걸 λ³΄μ‹œκ³  깜짝 놀라셨겠죠.
13:59
There is a dearth of old stars.
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λ‚˜μ΄λ“  항성은 일뢀에 λΆˆκ³Όν•˜κ³ 
14:01
There is an abundance of young stars, so it's the exact opposite of the prediction.
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μ Šμ€ 항성이 μ•„μ£Ό 많이 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ˜ˆμƒκ³ΌλŠ” μ™„μ „ λ°˜λŒ€μΈκ±°μ£ .
14:05
So, this is the fun part.
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재미있죠?
14:07
And in fact, today, this is what we're trying to figure out,
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이 λ―ΈμŠ€ν…Œλ¦¬ν•œ κ²°κ³Ό,
14:09
this mystery of how do you get --
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이 λͺ¨μˆœμ„ μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ ν•΄κ²°ν•  것인가λ₯Ό
14:11
how do you resolve this contradiction.
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μ„€λͺ…ν•˜λ €κ³  ν•˜κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:13
So, in fact, my graduate students
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μ‹€μ œ 우리 ν•™κ΅μ˜ λŒ€ν•™μ›μƒμ΄
14:15
are, at this very moment, today, at the telescope,
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였늘 이 μˆœκ°„λ„ ν•˜μ™€μ΄μ˜ 케크 λ§μ›κ²½μœΌλ‘œ
14:19
in Hawaii, making observations to get us
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관츑을 κ³„μ†ν•˜κ³  있고
14:22
hopefully to the next stage,
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λ‹€μŒ 단계가 되면
14:24
where we can address this question
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μ™œ μ Šμ€ 항성이 많고
14:26
of why are there so many young stars,
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λ‚˜μ΄λ“  항성이 적은가λ₯Ό
14:28
and so few old stars.
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μ„€λͺ…ν•  수 있기λ₯Ό 바라고 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:30
To make further progress we really need to look at the orbits
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λ”μš± λ‚˜μ•„κ°€κΈ° μœ„ν•΄μ„œλŠ” 더 λ¨Ό ν•­μ„±μ˜ ꢀ도λ₯Ό
14:32
of stars that are much further away.
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쑰사할 ν•„μš”κ°€ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:34
To do that we'll probably need much more
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그러기 μœ„ν•΄μ„œλŠ” μ•„λ§ˆλ„ ν˜„μž¬λ³΄λ‹€ λ”μš±λ”
14:36
sophisticated technology than we have today.
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λ°œμ „λœ 기술이 ν•„μš”ν•  κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:38
Because, in truth, while I said we're correcting
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μ™œλƒν•˜λ©΄ μ €λŠ” λŒ€κΈ°μ˜ μ–΄λ₯Έκ±°λ¦Όμ„
14:40
for the Earth's atmosphere, we actually only
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λ³΄μ •ν•˜κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€λ§Œ, 사싀 μ—λŸ¬μ˜
14:42
correct for half the errors that are introduced.
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절반 정도밖에 λ³΄μ •λ˜μ–΄ μžˆμ§€ μ•ŠμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:44
We do this by shooting a laser up into the atmosphere,
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이 μž‘μ—…μ„ μœ„ν•΄ λŒ€κΈ°μ†μœΌλ‘œ λ ˆμ΄μ €λ₯Ό μ˜μ•„μ˜¬λ¦¬κ³  있으며,
14:47
and what we think we can do is if we
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λ ˆμ΄μ €λ₯Ό 쑰금만 더 늘리면
14:50
shine a few more that we can correct the rest.
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남은 보정 μž‘μ—…λ„ κ°€λŠ₯ν•  κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:52
So this is what we hope to do in the next few years.
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μ•žμœΌλ‘œ μˆ˜λ…„μ•ˆμ— κ°€λŠ₯ν•˜λ‹€λ©΄ μ’‹κ² λ‹€κ³  ν¬λ§ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:54
And on a much longer time scale,
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그리고 더 였랜 μ‹œκ°„μ— 걸쳐
14:56
what we hope to do is build even larger telescopes,
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λ”μš± μ»€λ‹€λž€ 망원경을 κ±΄μ„€ν•˜κ³  μ‹ΆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:59
because, remember, bigger is better in astronomy.
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μ™œλƒν•˜λ©΄ μ²œλ¬Έν•™μ—μ„œλŠ” μ»€λ‹€λž€ 것이 더 쒋은 것이기 λ•Œλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
15:02
So, we want to build a 30 meter telescope.
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ 직경 30λ―Έν„°μ§œλ¦¬ 망원경을 κ±΄μ„€ν•˜κ³  μ‹ΆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
15:04
And with this telescope we should be able to see
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κ·Έ 망원경을 μ‚¬μš©ν•œλ‹€λ©΄ λ”μš± μ€ν•˜ 쀑심뢀에 κ°€κΉŒμš΄
15:06
stars that are even closer to the center of the galaxy.
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항성을 κ΄€μΈ‘ν•˜λŠ”κ²ƒμ΄ κ°€λŠ₯ν•  κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
15:09
And we hope to be able to test some of
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그리고 μ•„μΈμŠˆνƒ€μΈμ˜
15:11
Einstein's theories of general relativity,
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μΌλ°˜μƒλŒ€μ„±μ΄λ‘ μ„ κ²€μ¦ν•˜κ³ 
15:14
some ideas in cosmology about how galaxies form.
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μ€ν•˜μ˜ ν˜•μ„±μ— κ΄€ν•œ μš°μ£Όλ‘ μ„ κ²€ν† ν•˜κ³  싢은 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
15:17
So, we think the future of this experiment
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이 μ—°κ΅¬μ˜ λ―Έλž˜λŠ”
15:19
is quite exciting.
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맀우 ν₯λ―Έλ‘­μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
15:22
So, in conclusion, I'm going to show you an animation
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정리해 λ³΄κ² μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ§€κΈˆ λ³΄μ—¬λ“œλ¦¬λŠ” μ˜μƒμ€
15:24
that basically shows you how these
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μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ ꢀ도듀이 3μ°¨μ›κ³΅κ°„μ—μ„œ
15:26
orbits have been moving, in three dimensions.
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μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ μ›€μ§μ΄λŠ”κ°€λ₯Ό 보여주고 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
15:29
And I hope, if nothing else,
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그리고 무엇보닀도
15:31
I've convinced you that, one, we do in fact
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λ¨Όμ € μ„€λͺ…λ“œλ¦¬κ³  싢은것은
15:33
have a supermassive black hole at the center of the galaxy.
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첫째, μ€ν•˜μ€‘μ‹¬λΆ€μ— μ΄ˆκ±°λŒ€ λΈ”λž™ν™€μ΄ μ‘΄μž¬ν•œλ‹€λŠ”κ²ƒμ΄λ©°
15:36
And this means that these things do exist in our universe,
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그것이 우주 전체에 μ‘΄μž¬ν•˜κ³ 
15:39
and we have to contend with this, we have to explain
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μš°λ¦¬λ“€μ˜ 물리학세계λ₯Ό 톡해
15:41
how you can get these objects in our physical world.
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μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ λΈ”λž™ν™€μ„ 이해할 수 μžˆλŠ”κ°€λ₯Ό μ„€λͺ…ν•˜μ§€ μ•ŠμœΌλ©΄ μ•ˆλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
15:44
Second, we've been able to look at that interaction
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λ‘˜μ§Έ, μ΄ˆκ±°λŒ€ λΈ”λž™ν™€μ΄
15:47
of how supermassive black holes interact,
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μ–΄λ–€ μƒν˜Έμž‘μš©μ„ ν•˜λŠ”κ°€λ₯Ό κ΄€μΈ‘ν•˜κ³ 
15:50
and understand, maybe, the role in which they play
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λ˜ν•œ μ€ν•˜μ˜ ν˜•μ„±μ— 이λ₯΄λŠ” λΈ”λž™ν™€μ˜ μ—­ν• κ³Ό
15:54
in shaping what galaxies are, and how they work.
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κ·Έ 방법을 μ΄ν•΄ν•˜λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
15:57
And last but not least,
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그리고 λ§ˆμ§€λ§‰μœΌλ‘œ
15:59
none of this would have happened
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μ΄λŸ¬ν•œκ²ƒλ“€ 쀑 μ–΄λŠκ²ƒ ν•˜λ‚˜λΌλ„
16:01
without the advent of the tremendous progress
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기술의 μ΅œμ „μ„ μ— λ‹€κ°€κ°„ μ»€λ‹€λž€ λ°œμ „ μ—†μ΄λŠ”
16:04
that's been made on the technology front.
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일어날 수 μ—†λŠ” μΌμ΄λΌλŠ” 것이며
16:06
And we think that this is a field that is moving incredibly fast,
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λ˜ν•œ κ·Έ λΆ„μ•ΌλŠ” μƒλ‹Ήνžˆ λΉ λ₯΄κ²Œ λ°œμ „ ν•˜κ³  μžˆμ–΄μ„œ
16:10
and holds a lot in store for the future.
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μ»€λ‹€λž€ μž₯λž˜μ„±μ„ 가지고 μžˆλ‹€κ³  μƒκ°ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
16:13
Thanks very much.
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κ°μ‚¬ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
16:15
(Applause)
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(λ°•μˆ˜)
이 μ›Ήμ‚¬μ΄νŠΈ 정보

이 μ‚¬μ΄νŠΈλŠ” μ˜μ–΄ ν•™μŠ΅μ— μœ μš©ν•œ YouTube λ™μ˜μƒμ„ μ†Œκ°œν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ „ 세계 졜고의 μ„ μƒλ‹˜λ“€μ΄ κ°€λ₯΄μΉ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μˆ˜μ—…μ„ 보게 될 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. 각 λ™μ˜μƒ νŽ˜μ΄μ§€μ— ν‘œμ‹œλ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μžλ§‰μ„ 더블 ν΄λ¦­ν•˜λ©΄ κ·Έκ³³μ—μ„œ λ™μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. λΉ„λ””μ˜€ μž¬μƒμ— 맞좰 μžλ§‰μ΄ μŠ€ν¬λ‘€λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ˜κ²¬μ΄λ‚˜ μš”μ²­μ΄ μžˆλŠ” 경우 이 문의 양식을 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ—¬ λ¬Έμ˜ν•˜μ‹­μ‹œμ˜€.

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