A provocative way to finance the fight against climate change | Michael Metcalfe

63,743 views ใƒป 2016-05-23

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Shlomo Adam ืžื‘ืงืจ: Sigal Tifferet
00:13
Will we do whatever it takes to tackle climate change?
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ื”ืื ื ืขืฉื” ืืช ืžื” ืฉื“ืจื•ืฉ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ื”ืืงืœื™ื?
00:19
I come at this question not as a green campaigner,
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ืื ื™ ื ื™ื’ืฉ ืœืฉืืœื” ื–ืืช ืœื ื›ืชื•ืขืžืœืŸ ื™ืจื•ืง,
00:22
in fact, I confess to be rather hopeless at recycling.
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ืœืžืขืŸ ื”ืืžืช, ืื ื™ ืžื•ื“ื” ืฉืื ื™ ืžืงืจื” ืื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืžื™ื—ื–ื•ืจ.
00:25
I come at it as a professional observer of financial policy making
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ืื ื™ ื ื™ื’ืฉ ืœื›ืš ื›ืฆื•ืคื” ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ ื‘ืงื‘ืœืช ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ื•ืช
00:30
and someone that wonders how history will judge us.
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ื•ื›ืžื™ ืฉืชื•ื”ื” ืื™ืš ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืชืฉืคื•ื˜ ืื•ืชื ื•.
00:36
One day,
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ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“,
00:37
this ring that belonged to my grandfather
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ื”ื˜ื‘ืขืช ื”ื–ืืช, ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ืฉืœ ืกื‘ื™,
00:41
will pass to my son, Charlie.
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ืชืขื‘ื•ืจ ืœื‘ื ื™, ืฆ'ืจืœื™.
00:44
And I wonder what his generation
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ื•ืื ื™ ืชื•ื”ื” ืžื” ื”ื“ื•ืจ ืฉืœื• ื•ืื•ืœื™ ื–ื” ืฉืื—ืจื™ื•,
00:46
and perhaps the one that follows
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00:49
will make of the two lives this ring has worked.
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ื™ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ืฉืชื™ ืชืงื•ืคื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉื”ื˜ื‘ืขืช ื”ื–ืืช ืขื‘ืจื”.
00:54
My grandfather was a coal miner.
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ืกื‘ื™ ื”ื™ื” ื›ื•ืจื” ืคื—ื.
00:58
In his time,
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ื‘ื™ืžื™ื•,
01:00
burning fossil fuels for energy and for allowing economies to develop
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ืฉืจื™ืคืช ื“ืœืงื™ ืžืื•ื‘ื ื™ื ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื•ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื”
01:05
was accepted.
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ื”ื™ืชื” ื“ื‘ืจ ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ.
01:07
We know now that that is not the case
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ื”ื™ื•ื ืื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื–ื” ืœื ื›ืš
01:10
because of the greenhouse gases that coal produces.
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื’ื–ื™ ื”ื—ืžืžื” ืฉื”ืคื—ื ื™ื•ืฆืจ.
01:15
But today,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื•ื,
01:16
I fear it's the industry in which I work that will be judged more harshly
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ื—ื•ืฉืฉื ื™ ืฉื”ืชืขืฉื™ื™ื” ืฉื‘ื” ืื ื™ ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืชื™ืฉืคื˜ ื‘ื™ืชืจ ื—ื•ืžืจื”
01:20
because of its impact on the climate --
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ืฉืคืขืชื” ืขืœ ื”ืืงืœื™ื --
01:23
more harshly than my grandfather's industry, even.
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ื‘ื™ืชืจ ื—ื•ืžืจื” ืืคื™ืœื• ืžื”ืชืขืฉื™ื™ื” ื‘ื” ืขื‘ื“ ืกื‘ื™.
01:26
I work, of course, in the banking industry,
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ืื ื™ ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื‘ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืช ื‘ื ืงืื•ืช,
01:28
which will be remembered for its crisis in 2008 --
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ืฉืชื™ื–ื›ืจ ื‘ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉื‘ืจ ืฉืœ 2008 --
01:33
a crisis that diverted the attention and finances of governments
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ืžืฉื‘ืจ ืฉื”ืกื™ื˜ ืืช ืชืฉื•ืžืช ื”ืœื‘ ื•ืืช ื”ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ื”ืžืžืฉืœืชื™
01:38
away from some really, really important promises,
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ืžื›ืžื” ื”ื‘ื˜ื—ื•ืช ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ืขื“ ืžืื“,
01:44
like promises made at the Copenhagen Climate Summit in 2009
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ื›ืžื• ื”ื”ื‘ื˜ื—ื” ืฉื ื™ืชื ื” ื‘ื•ื•ืขื™ื“ืช ื”ืืงืœื™ื ื‘ืงื•ืคื ื”ื’ืŸ, ื‘-2009,
01:49
to mobilize 100 billion dollars a year
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ืœื’ื™ื™ืก 100 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื“ื•ืœืจ ื‘ืฉื ื”
01:52
to help developing countries move away from burning fossil fuels
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœืืจืฆื•ืช ืžืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข ืžืฉืจื™ืคืช ื“ืœืงื™ ืžืื•ื‘ื ื™ื
01:56
and transition to using cleaner energy.
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ื•ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืœืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื ืงื™ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ.
02:00
That promise is already in jeopardy.
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ืขืœ ื”ื”ื‘ื˜ื—ื” ื”ื–ืืช ื›ื‘ืจ ืžืจื—ืคืช ืกื›ื ื”.
02:03
And that's a real problem,
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ื•ื–ืืช ื‘ืขื™ื” ืืžื™ืชื™ืช,
02:05
because that transition to cleaner energy needs to happen
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ื›ื™ ื”ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื ืงื™ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ืชืจื—ืฉ ืžื”ืจ ื›ื›ืœ ื”ืืคืฉืจ.
02:08
sooner rather than later.
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02:11
Firstly,
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ืงื•ื“ื ื›ืœ,
02:12
because greenhouse gases, once released,
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ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื’ื–ื™ ื—ืžืžื” ืฉืฉื•ื—ืจืจื• ื ื•ืชืจื™ื ื‘ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื” ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื.
02:14
stay in the atmosphere for decades.
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02:17
And secondly,
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ื•ืฉื ื™ืช,
02:18
if a developing economy builds its power grid around fossil fuels today,
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ืื ื›ืœื›ืœื” ืžืชืคืชื—ืช ืžืงื™ืžื” ื”ื™ื•ื ืืช ืจืฉืช ื”ื—ืฉืžืœ ืฉืœื” ืขืœ ื“ืœืงื™ ืžืื•ื‘ื ื™ื,
02:24
it's going to be way more costly to change later on.
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ื™ื”ื™ื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื™ืงืจ ืœืฉื ื•ืช ื–ืืช ื‘ืขืชื™ื“.
02:28
So for the climate,
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ืื– ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื”ืืงืœื™ื,
02:30
history may judge that the banking crisis happened
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ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืชืงื‘ืข ื›ื ืจืื” ืฉืžืฉื‘ืจ ื”ื‘ื ืงืื•ืช
ื”ืชืจื—ืฉ ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืœื-ื ื›ื•ืŸ.
02:34
at just the wrong time.
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02:36
The story need not be this gloomy, though.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืœื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืงื•ื“ืจ.
02:41
Three years ago,
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ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืฉื ื™ื,
02:43
I argued that governments could use the tools
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ื˜ืขื ืชื™ ืฉื”ืžืžืฉืœื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื›ืœื™ื
02:46
deployed to save the financial system
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ืฉื”ื•ืคืขืœื• ืœื”ืฆืœืช ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ืช
02:49
to meet other global challenges.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืคืชื•ืจ ืืชื’ืจื™ื ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื.
02:51
And these arguments are getting stronger, not weaker, with time.
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ื•ืื•ืชื ื˜ื™ืขื•ื ื™ื ืžืชื—ื–ืงื™ื ืขื ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื•ืœื ื ื—ืœืฉื™ื.
02:58
Let's take a brief reminder of what those tools looked like.
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ืžื”ื ืื•ืชื ื›ืœื™ื? ื”ื ื” ืชื–ื›ื•ืจืช ืงืฆืจื”.
03:03
When the financial crisis hit in 2008,
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ื›ืฉืคืจืฅ ื”ืžืฉื‘ืจ ื”ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ ื‘-2008,
03:06
the central banks of the US and UK
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ื”ื‘ื ืงื™ื ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืืจื”"ื‘ ื•ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื”
03:09
began buying bonds issued by their own governments
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ื”ื—ืœื• ืœืงื ื•ืช ืื’ืจื•ืช ื—ื•ื‘ ืฉื”ื ืคื™ืงื• ื”ืžืžืฉืœื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื
03:12
in a policy known as "quantitative easing."
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ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉื ื•ื“ืขื” ื›"ื”ืจื—ื‘ื” ื›ืžื•ืชื™ืช".
03:15
Depending on what happens to those bonds when they mature,
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ืœืคื™ ืžื” ืฉื™ืงืจื” ืœืื’ืจื•ืช ื—ื•ื‘ ืืœื” ื‘ืžื•ืขื“ ืคืจืขื•ื ืŸ,
03:19
this is money printing by another name.
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ื–ื”ื• ืฉื ืื—ืจ ืœื”ื“ืคืกืช ื›ืกืฃ.
03:22
And boy, did they print.
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ื•ื”ืŸ ื”ื“ืคื™ืกื•, ื•ืขื•ื“ ืื™ืš.
03:24
The US alone created four trillion dollars' worth of its own currency.
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ืืจื”"ื‘ ืœื‘ื“ื” ื™ืฆืจื” ืขืจืš ืฉืœ 4 ื˜ืจื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืœืจ ื‘ืžื˜ื‘ืข ืฉืœื”.
03:29
This was not done in isolation.
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ื–ื” ืœื ื ืขืฉื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื‘ื•ื“ื“.
03:31
In a remarkable act of cooperation,
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ื‘ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ-ืคืขื•ืœื” ื”ืจืื•ื™ ืœืฆื™ื•ืŸ,
03:34
the 188 countries that make up the International Monetary Fund, the IMF,
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188 ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืฉืžื”ื•ื•ืช ืืช ืงืจืŸ ื”ืžื˜ื‘ืข ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ืช
03:38
agreed to issue 250 billion dollars' worth of their own currency --
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ื”ืกื›ื™ืžื• ืœื”ื ืคื™ืง ืขืจืš ืฉืœ 250 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื“ื•ืœืจ ื‘ืžื˜ื‘ืขื•ืช ืฉืœื”ืŸ --
03:42
the Special Drawing Right --
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ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื” ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช --
03:45
to boost reserves around the world.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ื“ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืจื–ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื.
03:47
When the financial crisis moved to Europe,
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ื›ืฉื”ืžืฉื‘ืจ ื”ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ ืขื‘ืจ ืœืื™ืจื•ืคื”,
03:51
the European Central Bank President, Mario Draghi,
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ื ืฉื™ื ื”ื‘ื ืง ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคื™, ืžืจื™ื• ื“ืจืื’ื™,
03:55
promised "to do whatever it takes."
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ื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— "ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื“ืจื•ืฉ".
03:59
And they did.
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ื•ื”ื ืื›ืŸ ืขืฉื•.
04:01
The Bank of Japan repeated those words -- that exact same commitment --
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ื”ื‘ื ืง ืฉืœ ื™ืคืŸ ื—ื–ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืžืœื™ื ื”ืืœื” -- ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืขืœ ืื•ืชื” ื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ื•ืช --
04:06
to do "whatever it takes" to reflate their economy.
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ืœืขืฉื•ืช "ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื“ืจื•ืฉ" ื›ื“ื™ ืœืื•ืฉืฉ ืืช ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื” ืฉืœื”ื.
04:11
In both cases,
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ื‘ืฉื ื™ ื”ืžืงืจื™ื
04:13
"whatever it takes" meant trillions of dollars more
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"ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื“ืจื•ืฉ" ืžืฉืžืขื• ืชื•ืกืคืช ื˜ืจื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ื“ื•ืœืจื™ื
04:17
in money-printing policies that continue today.
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ื›ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื“ืคืกืช ื›ืกืฃ ืฉื ืžืฉื›ืช ื’ื ื”ื™ื•ื.
04:21
What this shows
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ืžื” ืฉื–ื” ืžื•ื›ื™ื—
04:23
is that when faced with some global challenges,
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ื”ื•ื ืฉืœื ื•ื›ื— ืืชื’ืจื™ื ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื
04:28
policy makers are able to act collectively, with urgency,
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ืงื•ื‘ืขื™ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœืคืขื•ืœ ื™ื—ื“ ื•ื‘ื“ื—ื™ืคื•ืช,
04:32
and run the risks of unconventional policies like money printing.
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ื•ืœืงื—ืช ืกื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ื—ืจื™ื’ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ื”ื“ืคืกืช ื›ืกืฃ.
04:39
So, let's go back to that original question:
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ืื– ื”ื‘ื” ื ื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœืฉืืœื” ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ืช:
04:45
Can we print money for climate finance?
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ื”ืื ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื“ืคื™ืก ื›ืกืฃ ืœืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ืืงืœื™ืžื™?
04:49
Three years ago,
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ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืฉื ื™ื
04:50
the idea of using money in this way was something of a taboo.
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ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื›ืš ื‘ื›ืกืฃ ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืžืขืฉื” ืฉืœื ื™ื™ืขืฉื”.
04:54
Once you break down and dismantle the idea
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ื›ืฉืžืคืจืงื™ื ืœืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื• ืืช ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื›ืกืฃ ื”ื•ื ืžืฉืื‘ ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœ,
04:57
that money is a finite resource,
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05:00
governments can quickly get overwhelmed by demands from their people
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ืžืžืฉืœื•ืช ืขืœื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืฆืคื•ืช ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ื“ืจื™ืฉื•ืช ืžืฆื“ ืขืžื™ื”ืŸ
05:05
to print more and more money for other causes:
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ืœื”ื“ืคื™ืก ืขื•ื“ ื•ืขื•ื“ ื›ืกืฃ ืœืžื˜ืจื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช:
05:08
education, health care, welfare --
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ื—ื™ื ื•ืš, ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช, ืจื•ื•ื—ื” --
05:10
even defense.
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ืืคื™ืœื• ืœืฆืจื›ื™ ื‘ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ.
05:12
And there are some truly terrible historical examples of money printing --
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ื•ื™ืฉ ื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื›ืžื” ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ืžืžืฉ ื ื•ืจืื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื“ืคืกืช ื›ืกืฃ --
05:17
uncontrolled money printing --
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ื”ื“ืคืกืช ื›ืกืฃ ืœื-ืžื‘ื•ืงืจืช --
05:20
leading to hyperinflation.
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ืฉื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื• ืœื”ื™ืคืจ-ืื™ื ืคืœืฆื™ื”.
05:22
Think: Weimar Republic in 1930;
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ื”ื™ื–ื›ืจื• ื‘ืจืคื•ื‘ืœื™ืงืช ื•ื•ื™ื™ืžืืจ ื‘-1930,
05:26
Zimbabwe more recently, in 2008,
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ื‘ื–ื™ืžื‘ืื‘ื•ืื”, ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื”, ื‘-2008,
05:29
when the prices of basic goods like bread are doubling every day.
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ื›ืฉืžื—ื™ืจื™ ื”ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื™ื ื›ืžื• ืœื—ื ื”ื•ื›ืคืœื• ืžื™ื“ื™ ื™ื•ื.
05:34
But all of this is moving the public debate forward,
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืืœื” ืžื ื™ืขื™ื ืืช ื’ืœื’ืœื™ ื”ืฉื™ื— ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™,
05:39
so much so, that money printing for the people is now discussed openly
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ืขื“ ื›ื“ื™ ื›ืš ืฉื”ื“ืคืกืช ื›ืกืฃ ืœืžืขืŸ ื”ืขื ื ื™ื“ื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื•ื ื‘ื’ืœื•ื™
05:45
in the financial media, and even in some political manifestos.
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ื‘ืžื“ื™ื” ื”ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ืช ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ื›ืžื” ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ื™-ื“ืขืช ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื™ื.
05:50
But it's important the debate doesn't stop here,
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ืื‘ืœ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉื”ื•ื•ื™ื›ื•ื— ืœื ื™ื™ืขืฆืจ ื‘ืกื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื“ืคืกืช ืžื˜ื‘ืขื•ืช ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื.
05:52
with printing national currencies.
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05:57
Because climate change is a shared global problem,
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ื”ืืงืœื™ื ื”ื ื‘ืขื™ื” ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช,
06:01
there are some really compelling reasons
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ื™ืฉ ื›ืžื” ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืžืžืฉ ืžืฉื›ื ืขื•ืช
06:04
why we should be printing that international currency
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ืœื›ืš ืฉืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื”ื“ืคื™ืก ืžื˜ื‘ืข ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™
06:08
that's issued by the IMF,
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ื›ืžื• ื–ื” ืฉื”ื ืคื™ืงื” ืงืจืŸ ื”ืžื˜ื‘ืข ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ืช,
06:10
to fund it.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžืžืŸ ื–ืืช.
06:11
The Special Drawing Right, or SDR,
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ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื” ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช
06:15
is the IMF's electronic unit of account
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ื”ื™ื ื™ื—ื™ื“ืช ื”ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ื”ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืงืจืŸ ื”ืžื˜ื‘ืข ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ืช
06:18
that governments use to transfer funds amongst each other.
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ืฉื‘ื” ืžืฉืชืžืฉื•ืช ืžืžืฉืœื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ืŸ ื›ืกืคื™ื.
06:23
Think of it as a peer-to-peer payment network,
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ื—ื™ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื–ื” ื›ืขืœ ืจืฉืช ืชืฉืœื•ืžื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืขืžื™ืชื™ื,
06:26
like Bitcoin, but for governments.
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ื›ืžื• ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ืงื•ื™ืŸ, ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืžืฉืœื•ืช.
06:30
And it's truly global.
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ื•ื–ื” ื‘ืืžืช ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™.
06:33
Each of the 188 members of the IMF hold SDR quotas
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ืœืจืฉื•ืช ื›ืœ ืื—ืช ืž-188 ื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื‘ืงืจืŸ ื”ืžื˜ื‘ืข ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ืช
ืขื•ืžื“ื•ืช ืžื›ืกื•ืช ื–ื›ื•ืช ืžืฉื™ื›ื” ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช ื›ื—ืœืง ืžืจื–ืจื‘ื•ืช ืžื˜ื‘ืข ื”ื—ื•ืฅ ืฉืœื”ืŸ.
06:38
as part of their foreign exchange reserves.
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06:41
These are national stores of wealth
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ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืžืื’ืจื™ ืขื•ืฉืจ ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื
06:44
that countries keep to protect themselves against currency crises.
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ืฉื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืžื ื”ืœื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชื’ื•ื ืŸ ืžืคื ื™ ืžืฉื‘ืจื™ ืžื˜ื‘ืข.
06:48
And that global nature is why,
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ื•ื”ืื•ืคื™ ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœื›ืš
06:51
at the height of the financial crisis in 2009,
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ืฉื‘ืฉื™ื ื”ืžืฉื‘ืจ ื”ืคื™ื ื ืกื™, ื‘-2009,
06:55
the IMF issued those extra 250 billion dollars --
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ืงืจืŸ ื”ืžื˜ื‘ืข ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ื”ื ืคื™ืงื” ืืช ืชื•ืกืคืช 250 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื”ื“ื•ืœืจ --
06:59
because it served as a collective global action
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ื›ื™ ื–ื” ื”ื™ื•ื•ื” ืคืขื•ืœื” ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ืช ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช
07:02
that safeguarded countries large and small in one fell swoop.
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ืฉื”ื’ื ื” ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช, ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื•ืงื˜ื ื•ืช, ื‘ื‘ืช ืื—ืช.
07:09
But here --
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ืื‘ืœ --
07:10
here's the intriguing part.
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ื”ื ื” ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ืžืกืงืจืŸ.
07:13
More than half of those extra SDRs that were printed in 2009 --
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ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื—ืฆื™ ืžืื•ืชืŸ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืฉื™ื›ื” ืขื•ื“ืคื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ื“ืคืกื• ื‘-2009 --
07:18
150 billion dollars' worth --
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ื‘ืขืจืš ืฉืœ 250 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื“ื•ืœืจ --
07:20
went to developed market countries who, for the most part,
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ื”ื•ืคื ื• ืœืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืฉื•ืง ืžืคื•ืชื—ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื“"ื›
07:24
have a modest need for these foreign exchange reserves,
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ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืŸ ืฆื•ืจืš ืฆื ื•ืข ื‘ืจื–ืจื‘ื•ืช ืžื˜ื‘ืข ื—ื•ืฅ ืืœื”,
07:27
because they have flexible exchange rates.
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ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ืŸ ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ื—ืœื™ืคื™ืŸ ื’ืžื™ืฉื™ื.
07:30
So those extra reserves that were printed in 2009,
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ืื– ืื•ืชืŸ ืจื–ืจื‘ื•ืช ืขื•ื“ืคื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ื“ืคืกื• ื‘-2009,
07:34
in the end, for developed market countries at least,
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ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ, ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืฉื•ืง ืžืคื•ืชื—ื•ืช,
07:38
weren't really needed.
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ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื”ืŸ ืฆื•ืจืš ืืžื™ืชื™.
07:40
And they remain unused today.
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ื•ื”ืŸ ื ื•ืชืจื• ืœืœื ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืขื“ ื”ื™ื•ื.
07:43
So here's an idea.
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ืื– ื”ื ื” ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ.
07:45
As a first step,
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ื›ืฉืœื‘ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ,
07:47
why don't we start spending those unused,
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ืžื“ื•ืข ืฉืœื ื ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืื•ืชืŸ,
07:50
those extra SDRs that were printed in 2009,
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ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื” ื”ืขื•ื“ืคื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ื“ืคืกื• ื‘-2009,
07:53
to combat climate change?
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ืขืœ ื”ืžืื‘ืง ื‘ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ื”ืืงืœื™ื?
07:55
They could, for example,
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ืืคืฉืจ, ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”,
07:57
be used to buy bonds issued by the UN's Green Climate Fund.
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ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื”ืŸ ืœืจื›ื™ืฉืช ืื’ืจื•ืช ื—ื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ืงืจืŸ ื”ืืงืœื™ื ื”ื™ืจื•ืงื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื•"ื,
08:02
This was a fund created in 2009,
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ืงืจืŸ ืฉื”ื•ืงืžื” ื‘-2009,
08:05
following that climate agreement in Copenhagen.
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ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ืกื›ืžื™ ื”ืืงืœื™ื ืฉืœ ืงื•ืคื ื”ื’ืŸ.
08:09
And it was designed to channel funds towards developing countries
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ื”ื™ื ื ื•ืขื“ื” ืœืชืขืœ ื›ืกืคื™ื ืœืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืžืชืคืชื—ื•ืช
08:14
to meet their climate projects.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžืžืŸ ืฉื ืžื™ื–ืžื™ ืืงืœื™ื.
08:16
It's been one of the most successful funds of its type,
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ื–ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ืื—ืช ื”ืงืจื ื•ืช ื”ื›ื™ ืžื•ืฆืœื—ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื’ื”,
08:19
raising almost 10 billion dollars.
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ื•ื”ื™ื ื’ื™ื™ืกื” ื›ืžืขื˜ 10 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื“ื•ืœืจ.
08:21
But if we use those extra SDRs that were issued,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืขื•ื“ืคื™ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื” ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ื ืคืงื•,
08:25
it helps governments get back on track,
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ื–ื” ื™ืขื–ื•ืจ ืœืžืžืฉืœื•ืช ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœืชืคืงื•ื“,
08:28
to meet that promise of 100 billion dollars a year
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ื•ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ื”ื‘ื˜ื—ื” ืฉืœ 100 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื“ื•ืœืจ ื‘ืฉื ื”
08:31
that was derailed by the financial crisis.
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ืฉื”ืžืฉื‘ืจ ื”ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ ื—ื™ื‘ืœ ื‘ื”.
08:35
It could also --
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ื–ื” ื’ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ --
08:37
it could also serve as a test case.
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ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื’ื ืœืฉืžืฉ ื›ืžืงืจื”-ืžื‘ื—ืŸ.
08:42
If the inflationary consequences of using SDRs in this way are benign,
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ืื ื”ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื”ืื™ื ืคืœืฆื™ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื›ื–ื” ื‘ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื” ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื•ืช ืชื”ื™ื™ื ื” ืžืชื•ื ื•ืช,
08:48
it could be used to justify
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ืืคืฉืจ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ืฆื“ื™ืง ื›ืš
08:50
the additional, extra issuance of SDRs, say, every five years,
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ื”ื ืคืงื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ืฉืœ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืฉื™ื›ื” ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื•ืช ื ื ื™ื—, ืžื™ื“ื™ 5 ืฉื ื™ื,
08:55
again, with the commitment
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ืฉื•ื‘, ืชื•ืš ื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ื•ืช
08:57
that developed-market countries would direct their share
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ืฉืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืฉื•ืง ืžืคื•ืชื—ื•ืช ื™ืชืขืœื• ืืช ื—ืœืงืŸ ื‘ืจื–ืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช
09:02
of the new reserves
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09:03
to the Green Climate Fund.
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ืœืงืจืŸ ื”ืืงืœื™ื ื”ื™ืจื•ืงื”.
09:07
Printing international money in this way has several advantages
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ื™ืฉ ื›ืžื” ื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ืœื”ื“ืคืกืช ื›ืกืฃ ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ื›ื–ืืช
09:10
over printing national currencies.
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ืœืขื•ืžืช ื”ื“ืคืกืช ืžื˜ื‘ืขื•ืช ื‘ืจืžื” ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช.
09:13
The first is it's really easy to argue
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ืจืืฉื™ืช, ืงืœ ืžืื“ ืœื˜ืขื•ืŸ
09:16
that spending money to mitigate climate change benefits everyone.
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ืฉื”ื•ืฆืืช ื›ืกืฃ ืœืจื™ืกื•ืŸ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ื”ืืงืœื™ื ืžื•ืขื™ืœื” ืœื›ื•ืœื.
09:21
No one section of society benefits from the printing press over another.
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ืื™ืŸ ืžื’ื–ืจ ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ืฉื ื”ื ื” ืžืžื›ื‘ืฉ ื”ื“ืคื•ืก ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืื—ืจื™ื.
09:25
That problem of competing claims is mitigated.
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ืžืฆื˜ืžืฆืžืช ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ืฉืœ ืชื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ืžืชื—ืจื•ืช.
09:29
It's also fair to say
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ื•ื’ื ื”ื•ื’ืŸ ืœื•ืžืจ
09:30
that because it takes so many countries to agree to issue these extra SDRs,
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ืฉื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉื“ืจื•ืฉื” ื”ืกื›ืžื” ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื›ื” ืจื‘ื•ืช ืœื”ื ืคืงืช ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื” ื”ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช,
09:35
it's highly unlikely that money printing would get out of control.
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ืžืื“ ืœื ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืฉื”ื“ืคืกืช ื”ื›ืกืฃ ืชืฆื ืžืฉืœื™ื˜ื”.
09:40
What you end up with is a collective, global action
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ืžื” ืฉืžืชืงื‘ืœืช ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ื™ื ืคืขื•ืœื” ืงื•ืœืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ื•ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ืช --
09:46
aimed -- and it's controlled global action --
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ื•ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืคืขื•ืœื” ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ืช ืžื‘ื•ืงืจืช --
09:50
aimed at a global good.
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ืฉืžื˜ืจืชื” ื”ื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื.
09:53
And,
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ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ,
09:54
as we've learned with the money-printing schemes,
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ื›ืคื™ ืฉืœืžื“ื ื• ืžืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ื”ื“ืคืกืช ื”ื›ืกืฃ,
09:57
whatever concerns we have can be allayed by rules.
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ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืคื™ื’ ื›ืœ ื“ืื’ื” ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื—ื•ืงื™ื.
10:00
So, for example,
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ืœืžืฉืœ,
10:02
the issuance of these extra SDRs every five years could be capped,
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ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื’ื‘ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ื ืคืงื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ืžืฉ ืฉืœ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื” ื”ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช,
10:07
such that this international currency is never more than five percent
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ืžื˜ื‘ืข ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ ื”ื–ื” ืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ื™ืขืœื” ืขืœ 5%
10:13
of global foreign exchange reserves.
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ืžืจื–ืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื—ืœื™ืคื™ืŸ ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ื•ืช.
10:15
That's important because it would allay
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ื–ื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘, ื›ื™ ื–ื” ื™ืคื™ื’, ื”ื‘ื” ื ืืžืจ ื‘ื’ืœื•ื™,
10:17
well, let's say, the ridiculous concerns that the US might have
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ืืช ื”ื“ืื’ื•ืช ื”ืžื’ื•ื—ื›ื•ืช ืฉืขืœื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ืชืขื•ืจืจ ื‘ืืจื”"ื‘
10:21
that the SDR could ever challenge the dollar's dominant role
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ืžืคื ื™ ืื™ื•ื ืžืฆื“ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื•ืช ืขืœ ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ื“ื•ืœืจ ื‘ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ื ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื.
10:26
in international finance.
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10:28
And in fact,
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ื•ืœืžืขืฉื”,
ืœื“ืขืชื™, ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืฉื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื” ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื•ืช ืขืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืœื’ื ื•ื‘ ืžื”ื“ื•ืœืจ
10:30
I think the only thing that the SDR would likely steal from the dollar
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10:33
under this scheme
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ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื”ื–ืืช
10:34
is its nickname, the "greenback."
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ื”ื•ื ืืช ื›ื™ื ื•ื™ื•, "ื™ืจื•ืงื™ื".
10:38
Because even with that cap in place,
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ื›ื™ ืืคื™ืœื• ืขื ื”ืžื’ื‘ืœื” ื”ื–ืืช,
10:42
the IMF could have followed up its issuance --
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ืงืจืŸ ื”ืžื˜ื‘ืข ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ื™ื›ืœื” ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ื”ื ืคืงื” ืฉืœื” --
10:45
its massive issuance of SDRs in 2009 --
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ื”ื”ื ืคืงื” ื”ืžืกื™ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืฉื™ื›ื” ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื•ืช ื‘-2009 --
10:48
with a further 200 billion dollars of SDRs in 2014.
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ืœื”ื ืคื™ืง ืขื•ื“ 200 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื“ื•ืœืจ ื‘ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืฉื™ื›ื” ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื•ืช ื‘-2014.
10:54
So hypothetically,
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ืื– ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ื™ืคื•ืชื˜ื™,
10:58
that would mean that developed countries could have contributed
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ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืžืคื•ืชื—ื•ืช ื™ื›ืœื• ืœืชืจื•ื
11:01
up to 300 billion dollars' worth of SDRs
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ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืฉื™ื›ื” ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืขืจืš ืฉืœ ืขื“ 300 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื“ื•ืœืจ
11:05
to the Green Climate Fund.
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ืœืงืจืŸ ื”ืืงืœื™ื ื”ื™ืจื•ืงื”.
11:08
That's 30 times what it has today.
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ื–ื” ืคื™ 30 ืžื›ืคื™ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืงืจืŸ ื”ื™ื•ื.
11:11
And you know,
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ื•ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื–ื” ื ืฉืžืข ืžื“ื”ื™ื,
11:12
as spectacular as that sounds,
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11:15
it's only just beginning to look like "whatever it takes."
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ื–ื” ืจืง ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื”ื™ืจืื•ืช ื›ืžื• "ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื“ืจื•ืฉ".
11:21
And just to think what amazing things could be done with that money,
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ื•ืจืง ืœืชืช ืžื•ืฉื’ ืขืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื™ื ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ื›ืกืฃ ื”ื–ื”,
11:24
consider this:
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ื—ื™ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื–ื”:
11:26
in 2009,
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ื‘-2009,
11:28
Norway promised one billion dollars of its reserves to Brazil
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ื ื•ืจื‘ื’ื™ื” ื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื” ืœื‘ืจื–ื™ืœ ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื“ื•ืœืจ ืžื”ืจื–ืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœื”
11:33
if they followed through on their goals on deforestation.
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ืื ื”ื™ื ืชืฉื™ื’ ืืช ืžื˜ืจื•ืชื™ื” ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื‘ื™ืจื•ื ื”ื™ืขืจื•ืช.
11:38
That program has since delivered a 70 percent reduction in deforestation
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ืžืื–, ื”ืชื›ื ื™ืช ื”ื–ื• ื”ืฉื™ื’ื” ืฆืžืฆื•ื ืฉืœ 70% ื‘ื‘ื™ืจื•ื ื™ืขืจื•ืช
11:44
in the past decade.
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ื‘ืขืฉื•ืจ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ.
11:46
That's saving 3.2 billion tons of carbon dioxide emissions,
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ื–ื”ื• ื—ืกื›ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ 3.2 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื˜ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืคืœื™ื˜ื•ืช ืคื—ืžืŸ ื“ื•-ื—ืžืฆื ื™:
11:51
which is the equivalent of taking all American cars off the roads
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ืฉื•ื•ื” ืขืจืš ืœื”ื•ืจื“ืช ื›ืœ ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ื•ืช ืžื”ื›ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื
11:55
for three whole years.
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ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืฉื ื™ื ืฉืœืžื•ืช.
11:59
So what could we do
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ืื– ืžื” ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช
ืขื ืขื•ื“ 300 ืžื™ื–ืžื™ ืืงืœื™ื ื›ืืœื”, ืฉืœ ืชืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœ-ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืขื™ื,
12:01
with 300 other pay-for-performance climate projects like that,
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12:06
organized on a global scale?
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ืฉื™ืื•ืจื’ื ื• ื‘ื”ื™ืงืฃ ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™?
12:09
We could take cars off the roads for a generation.
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ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื•ืจื™ื“ ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืžื”ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ ื‘ืžืฉืš ื“ื•ืจ ืฉืœื.
12:13
So,
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ืœื›ืŸ,
12:15
let's not quibble about whether we can afford to fund climate change.
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ื”ื‘ื” ืœื ื ืชืขืกืง ื‘ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ื•ื ืฉืืœ ืื ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื ื• ืœืžืžืŸ ืืช ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ื”ืืงืœื™ื.
12:20
The real question is:
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ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ืช ื”ื™ื:
12:23
Do we care enough about future generations
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ื”ืื ืื™ื›ืคืช ืœื ื• ืžืกืคื™ืง ืžื”ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื‘ืื™ื
12:26
to take the very same policy risks we took to save the financial system?
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื—ืช ืืช ืื•ืชื ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœืงื—ื ื• ืœืžืขืŸ ื”ืฆืœืช ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ืช?
12:32
After all,
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ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื›ืœ,
12:34
we could do it,
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ื”ืฆืœื—ื ื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช,
12:36
we did do it
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ื‘ืืžืช ืขืฉื™ื ื• ื–ืืช ื•ืื ื• ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื–ืืช.
12:37
and we are doing it today.
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12:39
We must, must, must do "whatever it takes."
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ืื ื• ืžื•ื›ืจื—ื™ื, ืžื•ื›ืจื—ื™ื, ืžื•ื›ืจื—ื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช "ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื“ืจื•ืฉ".
12:45
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืœื›ื.
12:46
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื ื•ืชืจื•ืขื•ืช)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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