Stewart Brand: Building a home for the Clock of the Long Now

32,224 views ใƒป 2008-11-18

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Shlomo Adam ืžื‘ืงืจ: Ido Dekkers
00:12
Welcome to 10,000 feet.
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ื‘ืจื•ื›ื™ื ื”ื‘ืื™ื ืœื’ื•ื‘ื” 3,300 ืžื˜ืจ.
00:15
Let me explain why we are here
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ื”ื‘ื” ื•ืืกื‘ื™ืจ ืžื“ื•ืข ืื ื• ื›ืืŸ
00:16
and why some of you have a pine cone close to you.
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ื•ืžื“ื•ืข ืœื™ื“ ืื—ื“ื™ื ืžื›ื ื ืžืฆื ืื™ืฆื˜ืจื•ื‘ืœ.
00:20
Once upon a time, I did a book called "How Buildings Learn."
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ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื ื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ื›ืชื‘ืชื™ ืกืคืจ ื‘ืฉื "ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื‘ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื".
00:23
Today's event you might call "How Mountains Teach."
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ืืช ื”ืื™ืจื•ืข ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ื ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœื›ื ื•ืช "ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ื”ืจื™ื ืžืœืžื“ื™ื".
00:27
A little background: For 10 years I've been trying to figure out how to
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ืงืฆืช ืจืงืข: ืžื–ื” 10 ืฉื ื™ื ืฉืื ื™ ืžื ืกื” ืœืžืฆื•ื ื“ืจืš
00:29
hack civilization so that we can get long-term thinking
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ืœืชื›ื ืช ืืช ื”ืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ืœื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืœื˜ื•ื•ื— ืืจื•ืš ื‘ืฆื•ืจื”
00:34
to be automatic and common instead of difficult and rare --
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ืื•ื˜ื•ืžื˜ื™ืช ื•ื ืคื•ืฆื”, ื•ืœื ืงืฉื” ื•ื ื“ื™ืจื” --
00:38
or in some cases, non-existent.
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ื•ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื, ืœื ืงื™ื™ืžืช.
00:41
It would be helpful if humanity got into the habit of thinking
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ื™ื•ืขื™ืœ ืžืื“ ืื ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช ืชืกื’ืœ ืœืขืฆืžื” ืืช ื”ื”ืจื’ืœ ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘
00:46
of the now not just as next week or next quarter, but you know,
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ืขืœ 'ืขื›ืฉื™ื•' ืœื ืจืง ื‘ืชื•ืจ ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืข ืื• ื”ืจื‘ืขื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ืื™ื, ืืœื
00:50
next 10,000 years and the last 10,000 years --
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ื›-10,000 ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ื‘ืื•ืช ื•-10,000 ื”ืฉื ื™ื ืฉื—ืœืคื• --
00:54
basically civilization's story so far.
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ืฉืœืขืช-ืขืชื” ื–ื”ื• ื‘ืขืฆื ืกื™ืคื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื”.
00:58
So we have the Long Now Foundation in San Francisco.
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ืื– ื™ืฉื ื• ื‘ืกืŸ ืคืจื ืฆื™ืกืงื• ืžื›ื•ืŸ "ืœื•ื ื’ ื ืื•" (ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืืจื•ืš).
01:00
It's an incubator for about a dozen projects,
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืžื“ื’ืจื” ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื›ืชืจื™ืกืจ ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื,
01:02
all having to do with continuity over the long term.
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ืฉื›ื•ืœื ื ื•ื’ืขื™ื ืœื”ืžืฉื›ื™ื•ืช ืืจื•ื›ืช-ื˜ื•ื•ื—.
01:06
Our core project is a rather ambitious folly --
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ื”ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ืฉืœื ื• ื”ื•ื ื’ื—ืžื” ืฉืืคืชื ื™ืช ืœืžื“ื™ --
01:11
I suppose, a mythic undertaking: to build a 10,000-year clock
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ืžื‘ืฆืข ื‘ืžื™ืžื“ื™ื ืžื™ืชื™ื™ื: ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืฉืขื•ืŸ ืฉืœ 10,000 ืฉื ื”
01:16
that can really keep good time for that long a period.
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ืฉื™ื•ื›ืœ ื‘ืืžืช ืœืคืขื•ืœ ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ืชืงื•ืคื” ื›ื” ืืจื•ื›ื”.
01:21
And the design problems of a project like that are just absolutely delicious.
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ื•ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื”ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ ื›ื–ื” ื”ืŸ ื ื•ืจื ืžืชื•ืงื•ืช.
01:28
Go to the clock. And what we have here is something
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ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืืœ ื”ืฉืขื•ืŸ. ืžื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื›ืืŸ ื”ื•ื ืžืฉื”ื•
01:33
many of you saw here three years ago.
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ืฉืจื‘ื™ื ืžื›ื ืจืื• ื›ืืŸ ืœืคื ื™ 3 ืฉื ื™ื.
01:35
It's the first working prototype of the clock.
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ื–ื”ื• ื”ืื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืก ื”ืคืขื™ืœ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืขื•ืŸ.
01:37
It's about nine feet high.
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ื’ื•ื‘ื”ื• ื”ื•ื ื›-3 ืžื˜ืจื™ื.
01:38
Designed by Danny Hillis and Alexander Rose. It's presently in London,
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ืชื•ื›ื ืŸ ืข"ื™ ื“ื ื™ ื”ื™ืœื™ืก ื•ืืœื›ืกื ื“ืจ ืจื•ื–. ื›ืจื’ืข ื”ื•ื ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ,
01:43
and is ticking away very deliberately at the science museum there.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืžืชืงืชืง ืœื• ืฉื ื‘ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืžืจื•ื‘ื” ื‘ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ ื”ืžื“ืข.
01:47
So the design problem for today is going to be,
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ืื– ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ืชื›ื ื•ื ื™ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ื ืชื”ื™ื”
01:51
how do you house an eventual monumental clock like this
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ืื™ืš ืœืกืคืง ืงื•ืจืช ื’ื’ ืœืฉืขื•ืŸ ื ืฆื—ื™ ื•ืžื•ื ื•ืžื ื˜ืœื™ ื›ื–ื”
01:55
so it can really tick, save time beautifully for 100 centuries?
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ื›ืš ืฉื™ืคืขืœ ื›ืฉื•ืจื” ื•ื™ืฆื™ื™ืŸ ื™ืคื” ืืช ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื‘ืžืฉืš 100 ืžืื•ืช?
02:00
Well, this was the first solution.
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื”ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ.
02:02
Alexander Rose came up with this idea
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ืืœื›ืกื ื“ืจ ืจื•ื– ื”ืขืœื” ืืช ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื”
02:04
of a spiraloid tower with continuous sloping ramps.
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ืฉืœ ืžื’ื“ืœ ืกืคื™ืจืœื™ ืขื ืกื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืฉื™ืคื•ืข ืžืชืžื™ื“.
02:09
And it looked like a way to go, until you start thinking
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ื•ื–ื” ื ืจืื” ื›ืžื• ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื˜ื•ื‘, ืขื“ ืฉืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘
02:11
about, what does deep time do to a building?
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ืžื” ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืžืžื•ืฉืš ื™ืขื•ืœืœ ืœื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ?
02:14
Well, this is what deep time does to a building.
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ื•ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉื–ืžืŸ ืžืžื•ืฉืš ืžืขื•ืœืœ ืœื‘ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื.
02:17
This is the Parthenon. It's only 2,450 years old,
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ื–ื”ื• ื”ืคืจืชื ื•ืŸ. ื’ื™ืœื• ื”ื•ื ืจืง 2,450 ืฉื ื”,
02:21
and look what happened to it.
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ื•ืชืจืื• ืžื” ืงืจื” ืœื•.
02:22
Here's a beautiful project. They really knew it'd last forever,
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ื”ื ื” ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ ื™ืคื”ืคื”. ื”ื ื‘ืืžืช ื™ื“ืขื• ืฉื–ื” ื™ืขืžื•ื“ ืœื ืฆื—,
02:25
because they'd build it out of absolutely huge stones.
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ื›ื™ ื”ื ื‘ื ื• ืื•ืชื• ืžืื‘ื ื™ื ืขืฆื•ืžื•ืช.
02:29
And now it's a pathetic ruin and no one even knows what it was used for.
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ื•ื›ืขืช ืืœื• ื”ืจื™ืกื•ืช ืขืœื•ื‘ื•ืช ื•ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืข ืœืžื” ื–ื” ืฉื™ืžืฉ.
02:32
That's what happens to buildings. They're vulnerable.
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ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื” ืœื‘ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื. ื”ื ืคื’ื™ืขื™ื.
02:35
Even the most durable and intactable buildings,
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ืืคื™ืœื• ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื”ื›ื™ ืขืžื™ื“ื™ื ื•ื—ื–ืงื™ื,
02:38
like the pyramids of Giza, are in bad shape when you look up close.
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ื›ืžื• ื”ืคื™ืจืžื™ื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื’ื™ื–ื”, ื”ื ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื’ืจื•ืข ื‘ืžื‘ื˜ ืžืงืจื•ื‘.
02:42
They've been looted inside and out.
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ื‘ื–ื–ื• ืื•ืชื ืžื›ืœ ื”ื›ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ื.
02:45
And they're built to protect things but they don't protect things.
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ื•ื”ื ื ื‘ื ื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืžืจ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื, ืืš ื”ื ืœื ืžืฉืžืจื™ื ื›ืœื•ื.
02:48
So we got to thinking, if you can't put things safely in a building,
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ืื– ืชื”ื™ื ื•, ืื ืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœืฉื™ื ืžืฉื”ื• ื‘ื‘ื˜ื—ื” ื‘ืชื•ืš ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ,
02:52
where can you safely put them? We thought, OK, underground.
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ืื™ืคื” ืืคืฉืจ ืœืฉื™ื ืื•ืชื•? ื‘ืกื“ืจ, ืžืชื—ืช ืœืื“ืžื”.
02:55
How about underground with a view?
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ืื•ืœื™ ืžืชื—ืช ืœืื“ืžื” ืขื ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืชืฆืคื™ืช?
02:58
Underground in a place that's really solid.
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ืžื™ืงื•ื ืชืช ืงืจืงืขื™ ื”ื•ื ื‘ืืžืช ื™ืฆื™ื‘.
03:00
So the obvious answer was, we need a mountain.
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ืื– ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ื‘ืจื•ืจื” ื”ื™ืชื” ืฉืื ื• ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ืœื”ืจ.
03:04
You don't want just any mountain.
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ื•ืœื ืกืชื ื”ืจ.
03:06
You need absolutely the right mountain
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ื”ื•ื ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ื”ืจ ื”ื ื›ื•ืŸ
03:09
if you're going to have a clock for 10,000 years.
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ืื ืืžื•ืจ ืœื”ื™ืžืฆื ื‘ืชื•ื›ื• ืฉืขื•ืŸ ืœืžืฉืš 10,000 ืฉื ื”.
03:11
So here's an image of the long view of the search problem.
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ื”ื ื” ืชืžื•ื ื” ืžืžืจื—ืง ืจื‘ ืฉืžืฆื™ื’ื” ืืช ื‘ืขื™ื™ืช ื”ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ
03:16
And we got to thinking for various reasons it ought to be a desert mountain,
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ื—ืฉื‘ื ื• ืฉืžืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžื•ืช ื–ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ืจ ืžื“ื‘ืจื™,
03:20
so we got looking in the dry areas of the Southwest.
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ืื– ื”ืชื—ืœื ื• ืœื—ืคืฉ ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืฆื—ื™ื—ื™ื ืฉื‘ื“ืจื•ื-ืžืขืจื‘,
03:23
We looked at mesas in New Mexico.
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ื—ื™ืคืฉื ื• ื‘ืจืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ื ื™ื• ืžืงืกื™ืงื•,
03:26
We were looking at dead volcanoes in Arizona.
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ื‘ื“ืงื ื• ื”ืจื™ ื’ืขืฉ ืจื“ื•ืžื™ื ื‘ืืจื™ื–ื•ื ื”,
03:28
Then Roger Kennedy, who was the director of the National Parks Service,
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ื•ืื– ืจื•ื’'ืจ ืงื ื“ื™, ืฉื”ื™ื” ื™ื•"ืจ ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืคืืจืงื™ื ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื,
03:31
led us to Eastern Nevada,
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ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืื•ืชื ื• ืœืžื–ืจื— ื ื‘ื“ื”,
03:33
to America's newest and oldest national park,
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ืœืคืืจืง ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ื”ื›ื™ ื—ื“ืฉ ื•ื”ื›ื™ ืขืชื™ืง,
03:36
which is called Great Basin National Park.
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ืฉืฉืžื• 'ื”ืคืืจืง ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ ื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ ื‘ื™ื™ืกื™ืŸ'.
03:40
It's right on the eastern border of Nevada.
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ื”ื•ื ื ืžืฆื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื‘ื’ื‘ื•ืœื” ื”ืžื–ืจื—ื™ ืฉืœ ื ื‘ื“ื”
03:43
It's the highest range in the state -- over 13,000 feet.
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ื–ื”ื• ื”ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ื›ื™ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” - ื›ืžืขื˜ 4 ืง"ืž,
03:47
And you'll notice that on the left, on the left, on the west, it's very steep,
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ื•ืชืฉื™ืžื• ืœื‘ ืฉืžืฉืžืืœ, ืžืžืขืจื‘, ื”ื•ื ืžืื“ ืชืœื•ืœ.
03:51
and on the right it's gentle.
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ื•ืžื™ืžื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืžืชื•ืŸ.
03:54
This place is remote. It's over 200 miles from any major city.
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ื–ื”ื• ืžืงื•ื ื ื™ื“ื—. ื”ื•ื ืžืจื•ื—ืง ื›-350 ืง"ืž ืžื›ืœ ืขื™ืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœื”,
03:58
It's nowhere near any Interstate or railroad.
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ื”ื•ื ืœื ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืงื™ืจื‘ืช ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ ืจืืฉื™ ืื• ืžืกื™ืœืช ืจื›ื‘ืช.
04:01
And it's -- the only thing that goes by is what's called
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ืขื•ื‘ืจ ืฉื ืจืง ืžื” ืฉืžื›ื•ื ื”
04:05
America's loneliest highway, U.S. 50.
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ื”ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ ื”ื›ื™ ื‘ื•ื“ื“ ื‘ืืžืจื™ืงื”, ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ ืžืก' 50.
04:09
Now, inside the yellow line here, on the right is -- that's all national park.
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ื•ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืงื• ื”ืฆื”ื•ื‘ ื›ืืŸ, ืžื™ืžื™ืŸ - ื›ืœ ื–ื” ืคืืจืง ืœืื•ืžื™.
04:14
Inside the green line is national forest.
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ืžื” ืฉื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืงื• ื”ื™ืจื•ืง ื”ื•ื ื™ืขืจ ืœืื•ืžื™
04:17
And then over to the left is Bureau of Land Management land and some private land.
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ื•ืžืฉืžืืœ ื–ื• ืื“ืžืช ืœืฉื›ืช ื”ืžืงืจืงืขื™ืŸ ื•ืงืฆืช ืื“ืžื” ืคืจื˜ื™ืช.
04:21
Now, as it happened, that two-mile-long strip right in the middle,
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ื•ื”ืกืชื‘ืจ ืฉื”ืจืฆื•ืขื” ื‘ืช 3.2 ื”ืง"ืž ืฉื‘ืืžืฆืข,
04:24
this vertical, was available because it was private land.
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ื”ืคืก ื”ืžืื•ื ืš ื”ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืคื ื•ื™ ื›ื™ ื–ื• ืื“ืžื” ืคืจื˜ื™ืช.
04:30
And thanks to Jay Walker who was here and Mitch Kapor who was here,
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ื•ื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ืœื’'ื™ื™ ื•ื•ืงืจ ื•ืžื™ื˜ืฉ ืงื™ื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉื”ื™ื• ื›ืืŸ,
04:34
who started the process, Long Now was able to get that two-mile-long strip of land.
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ืฉื”ื—ืœื• ืืช ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš, 'ืœื•ื ื’ ื ืื•' ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื” ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืืช ืคืก ื”ืงืจืงืข ื”ื–ื” ื‘ืŸ 3.2 ื”ืง"ืž
04:40
And now let's look at the grand truth of what's there.
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ื•ื›ืขืช ื”ื‘ื” ื ื‘ื™ื˜ ื‘ืžื“ืจื•ืŸ ื”ืงืจืงืข ืฉื ืžืฆื ืฉื.
04:43
We're in Pole Canyon, looking west up the western escarpment
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ืื ื• ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืงื ื™ื•ืŸ ืคื•ืœ ื•ืฆื•ืคื™ื ืžืขืจื‘ื” ืขืœ ื”ืžื“ืจื•ืŸ ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™
04:47
of Mount Washington, which is 11,600 feet on top.
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ืฉืœ ื”ืจ ื•ื•ืฉื™ื ื’ื˜ื•ืŸ, ืฉื’ื•ื‘ื”ื• 3.5 ืง"ืž.
04:52
Those white cliffs are a dense Cambrian limestone.
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ื”ืฆื•ืงื™ื ื”ืœื‘ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืื‘ืŸ ื’ื™ืจ ืงืฉื” ืžื”ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื”ืงืžื‘ืจื™.
04:55
That's a 2,000-foot thick formation,
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืชืฆื•ืจื” ื‘ืขื•ื‘ื™ 600 ืžื˜ืจ,
04:58
and it might be a beautiful place to hide a clock.
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ื•ื”ื™ื ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืงื•ื ืžืขื•ืœื” ืœื”ื—ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื• ืฉืขื•ืŸ.
05:03
It would be a pilgrimage to get to it; it would be a serious hike
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ื”ื”ื’ืขื” ืœื›ืืŸ ืชื”ื™ื” ืขืœื™ื”-ืœืจื’ืœ ื•ื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ื˜ื™ืคื•ืก ืจืฆื™ื ื™
05:06
to get up to where the clock is.
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ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืืชืจ ื‘ื• ื™ืขืžื•ื“ ื”ืฉืขื•ืŸ.
05:09
So last June, the Long Now board, some staff and some donors
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ื•ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ, ืžื•ืขืฆืช 'ืœื•ื ื’ ื ืื•' ืขื ืื ืฉื™ ืกื’ืœ ื•ื›ืžื” ืชื•ืจืžื™ื
05:14
and advisors, made a two-week expedition to the mountain
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ื•ื™ื•ืขืฆื™ื, ื™ืฆืื• ืœืฉืœื™ื—ื•ืช ื‘ืช ืฉื‘ื•ืขื™ื™ื ืืœ ื”ื”ืจ
05:19
to explore it and investigate, one, if it's the right mountain,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชื•ืจ ืื•ืชื• ื•ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง, ื', ืื ื–ื”ื• ื”ื”ืจ ื”ืžืชืื™ื,
05:24
and two, if it's the right mountain, how it might actually work for us.
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ื•-ื‘', ืื ืื›ืŸ ื–ื” ื”ื”ืจ ื”ืžืชืื™ื, ืื™ืš ื ื ืฆืœื• ืœืฆืจื›ื™ื ื•.
05:28
Now Danny Hillis sort of framed the problem.
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ื“ื ื™ ื”ื™ืœื™ืก ื ื™ืกื— ืืช ื”ื‘ืขื™ื”
05:31
He has a theory of how the overall clock experience should work.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื• ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื” ืื™ืš ืืžื•ืจื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ื”ื›ื•ืœืœืช ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืขื•ืŸ.
05:34
It's what he calls the seven stages of a mythic adventure.
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ื”ื•ื ืงื•ืจื ืœื–ื”, "ืฉื‘ืขืช ืฉืœื‘ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืจืคืชืงื” ืžื™ืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช."
05:38
It starts with the image. The image is a picture you have in your mind
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ื–ื” ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ื‘ืจืืฉ
05:42
of the goal at the end of the journey.
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ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืขื“ ืฉื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืžืกืข.
05:44
In this case it might well be an image of the clock.
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ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื–ื” ื–ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืชืžื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืขื•ืŸ.
05:47
Then there's the point of embarkation, that is, the point of transition
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ื•ืื– ื™ืฉื ื” ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ื™ืฆื™ืื” ืœืžืกืข, ืฉื”ื™ื ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืžืขื‘ืจ
05:51
from ordinary life to being a pilgrim on a quest.
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ืžื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื ืœื”ื•ื•ื™ื™ืช ืžืกืขื• ืฉืœ ืขื•ืœื” ืจื’ืœ.
05:55
Then -- this is a nice image of it, there's the labyrinth.
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ื•ืื– - ื”ื ื” ืชืžื•ื ื” ื™ืคื” ืฉืœ ื–ื”, ื™ืฉื ื• ื”ืžื‘ื•ืš
05:59
The labyrinth is a concept, it's like a twilight zone,
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ื”ืžื‘ื•ืš ื”ื•ื ืžื•ืฉื’, ื–ื”ื• ืžืขื™ืŸ ืื–ื•ืจ ื“ืžื“ื•ืžื™ื,
06:03
it's a place where it's difficult, where you get disoriented,
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ืงืฉื” ืฉื, ืžืื‘ื“ื™ื ืืช ื—ื•ืฉ ื”ื”ืชืžืฆืื•ืช,
06:06
maybe you get scared -- but you have to go through it
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ืื•ืœื™ ื’ื ื ื‘ื”ืœื™ื - ืื‘ืœ ืžื•ื›ืจื—ื™ื ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืื•ืชื•
06:09
if you're going to get to some kind of deep reintegration.
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ืื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืื™ื–ื• ืกื’ื™ืจืช ืžืขื’ืœ ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช.
06:12
Then there should always be in sight the draw --
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ื•ื‘ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื”ืขื™ืŸ ืชืžื™ื“ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ืžืฆื ืžื•ืงื“ ืžืฉื™ื›ื” --
06:16
a kind of a beacon that draws you on through the labyrinth
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ืžืขื™ืŸ ืžืฉื•ืื” ืฉืžื•ืฉื›ืช ื•ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ื“ืจืš ื”ืžื‘ื•ืš
06:19
to finish the process of getting there.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืกื™ื™ื ืืช ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื”ื’ืขื” ืœืฉื.
06:22
Now Brian Eno, who's been in the thick of the Long Now process,
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ื‘ืจื™ืืŸ ืื™ื ื•, ืฉื ืžืฆื ื‘ืขื‘ื™ ื”ืงื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ืชื”ืœื™ืš 'ืœื•ื ื’ ื ืื•',
06:25
spent two years making a C.D. called "January 7003,"
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ื”ืงื“ื™ืฉ ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื ืœื”ื›ื ืช ืืœื‘ื•ื ื‘ืฉื "ื™ื ื•ืืจ 7003",
06:30
and it's "Bell Studies for the Clock of the Long Now."
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"ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืคืขืžื•ื ื™ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืฉืขื•ืŸ ืฉืœ 'ืœื•ื ื’ ื ืื•'"
06:33
Based on -- parts of it are based on an algorithm that Danny Hillis developed,
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ืฉื‘ื•ืกืก ืขืœ-- ื—ืœืงื™ื ืžืžื ื• ืžื‘ื•ืกืกื™ื ืขืœ ืืœื’ื•ืจื™ืชื ืฉืคื™ืชื— ื“ื ื™ ื”ื™ืœื™ืก,
06:38
so that a peal of 10 bells
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ื›ืš ืฉืžืขืจืš ืฉืœ 10 ืคืขืžื•ื ื™ื
06:40
makes a different peal every day for 10,000 years.
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ื™ืฉืžื™ืข ืฆืœืฆื•ืœ ืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื ื‘ืžืฉืš 10,000 ืฉื ื”.
06:44
The Hillis algorithm. 10 factorial gives you that number.
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ื”ืืœื’ื•ืจื™ืชื ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืœื™ืก. ืขืฆืจืช 10 ืชื™ืชืŸ ืœื›ื ืืช ื”ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื–ื”.
06:48
And in fact, pretty soon we'll hear the sound.
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ื•ืœืžืขืฉื” ืžื™ื“ ื ืฉืžืข ืืช ื”ืฆืœื™ืœ ื”ื–ื”.
06:51
January 7003. There it is.
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ื™ื ื•ืืจ 7003. ื”ื ื” ื–ื”.
06:55
OK, back to Danny's list.
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ื ื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœืจืฉื™ืžื” ืฉืœ ื“ื ื™.
06:57
Number five of the seven is the payoff. This is it. The climax.
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ืžืก' 5 ืžืชื•ืš ื”-7 ื”ื•ื ื”ืชื’ืžื•ืœ. ื”ื ื” ื”ื•ื. ื”ืฉื™ื.
07:01
The goal. The main thing that you're trying to get to.
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ื”ื™ืขื“. ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ ืฉื”ืชืืžืฆืชื ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืืœื™ื•.
07:05
And then Danny says a really great journey will have a secret payoff.
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ื•ื“ื ื™ ืžื•ืกื™ืฃ ื•ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื‘ืžืกืข ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ืืžืช ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื’ืžื•ืœ ืกืžื•ื™
07:09
Something you didn't expect that caps what you did expect.
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ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืœื ืฆื™ืคื™ืชื ืœื•, ืฉืขื•ืœื” ืขืœ ืžื” ืฉืฆืคื™ืชื.
07:13
Then there's the return.
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ื›ืขืช ื™ืฉื ื” ื”ื—ื–ืจื” ื”ื‘ื™ืชื”.
07:15
You've got to have a gradual return to the ordinary world,
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ืืชื ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ืœื—ื–ืจื” ื”ื“ืจื’ืชื™ืช ืืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืจื’ื™ืœ,
07:18
so you have time to assimilate what you've learned.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื›ื ืคื ืื™ ืœื”ื˜ืžื™ืข ืืช ืžื” ืฉืœืžื“ืชื.
07:22
And then, how about a memento? Number seven.
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ื•ืื–, ืžื” ืขื ืžื–ื›ืจืช? ืžืกืคืจ ืฉื‘ืข.
07:26
At the end of it there's something physical,
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ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืžืžืชื™ืŸ ืžืฉื”ื• ืžื•ื—ืฉื™,
07:27
a kind of reward that you take away.
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ืžืขื™ืŸ ื’ืžื•ืœ ืฉืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืงื—ืช.
07:29
It might be a piece of a core drill of the mountain.
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ื–ื• ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื“ื•ื’ืžื™ืช ืฉืœ ืœื™ื‘ืช ื”ื”ืจ.
07:31
Something that's just yours.
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ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื”ื•ื ืจืง ืฉืœื›ื.
07:34
How do you study a mountain
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ืื™ืš ื‘ื•ื“ืงื™ื ื”ืจ
07:37
for the kinds of things we're talking about?
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ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืกื•ื’ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืื ื• ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœื™ื”ื?
07:39
This is not a normal building project.
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ื–ื” ืื™ื ื ื• ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ ื‘ื ื™ื” ืจื’ื™ืœ.
07:41
What do you look for?
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ืžื” ืžื—ืคืฉื™ื?
07:42
What are the elements that will most affect your ideas and decisions?
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ืžื” ื”ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืฉื™ืฉืคื™ืขื• ื”ื›ื™ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืขืœ ื”ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื•ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช?
07:48
Start with borders. If you look on the left side of the cliffs here,
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ื ืชื—ื™ืœ ืขื ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช. ื‘ืฆื“ ืฉืžืืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื•ืงื™ื ื”ืืœื”,
07:51
that's national park. That's sacrosanct --
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ื–ื”ื• ื”ืคืืจืง ื”ืœืื•ืžื™. ืื™ืŸ ืœื—ืœืœ ืื•ืชื• --
07:53
you can't do anything with that. To the right of it is national forest.
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ืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืฉื ื›ืœื•ื. ืžื™ืžื™ืŸ ื–ื”ื• ื”ื™ืขืจ ื”ืœืื•ืžื™
07:56
There's possibilities. The borders are important.
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ื™ืฉ ืฉื ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช. ื™ืฉ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช.
07:59
Other elements were mines, weather, approaches and elevation.
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ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืžื›ืจื•ืช, ืžื–ื’ ืื•ื•ื™ืจ, ื“ืจื›ื™ ื’ื™ืฉื” ื•ื”ื’ื•ื‘ื”,
08:07
And especially trees. Look at those things up on top there.
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ื•ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืขืฆื™ื. ืชื‘ื™ื˜ื• ืขืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืฉื ืœืžืขืœื”.
08:10
It turns out that Mount Washington is covered with bristlecone pines.
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ืžืกืชื‘ืจ ืฉื”ืจ ื•ื•ืฉื™ื ื’ื˜ื•ืŸ ืžื›ื•ืกื” ื‘ืขืฆื™ ืื•ืจืŸ ื”ืžื‘ืจืฉืช.
08:14
They're the world's oldest living thing.
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ืืœื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื›ื™ ืขืชื™ืงื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
08:17
People think they're just the size of shrubs, but that's not actually true.
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ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื”ื ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœ ืฉื™ื—ื™ื, ืืš ื–ื” ืœื ืœื’ืžืจื™ ื ื›ื•ืŸ.
08:22
There are trees on that mountain that are 5,000 years old and still living.
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ืืœื• ืขืฆื™ื ื‘ื ื™ 5,000 ืฉื ื” ืฉืฆื•ืžื—ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื”ืจ ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื—ื™ื™ื.
08:29
The wood is so solid it's like stone, and it lasts for a long time.
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ื”ืขืฅ ืฉืœื”ื ื›ื” ืžื•ืฆืง ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ืื‘ืŸ, ื•ื”ื•ื ืขืžื™ื“ ืœื ืฆื—
08:34
So when you do tree ring studies of trunks that are on the mountain,
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ื•ื›ืฉื‘ื•ื“ืงื™ื ืืช ื˜ื‘ืขื•ืช ื”ื’ื–ืข ืฉืœ ืขืฆื™ ื”ื”ืจ ื”ื–ื”,
08:38
some of them go back 10,000 years.
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ืื—ื“ื™ื ืžื”ื ื”ื ื‘ื ื™ 10,000 ืฉื ื”.
08:41
The stone itself is absolutely beautiful,
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ื”ืกืœืข ืขืฆืžื• ื”ื•ื ื™ืคื”ืคื”,
08:43
sculpted by millennia of very tough winters up there.
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ื”ื•ื ื’ื•ืœืฃ ืžืฉืš ืืœืคื™ ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ืจืคื™ื ื”ืงืฉื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื• ืฉื.
08:47
We had tree ring analysts from the University of Arizona
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ื”ื™ื• ืขื™ืžื ื• ื—ื•ืงืจื™ ื˜ื‘ืขื•ืช ื’ื–ืข ืžืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืืจื™ื–ื•ื ื”
08:50
join us on the expedition.
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ืฉื”ืฆื˜ืจืคื• ืœืžืฉืœื—ืช.
08:52
Now, if you guys have a pine cone handy,
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ืื– ืžื™ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื• ืื™ืฆื˜ืจื•ื‘ืœ,
08:54
now's a good time to put it in your hand and feel it, especially on the end.
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ืžื•ื–ืžืŸ ืœืงื—ืชื• ื‘ื™ื“ ื•ืœืžืฉืฉ ืื•ืชื•, ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ืงืฆื”.
08:59
That's interesting.
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ื–ื” ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ.
09:01
You'll find out why it's called a bristlecone pine. A little sensory experience.
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ืชื’ืœื• ืžื“ื•ืข ื”ืขืฅ ื ืงืจื ืื•ืจืŸ ื”ืžื‘ืจืฉืช. ื—ื•ื•ื™ื™ื” ื—ื•ืฉื™ืช ืงื˜ื ื”.
09:07
Here's Danny Hillis in the midst of a bristlecone pine forest
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ื”ื ื” ื“ื ื™ ื”ื™ืœื™ืก ื‘ืืžืฆืข ื™ืขืจ ืื•ืจื ื™ ื”ืžื‘ืจืฉืช
09:12
on Long Now land. I should say that the age of bristlecones
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ืขืœ ืื“ืžืช 'ืœื•ื ื’ ื ืื•'. ืขืœื™ ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื’ื™ืœื ืฉืœ ืื•ืจื ื™ ื”ืžื‘ืจืฉืช
09:17
was discovered, led by a theory.
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ื”ืชื’ืœื” ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช.
09:20
Edmund Schulman in the 1950s
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ืื“ืžื•ื ื“ ืฉื•ืœืžืŸ, ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-50,
09:22
had been studying trees under great stress at Timberline,
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ื—ืงืจ ืขืฆื™ื ืฉืฆืžื—ื• ื‘ืงื• ื”ืฆืžื—ื™ื™ื” ื•ื”ื™ื• ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืœืชื ืื™ื ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื,
09:26
and came to the realization that he put in an article in Science magazine
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ื•ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืžืกืงื ื” ืฉืื•ืชื” ืคื™ืจืกื ื‘ืžืืžืจ ื‘ื›ืชื‘ ื”ืขืช "ืกืื™ื™ื ืก"
09:29
called, "Longevity under Adversity in Conifers."
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ืฉื›ื•ืชืจืช: "ืืจื™ื›ื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืชื ืื™ ืžืฆื•ืงื” ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืขืฆื™ ืžื—ื˜."
09:35
And then, based on that principle, he started looking around
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ื•ืขืœ ืกืžืš ื”ืขืงืจื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ื”ื—ืœ ืœื”ืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ
09:38
at the various trees at Timberline,
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ื‘ืกื•ื’ื™ ืขืฆื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืฆื•ืžื—ื™ื ื‘ืงื• ื”ืฆืžื—ื™ื™ื”,
09:40
and realized that the bristlecone pines --
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ื•ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืื•ืจื ื™ ื”ืžื‘ืจืฉืช --
09:42
he found some in the White Mountains that were over 4,000 years old.
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ื”ื•ื ืžืฆื ื‘ื”ืจื™ื ื”ืœื‘ื ื™ื ื›ืžื” ื›ืืœื”, ื‘ื ื™ 4,000 ืฉื ื”.
09:47
Longevity under adversity is a pretty interesting design principle in its own right.
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ืืจื™ื›ื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืชื ืื™ ืžืฆื•ืงื” ื”ื•ื ืขืงืจื•ืŸ ืชื›ื ื•ื ื™ ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื›ืฉืœืขืฆืžื•.
09:52
OK, onto the mines. The first asking price for the property
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ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืœืžื›ืจื•ืช. ื”ืžื—ื™ืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ืฆื’ ืขืœ ื”ืฉื˜ื—
09:56
when we looked at it in 1998 was one billion dollars for 180 acres and a couple of mines.
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ื›ืฉื‘ื“ืงื ื• ืื•ืชื• ื‘-1998, ื”ื™ืชื” ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื“ื•ืœืจ ืœ-728 ื“ื•ื ื ื•ืฉื ื™ ืžื›ืจื•ืช.
10:06
Because the owner said, "There's one billion dollars of beryllium in that mountain."
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ื›ื™ ื”ื‘ืขืœื™ื ืืžืจื•, "ื™ืฉ ื‘ืจื™ืœื™ื•ื ื‘ืฉื•ื•ื™ ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื“ื•ืœืจ ื‘ื”ืจ ื”ื–ื”."
10:10
And we said, "Wow, that's great. Listen, we'll counter. How about zero?
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ื•ืื ื• ืขื ื™ื ื•, "ืื™ื–ื” ื™ื•ืคื™. ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื”ืฆืขื” ื ื’ื“ื™ืช. ืžื” ื“ืขืชื›ื ืขืœ ืืคืก?
10:15
(Laughter)
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[ืฆื—ื•ืง]
10:17
And we're a non-profit foundation, you can give us the property
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื ืœืžื˜ืจื•ืช ืจื•ื•ื—. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืชืช ืœื ื• ืืช ื”ื ื›ืก
10:21
and take a hell of a tax deduction.
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ื•ืœืงื‘ืœ ื”ืžื•ืŸ ื ื™ื›ื•ื™ื™ ืžืก.
10:24
(Laughter)
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[ืฆื—ื•ืง]
10:27
All you have to do is prove to the government it's worth a billion dollars."
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ืขืœื™ื›ื ืจืง ืœื”ื•ื›ื™ื— ืœืžืžืฉืœื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืฉื•ื•ื” ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื“ื•ืœืจ."
10:30
Well, a few years went by and there was some kind of back and forth,
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ืื– ืขื‘ืจื• ื›ืžื” ืฉื ื™ื ื•ื”ื™ื• ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ื ืกื™ื•ื ื•ืช,
10:32
and by and by, thanks to Mitch and Jay,
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ื•ืœืื˜ ืœืื˜, ื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ืœืžื™ื˜ืฉ ื•ืœื’'ื™ื™,
10:34
we were able to buy the whole property for 140,000 dollars.
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ื”ืฆืœื—ื ื• ืœืงื ื•ืช ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื ื›ืก ืชืžื•ืจืช 140,000 ื“ื•ืœืจ.
10:39
This is one of the mines. It doesn't have any beryllium in it.
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ื–ื”ื• ืื—ื“ ื”ืžื›ืจื•ืช. ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื• ืฉื•ื ื‘ืจื™ืœื™ื•ื.
10:43
It's called the Pole Adit. And it does have tungsten,
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ื”ื•ื ื ืงืจื "ืžืขื‘ืจ ืคื•ืœ". ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ื‘ื• ื˜ื•ื ื’ืกื˜ืŸ,
10:47
a little bit of tungsten, left over, that's the kind of mine it was.
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ืฉืืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื˜ื•ื’ื ืกื˜ืŸ. ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืกื•ื’ ื”ืžื›ืจื” ื”ื–ื”.
10:50
But it goes a mile-and-a-half in a straight line,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ื ืžืฉืš ืœืื•ืจืš 2 ืง"ืž ื‘ืงื• ื™ืฉืจ,
10:52
due east into the range, into very interesting territory -- except that,
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ืžื–ืจื—ื” ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืฉื˜ื— ื•ืœื˜ืจื™ื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ืช ืžืื“ -- ืื‘ืœ,
10:58
as you'll see when we go inside in a minute,
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ื›ืžื• ืฉืชืจืื• ื›ืฉื ื™ื›ื ืก ืขื•ื“ ืžืขื˜ ืคื ื™ืžื”,
11:01
we were hoping for limestone but in there is just shale.
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ืงื™ื•ื•ื™ื ื• ืœืื‘ืŸ ื’ื™ืจ ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ืฉื ืจืง ืฆื™ืคื—ื”.
11:05
And shale is not quite completely competent rock.
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ื•ืฆื™ืคื—ื” ืื™ื ื ื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืกืœืข ืžืื“ ื™ืฆื™ื‘.
11:08
Competent rock is rock that will hold itself up without any shoring.
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ืกืœืข ื™ืฆื™ื‘ ื”ื•ื ืกืœืข ืฉืขื•ืžื“ ืœืœื ื›ืœ ืชืžื™ื›ื”.
11:12
The shale would like some shoring,
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ื”ืฆื™ืคื—ื” ื–ืงื•ืงื” ืœืชืžื™ื›ื”.
11:14
and so parts of it are caved in in there.
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื—ืœืงื™ื ืžืžื ื” ืงืจืกื• ืฉื ื‘ืคื ื™ื.
11:16
That's Ben Roberts from -- he's the bat specialist from the National Park.
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ื–ื”ื• ื‘ืŸ ืจื•ื‘ืจื˜ืก -- ื”ื•ื ืžื•ืžื—ื” ื”ืขื˜ืœืคื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืคืืจืง ื”ืœืื•ืžื™.
11:20
But there are many wonders back in there, like this weird fungus
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืฉื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคืœืื™ื ื‘ืคื ื™ื, ื›ืžื• ื”ืคื˜ืจื™ื” ื”ืžืฉื•ื ื” ื”ื–ื•
11:24
on some of the collapsed timbers.
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ืฉืฆืžื—ื” ืขืœ ื›ืžื” ืžื”ืชืžื•ื›ื•ืช ืฉื”ืชืžื•ื˜ื˜ื•.
11:26
OK, here's another mine that's up on top of the property,
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ื”ื ื” ืžื›ืจื” ื ื•ืกืฃ ืฉื ืžืฆื ื‘ืคืกื’ืช ื”ื ื›ืก,
11:30
and it dates back to 1870.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืž-1870,
11:32
That's what the property was originally built around --
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ืื– ื‘ืขืจืš ื ื‘ื ื” ื”ืžื›ืจื” ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ --
11:34
it was a set of mining claims. It was a very productive silver mine.
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ื”ื™ื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช ืœื›ืจื™ื™ื”. ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžื›ืจื” ื›ืกืฃ ืžืื“ ืฉื•ืคืข.
11:39
In fact, it was the highest-operating mine in Nevada,
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื”ืžื›ืจื” ื”ื›ื™ ืคืขื™ืœ ื‘ื ื‘ื“ื”,
11:42
and it ran year round.
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ื”ื•ื ืคืขืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืฉื ื”.
11:44
You can imagine what it was like in the winter at 10,000 feet.
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืชืืจ ืœืขืฆืžื›ื ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืจืฃ ื‘ื’ื•ื‘ื” 3,300 ืžื˜ืจ.
11:47
You may recognize a couple of the miners there.
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ืฉื ื™ื™ื ืžื”ื›ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืื•ืœื™ ืžื•ื›ืจื™ื ืœื›ื
11:50
There's Jeff Bezos on the right and Paul Saville on the left looking for galena,
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ืืœื” ื’'ืฃ ื‘ื–ื•ืก ืžื™ืžื™ืŸ ื•ืคื•ืœ ืกืื•ื•ื™ืœ ืžืฉืžืืœ, ืžื—ืคืฉื™ื ื’ืคืจืช ืขื•ืคืจืช,
11:56
which is the lead-silver thing. They didn't find any.
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ืžื™ืŸ ืขื•ืคืจืช-ื›ืกืฃ. ื”ื ืœื ืžืฆืื• ื›ืœื•ื.
12:01
They both kept their day jobs. Here's the last mine.
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ืฉื ื™ื”ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื—ื–ื™ืงื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืจื•ืชื™ื”ื. ื”ื ื” ื”ืžื›ืจื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ.
12:06
It's called the Bonanza Adit. It's down in a canyon.
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ื”ื•ื ื ืงืจื "ืžืขื‘ืจ ื‘ื•ื ื ื–ื”". ื”ื•ื ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืงื ื™ื•ืŸ.
12:08
And Alexander Rose on the left there worked with a bunch of people
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ื•ืžืฉืžืืœ ื–ื”ื• ืืœื›ืกื ื“ืจ ืจื•ื– ืฉืขื‘ื“ ืฉื ืขื ื›ืžื” ืื ืฉื™ื
12:12
from the National Park to survey the whole mine. It's a mile deep.
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ืžื”ืคืืจืง ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ ื‘ื‘ื“ื™ืงืช ื›ืœ ื”ืžื›ืจื”. ืขื•ืžืงื• ื”ื•ื 1.6 ืง"ืž.
12:15
And they also found four species of bats in there.
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ื•ื”ื ื’ื ืžืฆืื• ื‘ื• 4 ืžื™ื ื™ ืขื˜ืœืคื™ื.
12:18
Now, almost all those mines, by the way, meet underneath the mountain.
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ืื’ื‘, ื›ืžืขื˜ ื›ืœ ื”ืžื›ืจื•ืช ื ืคื’ืฉื™ื ืžืชื—ืช ืœื”ืจ.
12:22
They don't quite, but it's something to think about.
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ืœื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื ืคื’ืฉื™ื, ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืฉื•ื•ื” ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœื™ื•.
12:25
They don't quite meet.
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ื”ื ืœื ืžืžืฉ ื ืคื’ืฉื™ื.
12:27
Let's go to weather. Mountains specialize in interesting weather.
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ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืœืžื–ื’ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ. ื”ื”ืจื™ื ืžืชืžื—ื™ื ื‘ืืงืœื™ื ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ.
12:33
Way more interesting than Monterey even today.
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืืฉืจ ื‘ืžื•ื ื˜ืจื™ื™, ืืคื™ืœื• ื”ื™ื•ื.
12:36
And so one Tuesday morning last June, there we were.
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ืื– ื‘ื‘ื•ืงืจ ื™ื•ื ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ืื—ื“ ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ,
12:39
Woke up in the morning -- the mountain was covered with snow.
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ื”ืชืขื•ืจืจื ื• ื‘ื‘ื•ืงืจ -- ื•ื”ื”ืจ ื”ื™ื” ืžื›ื•ืกื” ืฉืœื’.
12:42
That was a great time to go up and visit our weather station which again,
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ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ืžืฆื•ื™ื ืช ืœืขืœื•ืช ื•ืœื‘ืงืจ ื‘ืชื—ื ืช ืžื–ื’ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ืฉืœื ื•,
12:46
thanks to Mitch Kapor, we're building up there.
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ืฉืฉื•ื‘, ื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ืœืžื™ื˜ืฉ ืงื™ื™ืคืจ, ื”ืงืžื ื• ืฉื ืœืžืขืœื”.
12:49
And it's a pretty interesting scene.
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ื•ื–ืืช ืชืžื•ื ื” ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ืช ืœืžื“ื™.
12:52
This is, on the left there, the joyful lady is Pat Irwin,
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ื”ื’ื‘ืจืช ื”ืขืœื™ื–ื” ืžืฉืžืืœ ื”ื™ื ืคืื˜ ืื™ืจื•ื•ื™ืŸ,
12:55
who's the regional head of the National Forest Service,
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ื”ืžื ื”ืœืช ื”ืื–ื•ืจื™ืช ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื™ืขืจ ื”ืœืื•ืžื™,
12:58
and they gave us the temporary use permit to be there.
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ื”ื ื ืชื ื• ืœื ื• ืื™ืฉื•ืจ ืฉื”ื™ื™ื” ื–ืžื ื™ ื‘ืžืงื•ื.
13:02
We want a temporary use permit for the clock, eventually --
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ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืื ื• ืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืื™ืฉื•ืจ ืฉื”ื™ื™ื” ื–ืžื ื™ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืฉืขื•ืŸ --
13:04
10,000-year temporary use permit.
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ืื™ืฉื•ืจ ืฉื”ื™ื™ื” ื–ืžื ื™ ืœ-10,000 ืฉื ื”.
13:06
(Laughter)
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[ืฆื—ื•ืง]
13:08
The weather station's pretty interesting.
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ืชื—ื ืช ืžื–ื’ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ืช ืœืžื“ื™.
13:10
Kurt Bollacker and Alexander Rose designed a radically wireless station.
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ืงื•ืจื˜ ื‘ื•ืœืืงืจ ื•ืืœื›ืกื ื“ืจ ืจื•ื– ืชื›ื ื ื• ืชื—ื ืช ืืœื—ื•ื˜ื™ืช ื•ืจื“ื™ืงืืœื™ืช.
13:14
It runs on solar, and it sends a signal with that antenna
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ื”ื™ื ืคื•ืขืœืช ืขืœ ื›ื•ื— ืกื•ืœืจื™ ื•ืฉื•ืœื— ืื•ืช ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื”ืื ื˜ื ื” ื”ื–ื•
13:17
and bounces it off of micrometeorite trails in the atmosphere
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ื•ืžืงืคื™ืฆื” ืื•ืชื• ืœืื•ืจืš ืฉื‘ื™ืœื™ ืžื™ืงืจื•-ืžื˜ืื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื”
13:23
to a place in Bozeman, Montana, where the data is taken down
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ืœืžืงื•ื ืฉื ืžืฆื ื‘ื‘ื•ื–ืžืŸ, ืžื•ื ื˜ื ื”, ื•ืฉื ืžื•ืจื“ื™ื ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื
13:27
and then sent through landlines to San Francisco,
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ื•ื ืฉืœื—ื™ื ื‘ืงื• ืจื’ื™ืœ ืœืกืŸ ืคืจื ืฆื™ืกืงื•,
13:30
where we put the data in real time up on our website.
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ื•ืื ื• ืžืขืœื™ื ืืช ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืœืืชืจ ืฉืœื ื• ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืืžื™ืชื™.
13:34
And there you see a week of weather at 9,400 feet on Mount Washington.
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ื•ืืชื ื™ื•ื›ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื‘ื•ืข ืฉืœ ืžื–ื’ ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื‘ื’ื•ื‘ื” 3,000 ืžื˜ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืจ ื•ื•ืฉื™ื ื’ื˜ื•ืŸ.
13:40
Let's go to approaches.
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ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืœื“ืจื›ื™ ื”ื’ื™ืฉื”.
13:43
As it happens, there are no trails anywhere on Mount Washington,
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ืžืกืชื‘ืจ ืฉื‘ื”ืจ ื•ื•ืฉื™ื ื’ื˜ื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื›ืœืœ ืฉื‘ื™ืœื™ื,
13:47
just a few old mining roads like this,
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ืืœื ืจืง ื›ืžื” ื“ืจื›ื™ ืžื›ืจื” ื™ืฉื ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ื–ื•,
13:49
so you have to bushwhack everywhere.
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ืื– ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืคืœืก ืืช ื”ื“ืจืš.
13:50
But there's no bears, and there's no poison oak,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื•ื‘ื™ื. ื•ื’ื ืื™ืŸ ืืœื•ืŸ ืืจืกื™,
13:54
and there's basically no people because this place has been empty for a long time.
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ื•ืœืžืขืฉื” ืื™ืŸ ืื ืฉื™ื ื›ื™ ื”ืžืงื•ื ื”ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืจื™ืง ื–ืžืŸ ืจื‘.
14:00
You can hike for days and not encounter anybody.
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ืืคืฉืจ ืœื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืฉื ื™ืžื™ื ื•ืœื ืœืคื’ื•ืฉ ืื™ืฉ.
14:03
Well, here's a potential approach.
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ื”ื ื” ื“ืจืš ื’ื™ืฉื” ืืคืฉืจื™ืช.
14:05
You need to come up the Lincoln Canyon.
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ืขื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืงื ื™ื•ืŸ ืœื™ื ืงื•ืœืŸ,
14:08
It's this beautiful world all of its own, surrounded by cliffs,
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ื–ื” ืžืงื•ื ืžืจื”ื™ื‘ ืขื™ืŸ ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ืขืฆืžื•, ืžื•ืงืฃ ืฆื•ืงื™ื,
14:11
and it's an easy hike to stroll up the canyon bottom,
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ื•ืงืœ ืœื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืขืœ ืงืจืงืขื™ืช ื”ืงื ื™ื•ืŸ,
14:15
until you get to this barrier, and it actually presents a problem.
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ืขื“ ืฉืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืœืžื—ืกื•ื ื”ื–ื”, ื•ื–ื” ื™ื•ืฆืจ ื‘ืขื™ื”.
14:22
So you can scratch Lincoln Canyon as an approach.
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ื›ืš ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœืคืกื•ืœ ืืช ืงื ื™ื•ืŸ ืœื™ื ืงื•ืœืŸ ื›ื“ืจืš ื’ื™ืฉื”.
14:27
Another possible approach is right up the western front of the mountain.
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ื“ืจืš-ื’ื™ืฉื” ืืคืฉืจื™ืช ื ื•ืกืคืช ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ื™ืฉืจ ื‘ืžืขืœื” ื—ื–ื™ืช ื”ื”ืจ ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ืช
14:30
You can see why we sometimes call it Long Mountain.
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืžื“ื•ืข ืื ื• ืžื›ื ื™ื ืื•ืชื• "ื”ื”ืจ ื”ืืจื•ืš".
14:33
And from where you're standing at 6,000 feet in the valley,
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ื•ืžื’ื•ื‘ื” 2,000 ืžื˜ืจ ื‘ืขืžืง,
14:36
it's an easy hike up to the mature pinyon and juniper forest
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ื–ื”ื• ื˜ื™ื•ืœ ืงืœ ืืœ ื”ืื•ืจืŸ ื”ื–ืงืŸ ื•ื™ืขืจ ื”ืขืจืขืจ
14:39
through that knoll at the front at 7,600 feet.
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ื“ืจืš ื”ืชืœ ืฉื‘ื—ื–ื™ืช ื‘ื’ื•ื‘ื” 2,300 ืžื˜ืจ
14:41
And you can carry right on up through meadows
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ื•ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื™ื ืงื“ื™ืžื” ื“ืจืš ื›ืจื™ ื”ื“ืฉื
14:44
and steepening forest to the high base of the cliffs at 10,500 feet,
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ื•ื”ื™ืขืจ ื”ืขื•ืœื” ื‘ืชืœื™ืœื•ืช ืขืœ ื‘ืกื™ืก ื”ืฆื•ืงื™ื ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”, ื‘-3,200 ืžื˜ืจ,
14:49
where there's a bit of a problem.
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ื•ื›ืืŸ ื™ืฉ ื‘ืขื™ื” ืงื˜ื ื”.
14:52
Now, Jeff Bezos advised us when he left at the end of the expedition,
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ื’'ืฃ ื‘ื–ื•ืก ื”ืžืœื™ืฅ ืœื ื•, ื›ืฉืขื–ื‘ ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืžืฉืœื—ืช,
14:57
"Make the clock inaccessible.
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"ืขืฉื• ืืช ื”ืฉืขื•ืŸ ื‘ืœืชื™-ื ื’ื™ืฉ,
15:01
The harder it is to get to, the more people will value it."
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ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื™ืงืฉื” ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืืœื™ื•, ื›ืš ื™ืขืจื™ื›ื• ืื•ืชื• ื™ื•ืชืจ."
15:05
And check -- those are 600-foot vertical walls there.
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ืื– ื‘ื‘ืงืฉื” - ืืœื• ืงื™ืจื•ืช ืžืฆื•ืง ืื ื›ื™ื™ื ืฉื’ื•ื‘ื”ื 200 ืžื˜ืจ.
15:10
So Alexander Rose wanted to explore this route,
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ื•ืืœื›ืกื ื“ืจ ืจื•ื– ืจืฆื” ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง ืืช ื”ื ืชื™ื‘ ื”ื–ื”,
15:15
and he started over here on the left from his pickup truck
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ืื– ื”ื•ื ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ื›ืืŸ ืžืฉืžืืœ, ืžื”ื˜ื ื“ืจ ืฉืœื•
15:19
at 8,900 feet and headed up the mountain.
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ื‘ื’ื•ื‘ื” 2,700 ืžื˜ืจ, ื•ื™ืฆื ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื”ืจ.
15:22
Now, as you gain elevation your IQ goes down --
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ืื– ื›ื›ื”. ื›ื›ืœ ืฉืขื•ืœื™ื ื”ืื™ื™.ืงื™ื•. ื™ื•ืจื“ --
15:26
(Laughter)
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[ืฆื—ื•ืง]
15:28
but your emotional affect goes up,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ื”ืจื’ืฉื™ืช ืขื•ืœื”.
15:30
which is great for having a mythic experience,
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ื•ื–ื” ืžืขื•ืœื” ื›ืฉืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื—ื•ื•ื™ื™ื” ืžื™ืชื™ืช.
15:33
whether you want to or not.
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ืื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ื‘ื›ืš ืื• ืœื.
15:35
In fact, Danny Hillis can estimate altitude
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื“ื ื™ ื”ื™ืœื™ืก ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœื”ืขืจื™ืš ื’ื•ื‘ื”
15:38
by how much math he can't do in his head.
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ืœืคื™ ื›ืžื” ืžืขื˜ ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื” ื”ื•ื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื—ืฉื‘ ื‘ืจืืฉื•.
15:41
(Laughter)
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[ืฆื—ื•ืง]
15:44
Now, I happened to be on the radio with Alexander
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ืื ื™ ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื‘ืงืฉืจ ืจื“ื™ื• ืขื ืืœื›ืกื ื“ืจ
15:46
when he got to this point at the base of the cliffs, and he said, quote,
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ื›ืฉื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื ืงื•ื“ื” ื”ื–ื• ื‘ื‘ืกื™ืก ื”ืฆื•ืงื™ื, ื•ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ, ืฆื™ื˜ื•ื˜:
15:51
"There's a hidden notch. I think I can get up a ways."
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"ื™ืฉ ื›ืืŸ ื—ืจื™ืฅ ื ืกืชืจ. ื ืจืื” ืœื™ ืฉืื•ื›ืœ ืœื˜ืคืก ื“ืจื›ื•."
15:56
Now, he's a rock climber, but you know, he's our executive director.
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ื”ื•ื ืืžื ื ืžื˜ืคืก ืฆื•ืงื™ื, ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ื’ื ื”ืžื ื›"ืœ ืฉืœื ื•.
16:00
I don't want him killed. I know he's going to love cliffs.
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ืœื ืจืฆื™ืชื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ื™ื”ืจื’. ื•ืื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข ืฉื”ื•ื ืื•ื”ื‘ ืฆื•ืงื™ื.
16:02
I'm saying, "Be careful, be careful, be careful."
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ื•ืื ื™ ืื•ืžืจ ืœื•, "ืชื™ื–ื”ืจ, ืชื™ื–ื”ืจ, ืชื™ื–ื”ืจ."
16:05
Then he starts going up, and the next thing I hear is,
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ื•ืื– ื”ื•ื ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื˜ืคืก, ื•ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื‘ื ืฉืื ื™ ืฉื•ืžืข ื”ื•ื,
16:08
"I'm half-way up. It's like climbing stairs. I'm going up 60 degrees.
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"ืขื‘ืจืชื™ ื—ืฆื™ ื“ืจืš. ื–ื” ื›ืžื• ืขืœื™ื” ื‘ืžื“ืจื’ื•ืช. ืื ื™ ืžื˜ืคืก ื‘ื–ื•ื•ื™ืช ืฉืœ 60 ืžืขืœื•ืช.
16:14
It's a secret passage. It's like something from Tolkien."
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ื–ื”ื• ืžืขื‘ืจ ื ืกืชืจ. ื›ืžื• ืžืฉื”ื• ืžืกืคืจ ืฉืœ ื˜ื•ืœืงื™ืŸ."
16:18
And I'm going, "Careful, careful. Please be careful."
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ื•ืื ื™ ืžืžืฉื™ืš, "ืชื™ื–ื”ืจ, ืชื™ื–ื”ืจ, ื‘ื‘ืงืฉื” ืชื™ื–ื”ืจ."
16:21
And then, of course, the next thing I hear is,
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ื•ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื‘ื ืฉืื ื™ ืฉื•ืžืข ื”ื•ื,
16:22
"I've made it to the top. You can see all of creation from up here."
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ื”ื’ืขืชื™ ืœืคื™ืกื’ื”. ืจื•ืื™ื ืžืคื” ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื”."
16:25
And he dashed across the top of the mountains.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื—ืฆื” ื‘ืจื™ืฆื” ืืช ืคืกื’ืช ื”ื”ืจ.
16:28
In fact, there he is. That's Alexander Rose.
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ื”ื ื” ื”ื•ื. ื–ื” ืืœื›ืกื ื“ืจ ืจื•ื–.
16:30
First ascent of the western face to Mount Washington,
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ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืก ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืจ ื•ื•ืฉื™ื ื’ื˜ื•ืŸ ื“ืจืš ื”ืงื™ืจ ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™.
16:33
and a solo ascent at that.
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ื•ืขื•ื“ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืก 'ืกื•ืœื•'.
16:37
This discovery changed everything about our sense of these cliffs
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ื”ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ื”ื–ื” ืฉื™ื ื” ื”ื›ืœ ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ืชืคื™ืกืชื ื• ืืช ื”ืฆื•ืงื™ื ื”ื”ื
16:40
and what to do with them.
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ื•ืžื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืื™ืชื.
16:42
We realized that we had to name this thing that Alexander discovered.
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ื”ื‘ื ื• ืฉืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืชืช ืฉื ืœื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื–ื” ืฉืืœื›ืกื ื“ืจ ื’ื™ืœื”
16:46
How about Zander's Crevice? No.
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ืื•ืœื™ 'ื”ื—ืจื™ืฅ ืฉืœ ื–ืื ื“ืจ'? ืœื.
16:50
(Laughter)
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[ืฆื—ื•ืง]
16:54
So we finally decided on Alexander's Siq.
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ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ื—ืœื˜ื ื• ืขืœ "ื”ืกื™ืง ืฉืœ ืืœื›ืกื ื“ืจ".
16:57
Zander's Siq is named after -- some of you have been to Petra,
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ื”ืกื™ืง ืฉืœ ื–ืื ื“ืจ ืงืจื•ื™ ืขืœ ืฉื... ื›ืžื” ืžื›ื ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืคื˜ืจื”,
17:00
there's this wonderful slot canyon that leads into Petra
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ื™ืฉื ื• ืฉื ื”ืงื ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืฆืจ ื”ื ืคืœื ืฉืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืคื˜ืจื”
17:04
called the Siq, and so this is the Siq.
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ื•ืฉืžื• ื”ื•ื "ื”ืกื™ืง". ืื– ื–ื”ื• ื”ืกื™ืง.
17:06
And it really is hidden. I can't find it in this image,
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื‘ืืžืช ื ืกืชืจ. ืื ื™ ืœื ืจื•ืื” ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืชืžื•ื ื”.
17:09
and I'm not sure you can.
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ื•ืื™ื ื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืืชื ืžืฆืœื™ื—ื™ื ืœืจืื•ืชื•.
17:10
Only when you get fresh snow can you see just along the rim there,
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ืจืง ื›ืฉื™ืฉ ืฉืœื’ ื˜ืจื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœืจืื•ืชื• ืžืžืฉ ืขืœ ื”ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื,
17:14
and that brings it out.
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ื•ื–ื” ืžื‘ืœื™ื˜ ืื•ืชื•.
17:16
Now, Danny and I were up at this same area one day,
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ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“, ื“ื ื™ ื•ืื ื™ ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฉื ืœืžืขืœื” ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืื–ื•ืจ,
17:18
and Danny looked over to the right
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ื•ื“ื ื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ ื™ืžื™ื ื”
17:20
and noticed something halfway up the cliffs,
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ื•ืจืื” ืžืฉื”ื• ื‘ืžื—ืฆื™ืช ื”ื“ืจืš ื‘ืžืขืœื” ื”ืฆื•ืง,
17:23
which is a kind of a porch or a cliff shelf with bristlecones on it,
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ืžืขื™ืŸ ืžืจืคืกืช ืื• ืžื“ืฃ ืกืœืข, ื•ืขืœื™ื• ืื•ืจื ื™ ืžื‘ืจืฉืช,
17:27
and supposed that people going up to the clock inside the mountain
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ื•ื”ื”ื ื—ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื™ืขืœื• ืืœ ื”ืฉืขื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ื”ืจ
17:31
could come out onto that shelf and look down at the view.
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ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœืขืฆื•ืจ ื‘ืžื“ืฃ ื”ืกืœืข ื•ืœื”ืฉืงื™ืฃ ืขืœ ื”ื ื•ืฃ.
17:35
And the people toiling up the mountain could see them,
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ื•ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืžืชื™ื™ื’ืขื™ื ื‘ืžืขืœื” ื”ื”ืจ ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืชื,
17:38
these tiny little people up there, incredibly halfway up the cliff.
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ืืช ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ื–ืขื™ืจื™ื ืฉืœืžืขืœื”, ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ืžื“ื”ื™ื ื”ื–ื” ื‘ืžื—ืฆื™ืช ื”ืฆื•ืง
17:41
How did they get there? Do I have to do that?
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ืื™ืš ื”ื ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœืฉื? ื–ื• ื”ื“ืจืš ืฉืื ื™ ืืžื•ืจ ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ?
17:44
And so that maybe becomes part of the draw and part of the labyrinth.
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ืื– ื–ื” ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ืœืง ืžืžื•ืงื“ ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื” ื•ืžื—ื•ื•ื™ื™ืช ื”ืžื‘ื•ืš.
17:47
You can get another angle on Danny's porch
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ืืคืฉืจ ืœืฆืคื•ืช ืžื–ื•ื•ื™ืช ื ื•ืกืคืช ืขืœ ื”ืžืจืคืกืช ืฉืœ ื“ื ื™
17:51
by going around to the south and looking north at the whole formation there.
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ืื ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื“ืจื•ืžื” ื•ืฆื•ืคื™ื ืฆืคื•ื ื” ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืžืฆื•ืง
17:58
And you need to know that Danny's clock is to be kept accurate
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ื•ืขืœื™ื›ื ืœื“ืขืช ืฉื”ืฉืขื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื“ื ื™ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ื“ื™ื•ืง
18:01
by a ray of sunshine, that perfect noon hitting it every sunny day,
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ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืงืจืŸ ืฉืžืฉ ืฉืคื•ื’ืขืช ื‘ื• ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื‘ืฆื”ืจื™ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื ืฉืžืฉ
18:06
and the pulse of heat from that sets off a solar trigger
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ื•ืคืขื™ืžืช ื”ื—ื•ื ืฉืœื” ืžืคืขื™ืœื” ื”ื“ืง ืกื•ืœืจื™
18:09
which resets the clock to make it perfectly accurate.
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ืฉืžืืคืก ืืช ื”ืฉืขื•ืŸ ืขื“ ืœื“ื™ื•ืง ืžื•ืฉืœื.
18:12
So even with the slowing of the rotation of the earth and so on,
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ื›ืš ืฉืืคื™ืœื• ืขื ื”ืื˜ืช ืกื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื•ื›ื“ื•ืžื”,
18:14
the clock will keep perfectly good time.
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ื”ืฉืขื•ืŸ ื™ืžืฉื™ืš ืœื“ื™ื™ืง.
18:17
So here we're looking from the south, look north.
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ื›ืืŸ ืื ื• ืฆื•ืคื™ื ืžื“ืจื•ื ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฆืคื•ืŸ.
18:19
This is all Forest Service land. If you go up on top of those cliffs,
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ื›ืœ ื–ื” ืฉื˜ื— ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื™ืขืจ. ืื ืขื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืืฉ ื”ืฆื•ืงื™ื ื”ืืœื”,
18:23
that's some of the Long Now land in those trees.
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ืฉื, ื‘ืขืฆื™ื, ื–ื”ื• ืฉื˜ื—ื” ืฉืœ 'ืœื•ื ื’ ื ืื•'.
18:26
And if you go up there and look back, then you'll get a sense of
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ื•ืื ืขื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉื ื•ืžื‘ื™ื˜ื™ื ืœืื—ื•ืจ, ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืžื•ืฉื’
18:31
what the view starts to be like from the top of the mountain.
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ืื™ื–ื” ื ื•ืฃ ื™ื™ืจืื” ืžืจืืฉ ื”ื”ืจ.
18:34
That's the long view. That's 80 miles to the horizon.
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื”ืชืฆืคื™ืช ื”ืจื—ื‘ื”. ื”ืžืจื—ืง ืขื“ ื”ืื•ืคืง ื”ื•ื ื›-130 ืง"ืž
18:38
And that's also timberline and those bristlecones really are shrubs.
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ื•ื’ื ืคื” ืงื• ื”ืฆืžื—ื™ื”, ื•ืื•ืจื ื™ ื”ืžื‘ืจืฉืช ื”ืืœื” ื”ื ืžืžืฉ ืฉื™ื—ื™ื
18:42
That's a different place to be. It's 11,400 feet and it's exquisite.
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ื–ื”ื• ืžืงื•ื ืžื™ื•ื—ื“. ื”ื’ื•ื‘ื” ื”ื•ื 3,470 ืžื˜ืจ ื•ื–ื” ืžืขื•ืœื”.
18:50
Now, if you go over to the right from this image to looking at the edge of the cliffs,
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ืื ืชืžืฉื™ื›ื• ื™ืžื™ื ื” ืžื”ืฆื™ืœื•ื ื”ื–ื” ื•ืชื‘ื™ื˜ื• ื‘ืงืฆื” ื”ืฆื•ืงื™ื,
18:54
it's 600 foot, just about a yard to the left of Kurt Bollacker's foot,
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ื–ื” 200 ืžื˜ืจ, ื‘ืขืจืš ืžื˜ืจ ืžืฉืžืืœ ืœืจื’ืœื• ืฉืœ ืงื•ืจื˜ ื‘ื•ืœืืงืจ,
18:58
there is a 600-foot drop. He's ambling on over to Zander's Siq.
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ื™ืฉ ืชื”ื•ื ืฉืœ 200 ืžื˜ืจ. ื”ื•ื ืžื“ื“ื” ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืกื™ืง ืฉืœ ื–ืื ื“ืจ.
19:03
That's what it looks like looking down it.
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ื–ื” ื”ืžืจืื” ื›ืฉืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื ืœืžื˜ื”.
19:07
We should probably put in a rail or something.
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ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื”ืชืงื™ืŸ ืžืขืงื” ืื• ืžืฉื”ื•.
19:11
Over on the eastern side it's gentle, as you can see.
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ื”ืฆื“ ื”ืžื–ืจื—ื™ ืžืชื•ืŸ, ื›ืคื™ ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื,
19:15
And that's not snow -- that's what the white limestone looks like.
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ื•ื–ื” ืœื ืฉืœื’. ื›ืš ื ืจืื™ืช ืื‘ืŸ ื”ื’ื™ืจ ื”ืœื‘ื ื”.
19:18
You also see there a bighorn sheep.
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ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ื’ื ื›ื‘ืฉืช ื‘ื™ื’ื”ื•ืจืŸ.
19:22
Their herd was reintroduced from Wyoming.
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ื”ืŸ ื”ื•ื‘ืื• ืžื•ื•ื™ืื•ืžื™ื ื’.
19:25
And they're doing pretty well, but they've got a bit of trouble.
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ื•ื”ืŸ ืžืกืชื“ืจื•ืช ืœื ืจืข, ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืŸ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช.
19:28
This is Danny Hillis, and he's figuring out a design problem.
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ื–ื”ื• ื“ื ื™ ื”ื™ืœื™ืก, ื•ื”ื•ื ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืขืœ ื‘ืขื™ื” ืชื›ื ื•ื ื™ืช.
19:31
he's trying to determine if where he is on a bit of Long Now land
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ื”ื•ื ืžื ืกื” ืœืžืฆื•ื ืื ืžืงื•ื ืขื•ืžื“ื•, ืขืœ ืื“ืžืช 'ืœื•ื ื’ ื ืื•',
19:36
would appear from down in the valley to be the actual peak of the mountain.
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ื™ื™ืจืื” ืžืœืžื˜ื”, ืžื”ืขืžืง, ื›ืžื• ืคืกื’ืช ื”ื”ืจ ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ืช.
19:42
because the real peak is hidden around the corner.
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ื›ื™ ื”ืคืกื’ื” ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ืช ืžืกืชืชืจืช ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืคื™ื ื”.
19:44
This is what in the infantry we used to call the military crest.
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ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉื‘ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืจื’ืœื™ื ื ื”ื’ื ื• ืœื›ื ื•ืช "ื›ืชืฃ".
19:48
And as it turned out the answer is, yes,
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ื•ื”ืชื‘ืจืจ ืฉื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื ื›ืŸ,
19:51
that is from down below in the valley it does look like the peak,
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ื•ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืขืžืง ืฉืœืžื˜ื” ื–ื” ื ืจืื” ื›ืžื• ื”ืคืกื’ื”,
19:55
and that might be conjured with.
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ื•ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืืœื™ื” ื›ืš.
19:57
We gradually realized we have three serious design domains to work on with this.
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ื‘ื”ื“ืจื’ื” ื”ื‘ื ื• ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื›ืืŸ 3 ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ืจืฆื™ื ื™ื™ื.
20:02
One is the experience of the mountain.
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ื”ืื—ื“ ื”ื•ื ื—ื•ื•ื™ื™ืช ื”ื”ืจ,
20:04
Another is the experience in the mountain.
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ื”ืฉื ื™ ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ื”ืจ,
20:07
And the third is the experience from the mountain,
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ื•ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ื”ื•ื ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ืžืŸ ื”ื”ืจ,
20:10
which is really dominated by the view shed
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ืฉื‘ืขืฆื ื ืฉืœื˜ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืกื›ื›ืช ื”ืชืฆืคื™ืช
20:13
of the spring valley there behind Danny,
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ืฉืœ ืขืžืง ื”ืžืขื™ื™ืŸ, ืฉื ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื“ื ื™,
20:17
and if you look off to the right, out there,
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ื•ืื ืชื‘ื™ื˜ื• ืžืขื˜ ื™ืžื™ื ื”, ืฉื,
20:19
15 miles across to the Schell Creek range.
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ื›-25 ืง"ืž ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ื— ืขืจื•ืฅ "ืฉืœ",
20:23
In the front, there are 10 ranches strung right along the base of the mountains
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ื‘ื—ื–ื™ืช, ื™ืฉ ืฉื ืฉืจืฉืจืช ืฉืœ 10 ื—ื•ื•ืช ืœืื•ืจืš ื‘ืกื™ืก ื”ื”ืจื™ื
20:26
using the water from the mountains.
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ืฉืžืฉืชืžืฉื•ืช ื‘ืžื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ื”ืจื™ื.
20:28
In fact, there are artesian wells where water springs right into the air.
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ืœืžืขืฉื” ื™ืฉ ืฉื ื‘ืืจื•ืช ืืจื˜ื–ื™ื•ืช ืฉืžื™ืžื™ื”ืŸ ืžื–ื ืงื™ื ืœืื•ื•ื™ืจ.
20:33
One of the ranches is called the Kirkeby Ranch,
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ืื—ืช ื”ื—ื•ื•ืช ืงืจื•ื™ื” "ื—ื•ื•ืช ืงื™ืจืงื‘ื™",
20:36
and I'll take you there for a minute.
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ื•ืžื™ื“ ืืงื— ืืชื›ื ืœืฉื.
20:38
It's a very nice ranch.
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ื–ื• ื—ื•ื•ื” ื ื—ืžื“ื” ืžืื“,
20:40
Alfalfa and cattle, run by Paul and Ronnie Brenham,
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ืืกืคืกืช ื•ื‘ืงืจ, ืžื ื•ื”ืœืช ืข"ื™ ืคื•ืœ ื•ืจื•ื ื™ ื‘ืจื ื”ืื,
20:45
and it's pretty idyllic. It's also hard work.
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ื•ื”ื™ื ื“ื™ ืื™ื“ื™ืœื™ืช. ื–ื• ื’ื ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืงืฉื”.
20:50
And most of these ranches are having trouble keeping going.
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ื•ืœืจื•ื‘ ื”ื—ื•ื•ืช ื™ืฉ ืงืฉื™ื™ ืงื™ื•ื.
20:52
This is their view to the west of the Schell Creek range.
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ื–ื• ื”ืชืฆืคื™ืช ืฉืœื”ืŸ ืžืขืจื‘ื” ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ื— ืขืจื•ืฅ "ืฉืœ".
20:56
And if you go out to that line of trees at the far end,
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ื•ืื ืชืฆืื• ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืงื• ื”ืขืฆื™ื ืฉื‘ืงืฆื” ื”ืžืจื•ื—ืง,
20:59
you'll see what the valley used to look like.
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ืชื’ืœื• ืื™ืš ื”ืขืžืง ื ืจืื” ืคืขื.
21:03
This is Rocky Mountain junipers that have been there for thousands of years.
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ืืœื• ื”ื ืขืจืขืจื™ ื”ืจื™ ื”ืจื•ืงื™, ืฉื ืžืฆืื™ื ืฉื ื›ื‘ืจ ืืœืคื™ ืฉื ื™ื,
21:08
And a scheme emerged that Long Now is looking to see
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ื•ืžืฆื˜ื™ื™ืจืช ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืฉ'ืœื•ื ื’ ื ืื•' ืชื‘ื“ื•ืง
21:11
if it might be possible to buy up the whole valley,
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ืื ืืคืฉืจ ืœืจื›ื•ืฉ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืขืžืง,
21:14
because those 10 ranches with their 17,000 acres
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ื›ื™ 10 ื”ื—ื•ื•ืช ื”ืืœื”, ืขืœ 69,000 ื”ื“ื•ื ื ืฉืœื”ืŸ
21:18
dominate a 500 square mile valley with their grazing allotments and so on,
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ืฉื•ืœื˜ื•ืช ืขืœ ืขืžืง ื‘ืŸ 1,300 ืงืž"ืจ ืขื ื›ืœ ื—ืœืงื•ืช ื”ืžืจืขื” ืฉืœื”ืŸ ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืœืื”
21:23
and there's a possibility that you could get the whole thing
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืืคืฉืจืช ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืขืกืง
21:26
for five million dollars and gradually restore it to its wild condition,
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ืชืžื•ืจืช 5 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืœืจ ื•ืœืฉืงื ืื•ืชื• ื‘ื—ื–ืจื” ืœืžืฆื‘ื• ื”ืคืจืื™,
21:30
and somewhere in the process turn it back over to the National Park,
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ื•ืžืชื™ืฉื”ื• ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืื•ืชื• ืœืคืืจืง ื”ืœืื•ืžื™,
21:34
and it would double the size of Great Basin National Park. That would be swell.
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ืžื” ืฉื™ื›ืคื™ืœ ืืช ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื”ืคืืจืง ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ "ื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ ื‘ื™ื™ืกื™ืŸ". ื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ื ืคืœื.
21:38
OK, let's take one more look at the mountain itself.
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ืื– ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืขื™ืฃ ืžื‘ื˜ ื ื•ืกืฃ ืขืœ ื”ื”ืจ ืขืฆืžื•.
21:41
The clock experience should be profound,
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ื—ื•ื•ื™ื™ืช ื”ืฉืขื•ืŸ ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ืขื–ื”,
21:45
but from the outside it should be invisible.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ืœื ื™ื™ืจืื” ืžื‘ื—ื•ืฅ.
21:49
Now, at the base of the high cliffs there's this natural cave.
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ื‘ื‘ืกื™ืก ื”ืฆื•ืงื™ื ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื ื™ืฉื ื” ืžืขืจื” ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช.
21:53
It's only about 12 feet deep, but what if it were deepened from inside?
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ืขื•ืžืงื” ื”ื•ื ืจืง 4 ืžื˜ืจ, ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืื ื ืขืžื™ืง ืื•ืชื” ืžื‘ืคื ื™ื?
21:57
You excavated from somewhere, came up from inside and deepened it.
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ื—ื•ืคืจื™ื ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื›ืœืฉื”ื•, ืขื•ืœื™ื ืžื‘ืคื ื™ื ื•ืžืขืžื™ืงื™ื ืื•ืชื”.
22:00
And then you could have an entrance
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ื•ืื– ื ืงื‘ืœ ื›ื ื™ืกื”
22:01
which was very rough and narrow as you first went in,
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ืฉื”ื™ื ืงืฉื” ื•ืฆืจื” ื›ืฉื ื›ื ืกื™ื ื‘ื”ืชื—ืœื”,
22:04
that gradually becomes more refined and then actually quite exquisite.
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ืื‘ืœ ืžืชืขื“ื ืช ื‘ื”ื“ืจื’ื” ื•ื ืขืฉื™ืช ืžืžืฉ ืžืขื•ืœื”.
22:08
And this stone takes a perfect polish.
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ื•ืืช ื”ืกืœืข ื”ื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ืฆื•ืจืš ืœืœื˜ืฉ ื”ื™ื˜ื‘.
22:11
You'd have a polished set of passages and chambers in there
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ืชื”ื™ื” ื›ืืŸ ืžืขืจื›ืช ืžืœื•ื˜ืฉืช ืฉืœ ืžืขื‘ืจื™ื ื•ื—ื“ืจื™ื
22:16
eventually leading to the 10,000 year clock.
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ืฉื™ื•ื‘ื™ืœื• ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืืœ ืฉืขื•ืŸ 10,000 ื”ืฉื ื™ื.
22:20
And it's not a mine. This would be a nuanced evocation
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ื•ื–ื” ืœื ืžื›ืจื”. ื–ื”ื• ืื™ื–ื›ื•ืจ ืžืขื•ื“ืŸ
22:24
of the basic structure of the mountain,
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ืฉืœ ื”ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื”ืจ,
22:27
and you would be appreciating it as much from inside as you do from outside.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื™ื–ื›ื” ืœื”ืขืจื›ื” ืžื‘ืคื ื™ื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืžื• ืžื‘ื—ื•ืฅ.
22:30
This is architecture not made by building,
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœื•ืช ืฉืœื ื ื•ืฆืจืช ื‘ืืžืฆืขื• ื‘ื ื™ื™ื”,
22:33
but by what you very carefully take away.
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ืืœื ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื’ืจื™ืขื” ื–ื”ื™ืจื” ืžืื“ .
22:37
So that's what the mountain taught us.
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ืื– ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉื”ื”ืจ ืœื™ืžื“ ืื•ืชื ื•.
22:40
Most of the amazingness of the clock
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ืืช ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืืคืงื˜ ื”ืžื“ื”ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืขื•ืŸ
22:43
we can borrow from the amazingness of the mountain.
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ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉืื•ืœ ืžื”ืืคืงื˜ ื”ืžื“ื”ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื”ืจ.
22:47
All we have to do is highlight its spectacular features and blend in with them.
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ืขืœื™ื ื• ืจืง ืœื”ื“ื’ื™ืฉ ืืช ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืชื™ื• ื”ืžืจื”ื™ื‘ื•ืช ื•ืœื”ืฉืชืœื‘ ื‘ื”ืŸ.
22:51
It's not a clock in a mountain -- it's a mountain clock.
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ื–ื” ืื™ื ื ื• ืฉืขื•ืŸ ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืจ - ื–ื”ื• ื”ืจ ืฉืขื•ืŸ.
22:56
Now, the Tewa Indians in the Southwest have a saying
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ืœืื™ื ื“ื™ืื ื™ื ื‘ื ื™ ื”ื˜ื•ื•ื” ืฉื‘ื“ืจื•ื ืžื–ืจื— ื™ืฉ ืคืชื’ื
22:58
for what you need to do when you want to think long term about anything.
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ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืžื” ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื›ืฉืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื˜ื•ื•ื— ืืจื•ืš ืขืœ ืžืฉื”ื•.
23:04
They say, "pin peya obe" -- welcome to the mountain.
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ื”ื ืื•ืžืจื™ื, "ืคื™ืŸ ืคื™ื™ื” ืื•ื‘ื”" - 'ื‘ืจื•ื›ื™ื ื”ื‘ืื™ื ืืœ ื”ื”ืจ'.
23:11
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืœื›ื.
23:13
(Applause)
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[ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื]
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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