Why it's so hard to make healthy decisions | David Asch

409,582 views ใƒป 2019-12-19

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Shlomo Adam ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Allon Sasson
00:12
It's April of 2007,
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ื”ืชืืจื™ืš ื”ื•ื ื”-7 ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ 2007,
00:15
and Jon Corzine, the Governor of New Jersey,
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ื•ื’'ื•ืŸ ืงื•ืจื–ื™ื™ืŸ, ืžื•ืฉืœ ื ื™ื•-ื’'ืจืกื™,
00:18
is in this horrific car accident.
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ื ืงืœืข ืœืชืื•ื ืช ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืื™ื•ืžื”.
ื”ื•ื ื‘ืžื•ืฉื‘ ื”ื ื•ืกืข ื”ื™ืžื ื™ ื”ืงื“ืžื™ ืฉืœ ืจื›ื‘ ื”ืฉื˜ื— ื”ื–ื”,
00:21
He's in the right front passenger seat of this SUV
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00:23
when it crashes on the Garden State Parkway.
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ื›ืฉื–ื” ื”ืชื ื’ืฉ ื‘ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ ื”ืžื”ื™ืจ "ื’ืจื“ืŸ ืกื˜ื™ื™ื˜".
00:26
He's transported to a New Jersey trauma center
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื•ืขื‘ืจ ืœืžืจื›ื– ื”ื˜ืจืื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ื ื™ื•-ื’'ืจืกื™
00:28
with multiple broken bones and multiple lacerations.
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ืขื ืฉื‘ืจื™ื ื•ื—ืชื›ื™ื ืžืจื•ื‘ื™ื.
00:31
He needs immediate surgery, seven units of blood,
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ื”ื•ื ื–ืงื•ืง ืœื ื™ืชื•ื— ื—ื™ืจื•ื, ืžืกืคืจ ืžื ื•ืช ื“ื,
00:34
a mechanical ventilator to help him breathe
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ืžื›ื•ื ืช ื”ื ืฉืžื” ืฉืชืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื• ืœื ืฉื•ื
00:36
and several more operations along the way.
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ื•ืขื•ื“ ื›ืžื” ื ื™ืชื•ื—ื™ื ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš.
00:39
It's amazing he survived.
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ืžื“ื”ื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื ื ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื.
00:41
But perhaps even more amazing,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื•ืœื™ ืขื•ื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื”ื™ื:
00:43
he was not wearing a seat belt.
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ื”ื•ื ืœื ื—ื’ืจ ื—ื’ื•ืจืช ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช.
00:45
And, in fact, he never wore a seat belt,
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื”ื•ื ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื—ื’ืจ ื—ื’ื•ืจืช ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช,
00:47
and the New Jersey state troopers who used to drive Governor Corzine around
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ื•ืฉื•ื˜ืจื™ ืžืฉื˜ืจืช ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ืฉืœ ื ื™ื•-ื’'ืจืกื™, ืฉื ื”ื’ื• ืœื”ืกื™ืข ืืช ื”ืžื•ืฉืœ ืงื•ืจื–ื™ื™ืŸ,
00:51
used to beg him to wear a seat belt,
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ื”ื™ื• ืžืคืฆื™ืจื™ื ื‘ื• ืœื—ื’ื•ืจ ื—ื’ื•ืจืช ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช,
00:53
but he didn't do it.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ืกื™ืจื‘.
ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืงื•ืจื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืคืš ืœืžื•ืฉืœ ื ื™ื•-ื’'ืจืกื™,
00:55
Now, before Corzine was Governor of New Jersey,
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00:57
he was the US Senator from New Jersey,
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื”ืกื ืื˜ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื ื™ื•-ื’'ืจืกื™,
ื•ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืžื ื›"ืœ "ื’ื•ืœื“ืžืŸ-ื–ืงืก",
01:00
and before that, he was the CEO of Goldman Sachs,
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01:02
responsible for taking Goldman Sachs public,
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ืฉื”ื™ื” ืื—ืจืื™ ืœื”ื ืคืงืช "ื’ื•ืœื“ืžืŸ ื–ืงืก",
01:05
making hundreds of millions of dollars.
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ื•ื”ืจื•ื•ื™ื— ืžืื•ืช ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ื“ื•ืœืจื™ื.
01:07
Now, no matter what you think of Jon Corzine politically
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ื•ืœื ืžืฉื ื” ืžื” ื“ืขืชื›ื ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ืขืœ ื’'ื•ืŸ ืงื•ืจื–ื™ื™ืŸ
01:10
or how he made his money,
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ืื• ืขืœ ื”ื“ืจืš ื‘ื” ื”ืจื•ื•ื™ื— ืืช ื›ืกืคื•,
01:12
nobody would say that he was stupid.
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ืื™ืฉ ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ื˜ื™ืคืฉ.
01:14
But there he was,
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ืื‘ืœ ืจืื• ืื•ืชื•:
01:15
an unrestrained passenger in a car accident,
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ื ื•ืกืข ืœื-ื—ื’ื•ืจ ื‘ืชืื•ื ืช ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช
01:18
at a time when every American knows that seat belts save lives.
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ื›ืฉื›ืœ ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข ืฉื—ื’ื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช ืžืฆื™ืœื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื.
01:23
This single story reflects a fundamental weakness
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ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื–ื” ืœื‘ื“ื• ืžืฉืงืฃ ื—ื•ืœืฉื” ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ืช
01:26
in our approach to improving health behavior.
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ื‘ื’ื™ืฉืชื ื• ืœืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื”.
01:29
Nearly everything we tell doctors and everything we tell patients
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ื›ืžืขื˜ ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืื ื• ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืœืจื•ืคืื™ื ื•ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืื ื• ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืœืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื
01:33
is based on the idea that we behave rationally.
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ืžื‘ื•ืกืก ืขืœ ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืœืคื™ื• ืื ื• ืžืชื ื”ื’ื™ื ื‘ื”ื’ื™ื•ืŸ.
01:36
If you give me information, I will process that information in my head,
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ืื ืชืชื ื• ืœื™ ืžื™ื“ืข, ืืขื‘ื“ ืืช ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื‘ืจืืฉื™
01:40
and my behavior will change as a result.
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ื•ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื›ืš ืชืฉืชื ื” ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืชื™.
01:43
Do you think Jon Corzine didn't know that seat belts save lives?
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ื ืจืื” ืœื›ื ืฉื’'ื•ืŸ ืงื•ืจื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ื™ื“ืข ืฉื—ื’ื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช ืžืฆื™ืœื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื?
ื ืจืื” ืœื›ื ืฉื”ื•ื ื›ืื™ืœื• ืœื ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ืžื–ื›ืจ?
01:47
Do you think he, like, just didn't get the memo?
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01:49
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
01:50
Jon Corzine did not have a knowledge deficit,
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ื’'ื•ืŸ ืงื•ืจื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ืกื‘ืœ ืžื’ืจืขื•ืŸ ืžื™ื“ืข,
01:53
he had a behavior deficit.
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ืืœื ืžื’ืจืขื•ืŸ ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืชื™.
01:55
It's not that he didn't know better.
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ื–ื” ืœื ืฉื”ื•ื ืœื ื™ื“ืข ืื™ืš ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœื”ืชื ื”ื’.
01:57
He knew better.
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ื”ื•ื ื™ื“ืข ื˜ื•ื‘ ืžืื“.
01:58
It's that he didn't do better.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ืœื ืฉื™ืคืจ ืืช ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืชื•.
ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื”ื ืคืฉ ื”ื™ื ืžื•ืœื™ืš ื‘ืขืœ ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”.
02:02
Instead, I think the mind is a high-resistance pathway.
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02:07
Changing someone's mind with information is hard enough.
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ืงืฉื” ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื“ืขื” ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืžื™ื“ืข,
ื•ืงืฉื” ืฉื‘ืขืชื™ื™ื ืœืฉื ื•ืช ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืžื™ื“ืข ืืช ื”ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช.
02:11
Changing their behavior with information
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02:13
is harder still.
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02:15
The only way we're going to make substantial improvements
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ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืฉื‘ื” ื ื›ื ื™ืก ืฉื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ื™ื
02:18
in health and health care
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ื‘ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื•ื‘ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช
02:20
is to make substantial improvements in the behavior of health and health care.
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ื”ื™ื ืข"ื™ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ื™ื ื‘ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ื‘ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื•ื‘ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช.
ืื ืชื›ื• ื‘ื’ื™ื“ ืคื™ืงืช ื”ื‘ืจืš ืฉืœื™ ื‘ืคื˜ื™ืฉ ืจืคืœืงืก,
02:26
If you hit my patellar tendon with a reflex hammer,
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02:29
my leg is going to jerk forward,
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ื”ืจื’ืœ ืฉืœื™ ืชื ืชืจ ืงื“ื™ืžื”,
02:31
and it's going to jerk forward a lot faster and a lot more predictably
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ื•ื”ื™ื ืชื ืชืจ ืงื“ื™ืžื” ืžื”ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฆืคื•ื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ
02:34
than if I had to think about it myself.
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ืžืืฉืจ ืื™ืœื• ื”ื™ื” ืขืœื™ ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื›ืš ื‘ืขืฆืžื™.
ื–ื”ื• ืจืคืœืงืก.
02:37
It's a reflex.
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02:38
We need to look for the equivalent behavioral reflexes
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ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื—ืคืฉ ืืช ื”ืจืคืœืงืกื™ื ื”ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืชื™ื™ื ื”ืžืงื‘ื™ืœื™ื
02:42
and hitch our health care wagon to those.
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ื•ืœืจืชื•ื ืืœื™ื”ื ืืช ืขื’ืœืช ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•.
02:45
Turns out, though,
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ืืœื ืฉืžืกืชื‘ืจ
ืฉืจื•ื‘ ื”ื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ืจื’ื™ืœื•ืช ืœื”ื ืขืช ื‘ื ื™-ืื“ื
02:47
that most conventional approaches to human motivation
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02:50
are based on the idea of education.
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ืžื‘ื•ืกืกื•ืช ืขืœ ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš.
02:53
We assume that if people don't behave as they should,
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ืื ื• ืžื ื™ื—ื™ื ืฉืื ืื ืฉื™ื ืœื ืžืชื ื”ื’ื™ื ื›ืžื• ืฉืฆืจื™ืš,
ื”ืจื™ ื–ื” ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื—ืกืจ ืœื”ื ื™ื“ืข.
02:56
it's because they didn't know any better.
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"ืื™ืœื• ื™ื“ืขื• ืฉื”ืขื™ืฉื•ืŸ ืžื–ื™ืง ืœื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช, ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืžืขืฉื ื™ื."
02:58
"If only people knew that smoking was dangerous, they wouldn't smoke."
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03:02
Or, we think about economics.
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ืื• ื›ืœื›ืœื”.
03:03
The assumption there is that we're all constantly calculating
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ื”ื”ื ื—ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉื›ื•ืœื ื• ืขื•ืกืงื™ื ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื‘ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื
03:06
the costs and benefits of every one of our actions
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ืฉืœ ื”ืขืœื•ืช ื•ื”ืชื•ืขืœืช ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืคืขื•ืœื•ืชื™ื ื•
03:09
and optimizing that to make the perfectly right, rational decision.
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ื•ืžืžื˜ื‘ื™ื ืื•ืชืŸ ื›ืš ืฉื ืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ื”ืžื•ืฉืœืžืช ื•ื”ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื™ืช.
03:13
If that were true, then all we need to do
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ืื™ืœื• ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ, ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืจืง ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื
03:15
is to find the perfect payment system for doctors
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ืœืžืฆื•ื ืืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืฉื›ืจ ื”ืžื•ืฉืœืžืช ืœืจื•ืคืื™ื
03:17
or the perfect co-payments and deductibles for patients,
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ืื• ืืช ื”ืชืฉืœื•ืžื™ื ื”ื ืœื•ื•ื™ื ื•ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ื™ื™ื ื”ืžื•ืฉืœืžื™ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื,
03:20
and everything would work out.
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ื•ื”ื›ืœ ื”ื™ื” ืžืกืชื“ืจ.
03:22
A better approach lies in behavioral economics.
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ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื” ื”ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืชื™ืช ืžืฆื™ืขื” ื’ื™ืฉื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ.
03:25
Behavioral economists recognize that we are irrational.
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ื”ื›ืœื›ืœืŸ ื”ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืชื™ ืžื›ื™ืจ ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื›ื•ืœื ื• ืœื-ืจืฆื™ื•ื ืืœื™ื™ื.
03:29
Our decisions are based on emotion,
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ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืชื™ื ื• ืžื‘ื•ืกืกื•ืช ืขืœ ืจื’ืฉ,
03:31
or they're sensitive to framing or to social context.
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ืื• ืจื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ืœื ื™ืกื•ื— ื•ืœื”ืงืฉืจ ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™.
03:34
We don't always do what's in our own long-term best interests.
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ืœื ืชืžื™ื“ ืื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืืช ืžื” ืฉื˜ื•ื‘ ืœื ื• ืœืื•ืจืš ื™ืžื™ื.
03:38
But the key contribution to behavioral economics
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืชืจื•ืžื” ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื” ื”ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืชื™ืช
ืื™ื ื” ื‘ื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉืื ื• ืœื-ืจืฆื™ื•ื ืืœื™ื™ื,
03:41
is not in recognizing that we are irrational;
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ืืœื ื‘ื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉืื ื• ืœื-ืจืฆื™ื•ื ืืœื™ื™ื ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื‘ื ื•ืช-ื—ื™ื–ื•ื™ ืžืื“.
03:44
it's recognizing that we are irrational in highly predictable ways.
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03:48
In fact, it's the predictability of our psychological foibles
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื–ื•ื™ ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืœืฉื•ืชื™ื ื• ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช
ื”ื™ื ืฉืžืืคืฉืจืช ืœื ื• ืœืชื›ื ืŸ ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ืœื”ืชื’ื‘ืจ ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ.
03:52
that allows us to design strategies to overcome them.
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03:55
Forewarned is forearmed.
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ืื–ื”ืจื” ืžืจืืฉ ืžืืคืฉืจืช ื”ื™ืขืจื›ื•ืช.
03:57
In fact, behavioral economists often use
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื” ื”ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืชื™ืช ืžืจื‘ื” ืœื ืฆืœ
03:59
precisely the same behavioral reflexes that get us into trouble
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ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืืช ืื•ืชื ืจืคืœืงืกื™ื ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืชื™ื™ื ืฉืžื›ื ื™ืกื™ื ืื•ืชื ื• ืœืฆืจื”
04:03
and turn them around to help us,
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ื•ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืื•ืชื ื›ืš ืฉื™ืขื–ืจื• ืœื ื•
ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœื”ื–ื™ืง ืœื ื•.
04:06
rather than to hurt us.
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04:08
We see irrationality play out in something called "present bias,"
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ืื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื”ืื™-ืจืฆื™ื•ื ืืœื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืžื›ื•ื ื” "ื”ื˜ื™ื™ืช ื”ื”ื•ื•ื”,"
04:13
where the outcomes in front of us are much more motivating
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ื›ืฉื”ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ืฉืœื ื’ื“ ืขื™ื ื™ื ื• ื ื•ืชื ื•ืช ืœื ื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ืฆื™ื”,
04:16
than even more important outcomes far in the future.
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ืืคื™ืœื• ืžื”ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืฉื‘ืขืชื™ื“ ื”ืจื—ื•ืง.
ืื ืื ื™ ื‘ื“ื™ืื˜ื” -- ื•ืื ื™ ืชืžื™ื“ ื‘ื“ื™ืื˜ื” --
04:22
If I'm on a diet -- and I'm always on a diet --
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04:24
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
04:26
and someone offers me a luscious-looking piece of chocolate cake,
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ื•ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืžืฆื™ืข ืœื™ ืคืจื•ืกืช ืขื•ื’ืช ืฉื•ืงื•ืœื“ ืขืกื™ืกื™ืช ืœืžืจืื”,
04:30
I know I should not eat that chocolate cake.
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ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืœื™ ืฉืœื ื›ื“ืื™ ืœื™ ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืืช ืขื•ื’ืช ื”ืฉื•ืงื•ืœื“ ื”ื–ืืช.
04:34
That chocolate cake will land on that part of my body -- permanently --
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ืขื•ื’ืช ื”ืฉื•ืงื•ืœื“ ื”ื–ืืช ืชื’ื™ืข ืœืื–ื•ืจ ื”ื–ื” ื‘ื’ื•ืคื™ - ืœื ืฆื— -
04:38
where that kind of food naturally settles.
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ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืฉืžื–ื•ืŸ ืžืกื•ื’ ื–ื” ืžืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื˜ื‘ืขื™.
04:41
But the chocolate cake looks so good and delicious,
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ืื‘ืœ ืขื•ื’ืช ื”ืฉื•ืงื•ืœื“ ื ืจืื™ืช ื›ื” ื ืื” ื•ื˜ืขื™ืžื”,
ื•ื”ื™ื ืžืžืฉ ื›ืืŸ, ืœืคื ื™,
04:44
and it's right in front of me,
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ืื– ื”ื“ื™ืื˜ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื—ื›ื•ืช ืœืžื—ืจ.
04:45
and the diet can wait 'til tomorrow.
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04:47
I used to love the comedian Steven Wright.
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ืคืขื ืื”ื‘ืชื™ ืืช ื”ืงื•ืžื™ืงืื™ ืกื˜ื™ื‘ืŸ ืจื™ื™ื˜.
04:49
He would have these Zen-like quips.
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ื”ื™ื• ืœื• ืฉื ื™ื ื•ื™ื•ืช-ื–ึถืŸ ื›ืืœื”.
ื”ื›ื™ ืื”ื•ื‘ื” ืขืœื™ ื”ื™ืชื” ื–ื•:
04:52
My favorite one was this:
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"ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืงืฉื” ืžืฉืชืœืžืช ื‘ืขืชื™ื“,
04:54
"Hard work pays off in the future,
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04:56
but laziness pays off right now."
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"ืื‘ืœ ื”ืขืฆืœื ื•ืช ืžืฉืชืœืžืช ื›ืจื’ืข."
04:58
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
05:00
And patients also have present bias.
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ื’ื ืœืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื ื™ืฉ ื”ื˜ื™ื™ืช ื”ื•ื•ื”.
05:03
If you have high blood pressure,
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ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ืœื—ืฅ-ื“ื ื’ื‘ื•ื”,
05:04
even if you would desperately like to avoid a stroke,
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ืืคื™ืœื• ืื ืืชื” ืจื•ืฆื” ื ื•ืืฉื•ืช ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข ืžื”ืชืงืฃ-ืœื‘,
05:07
and you know that taking your antihypertensive medications
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ื•ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืœืš ืฉื ื˜ื™ืœืช ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ื ื•ื’ื“ื•ืช ื™ืชืจ ืœื—ืฅ ื“ื
05:10
is one of the best ways to reduce that risk,
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ื”ื™ื ืื—ืช ื”ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืฆืžืฆื ืืช ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ,
05:13
the stroke you avoid is far in the future and taking medications is right now.
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ื”ืจื™ ืฉื”ื”ืชืงืฃ ืฉืืชื” ืžื•ื ืข ื ืžืฆื ื”ืจื—ืง ื‘ืขืชื™ื“,
ื•ื ื˜ื™ืœืช ื”ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืขื›ืฉื™ื•.
05:18
Almost half of the patients who are prescribed high blood pressure pills
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ื›ืžืขื˜ ื—ืฆื™ ืžื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื ืฉื ืจืฉืžื• ืœื”ื ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ื ื•ื’ื“ื•ืช ื™ืชืจ ืœื—ืฅ ื“ื
05:22
stop taking them within a year.
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ื”ืคืกื™ืงื• ืœืงื—ืช ืื•ืชืŸ ื‘ืชื•ืš ืฉื ื”.
ื—ื™ืฉื‘ื• ื›ืžื” ื—ื™ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืœื”ืฆื™ืœ
05:25
Think of how many lives we could save
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ืื™ืœื• ื”ืฆืœื—ื ื• ืœืคืชื•ืจ ืจืง ืืช ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื–ืืช.
05:27
if we could solve just that one problem.
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05:31
We also tend to overestimate the value of small probabilities.
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ืื ื• ื’ื ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ืœื”ืขืจื™ืš ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื™ ื”ืกืชื‘ืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช.
05:36
This actually explains why state lotteries are so popular,
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ื–ื” ื‘ืขืฆื ืžืกื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืœื•ื˜ื•,
05:39
even though they return pennies on the dollar.
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ืืคื™ืœื• ืื ื–ื•ื›ื™ื ื‘ืคืจื•ื˜ื•ืช ืœืขื•ืžืช ื”ื”ืฉืงืขื”.
05:41
Now, some of you may buy lottery tickets --
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ื—ืœืง ืžื›ื ืื•ืœื™ ืงื•ื ื™ื ื›ืจื˜ื™ืกื™ ืœื•ื˜ื• --
05:43
it's fun, there's the chance you might strike it rich ...
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ื–ื” ื›ื™ืฃ, ื™ืฉ ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืฉืชื‘ื™ืื• ืืช ื”ืžื›ื”...
05:46
But let's face it:
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื‘ื” ื ื•ื“ื” ื‘ื›ืš:
05:47
this would be a horrible way to invest your retirement savings.
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ื™ื”ื™ื” ื ื•ืจื ืœื”ืฉืงื™ืข ื›ื›ื” ืืช ื”ืคื ืกื™ื” ืฉืœื›ื.
05:51
I once saw a bumper sticker -- I am not making this up -- that said,
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ืจืื™ืชื™ ืคืขื ืžื“ื‘ืงืช ืคื’ื•ืฉ, ื•ืื ื™ ืœื ืžืžืฆื™ื ืืช ื–ื”:
05:55
"State lotteries are a special tax on people who can't do math."
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"ื”ืœื•ื˜ื• ื”ื•ื ืžืก ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืžื™ ืฉืœื ื™ื•ื“ืข ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ."
06:00
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
06:01
It's not that we can't do the math,
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ื–ื” ืœื ืฉืื™ื ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ,
06:03
it's that we can't feel the math.
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ืืœื ืฉืื™ื ื ื• ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ืื•ืชื•.
06:06
And we also pay much too much attention to regret.
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ืื ื• ื’ื ืžื‘ื–ื‘ื–ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื™ ื–ืžืŸ ืขืœ ื—ืจื˜ื”.
06:09
We all hate the feeling of missing out.
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ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืฉื•ื ืื™ื ืืช ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื”ื”ื—ืžืฆื”.
06:12
So, actually, there was this recent lottery,
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ืœืžืขืŸ ื”ืืžืช, ื”ื™ืชื” ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื” ื”ื’ืจืœืช ืœื•ื˜ื•, ื”ื’ืจืœื” ืขื ืงื™ืช
06:14
a mega-jackpot lottery,
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ืขืœ ืคืจืก ื“ืžื™ื•ื ื™, ืžืฉื”ื• ื›ืžื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื“ื•ืœืจ.
06:16
that had a huge payoff, something like over a billion dollars.
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ื•ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ ืฉืœื™ ื›ื•ืœื ืฉืžื• ื›ืกืฃ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื ื•ืช ื›ืจื˜ื™ืกื™ ืœื•ื˜ื•,
06:19
And everyone in my office is pooling money to buy lottery tickets,
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06:22
and I'm not having any of this.
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ื•ืื ื™ ื”ื—ืœื˜ืชื™ ืฉืœื ืœื”ืฉืชืชืฃ.
06:23
There I am, like, swaggering around the office,
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ื”ืกืชื•ื‘ื‘ืชื™ ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ ื•ื”ืชืจื‘ืจื‘ืชื™:
06:26
"Lotteries are a special tax on people who can't do math."
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"ื”ืœื•ื˜ื• ื”ื•ื ืžืก ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืžื™ ืฉืœื ื™ื•ื“ืข ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ."
(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
06:29
(Laughter)
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06:30
And then it hits me:
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ื•ืื– ืงืœื˜ืชื™:
06:31
uh oh.
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ืื•ื™ ื•ืื‘ื•ื™.
06:33
What if they win?
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ืžื” ืื ื”ื ื™ื–ื›ื•?
06:34
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
06:36
I'm the only one who shows up at work the next day.
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ืื ื™ ืื”ื™ื” ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืฉื™ื’ื™ืข ืžื—ืจ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื”.
(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
06:39
(Laughter)
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ื–ื” ืœื ืฉืœื ืจืฆื™ืชื™ ืฉื—ื‘ืจื™ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื™ื–ื›ื•,
06:40
Now, it's not that I didn't want my colleagues to win.
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06:42
I just didn't want them to win without me.
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ืืœื ืจืง ืฉืœื ื›ื•ืœื ื™ื–ื›ื• ื—ื•ืฅ ืžืžื ื™.
06:45
Now, it would have been easier if I had just taken my 20-dollar bill
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ื”ื™ื” ืงืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื™ืœื• ืœืงื—ืชื™ ืืช ืฉื˜ืจ ื”-20 ื“ื•ืœืจ ืฉืœื™
ื•ื”ื›ื ืกืชื™ ืื•ืชื• ืœืžื’ืจืกื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉืจื“,
06:49
and put it into the office shredder,
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ื‘ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื–ื”ื•ืช.
06:51
and the results would have been the same.
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ืื– ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉื™ื“ืขืชื™ ืฉืœื ื›ื“ืื™ ืœื™ ืœื”ืฉืชืชืฃ,
06:53
Even though I knew I shouldn't participate,
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ื ืชืชื™ ืืช ื”-20 ื“ื•ืœืจ ืฉืœื™
06:55
I handed over my $20 bill,
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ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื ืจืื™ืชื™ ืื•ืชื.
06:58
and I never saw it again.
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
07:00
(Laughter)
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07:01
We've done a bunch of experiments with patients
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ืขืจื›ื ื• ืžืกืคืจ ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ืขื ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื
07:04
in which we give them these electronic pill bottles
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ืฉื‘ื”ื ื ืชื ื• ืœื”ื ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืงื™ ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื•ืช
07:07
so we can tell whether they're taking their medication or not.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืจืื•ืช ืื ื”ืŸ ื ื•ื˜ืœื™ื ืื•ืชืŸ.
07:10
And we reward them with a lottery.
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ื•ื”ืคืจืก ืฉืœื”ื ื”ื™ื” ื”ื’ืจืœื”.
07:13
They get prizes.
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ื”ื ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืคืจืกื™ื.
07:15
But they only get prizes
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืคืจืกื™ื
07:17
if they had taken their medication the day before.
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ืจืง ืื ื ื˜ืœื• ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืงื•ื“ื ืืช ื”ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื.
07:20
If not, they get a message that says something like,
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ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ื•ืœื, ื”ื ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ื”ื•ื“ืขื” ื‘ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ,
07:23
"You would have won a hundred dollars,
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"ื”ื™ื™ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื–ื›ื•ืช ื‘ืžืื” ื“ื•ืœืจ,
07:25
but you didn't take your medicine yesterday, so you don't get it."
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"ืื‘ืœ ืืชืžื•ืœ ืœื ืœืงื—ืช ืืช ื”ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ืฉืœืš, ืื– ืœื ืชืงื‘ืœ."
07:28
Well, it turns out, patients hate that.
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ืžืกืชื‘ืจ ืฉื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื ืœื ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื–ื”.
07:30
They hate the sense of missing out,
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ื”ื ืฉื•ื ืื™ื ืืช ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื”ื”ื—ืžืฆื”,
07:32
and because they can anticipate that feeling of regret
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ื•ื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื—ื–ื•ืช ืืช ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื”ื—ืจื˜ื”,
07:35
and they'd like to avoid it,
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ื•ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข ืžืžื ื”,
ื”ื ืžื•ื›ื ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืงื—ืช ืืช ื”ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื.
07:37
they're much more likely to take their medications.
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ื–ื” ืžืฆืœื™ื—, ืœื ืฆืœ ืืช ื”ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ืฉืœ ืฉื ืืช ื”ื—ืจื˜ื”.
07:40
Harnessing that sense of hating regret works.
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07:43
And it leads to the more general point,
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ื•ื–ื” ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœื ืงื•ื“ื” ื”ื›ืœืœื™ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ,
07:46
which is: once you recognize how people are irrational,
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ืฉื”ื™ื: ื›ืฉืืชื” ืžื–ื”ื” ืื™ืš ืื ืฉื™ื ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ืกืจ-ืจืฆื™ื•ื ืืœื™ื•ืช,
07:50
you're in a much better position to help them.
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ืืชื” ื‘ืขืžื“ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื”ื.
ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ืจืฆื™ื•ื ืืœื™ื•ืช ื”ื–ืืช ืžืชื’ืœื” ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ ื”ื’ื‘ืจื™ื.
07:54
Now, this kind of irrationality works out even in men's restrooms.
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ืืœื” ืžื›ื ืฉืœื ืžืจื‘ื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืžืฉืชื ื•ืช,
07:59
So, for those of you who don't frequent urinals,
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08:03
let me break this down for you.
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ื”ืจืฉื• ืœื™ ืœื‘ืฉืจ ืœื›ื:
08:05
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
08:06
There is pee all over the floor.
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ื”ืจืฆืคื” ืžื›ื•ืกื” ื‘ืฉืชืŸ.
08:08
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
ื•ืžืกืชื‘ืจ ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœืคืชื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื–ืืช
08:11
And it turns out that you can solve this problem
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08:13
by etching the image of a fly in the back of the urinal.
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ืื ื—ื•ืจื˜ื™ื ืชืžื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื–ื‘ื•ื‘ ื‘ืงื™ืจ ื”ืžืฉืชื ื”.
08:17
(Laughter) (Applause)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง) (ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
08:21
And it makes perfect sense.
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ื•ื–ื” ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื™ ืœื’ืžืจื™.
08:22
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
08:24
If I see a fly,
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ืื ืื ื™ ืจื•ืื” ื–ื‘ื•ื‘,
ืื ื™ ืื ืกื” ืœืงืœื•ืข ืืœื™ื•.
08:26
I'm gonna get that fly.
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08:27
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
08:31
That fly is going down.
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ื”ื–ื‘ื•ื‘ ื”ื–ื” ืžื—ื•ืกืœ!
08:33
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
08:34
Now, this naturally begs the question that if men can aim,
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ื–ื” ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืžืขืœื” ืืช ื”ืฉืืœื”: ืื ื’ื‘ืจ ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœื›ื•ื•ืŸ,
08:38
why were they peeing on the floor in the first place?
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ืžื“ื•ืข ื”ื•ื ืžืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืžืฉืชื™ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืจืฆืคื”?
08:40
In fact, if they were going to pee on the floor,
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ื•ื‘ื›ืœืœ, ืื ื”ื•ื ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืœื”ืฉืชื™ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืจืฆืคื”,
ืœืžื” ืœื™ื“ ื”ืžืฉืชื ื”? ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืฉืชื™ืŸ ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื.
08:43
why pee in front of the urinal?
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08:44
You could pee anywhere.
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08:45
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
08:46
And the same thing works in health care.
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ื›ื›ื” ื–ื” ื’ื ื‘ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช.
08:50
We had a problem in our hospital
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ื”ื™ืชื” ืœื ื• ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืขื™ื”:
08:52
in which the physicians were prescribing brand-name drugs
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ื”ืจื•ืคืื™ื ืจืฉืžื• ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ืžื•ืชื’
08:57
when a generic drug was available.
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ื›ืฉืืคืฉืจ ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืืช ื”ืชืจื•ืคื” ื”ื’ื ืจื™ืช.
08:59
Each one of the lines on this graph represents a different drug.
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ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืงื•ื•ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ ืชืจื•ืคื”.
09:03
And they're listed according to how often they're prescribed as generic medications.
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ื”ืจืฉื™ืžื” ืชื•ืืžืช ืœืชื›ื™ืคื•ืช ืฉื‘ื” ื”ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ื ืจืฉืžื• ื›ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ื’ื ืจื™ื•ืช.
09:07
Those are the top are prescribed as generics 100 percent of the time.
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ื”ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ืฉืœืžืขืœื” ื ืจืฉืžื•ืช ื›ื’ื ืจื™ื•ืช 100% ืžื”ืคืขืžื™ื.
ืืœื” ืฉืœืžื˜ื” ื ืจืฉืžื•ืช ื›ื’ื ืจื™ื•ืช
09:11
Those down at the bottom are prescribed as generics
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09:13
less than 20 percent of the time.
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ืคื—ื•ืช ืž-20% ืžื”ืคืขืžื™ื.
ื•ื”ื™ื• ืœื ื• ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืขื ืงืœื™ื ืื™ื ื•ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ืžืคื’ืฉื™ ื—ื™ื ื•ืš,
09:15
And we'd have meetings with clinicians and all sorts of education sessions,
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09:18
and nothing worked --
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ื•ืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืœื ืขื–ืจ --
09:19
all the lines are pretty much horizontal.
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ื›ืœ ื”ืงื•ื•ื™ื ืื•ืคืงื™ื™ื ืœืžื“ื™.
09:22
Until, someone installed a little piece of software
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ืขื“ ืฉืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื”ืชืงื™ืŸ ืชื•ื›ื ื” ืงื˜ื ื”
ื‘ืจืฉื•ืžื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื•ืช
09:26
in the electronic health record
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09:27
that defaulted the prescriptions to generic medications
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ืฉื”ืคื›ื” ืืช ืจื™ืฉื•ื ื”ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ื”ื’ื ืจื™ื•ืช ืœื‘ืจื™ืจืช-ืžื—ื“ืœ,
09:31
instead of the brand-name drugs.
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืชื’.
ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืจืš ืœื”ื™ืขื–ืจ ื‘ืกื˜ื˜ื™ืกื˜ื™ืงืื™,
09:34
Now, it doesn't take a statistician
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09:35
to see that this problem was solved overnight,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื ืคืชืจื” ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืœื™ืœื”,
09:38
and it has stayed solved ever since.
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ื•ืžืื– ื”ื™ื ื ืฉืืจื” ืคืชื•ืจื”.
09:41
In fact, in the two and a half years since this program started,
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ืœืžืขืŸ ื”ืืžืช, ื‘ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื ื•ื—ืฆื™ ืžืื– ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืชื›ื ื™ืช ื”ื–ืืช,
09:44
our hospital has saved 32 million dollars.
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ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ื—ืกืš 32 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืœืจ.
09:47
Let me say that again: 32 million dollars.
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ืื•ืžืจ ื–ืืช ืฉื•ื‘: 32 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืœืจ.
09:51
And all we did was make it easier
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ื•ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืขืฉื™ื ื• ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ืงืœ ืขืœ ื”ืจื•ืคืื™ื
09:54
for the doctors to do what they fundamentally wanted to do all along.
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ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ืžื” ืฉื‘ืขืฆื ืชืžื™ื“ ืจืฆื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช.
10:00
It also works to play into people's notions of loss.
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ืžืฆืœื™ื— ื’ื ืœืฉื—ืง ืขืœ ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื”ื”ืคืกื“.
10:06
We did this with a contest to help people walk more.
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ืขืฉื™ื ื• ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ืชื—ืจื•ืช
ืฉื ื•ืขื“ื” ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืœื”ืจื‘ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื”ืœื™ื›ื”.
10:10
We wanted everyone to walk at least 7,000 steps,
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ืจืฆื™ื ื• ืฉื›ื•ืœื ื™ื™ืœื›ื• ืœืคื—ื•ืช 7,000 ืฆืขื“ื™ื,
10:14
and we measured their step count
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ื•ืžื“ื“ื ื• ืืช ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืฆืขื“ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื
10:16
with the accelerometer on their cell phone.
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ื‘ืžื“ ืชืื•ืฆื” ืฉื”ื•ืชืงืŸ ื‘ื˜ืœืคื•ื ื™ื ื”ื ื™ื™ื“ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื.
10:19
Group A, the control group, just got told whether they had walked
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ืœืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื', ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื”ื‘ืงืจื”, ืืžืจื• ืคืฉื•ื˜
ืื ื”ื ื”ืœื›ื• 7,000 ืฆืขื“ื™ื ืื• ืœื.
10:22
7,000 steps or not.
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10:25
Group B got a financial incentive.
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ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื‘' ืงื™ื‘ืœื” ืชืžืจื™ืฅ ื›ืกืคื™.
10:28
We gave them $1.40 for every day they walked 7,000 steps.
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ื ืชื ื• ืœื”ื 1.40 ื“ื•ืœืจ ืœื›ืœ ื™ื•ื ืฉื‘ื• ื”ืœื›ื• 7,000 ืฆืขื“ื™ื.
10:33
Group C got the same financial incentive,
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ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื’' ืงื™ื‘ืœื” ืืช ืื•ืชื• ืชืžืจื™ืฅ ื›ืกืคื™,
10:35
but it was framed as a loss rather than a gain:
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ื”ื•ืฆื’ ื›ื”ืคืกื“ ื•ืœื ื›ื–ื›ื™ื™ื”:
10:38
$1.40 a day is 42 dollars a month,
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1.40 ื“ื•ืœืจ ืœื™ื•ื ื”ื•ื 42 ื“ื•ืœืจ ืœื—ื•ื“ืฉ,
10:41
so we gave these participants 42 dollars at the beginning of each month
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ืื– ื ืชื ื• ืœืื•ืชื ืžืฉืชืชืคื™ื 42 ื“ื•ืœืจ ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื›ืœ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ
10:45
in a virtual account that they could see,
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ื‘ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ื•ื™ืจื˜ื•ืืœื™ ืฉื‘ื• ื™ื›ืœื• ืœืฆืคื•ืช,
ื•ื”ืคื—ืชื ื• 1.40 ื“ื•ืœืจ ืœื›ืœ ื™ื•ื ืฉื‘ื• ืœื ื”ืœื›ื• 7,000 ืฆืขื“ื™ื.
10:48
and we took away $1.40 for every day they didn't walk 7,000 steps.
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10:52
Now, an economist would say that those two financial incentives
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ื›ืœื›ืœืŸ ื”ื™ื” ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ืฉืฉื ื™ ื”ืชืžืจื™ืฆื™ื ื”ื›ืกืคื™ื™ื ื–ื”ื™ื:
10:55
are the same.
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10:57
For every day you walk 7,000 steps, you're $1.40 richer.
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ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื ืฉืืชื” ื”ื•ืœืš 7,000 ืฆืขื“ื™ื, ืืชื” ืžืชืขืฉืจ ื‘-1.40 ื“ื•ืœืจ.
11:01
But a behavioral economist would say that they're different,
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืœื›ืœืŸ ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืชื™ ื”ื™ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื,
11:04
because we're much more motivated to avoid a $1.40 loss
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ื›ื™ ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ืฆื™ื” ืœืžื ื•ืข ืืช ื”ืคืกื“ ื”-1.40 ื“ื•ืœืจ
11:08
than we are motivated to achieve a $1.40 gain.
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ืžืืฉืจ ืœื”ืจื•ื•ื™ื— 1.40 ื“ื•ืœืจ.
ื•ื–ื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืžื” ืฉืงืจื”.
11:12
And that's exactly what happened.
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11:14
Those in the group that received $1.40 for every day they walked 7,000 steps
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ืžืฉืชืชืคื™ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืฉืงื™ื‘ืœื” 1.40 ื“ื•ืœืจ ืœื›ืœ ื™ื•ื ื‘ื• ื”ืœื›ื• 7,000 ืฆืขื“ื™ื
11:18
were no more likely to meet their goal than the control group.
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ืœื ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืกื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ื™ืขื“ ืžืืฉืจ ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื”ื‘ืงืจื”.
11:21
The financial incentive didn't work.
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ื”ืชืžืจื™ืฅ ื”ื›ืกืคื™ ืœื ืขื‘ื“.
ืื‘ืœ ืืœื” ืฉืงื™ื‘ืœื• ืชืžืจื™ืฅ ืฉื ื•ืกื— ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืคืกื“
11:24
But those who had a loss-framed incentive
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11:26
met their goal 50 percent more of the time.
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ืขืžื“ื• ื‘ืžื˜ืœื” ืฉืœื”ื 50% ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ื–ืžืŸ.
11:29
It doesn't make economic sense, but it makes psychological sense,
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ื–ื” ืœื ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื™ ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ืื‘ืœ ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช - ื›ืŸ,
11:33
because losses loom larger than gains.
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ื›ื™ ื”ื”ืคืกื“ื™ื ื ืชืคืฉื™ื ื›ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ืจื•ื•ื—ื™ื.
11:35
And now we're using loss-framed incentives to help patients walk more,
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ื•ื›ื™ื•ื ืื ื• ืžืคืขื™ืœื™ื ืชืžืจื™ืฆื™ื ืฉืžื ื•ืกื—ื™ื ื›ื”ืคืกื“ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื ืœืœื›ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ,
ืœืจื“ืช ื‘ืžืฉืงืœ
11:40
lose weight
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11:41
and take their medications.
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ื•ืœืงื—ืช ืืช ื”ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื.
11:43
Money can be a motivator.
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ื”ื›ืกืฃ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืฉืžืฉ ืžื ื™ืข.
ื›ื•ืœื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืืช ื–ื”.
11:46
We all know that.
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11:47
But it's far more influential when it's paired with psychology.
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ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ืœื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ื•ื— ื‘ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”.
11:52
And money, of course, has its own disadvantages.
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ื•ืœื›ืกืฃ, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ื™ืฉ ื—ืกืจื•ื ื•ืช ืžืฉืœื•.
ื”ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ื”ืื”ื•ื‘ื” ืขืœื™ ืงืฉื•ืจื” ื‘ืชื›ื ื™ืช ืžืขื•ืŸ ื™ื•ื.
11:55
My favorite example of this involves a daycare program.
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11:59
The greatest sin you can commit in daycare is picking up your kids late.
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ื”ื—ื˜ื ื”ื›ื™ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœื—ื˜ื•ื ื‘ืžืขื•ืŸ ื™ื•ื,
ื”ื•ื ืœืื—ืจ ืœืืกื•ืฃ ืืช ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื.
12:04
No one is happy.
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ื–ื” ืœื ืžืฉืžื— ืืฃ ืื—ื“.
12:05
Your kids are crying because you don't love them.
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ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื‘ื•ื›ื™ื ื›ื™ ืืชื” ืœื ืื•ื”ื‘ ืื•ืชื.
12:08
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
12:09
The teachers are unhappy because they leave work late.
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ื”ืžื•ืจื™ื ืื•ืžืœืœื™ื ื›ื™ ื”ื ื’ื•ืžืจื™ื ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืžืื•ื—ืจ.
ื•ืืชื” ืžืจื’ื™ืฉ ืืฉื ื ื•ืจื.
12:12
And you feel terribly guilty.
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12:14
This daycare program in Israel decided they wanted to stop this problem,
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ื‘ืžืขื•ืŸ ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ื• ืฉื”ื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืคืชื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื‘ืขื™ื”,
12:18
and they did something that many daycare programs in the US do,
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ื•ื”ื ืขืฉื• ื›ืžื• ื‘ืžืขื•ื ื•ืช ื™ื•ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ืืจื”"ื‘:
12:21
which is they installed a fine for late pickups.
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ื”ื ื”ื™ื’ื• ืงื ืก ืขืœ ืื™ื—ื•ืจ ื‘ืื™ืกื•ืฃ ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื.
12:23
And the fine they chose was 10 shekels,
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ื”ืงื ืก ืฉืœื”ื ื”ื™ื” 10 ืฉืงืœื™ื,
12:26
which is about three bucks.
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ืฉื–ื” ื‘ืขืจืš ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื“ื•ืœืจื™ื.
12:29
And guess what happened?
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ืžื” ืœื“ืขืชื›ื ืงืจื”?
ื”ืื™ื—ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืชืจื‘ื•.
12:31
Late pickups increased.
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12:34
And if you think about it, it makes perfect sense.
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ื•ืื ืชื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื–ื”, ื–ื” ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื™ ืœื’ืžืจื™.
12:37
What a deal!
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ื™ื•ืคื™ ืฉืœ ืขื™ืกืงื”! ืชืžื•ืจืช 10 ืฉืงืœื™ื --
12:38
For 10 shekels --
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12:39
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
12:40
you can keep my kids all night!
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...ืืชื ืžืฉื’ื™ื—ื™ื ืœื™ ืขืœ ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื›ืœ ื”ืขืจื‘!
12:42
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
12:45
They took a perfectly strong intrinsic motivation not to be late,
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ื”ื ืœืงื—ื• ืžื ื™ืข ื—ื–ืง ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืœืžื ื•ืข ืื™ื—ื•ืจื™ื,
12:49
and they cheapened it.
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ื•ื”ื•ื–ื™ืœื• ืื•ืชื•.
12:50
What's worse, when they realized their mistake
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ื’ืจื•ืข ืžื–ื”, ื›ืฉื”ื ื”ื‘ื™ื ื• ืืช ื˜ืขื•ืชื
12:53
and they took away the financial incentive,
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ื•ื‘ื™ื˜ืœื• ืืช ื”ืชืžืจื™ืฅ ื”ื›ืกืคื™,
12:56
the late pickups still stayed at the high level.
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ื”ืื™ื—ื•ืจื™ื ื ื•ืชืจื• ื‘ืจืžื” ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”.
12:58
They had already poisoned the social contract.
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ื”ื ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ืจืขื™ืœื• ืืช ื”ื—ื•ื–ื” ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™.
ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ืžืœืื™ื ื‘ืžื ื™ืขื™ื ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื™ื ื—ื–ืงื™ื.
13:02
Health care is full of strong intrinsic motivations.
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13:05
We have doctors and patients who already want to do the right thing.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืจื•ืคืื™ื ื•ื—ื•ืœื™ื ืฉืžืžื™ืœื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื ื”ื•ื’ ื ื›ื•ืŸ.
13:09
Financial incentives can help,
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ืชืžืจื™ืฆื™ื ื›ืกืคื™ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขื–ื•ืจ,
13:12
but we shouldn't expect money in health care
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ืืกื•ืจ ืœื ื• ืœืฆืคื•ืช ืฉื”ื›ืกืฃ ื™ื™ืฉื ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื ื˜ืœ.
13:15
to do all of the heavy lifting.
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ืื“ืจื‘ื, ื”ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ื”ื›ื™ ืžืฉืคื™ืขื™ื ื‘ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืชื™ืช
13:18
Instead, perhaps the most powerful influencers of health behavior
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13:22
are our social interactions.
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ื”ื ื”ืžื’ืขื™ื ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•.
13:24
Social engagement works in health care,
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ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ืขื•ื‘ื“ืช ื‘ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช,
ื•ื‘ืฉื ื™ ื›ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ื.
13:27
and it works in two directions.
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13:29
First, we fundamentally care what others think of us.
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ืจืืฉื™ืช, ื‘ื™ืกื•ื“ื ื• ืื™ื›ืคืช ืœื ื• ืžื” ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœื™ื ื•.
13:34
And so one of the most powerful ways to change our behavior
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ, ืื—ืช ื”ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื”ื—ื–ืงื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืชื ื•
ื”ื™ื ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ืคืขื™ืœื•ืชื ื• ืœืฉืงื•ืคื” ืœืื—ืจื™ื.
13:38
is to make our activities witnessable to others.
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13:41
We behave differently when we're being observed
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ืื ื• ืžืชื ื”ื’ื™ื ืื—ืจืช ื›ืฉืฆื•ืคื™ื ื‘ื ื•,
13:44
than when we're not.
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ืœืขื•ืžืช ื›ืฉืœื ืฆื•ืคื™ื ื‘ื ื•.
13:45
I've been to some restaurants that don't have sinks in the bathrooms.
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื‘ื›ืžื” ืžืกืขื“ื•ืช ืฉืื™ืŸ ื‘ื”ืŸ ื›ื™ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื,
13:48
Instead, when you step out, the sink is outside
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืฉื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ืžื”ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื, ื”ื›ื™ื•ืจ ื ืžืฆื ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ,
ื‘ื—ืœืง ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืกืขื“ื”,
13:51
in the main part of the restaurant,
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13:52
where everyone can see whether you wash your hands or not.
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ื›ืฉื›ื•ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืื ืืชื” ื ื•ื˜ืœ ื™ื“ื™ื™ื ืื• ืœื.
ืื™ื ื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื“ืขืช ื‘ื‘ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ,
13:55
Now, I don't know for sure,
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13:56
but I am convinced that handwashing is much greater
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ืžืฉื•ื›ื ืข ืฉื ื•ื˜ืœื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื™ื“ื™ื™ื
ื‘ืชืคืื•ืจื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ื–ื•.
13:59
in those particular settings.
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14:00
We are always on our best behavior when we're being observed.
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ืื ื• ืชืžื™ื“ ืžืชื ื”ื’ื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื˜ื‘ื ื• ื›ืฉืฆื•ืคื™ื ื‘ื ื•.
14:04
In fact, there was this amazing study
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ืœืžืขืŸ ื”ืืžืช, ื ืขืจืš ืžื—ืงืจ ืžื“ื”ื™ื
14:06
that was done in an intensive care unit in a Florida hospital.
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ื‘ืื’ืฃ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื ืžืจืฅ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืคืœื•ืจื™ื“ื”.
14:09
The handwashing rates were very low, which is dangerous, of course,
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ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืฉื˜ื™ืคืช ื”ื™ื“ื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ื ืžื•ื›ื™ื ืžืื“, ื•ื–ื” ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืžืกื•ื›ืŸ
14:12
because it can spread infection.
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ื›ื™ ื–ื” ืขืœื•ืœ ืœื”ืคื™ืฅ ื–ื™ื”ื•ืžื™ื.
ืื– ืื—ื“ ื”ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื”ื“ื‘ื™ืง ืชืžื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ืžืขืœ ื”ื›ื™ื•ืจ.
14:15
And so some researchers pasted a picture of someone's eyes over the sink.
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14:20
It wasn't a real person, it was just a photograph.
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ืœื ืื“ื ืืžื™ืชื™ ืืœื ืจืง ืชืฆืœื•ื.
14:22
In fact, it wasn't even their whole face, it was just their eyes looking at you.
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื ื›ืœ ื”ืคื ื™ื ืืœื ืจืง ื”ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืžืกืชื›ืœื•ืช ืขืœื™ืš.
(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
14:26
(Laughter)
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ืจืžื•ืช ืฉื˜ื™ืคืช ื”ื™ื“ื™ื™ื ื”ื•ื›ืคืœื• ื•ืžืขืœื”.
14:27
Handwashing rates more than doubled.
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14:29
It seems we care so much what other people think of us
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ื ืจืื” ืฉื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื ื• ืžื” ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœื™ื ื•
14:32
that our behavior improves
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ืขื“ ื›ื“ื™ ื›ืš ืฉื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืชื ื• ืžืฉืชืคืจืช
14:33
even if we merely imagine that we're being observed.
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ืืคื™ืœื• ืื ืื ื• ืจืง ืžื“ืžื™ื™ื ื™ื ืฉืฆื•ืคื™ื ื‘ื ื•.
14:37
And not only do we care what others think of us,
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ื•ืœื ื–ื• ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ืฉื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื ื• ืžื” ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœื™ื ื•,
14:40
we fundamentally model our behaviors on what we see other people do.
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ืืœื ืฉืื ื• ื’ื ืžืขืฆื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืชื ื• ืœืคื™ ื”ืžื•ืคืช ืฉืœ ืื—ืจื™ื.
14:45
And it all comes back to seat belts.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืš ืื ื• ื—ื•ื–ืจื™ื ืœื—ื’ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช.
14:48
When I was a kid, I used to love the "Batman" TV series with Adam West.
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ื›ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื™ืœื“, ืื”ื‘ืชื™ ืืช ืกื“ืจืช "ื‘ื˜ืžืŸ" ืขื ืื“ื ื•ื•ืกื˜.
14:54
Everything that Batman and Robin did was so cool,
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ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืขืฉื• ื‘ื˜ืžืŸ ื•ืจื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืžื’ื ื™ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ,
ื•ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช ื”"ื‘ื˜ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ" ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ื›ื™ ืžื’ื ื™ื‘ื”.
14:57
and, of course, the Batmobile was the coolest thing of all.
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15:00
Now, that show aired from 1966 to 1968,
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ื”ืกื“ืจื” ื”ื–ืืช ื”ื•ืงืจื ื” ืž-1966 ื•ืขื“ 1968,
15:04
and at that time, seat belts were optional accessories in cars.
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ื•ื‘ืื•ืชื ื™ืžื™ื, ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื—ื’ื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื’ื“ืจ ืจืฉื•ืช.
15:08
But the producers of that show did something really important.
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ืื‘ืœ ืžืคื™ืงื™ ื”ืกื“ืจื” ืขืฉื• ืžืฉื”ื• ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
15:11
When Batman and Robin got in the Batmobile,
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ื›ืฉื‘ื˜ืžืŸ ื•ืจื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื ื›ื ืกื• ืœ"ื‘ื˜ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ",
15:14
the camera would focus on their laps,
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ื”ืžืฆืœืžื” ื”ื™ืชื” ืžืชืžืงื“ืช ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ื’ื•ืคื,
15:16
and you would see Batman and Robin put on their seat belts.
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ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื‘ื˜ืžืŸ ื•ืจื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืชื—ื’ืจื™ื.
15:19
Now, if Batman and Robin put on their seat belts,
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ื•ืื ื‘ื˜ืžืŸ ื•ืจื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืชื—ื’ืจื™ื,
15:21
you can bet that I was going to wear my seat belt, too.
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ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ืฉื’ื ืื ื™ ืืชื—ื’ืจ.
15:24
I bet that show saved thousands of lives.
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ืื ื™ ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ืฉื”ืกื“ืจื” ื”ื”ื™ื ื”ืฆื™ืœื” ืืœืคื™ ืื ืฉื™ื.
15:26
And again, it works in health care, too.
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ื•ืฉื•ื‘, ื–ื” ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื’ื ื‘ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช.
15:29
Doctors use antibiotics more appropriately when they see how other doctors use them.
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ืจื•ืคืื™ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืื ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ืงื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ
ื›ืฉื”ื ืจื•ืื™ื ืื™ืš ืจื•ืคืื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื”.
15:35
So many activities in health care are hidden, they're unwitnessed,
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ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ืื™ื ืŸ ื’ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ืœืขื™ืŸ, ืื™ื ืŸ ื ืฆืคื•ืช,
ืื‘ืœ ื”ืจื•ืคืื™ื ื”ื ื—ื™ื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช,
15:40
but doctors are social animals,
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15:42
and they perform better when they see what other doctors do.
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ื•ื”ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืขื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ืฉื”ื ืจื•ืื™ื ืžื” ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืจื•ืคืื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื.
15:47
So social influence works in health care.
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ื›ืš ืฉื‘ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช, ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ืขื•ื‘ื“ืช.
15:49
So does tying it to notions of regret or to loss aversion.
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ื•ื’ื ื”ืงื™ืฉื•ืจ ืœืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ืจื˜ื” ื•ื”ืคืกื“.
15:53
We would never think of using these tools if we thought that everyone was rational
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ืœื ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื—ื•ืœืžื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื›ืœื™ื ืืœื” ืื™ืœื• ื—ืฉื‘ื ื• ืฉื›ื•ืœื ืจืฆื™ื•ื ืืœื™ื™ื
ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ.
15:59
all the time.
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16:00
Now, just to be clear: I am not condemning rationality.
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ื•ืจืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื”ื™ืจ: ืื™ื ื ื™ ืžื’ื ื” ืืช ื”ืจืฆื™ื•ื ืืœื™ื•ืช.
16:03
I mean, that really would be irrational.
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ื–ื” ื‘ืืžืช ื”ื™ื” ืœื-ืจืฆื™ื•ื ืืœื™.
16:06
But we all know that it's the nonrational parts of our minds
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื›ื•ืœื ื• ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉื”ื—ืœืงื™ื ื”ืœื-ืจืฆื™ื•ื ืืœื™ื™ื ื‘ืžื•ื—ื ื• -
16:11
where we get courage, creativity, inspiration
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ื”ืื•ืžืฅ, ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ื•ืช, ื”ื”ืฉืจืื”
16:14
and everything else that sparks passion.
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ื•ื›ืœ ื”ืฉืืจ, ื”ื ืฉืžืฆื™ืชื™ื ืืช ื”ืœื”ื˜.
16:17
And we know something else, too.
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ื•ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืœื ื• ื“ื‘ืจ ื ื•ืกืฃ.
16:19
We know that we can be much more effective at improving health behavior
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ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืœื ื• ืฉื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื™ืขื™ืœื™ื ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืชื™ืช
ืื ื ืขื‘ื•ื“ ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื”ื—ืœืงื™ื ื”ืœื-ืจืฆื™ื•ื ืืœื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื˜ื‘ืขื ื•
16:24
if we work with the irrational parts of our nature
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16:27
instead of ignoring them or fighting against them.
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœื”ืชืขืœื ืžื”ื ืื• ืœื”ื™ืื‘ืง ื‘ื”ื.
16:30
When it comes to health care,
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ื›ืฉืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช,
16:32
understanding our irrationality is just another tool in our toolbox.
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ื”ื‘ื ืช ื”ืื™-ืจืฆื™ื•ื ืืœื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ื”ื™ื ืขื•ื“ ื›ืœื™ ื‘ืชื™ื‘ืช ื”ื›ืœื™ื ืฉืœื ื•.
ื•ื’ื™ื•ืก ื”ืื™-ืจืฆื™ื•ื ืืœื™ื•ืช ื”ื–ืืช --
16:38
And harnessing that irrationality --
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16:40
that may be the most rational move of all.
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ื–ื”ื• ืื•ืœื™ ื”ืฆืขื“ ื”ื›ื™ ืจืฆื™ื•ื ืืœื™ ืžื›ื•ืœื.
16:44
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืœื›ื.
16:45
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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