Why it's so hard to make healthy decisions | David Asch

409,582 views ใƒป 2019-12-19

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ไธ‹ใฎ่‹ฑ่ชžๅญ—ๅน•ใ‚’ใƒ€ใƒ–ใƒซใ‚ฏใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏใ™ใ‚‹ใจๅ‹•็”ปใ‚’ๅ†็”Ÿใงใใพใ™ใ€‚

็ฟป่จณ: Akira Ogawa / ๅฐๅทๆ™ƒๆœ— ๆ กๆญฃ: Takamasa Omata
00:12
It's April of 2007,
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2007ๅนด4ๆœˆใฎๅ‡บๆฅไบ‹ใงใ™
00:15
and Jon Corzine, the Governor of New Jersey,
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ใƒ‹ใƒฅใƒผใ‚ธใƒฃใƒผใ‚ธใƒผๅทž็Ÿฅไบ‹ใ ใฃใŸ ใ‚ธใƒงใƒณใƒปใ‚ณใƒผใ‚ถใ‚คใƒณๆฐใฏ
00:18
is in this horrific car accident.
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ๆใ‚ใ—ใ„่‡ชๅ‹•่ปŠไบ‹ๆ•…ใซ้ญใ„ใพใ—ใŸ
00:21
He's in the right front passenger seat of this SUV
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ๅฝผใŒใ“ใฎSUVใฎๅŠฉๆ‰‹ๅธญใซ ไน—ใฃใฆใ„ใŸใจใ“ใ‚
00:23
when it crashes on the Garden State Parkway.
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ใ‚ฌใƒผใƒ‡ใƒณใ‚นใƒ†ใƒผใƒˆใƒปใƒ‘ใƒผใ‚ฏใ‚ฆใ‚งใ‚คใง ่ปŠใŒ่ก็ชใ—ใพใ—ใŸ
00:26
He's transported to a New Jersey trauma center
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ๅฝผใฏ ่ฟ‘ใใฎๅค–ๅ‚ทใ‚ปใƒณใ‚ฟใƒผใธ ๆฌ้€ใ•ใ‚Œใพใ—ใŸ
00:28
with multiple broken bones and multiple lacerations.
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ไฝ•็ฎ‡ๆ‰€ใ‚‚ใฎ้ชจๆŠ˜ใ‚„ ่ฃ‚ๅ‚ทใ‚’่ฒ ใฃใŸ็Šถๆ…‹ใงใ—ใŸ
00:31
He needs immediate surgery, seven units of blood,
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ๅณๅบงใฎๆ‰‹่ก“ใจ ๏ผ—ๅ˜ไฝใ‚‚ใฎ่ผธ่ก€
00:34
a mechanical ventilator to help him breathe
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ไบบๅทฅๅ‘ผๅธๅ™จใฎๅŠฉใ‘ใŒ ๅฟ…่ฆใซใชใ‚Š
00:36
and several more operations along the way.
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ใใฎๅพŒใ‚‚ไฝ•ๅบฆใ‚‚ ๆ‰‹่ก“ใ‚’ใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใซใชใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸ
00:39
It's amazing he survived.
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ๅฝผใŒ็”Ÿใๆฎ‹ใฃใŸใฎใฏ ้ฉšใในใใ“ใจใงใ™
00:41
But perhaps even more amazing,
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ใงใ‚‚ ใ‚‚ใฃใจ้ฉšใในใใชใฎใฏ
00:43
he was not wearing a seat belt.
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ๅฝผใŒใ‚ทใƒผใƒˆใƒ™ใƒซใƒˆใ‚’ ใ—ใฆใ„ใชใ‹ใฃใŸใ“ใจใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“
00:45
And, in fact, he never wore a seat belt,
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ๅฎŸ้š› ๅฝผใฏใ‚ทใƒผใƒˆใƒ™ใƒซใƒˆใ‚’ ใคใ‘ใŸใ“ใจใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใงใ—ใŸ
00:47
and the New Jersey state troopers who used to drive Governor Corzine around
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ใ‚ณโ€•ใ‚ถใ‚คใƒณ็Ÿฅไบ‹ใฎ้‹่ปขๆ‰‹ใ‚’ๅ‹™ใ‚ใŸ ๅทž่ญฆๅฏŸใฎ่ญฆๅฎ˜ใฏ
00:51
used to beg him to wear a seat belt,
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ใ‚ทใƒผใƒˆใƒ™ใƒซใƒˆใ‚’ใคใ‘ใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ† ใ„ใคใ‚‚้ ผใ‚“ใงใ„ใพใ—ใŸใŒ
00:53
but he didn't do it.
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ๅฝผใฏใ—ใพใ›ใ‚“ใงใ—ใŸ
00:55
Now, before Corzine was Governor of New Jersey,
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ใ‚ณใƒผใ‚ถใ‚คใƒณๆฐใฏ ใƒ‹ใƒฅใƒผใ‚ธใƒฃใƒผใ‚ธใƒผๅทž็Ÿฅไบ‹ใซใชใ‚‹ๅ‰ใฏ
00:57
he was the US Senator from New Jersey,
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ๅŒๅทž้ธๅ‡บใฎไธŠ้™ข่ญฐๅ“กใงใ‚ใ‚Š
01:00
and before that, he was the CEO of Goldman Sachs,
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ใใฎๅ‰ใฏ ใ‚ดใƒผใƒซใƒ‰ใƒžใƒณใ‚ตใƒƒใ‚ฏใ‚นใฎ CEOใง
01:02
responsible for taking Goldman Sachs public,
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ๅŒ็คพใฎๆ ชๅผๅ…ฌ้–‹ใ‚’่กŒใ„
01:05
making hundreds of millions of dollars.
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ไฝ•ๅ„„ใƒ‰ใƒซใ‚‚็จผใŽใพใ—ใŸ
01:07
Now, no matter what you think of Jon Corzine politically
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็š†ใ•ใ‚“ใŒ ๅฝผใฎใ“ใจใ‚’ ๆ”ฟๆฒป็š„ใซใฉใ†่€ƒใˆ
01:10
or how he made his money,
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ใใฎ็จผใŽๆ–นใ‚’ ใฉใ†ๆ€ใฃใฆใ„ใ‚ˆใ†ใจใ‚‚
01:12
nobody would say that he was stupid.
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ๅฝผใŒใƒใ‚ซใ ใจ่จ€ใ†ไบบใฏ ใ„ใชใ„ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†
01:14
But there he was,
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ใ—ใ‹ใ— ๅฝผใฏไบ‹ๆ•…ใฎ็พๅ ดใซ
01:15
an unrestrained passenger in a car accident,
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ใ‚ทใƒผใƒˆใƒ™ใƒซใƒˆใ‚’ใ›ใšใซใ„ใŸใฎใงใ™
01:18
at a time when every American knows that seat belts save lives.
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ใ‚ทใƒผใƒˆใƒ™ใƒซใƒˆใŒๅ‘ฝใ‚’ๆ•‘ใ†ใ“ใจใฏ ่ชฐใงใ‚‚็Ÿฅใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใชใฎใซ
01:23
This single story reflects a fundamental weakness
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ใ“ใฎ่ฉฑใฏ ๅฅๅบทใซ้–ขใ™ใ‚‹่กŒๅ‹•ใฎ ๆ”นๅ–„ใซๅฏพใ™ใ‚‹ๆˆ‘ใ€…ใฎใ‚ขใƒ—ใƒญใƒผใƒใฎ
01:26
in our approach to improving health behavior.
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ๆ นๆœฌ็š„ใชๅผฑ็‚นใ‚’ ็คบใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™
01:29
Nearly everything we tell doctors and everything we tell patients
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็งใŸใกใŒๅŒปๅธซใ‚„ๆ‚ฃ่€…ใซไผใˆใ‚‹ ใปใผๅ…จใฆใฎไบ‹ๆŸ„ใฏ
01:33
is based on the idea that we behave rationally.
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ใ€Œไบบ้–“ใฏๅˆ็†็š„ใซ่กŒๅ‹•ใ™ใ‚‹ใ€ ใจใ„ใ†่€ƒใˆใซๅŸบใฅใ„ใฆใ„ใพใ™
01:36
If you give me information, I will process that information in my head,
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ใ‚‚ใ— ใ‚ใชใŸใ‹ใ‚‰ๆƒ…ๅ ฑใ‚’ใ‚‚ใ‚‰ใˆใฐ ็งใฏใใ‚Œใ‚’้ ญใฎไธญใงๅ‡ฆ็†ใ—
01:40
and my behavior will change as a result.
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ใใฎ็ตๆžœใจใ—ใฆ ็งใฎ่กŒใ„ใŒๅค‰ใ‚ใ‚‹ใจ
01:43
Do you think Jon Corzine didn't know that seat belts save lives?
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ใ‚ทใƒผใƒˆใƒ™ใƒซใƒˆใŒๅ‘ฝใ‚’ๆ•‘ใ†ใ“ใจใ‚’ ๅฝผใฏ็Ÿฅใ‚‰ใชใ‹ใฃใŸใฎใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ‹๏ผŸ
ๅฝผใ ใ‘่žใ„ใฆใชใ‹ใฃใŸใฎใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ‹๏ผŸ
01:47
Do you think he, like, just didn't get the memo?
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01:49
(Laughter)
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๏ผˆ็ฌ‘๏ผ‰
01:50
Jon Corzine did not have a knowledge deficit,
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ใ‚ธใƒงใƒณใƒปใ‚ณใƒผใ‚ถใ‚คใƒณๆฐใซ ไธ่ถณใ—ใฆใ„ใŸใฎใฏ็Ÿฅ่ญ˜ใงใฏใชใ
01:53
he had a behavior deficit.
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่กŒๅ‹•ใ ใฃใŸใฎใงใ™
01:55
It's not that he didn't know better.
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ๅธธ่ญ˜็Ÿฅใ‚‰ใšใ ใฃใŸ ใ‚ใ‘ใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“
01:57
He knew better.
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01:58
It's that he didn't do better.
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่กŒๅ‹•ใซ็งปใ•ใชใ‹ใฃใŸใ ใ‘ใงใ™
02:02
Instead, I think the mind is a high-resistance pathway.
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ๅฟƒใจใ„ใ†ใฎใฏใ€Œ้ซ˜ๆŠตๆŠ—ใฎ้€šใ‚Š้“ใ€ใ ใจ ็งใฏๆ€ใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™
02:07
Changing someone's mind with information is hard enough.
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ๆƒ…ๅ ฑใง ไบบใฎ่€ƒใˆใ‚’ๅค‰ใˆใ‚‹ใฎใฏ ้›ฃใ—ใ„ใงใ™ใŒ
ๆƒ…ๅ ฑใง ไบบใฎ่กŒๅ‹•ใ‚’ๅค‰ใˆใ‚‹ใฎใฏ
02:11
Changing their behavior with information
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02:13
is harder still.
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ใ•ใ‚‰ใซ้›ฃใ—ใ„ใฎใงใ™
02:15
The only way we're going to make substantial improvements
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ๅฅๅบทใ‚„ๅŒป็™‚ใ‚’ ๅคงใใๆ”นๅ–„ใ™ใ‚‹ใซใฏ
02:18
in health and health care
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02:20
is to make substantial improvements in the behavior of health and health care.
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ๅฅๅบทใ‚„ๅŒป็™‚ใซ้–ขใ‚ใ‚‹่กŒๅ‹•ใ‚’ ๅคงใใๆ”นๅ–„ใ™ใ‚‹ใ—ใ‹ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“
02:26
If you hit my patellar tendon with a reflex hammer,
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ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚ใชใŸใŒ ็งใฎ่†่“‹่…ฑใ‚’ ๆ‰“่…ฑๅ™จใงๅฉใ„ใŸใ‚‰
02:29
my leg is going to jerk forward,
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็งใฎ่„šใฏๅ‰ๆ–นใซๅ‹•ใ
02:31
and it's going to jerk forward a lot faster and a lot more predictably
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็งใŒๆ„่ญ˜็š„ใซๅ‹•ใ‹ใ™ใ‚ˆใ‚Šใ‚‚
02:34
than if I had to think about it myself.
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ใšใฃใจ้€Ÿใ็ขบๅฎŸใซๅ‹•ใใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†
ใ“ใ‚Œใฏๅๅฐ„ใงใ™
02:37
It's a reflex.
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02:38
We need to look for the equivalent behavioral reflexes
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็งใŸใกใŒใ™ในใใ“ใจใฏ ๅŒใ˜ใ‚ˆใ†ใชใ€Œๅๅฐ„็š„่กŒๅ‹•ใ€ใ‚’ๆŽขใ—
02:42
and hitch our health care wagon to those.
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ใใ‚Œใ‚’ๅŒป็™‚ใซ็ต„ใฟ่พผใ‚€ใ“ใจใงใ™
02:45
Turns out, though,
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ใ—ใ‹ใ—ๅ•้กŒใฏ
02:47
that most conventional approaches to human motivation
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ไบบใ‚’ๅ‹•ๆฉŸใฅใ‘ใ‚‹ ๆœ€ใ‚‚ๅ…ธๅž‹็š„ใชๆ–นๆณ•ใฏ
02:50
are based on the idea of education.
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ๆ•™่‚ฒใฎ่€ƒใˆใซ ๅŸบใฅใ„ใŸใ‚‚ใฎใ ใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจใงใ™
02:53
We assume that if people don't behave as they should,
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ไบบใ€…ใŒๅ–ใ‚‹ในใ่กŒๅ‹•ใ‚’ ๅ–ใ‚‰ใชใ‹ใฃใŸใฎใฏ
02:56
it's because they didn't know any better.
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็Ÿฅใ‚‰ใชใ‹ใฃใŸใ‹ใ‚‰ใ ใจ ่€ƒใˆใ‚‹ใฎใงใ™
02:58
"If only people knew that smoking was dangerous, they wouldn't smoke."
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ใ€Œๅ–ซ็…™ใŒไฝ“ใซ่‰ฏใใชใ„ใจ็Ÿฅใฃใฆใ„ใ‚Œใฐ ๅธใ‚ใชใ„ใฏใšใ ใ€ใจ
03:02
Or, we think about economics.
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ใ‚ใ‚‹ใ„ใฏ ็ตŒๆธˆๅญฆ็š„ใซ่€ƒใˆใพใ™
03:03
The assumption there is that we're all constantly calculating
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ใใ“ใงใฎๅ‰ๆใฏ ็งใŸใกใฏ ๅธธใซ
03:06
the costs and benefits of every one of our actions
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่‡ชๅˆ†ใฎใ‚ใ‚‰ใ‚†ใ‚‹่กŒๅ‹•ใซใคใ„ใฆ ๆๅพ—ใ‚’่จˆ็ฎ—ใ—ใฆใ„ใฆ
03:09
and optimizing that to make the perfectly right, rational decision.
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ใใ‚Œใซใ‚ˆใฃใฆๅฎŒ็’งใซๆญฃใ—ใ„ๅˆ็†็š„ใช ๆ„ๆ€ๆฑบๅฎšใ‚’ใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใจใ„ใ†ใ‚‚ใฎใงใ™
03:13
If that were true, then all we need to do
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ใ‚‚ใ— ใใ‚ŒใŒๆœฌๅฝ“ใชใ‚‰
ๅŒป่€…ใฎใŸใ‚ใฎๅฎŒ็’งใช ๆ”ฏๆ‰•ใ„ใ‚ทใ‚นใƒ†ใƒ ใ‚„
03:15
is to find the perfect payment system for doctors
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03:17
or the perfect co-payments and deductibles for patients,
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ๆ‚ฃ่€…ใฎใŸใ‚ใฎๅฎŒ็’งใช ่‡ชๅทฑ่ฒ ๆ‹…ใ‚„ ๆŽง้™คใฎไป•็ต„ใฟใ‚’็”จๆ„ใ•ใˆใ™ใ‚Œใฐ
03:20
and everything would work out.
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ๅ…จใฆใ†ใพใใ„ใใฏใšใงใ™
03:22
A better approach lies in behavioral economics.
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ๅฎŸใฏ ใ‚‚ใฃใจ่‰ฏใ„ๆ–นๆณ•ใŒ ่กŒๅ‹•็ตŒๆธˆๅญฆใซใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™
03:25
Behavioral economists recognize that we are irrational.
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่กŒๅ‹•็ตŒๆธˆๅญฆ่€…ใฏ ไบบ้–“ใฎ ้žๅˆ็†ๆ€งใ‚’่ช่ญ˜ใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™
03:29
Our decisions are based on emotion,
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็งใŸใกใฏ ๆ„Ÿๆƒ…ใ‚’ใ‚‚ใจใซ ๅˆคๆ–ญใ‚’ไธ‹ใ—
03:31
or they're sensitive to framing or to social context.
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ใพใŸ ใƒ•ใƒฌใƒผใƒŸใƒณใ‚ฐใ‚„ ็คพไผš็š„็Šถๆณใซๅฝฑ้Ÿฟใ‚’ๅ—ใ‘ใพใ™
03:34
We don't always do what's in our own long-term best interests.
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่‡ชๅˆ†ใฎ้•ทๆœŸ็š„ใชๅˆฉ็›Šใ‚’ๅธธใซๆœ€ๅ„ชๅ…ˆใซใ—ใฆ ่กŒๅ‹•ใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‚ใ‘ใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“
03:38
But the key contribution to behavioral economics
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ใ—ใ‹ใ— ่กŒๅ‹•็ตŒๆธˆๅญฆใฎ ใ™ใ”ใ„ใจใ“ใ‚ใฏ
ไบบ้–“ใŒ้žๅˆ็†็š„ใ ใจ ๆ˜Žใ‚‰ใ‹ใซใ—ใŸใ“ใจใงใฏใชใชใ
03:41
is not in recognizing that we are irrational;
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ไบบ้–“ใฎ้žๅˆ็†ๆ€งใฏใ‹ใชใ‚Šไบˆๆธฌๅฏ่ƒฝใ ใจ ๆ˜Žใ‚‰ใ‹ใซใ—ใŸใ“ใจใงใ™
03:44
it's recognizing that we are irrational in highly predictable ways.
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03:48
In fact, it's the predictability of our psychological foibles
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ใ“ใฎ ไบบใฎๅฟƒ็†็š„ใชๆฌ ็‚นใฎ ไบˆๆธฌๅฏ่ƒฝๆ€งใ“ใใŒ
ใใ‚Œใ‚’ๅ…‹ๆœใ™ใ‚‹ๆˆฆ็•ฅใ‚’็ซ‹ใฆใ‚‹ไธŠใง ๅฝนใซ็ซ‹ใคใฎใงใ™
03:52
that allows us to design strategies to overcome them.
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03:55
Forewarned is forearmed.
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ๅˆ†ใ‹ใฃใฆใ„ใ‚Œใฐ ๅ‚™ใˆใŒใงใใ‚‹ใจใ„ใ†ใ‚‚ใฎใงใ™
03:57
In fact, behavioral economists often use
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ๅฎŸ้š› ่กŒๅ‹•็ตŒๆธˆๅญฆ่€…ใฏ ใ‚ˆใ
03:59
precisely the same behavioral reflexes that get us into trouble
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็งใŸใกใ‚’ๅ›ฐใ‚‰ใ›ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ ใพใ•ใซใใฎๅๅฐ„็š„่กŒๅ‹•ใ‚’
04:03
and turn them around to help us,
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้€†ใซ็งใŸใกใฎๅŠ›ใซใชใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ† ๅˆฉ็”จใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™
04:06
rather than to hurt us.
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04:08
We see irrationality play out in something called "present bias,"
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้žๅˆ็†ๆ€งใฎไพ‹ใจใ—ใฆ ใ€Œ็พๅœจใƒใ‚คใ‚ขใ‚นใ€ใจใ„ใ†ใฎใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™
04:13
where the outcomes in front of us are much more motivating
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้ ใ„ๆœชๆฅใฎ ใšใฃใจ้‡่ฆใช็ตๆžœใ‚ˆใ‚Šใ‚‚ ็›ฎใฎๅ‰ใฎ็ตๆžœใฎๆ–นใŒ
04:16
than even more important outcomes far in the future.
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ใ‚ˆใ‚Šๅผทใ„ๅ‹•ๆฉŸไป˜ใ‘ใซใชใ‚‹ใจใ„ใ† ๅฟƒ็†ใงใ™
04:22
If I'm on a diet -- and I'm always on a diet --
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็งใŒใƒ€ใ‚คใ‚จใƒƒใƒˆไธญใ ใจใ—ใŸใ‚‰โ€• ใ„ใคใ‚‚ใใ†ใชใ‚“ใงใ™ใŒ
04:24
(Laughter)
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๏ผˆ็ฌ‘๏ผ‰
04:26
and someone offers me a luscious-looking piece of chocolate cake,
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่ชฐใ‹ใŒ ็พŽๅ‘ณใ—ใใ†ใชใƒใƒงใ‚ณใ‚ฑใƒผใ‚ญใ‚’ ๅ‹งใ‚ใฆใใŸใจใ
04:30
I know I should not eat that chocolate cake.
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็งใฏ ใใฎใ‚ฑใƒผใ‚ญใ‚’้ฃŸในใ‚‹ในใ ใงใฏใชใ„ใจ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™
04:34
That chocolate cake will land on that part of my body -- permanently --
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ใใฎใ‚ฑใƒผใ‚ญใŒ ไธ‹ใฃ่…นใฎใŠ่‚‰ใซใชใ‚‹ใฎใฏ ็Ÿฅใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™
04:38
where that kind of food naturally settles.
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ใใฎๆ‰‹ใฎ้ฃŸใน็‰ฉใฏใฟใ‚“ใชใใ†ใงใ™
04:41
But the chocolate cake looks so good and delicious,
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ใงใ‚‚ ใƒใƒงใ‚ณใ‚ฑใƒผใ‚ญใฏ ใจใฃใฆใ‚‚็พŽๅ‘ณใ—ใใ†ใง
ใ—ใ‹ใ‚‚ ็›ฎใฎๅ‰ใซใ‚ใ‚Š
04:44
and it's right in front of me,
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04:45
and the diet can wait 'til tomorrow.
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ใƒ€ใ‚คใ‚จใƒƒใƒˆใฏๆ˜Žๆ—ฅใ‹ใ‚‰ใงใ‚‚ ๅง‹ใ‚ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใพใ™
04:47
I used to love the comedian Steven Wright.
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็งใฏ ใ‚ณใƒกใƒ‡ใ‚ฃใ‚ขใƒณใฎ ใ‚นใƒ†ใ‚ฃใƒผใƒ–ใƒณใƒปใƒฉใ‚คใƒˆใŒๅฅฝใใงใ—ใŸ
04:49
He would have these Zen-like quips.
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ๅฝผใฏใ‚ˆใ ็ฆ…ใฃใฝใ„่ญฆๅฅใ‚’ ้ฃ›ใฐใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ—ใŸ
04:52
My favorite one was this:
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็งใฎใŠๆฐ—ใซๅ…ฅใ‚Šใฏใ“ใ†ใงใ™
04:54
"Hard work pays off in the future,
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ใ€ŒๅŠชๅŠ›ใฏๅฐ†ๆฅๅ ฑใ‚ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใŒ
04:56
but laziness pays off right now."
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ๆ€ ๆƒฐใฏไปŠใ™ใๅ ฑใ‚ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ€
04:58
(Laughter)
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๏ผˆ็ฌ‘๏ผ‰
05:00
And patients also have present bias.
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็พๅœจใƒใ‚คใ‚ขใ‚นใฏ ๆ‚ฃ่€…ใซใ‚‚ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™
05:03
If you have high blood pressure,
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ใ‚ใชใŸใŒ้ซ˜่ก€ๅœงใ ใจใ—ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†
05:04
even if you would desperately like to avoid a stroke,
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ๅฟƒ่‡“็™บไฝœใฏใฉใ†ใ—ใฆใ‚‚ ้ฟใ‘ใŸใ„ใจๆ€ใ„
05:07
and you know that taking your antihypertensive medications
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้™ๅœง่–ฌใ‚’้ฃฒใ‚€ใ“ใจใŒ
05:10
is one of the best ways to reduce that risk,
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ใƒชใ‚นใ‚ฏใ‚’ไธ‹ใ’ใ‚‹ใฎใซไธ€็•ชใ ใจ ็Ÿฅใฃใฆใ„ใŸใจใ—ใฆใ‚‚
05:13
the stroke you avoid is far in the future and taking medications is right now.
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ๅ›ž้ฟใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹็™บไฝœใฏ ใ€Œ้ ใ„ๆœชๆฅใ€ใง ่–ฌใ‚’้ฃฒใ‚€ใฎใฏ ใ€ŒไปŠใ™ใใ€ใงใ™
05:18
Almost half of the patients who are prescribed high blood pressure pills
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้ซ˜่ก€ๅœงใฎ่–ฌใ‚’ๅ‡ฆๆ–นใ•ใ‚ŒใŸ ๆ‚ฃ่€…ใฎ ใปใผๅŠๆ•ฐใฏ
05:22
stop taking them within a year.
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๏ผ‘ๅนดไปฅๅ†…ใซ ้ฃฒใ‚€ใฎใ‚’ใ‚„ใ‚ใฆใ—ใพใ„ใพใ™
ใ“ใฎๅ•้กŒใฒใจใคใ‚’ ่งฃๆฑบใ™ใ‚‹ใ ใ‘ใง
05:25
Think of how many lives we could save
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05:27
if we could solve just that one problem.
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ใฉใ‚Œใ ใ‘ๅคšใใฎๅ‘ฝใ‚’ๆ•‘ใˆใ‚‹ใ‹ ่€ƒใˆใฆใฟใฆไธ‹ใ•ใ„
05:31
We also tend to overestimate the value of small probabilities.
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็งใŸใกใฏใพใŸ ็ขบ็Ž‡ใฎๅฐใ•ใชใ“ใจใ‚’ ้Žๅคง่ฉ•ไพกใ—ใŒใกใงใ™
05:36
This actually explains why state lotteries are so popular,
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ๅฎใใ˜ใŒไบบๆฐ—ใ‚ใ‚‹็†็”ฑใงใ™
05:39
even though they return pennies on the dollar.
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ๆŠ•่ณ‡ๅฏพๅŠนๆžœใฏ ๆฅตใ‚ใฆไฝŽใ„ใ‚ใ‘ใงใ™ใŒ
05:41
Now, some of you may buy lottery tickets --
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็š†ใ•ใ‚“ใฎไธญใซใ‚‚ ๅฎใใ˜ใ‚’ ่ฒทใ†ๆ–นใŒใ„ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“
05:43
it's fun, there's the chance you might strike it rich ...
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ๆฅฝใ—ใ„ใงใ™ใ‚ˆใญ ๅคง้‡‘ใŒๅฝ“ใŸใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“
05:46
But let's face it:
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ใงใ‚‚ ็Ž‡็›ดใซ่ชใ‚ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†
05:47
this would be a horrible way to invest your retirement savings.
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้€€่ทๅพŒใฎ่“„ใˆใฎๆŠ•่ณ‡ๅ…ˆใจใ—ใฆใฏ ใฏใชใฏใ ใฒใฉใ„ใ‚‚ใฎใ ใจ
05:51
I once saw a bumper sticker -- I am not making this up -- that said,
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ใ“ใ‚“ใชใƒใƒณใƒ‘ใƒผใ‚นใƒ†ใƒƒใ‚ซใƒผใ‚’่ฆ‹ใพใ—ใŸ ใƒ›ใƒณใƒˆใฎ่ฉฑใงใ™
05:55
"State lotteries are a special tax on people who can't do math."
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ใ€Œๅฎใใ˜ใฏ่จˆ็ฎ—ใฎใงใใชใ„ ไบบ้–“ใซใ‹ใ‘ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใ‚‹็จŽ้‡‘ใ ใ€
06:00
(Laughter)
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๏ผˆ็ฌ‘๏ผ‰
06:01
It's not that we can't do the math,
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่จˆ็ฎ—ใŒใงใใชใ„ ใฎใงใฏใชใใฆ
06:03
it's that we can't feel the math.
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่จˆ็ฎ—ใ‚’ๆ„Ÿใ˜ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒ ใงใใชใ„ใฎใงใ™
06:06
And we also pay much too much attention to regret.
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ใพใŸ ็งใŸใกใฏ ๅพŒๆ‚”ใซๆฐ—ใ‚’ใ‹ใ‘้ŽใŽใพใ™
06:09
We all hate the feeling of missing out.
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ใƒใƒฃใƒณใ‚นใ‚’้€ƒใ™ใฎใ‚’ ๅซŒใ†ๆฐ—ๆŒใกใŒๅผทใ„ใ‚“ใงใ™
06:12
So, actually, there was this recent lottery,
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ๆœ€่ฟ‘ ใ“ใ‚“ใชๅฎใใ˜ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸ
06:14
a mega-jackpot lottery,
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ใƒกใ‚ฌใƒปๅคงๅฝ“ใŸใ‚Šๅฎใใ˜ ใจใ„ใ†ใ‚‚ใฎใง
06:16
that had a huge payoff, something like over a billion dollars.
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ๅคงๅฝ“ใŸใ‚Šใ™ใ‚Œใฐ 10ๅ„„ใƒ‰ใƒซไปฅไธŠใ‚‚่ฒฐใˆใพใ™
06:19
And everyone in my office is pooling money to buy lottery tickets,
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็งใฎ่ทๅ ดใงใฏ ใใ˜ใ‚’่ฒทใ†ใŸใ‚ ๅ…จๅ“กใŒ่ณ‡้‡‘ใ‚’ๅ‡บใ—ๅˆใ„ใพใ™
06:22
and I'm not having any of this.
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็งใฏ ไธ€ๅˆ‡ๆ‰‹ใ‚’ๅ‡บใ—ใพใ›ใ‚“
06:23
There I am, like, swaggering around the office,
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ใ“ใ‚“ใชใ“ใจใ‚’ๅ‘ŸใใชใŒใ‚‰ ่ทๅ ดใ‚’ๆญฉใๅ›žใ‚‹ใ‚“ใงใ™
06:26
"Lotteries are a special tax on people who can't do math."
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ใ€Œๅฎใใ˜ใฏ่จˆ็ฎ—ใฎใงใใชใ„ ไบบ้–“ใซใ‹ใ‘ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใ‚‹็จŽ้‡‘ใ ใ€
06:29
(Laughter)
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๏ผˆ็ฌ‘๏ผ‰
06:30
And then it hits me:
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ใงใ‚‚ ใตใจๆ€ใ†ใ‚“ใงใ™
06:31
uh oh.
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ๅพ…ใฆใ‚ˆ
06:33
What if they win?
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ใ‚‚ใ— ๅฝ“ใŸใฃใŸใ‚‰ใฉใ†ใ—ใ‚ˆใ†๏ผŸ
06:34
(Laughter)
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๏ผˆ็ฌ‘๏ผ‰
06:36
I'm the only one who shows up at work the next day.
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็ฟŒๆ—ฅ ่ทๅ ดใซ็พใ‚Œใ‚‹ใฎใฏ ็งใ ใ‘ใงใ™
06:39
(Laughter)
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๏ผˆ็ฌ‘๏ผ‰
06:40
Now, it's not that I didn't want my colleagues to win.
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ๅˆฅใซ ๅŒๅƒšใซๅฝ“ใŸใฃใฆใปใ—ใใชใ„ ใ‚ใ‘ใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“
06:42
I just didn't want them to win without me.
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็งๆŠœใใง ๅฝ“ใŸใฃใฆ ใปใ—ใใชใ„ใ ใ‘ใงใ™
06:45
Now, it would have been easier if I had just taken my 20-dollar bill
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่ฒกๅธƒใ‹ใ‚‰20ใƒ‰ใƒซๆœญใ‚’ๅ–ใ‚Šๅ‡บใ—ใฆ
ใ‚ทใƒฅใƒฌใƒƒใƒ€ใƒผใซใ‹ใ‘ใŸใปใ†ใŒ ๆ—ฉใ„ใงใ™
06:49
and put it into the office shredder,
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06:51
and the results would have been the same.
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็ตๆžœใฏๅŒใ˜ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ‹ใ‚‰
06:53
Even though I knew I shouldn't participate,
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็งใฏ ๅ‚ๅŠ ใ™ในใใงใชใ„ใจ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใฆใ„ใชใŒใ‚‰
06:55
I handed over my $20 bill,
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20ใƒ‰ใƒซๆœญใ‚’ ๆธกใ—ใฆใ—ใพใ„
ไบŒๅบฆใจ่ฟ”ใฃใฆใใ‚‹ใ“ใจใฏ ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใงใ—ใŸ
06:58
and I never saw it again.
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07:00
(Laughter)
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๏ผˆ็ฌ‘๏ผ‰
07:01
We've done a bunch of experiments with patients
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็งใŸใกใฏ ๆ‚ฃ่€…็›ธๆ‰‹ใฎๅฎŸ้จ“ใ‚’ ไฝ•ๅบฆใ‚‚่กŒใ„ใพใ—ใŸ
07:04
in which we give them these electronic pill bottles
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ๅฝผใ‚‰ใซ ้›ปๅญ่–ฌ็“ถใ‚’ๆธกใ™ใ‚“ใงใ™
07:07
so we can tell whether they're taking their medication or not.
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ใ“ใ‚Œใง ๅฝผใ‚‰ใŒ่–ฌใ‚’้ฃฒใ‚“ใ ใ‹ใฉใ†ใ‹ ็Ÿฅใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใ
07:10
And we reward them with a lottery.
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้ฃฒใ‚“ใ ใ”่ค’็พŽใซ ๅฎใใ˜ใ‚’ใ‚ใ’ใพใ™
07:13
They get prizes.
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่ณž้‡‘ใงใ™
07:15
But they only get prizes
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ใ—ใ‹ใ— ่ณž้‡‘ใ‚’ ใ‚‚ใ‚‰ใ†ใŸใ‚ใซใฏ
07:17
if they had taken their medication the day before.
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ๅ‰ๆ—ฅใซ ่–ฌใ‚’ ้ฃฒใ‚“ใงใ„ใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใชใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“
07:20
If not, they get a message that says something like,
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้ฃฒใ‚“ใงใชใ‹ใฃใŸๅ ดๅˆใซใฏ ใ“ใ‚“ใชใƒกใƒƒใ‚ปใƒผใ‚ธใŒๆฅใพใ™
07:23
"You would have won a hundred dollars,
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ใ€Œ100ใƒ‰ใƒซๅฝ“ใŸใฃใŸ ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใชใ„ใฎใซ
07:25
but you didn't take your medicine yesterday, so you don't get it."
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ๆ˜จๆ—ฅ ่–ฌใ‚’้ฃฒใพใชใ‹ใฃใŸใ‹ใ‚‰ ใใ˜ใฏใชใ—ใงใ™ใ€
07:28
Well, it turns out, patients hate that.
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ใ‚‚ใกใ‚ใ‚“ใงใ™ใŒ ๆ‚ฃ่€…ใฏ ๆฎ‹ๅฟตใŒใ‚Šใพใ™
07:30
They hate the sense of missing out,
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ใƒใƒฃใƒณใ‚นใ‚’้€ƒใ™ใจใ„ใ†ๆ„Ÿ่ฆšใŒ ใ‚คใƒคใชใฎใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†
07:32
and because they can anticipate that feeling of regret
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ใใ—ใฆ ๅพŒๆ‚”ใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใ‚’ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚‰
07:35
and they'd like to avoid it,
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ใใ‚Œใ‚’้ฟใ‘ใŸใ„ใจๆ€ใ„
07:37
they're much more likely to take their medications.
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่–ฌใ‚’้ฃฒใ‚€ๅฏ่ƒฝๆ€งใŒ ใšใฃใจ้ซ˜ใใชใ‚Šใพใ™
07:40
Harnessing that sense of hating regret works.
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ๅพŒๆ‚”ใ‚’ๅซŒใ†ๆ„Ÿ่ฆšใฎๅˆฉ็”จใจใ„ใ†ใฎใฏ ๆฉŸ่ƒฝใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใงใ™
07:43
And it leads to the more general point,
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ใ“ใ‚Œใฏใ‚‚ใฃใจไธ€่ˆฌ็š„ใช็Ÿฅ่ฆ‹ใซ ็น‹ใŒใ‚Šใพใ™
07:46
which is: once you recognize how people are irrational,
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ไบบใŒใฉใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซ้žๅˆ็†็š„ใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ‹ ็†่งฃใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚Œใฐ
07:50
you're in a much better position to help them.
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็›ธๆ‰‹ใ‚’ใšใฃใจๅŠฉใ‘ใ‚„ใ™ใใชใ‚‹ ใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจใงใ™
07:54
Now, this kind of irrationality works out even in men's restrooms.
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ใ“ใ†ใ„ใฃใŸ้กžใฎ้žๅˆ็†ๆ€งใฏ ็”ทๅญใƒˆใ‚คใƒฌใงใ‚‚ไฝฟใˆใพใ™
็”ทๅญใƒˆใ‚คใƒฌใ‚’่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ๆฉŸไผšใŒ ใ‚ใพใ‚Šใชใ„ๆ–นใฎใŸใ‚ใซ
07:59
So, for those of you who don't frequent urinals,
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็”ทๅญใƒˆใ‚คใƒฌใŒใฉใ‚“ใชใ ใฃใŸใ‹ ใŠ่ฆ‹ใ›ใ—ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†
08:03
let me break this down for you.
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08:05
(Laughter)
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๏ผˆ็ฌ‘๏ผ‰
08:06
There is pee all over the floor.
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ๅบŠใŒใŠใ—ใฃใ“ใพใฟใ‚Œใงใ™
08:08
(Laughter)
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๏ผˆ็ฌ‘๏ผ‰
08:11
And it turns out that you can solve this problem
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ใ“ใฎๅ•้กŒใ‚’่งฃๆฑบใ™ใ‚‹ใซใฏ
08:13
by etching the image of a fly in the back of the urinal.
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ไพฟๅ™จใฎไธญใซ ใƒใ‚จใฎ็ตตใ‚’ ๆใ‘ใฐใ„ใ„ใ‚“ใงใ™
08:17
(Laughter) (Applause)
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๏ผˆ็ฌ‘๏ผ‰๏ผˆๆ‹ๆ‰‹๏ผ‰
08:21
And it makes perfect sense.
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ๅฎŸใซ็†ใซใ‹ใชใฃใฆใพใ™ใญ
08:22
(Laughter)
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๏ผˆ็ฌ‘๏ผ‰
08:24
If I see a fly,
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ใƒใ‚จใŒใ„ใŸ๏ผ
08:26
I'm gonna get that fly.
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ๅฝ“ใฆใฆ่ฆ‹ใ›ใ‚‹ใž๏ผ
08:27
(Laughter)
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๏ผˆ็ฌ‘๏ผ‰
08:31
That fly is going down.
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ใ•ใ‚ๆตใ‚Œใฆใ„ใ‘
08:33
(Laughter)
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๏ผˆ็ฌ‘๏ผ‰
08:34
Now, this naturally begs the question that if men can aim,
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ๅฝ“็„ถ ่žใใŸใใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ‚ˆใญ
ใƒใ‚จใ‚’็‹™ใˆใ‚‹ใใ‚‰ใ„ใชใ‚‰ ใชใ‚“ใง ๅบŠใซใ“ใผใ™ใฎ๏ผŸ
08:38
why were they peeing on the floor in the first place?
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08:40
In fact, if they were going to pee on the floor,
187
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ๅบŠใซใŠใ—ใฃใ“ใ™ใ‚‹ใ‚“ใ ใฃใŸใ‚‰
ใชใ‚“ใงไพฟๅ™จใฎๅ‰ใชใฎ๏ผŸ
08:43
why pee in front of the urinal?
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08:44
You could pee anywhere.
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ใฉใ“ใงใ‚‚ใ„ใ„ใ˜ใ‚ƒใชใ„๏ผŸ
08:45
(Laughter)
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(็ฌ‘)
08:46
And the same thing works in health care.
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ๅŒใ˜ใ“ใจใฏ ๅŒป็™‚ใซใ‚‚ๅฝ“ใฆใฏใพใ‚Šใพใ™
08:50
We had a problem in our hospital
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ใ“ใ‚Œใฏ ใ†ใกใฎ็—…้™ขใงใฎ่ฉฑใงใ™ใŒ
08:52
in which the physicians were prescribing brand-name drugs
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ๅŒปๅธซใŒ ใ‚ธใ‚งใƒใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏ่–ฌใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใฎใซ
ใƒ–ใƒฉใƒณใƒ‰่–ฌใ‚’ๅ‡ฆๆ–นใ™ใ‚‹ ใจใ„ใ†ๅ•้กŒใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸ
08:57
when a generic drug was available.
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08:59
Each one of the lines on this graph represents a different drug.
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ใ“ใฎใ‚ฐใƒฉใƒ•ใฎ็ทšใฏ ใใ‚Œใžใ‚Œ็•ฐใชใ‚‹่–ฌใง
09:03
And they're listed according to how often they're prescribed as generic medications.
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ใ‚ธใ‚งใƒใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏ่–ฌใŒๅ‡ฆๆ–นใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹ ้ ปๅบฆใ‚’่กจใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™
09:07
Those are the top are prescribed as generics 100 percent of the time.
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ไธ€็•ชไธŠใฎ่–ฌใงใฏ100% ใ‚ธใ‚งใƒใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏ่–ฌใŒๅ‡ฆๆ–นใ•ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใฆ
09:11
Those down at the bottom are prescribed as generics
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ไธ€็•ชไธ‹ใฎ่–ฌใงใฏ ใ‚ธใ‚งใƒใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏ่–ฌใฎ ๅ‡ฆๆ–น็Ž‡ใŒ20%ใ‚’ไธ‹ๅ›žใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™
09:13
less than 20 percent of the time.
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09:15
And we'd have meetings with clinicians and all sorts of education sessions,
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ๅŒปๅธซใจ่ฉฑใ—ๅˆใฃใŸใ‚Š ๆ•™่‚ฒใ‚ปใƒƒใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใ‚’่จญใ‘ใŸใ‚Šใ—ใฆใ‚‚
09:18
and nothing worked --
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ใ†ใพใใ„ใ‹ใš
09:19
all the lines are pretty much horizontal.
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ๅ…จใฆใฎ็ทšใฏ ใปใผๆจชใฐใ„ใงใ™
09:22
Until, someone installed a little piece of software
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ใใ‚ŒใŒ ้›ปๅญใ‚ซใƒซใƒ†ใซใ‚ฝใƒ•ใƒˆใ‚ฆใ‚งใ‚ขใ‚’ ใ‚คใƒณใ‚นใƒˆใƒผใƒซใ—ใฆ
09:26
in the electronic health record
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09:27
that defaulted the prescriptions to generic medications
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ใƒ–ใƒฉใƒณใƒ‰่–ฌใฎไปฃใ‚ใ‚Šใซ ใ‚ธใ‚งใƒใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏ่–ฌใŒ
09:31
instead of the brand-name drugs.
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ๆ—ขๅฎšๅ€คใซใชใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ—ใŸใจใ“ใ‚โ€•
09:34
Now, it doesn't take a statistician
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็ด ไบบ็›ฎใซใ‚‚ใ‚ใ‹ใ‚‹ใฏใšใงใ™ใŒ
09:35
to see that this problem was solved overnight,
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ๅ•้กŒใŒไธ€็žฌใง่งฃๆฑบใ•ใ‚Œใพใ—ใŸ
09:38
and it has stayed solved ever since.
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ใใ—ใฆใใฎ็Šถๆ…‹ใ‚’ ไฟใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™
09:41
In fact, in the two and a half years since this program started,
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ไบ‹ๅฎŸ ใ“ใฎใƒ—ใƒญใ‚ฐใƒฉใƒ ใ‚’ๅง‹ใ‚ใฆใ‹ใ‚‰ ๏ผ’ๅนดๅŠ็ตŒใกใพใ—ใŸใŒ
09:44
our hospital has saved 32 million dollars.
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็—…้™ขใฏ 3200ไธ‡ใƒ‰ใƒซ็ฏ€็ด„ใงใใพใ—ใŸ
09:47
Let me say that again: 32 million dollars.
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ๅ‡„ใใชใ„ใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ 3200ใ€Œไธ‡ใ€ใƒ‰ใƒซใงใ™
09:51
And all we did was make it easier
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ใ‚„ใฃใŸใ“ใจใฏใŸใ 
ๅŒปๅธซใŒ ๆœฌๆฅใ‚„ใ‚ŠใŸใ‹ใฃใŸใ“ใจใ‚’ ใ—ใ‚„ใ™ใ„ใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ™ใ‚‹ใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจใงใ™
09:54
for the doctors to do what they fundamentally wanted to do all along.
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10:00
It also works to play into people's notions of loss.
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ๆใ—ใŸใใชใ„ๆฐ—ๆŒใกใ‚’ๅˆฉ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใ‚‚ ใ‚ˆใๆฉŸ่ƒฝใ—ใพใ™
10:06
We did this with a contest to help people walk more.
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ไบบใ€…ใซใ‚‚ใฃใจๆ•ฃๆญฉใ—ใฆใ‚‚ใ‚‰ใ†ใŸใ‚ใฎ ใ‚ณใƒณใƒ†ใ‚นใƒˆใง ใใ‚Œใ‚’ใ‚„ใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸ
10:10
We wanted everyone to walk at least 7,000 steps,
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ๅฐ‘ใชใใจใ‚‚7,000ๆญฉใฏ ๆญฉใ„ใฆใปใ—ใ‹ใฃใŸใฎใง
10:14
and we measured their step count
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ๅฝผใ‚‰ใฎๆบๅธฏใซใ‚ใ‚‹ๅŠ ้€Ÿๅบฆ่จˆใง ๆญฉๆ•ฐใ‚’ๆธฌใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸ
10:16
with the accelerometer on their cell phone.
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10:19
Group A, the control group, just got told whether they had walked
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ๅฏพ็…ง็พคใฎAใ‚ฐใƒซใƒผใƒ—ใฏ
7,000ๆญฉ ๆญฉใ„ใŸใ‹ใฉใ†ใ‹ ่จ€ใ‚ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ ใ‘ใงใ™
10:22
7,000 steps or not.
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10:25
Group B got a financial incentive.
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Bใ‚ฐใƒซใƒผใƒ—ใซใฏ ้‡‘้Šญ็š„ใ‚คใƒณใ‚ปใƒณใƒ†ใ‚ฃใƒ–ใŒใ‚ใ‚Š
10:28
We gave them $1.40 for every day they walked 7,000 steps.
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7,000ๆญฉ ๆญฉใ„ใŸๆ—ฅใฏ 1.4ใƒ‰ใƒซ่ฒฐใˆใพใ™
10:33
Group C got the same financial incentive,
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Cใ‚ฐใƒซใƒผใƒ—ใ‚‚ ๅŒใ˜ ้‡‘้กใŒ่ฒฐใˆใพใ™ใŒ
10:35
but it was framed as a loss rather than a gain:
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ๅพ—ใงใฏใชใๆใจใ—ใฆ ๆ็คบใ•ใ‚Œใพใ™
10:38
$1.40 a day is 42 dollars a month,
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1ๆ—ฅ1.4ใƒ‰ใƒซใฏ 1ใ‹ๆœˆใง42ใƒ‰ใƒซใงใ™ใ‹ใ‚‰
10:41
so we gave these participants 42 dollars at the beginning of each month
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ๆœˆๅˆใ‚ใซ42ใƒ‰ใƒซใ‚’ ๅฝผใ‚‰ใฎ่ฆ‹ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใ‚‹ไปฎๆƒณๅฃๅบงใซๅ…ฅ้‡‘ใ—
10:45
in a virtual account that they could see,
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7,000ๆญฉ ๆญฉใ‹ใชใ‹ใฃใŸๆ—ฅใซใฏ 1.4ใƒ‰ใƒซใ‚’ ใใ“ใ‹ใ‚‰ๆธ›ใ‚‰ใ—ใพใ™
10:48
and we took away $1.40 for every day they didn't walk 7,000 steps.
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10:52
Now, an economist would say that those two financial incentives
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็ตŒๆธˆๅญฆ่€…ใชใ‚‰
ใ‚คใƒณใ‚ปใƒณใƒ†ใ‚ฃใƒ–ใฏใฉใกใ‚‰ใงใ‚‚ ไธ€็ท’ใ ใจ่จ€ใ†ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†
10:55
are the same.
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10:57
For every day you walk 7,000 steps, you're $1.40 richer.
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ๆฏŽๆ—ฅ7,000ๆญฉ ๆญฉใใŸใณใซ 1.4ใƒ‰ใƒซๅˆ†่ฑŠใ‹ใซใชใ‚‹ใฎใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ใจ
11:01
But a behavioral economist would say that they're different,
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ใ—ใ‹ใ— ่กŒๅ‹•็ตŒๆธˆๅญฆ่€…ใฏ ไธก่€…ใฏ้•ใ†ใจ่จ€ใ†ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†
11:04
because we're much more motivated to avoid a $1.40 loss
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ไบบใฏ1.4ใƒ‰ใƒซๅพ—ใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚ˆใ‚Šใ‚‚ 1.4ใƒ‰ใƒซใฎๆใ‚’้ฟใ‘ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใซ
11:08
than we are motivated to achieve a $1.40 gain.
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ใ‚ˆใ‚Šๅผทใๅ‹•ๆฉŸใฅใ‘ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚‰ใงใ™
11:12
And that's exactly what happened.
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็ตๆžœใฏ ใพใ•ใซใใ†ใชใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸ
11:14
Those in the group that received $1.40 for every day they walked 7,000 steps
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ๆฏŽๆ—ฅ7,000ๆญฉ ๆญฉใใ“ใจใง 1.4ใƒ‰ใƒซ่ฒฐใฃใŸใ‚ฐใƒซใƒผใƒ—ใฎไบบใŸใกใฏ
11:18
were no more likely to meet their goal than the control group.
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็›ฎๆจ™้”ๆˆ็Ž‡ใŒๅฏพ็…ง็พคใจ ๅค‰ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใงใ—ใŸ
11:21
The financial incentive didn't work.
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้‡‘้Šญ็š„ใ‚คใƒณใ‚ปใƒณใƒ†ใ‚ฃใƒ–ใฏ ๅŠนใ‹ใชใ‹ใฃใŸใฎใงใ™
11:24
But those who had a loss-framed incentive
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ใ—ใ‹ใ— ๆใฎๅฝขใงๆ็คบใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹ ใ‚คใƒณใ‚ปใƒณใƒ†ใ‚ฃใƒ–ใงใฏ
11:26
met their goal 50 percent more of the time.
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็›ฎๆจ™้”ๆˆๆ—ฅใŒ 50%ไปฅไธŠๅข—ใˆใพใ—ใŸ
11:29
It doesn't make economic sense, but it makes psychological sense,
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็ตŒๆธˆๅญฆ็š„ใซใฏๆ„ๅ‘ณไธๆ˜Žใงใ™ใŒ ๅฟƒ็†ๅญฆ็š„ใซใฏ็†ใซใ‹ใชใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™
11:33
because losses loom larger than gains.
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ๅพ—ใ‚‹ๅ–œใณใ‚ˆใ‚Š ๅคฑใ†ๆๆ€–ใฎๆ–นใŒ ๅผทใ„ใ‚‚ใฎใชใฎใงใ™
11:35
And now we're using loss-framed incentives to help patients walk more,
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ไปŠใงใฏ ใ“ใฎใ‚„ใ‚Šๆ–นใ‚’ๆดปใ‹ใ—ใฆ
ๆ‚ฃ่€…ใŒใ‚‚ใฃใจๆญฉใ„ใŸใ‚Š ๆธ›้‡ใ—ใŸใ‚Š
11:40
lose weight
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่–ฌใ‚’ใกใ‚ƒใ‚“ใจ้ฃฒใ‚€ใ“ใจใŒใงใใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ† ใ‚ตใƒใƒผใƒˆใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™
11:41
and take their medications.
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11:43
Money can be a motivator.
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ใŠ้‡‘ใŒใƒขใƒใƒ™ใƒผใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใซใชใ‚‹ใฎใฏ
11:46
We all know that.
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็š†็Ÿฅใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™
11:47
But it's far more influential when it's paired with psychology.
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ใ—ใ‹ใ— ไบบใฎๅฟƒ็†ใจ็ต„ใฟๅˆใ‚ใ›ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใง ใšใฃใจๅคงใใชๅฝฑ้ŸฟๅŠ›ใ‚’ๅ‡บใ›ใ‚‹ใฎใงใ™
11:52
And money, of course, has its own disadvantages.
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่จ€ใ†ใพใงใ‚‚ใชใ ใŠ้‡‘ใซใฏ ่‰ฏใใชใ„็‚นใ‚‚ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™
11:55
My favorite example of this involves a daycare program.
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ใใ‚Œใซ้–ขใ—ใฆ่จ—ๅ…ๆ‰€ใฎ ้ข็™ฝใ„ไบ‹ไพ‹ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™
11:59
The greatest sin you can commit in daycare is picking up your kids late.
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่จ—ๅ…ๆ‰€ใงไธ€็•ชใ‚„ใฃใกใ‚ƒใ„ใ‘ใชใ„ใฎใฏ ๅญใฉใ‚‚ใฎ่ฟŽใˆใŒ้…ใใชใ‚‹ใ“ใจใงใ™
12:04
No one is happy.
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่ชฐใซใจใฃใฆใ‚‚ไธๅนธใงใ™
12:05
Your kids are crying because you don't love them.
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ๅญใฉใ‚‚ใฏๆณฃใๅ‡บใ—ใพใ™ ใ‚ใชใŸใŒๆ„›ใ•ใชใ„ใ‚‚ใฎใ ใ‹ใ‚‰
12:08
(Laughter)
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๏ผˆ็ฌ‘๏ผ‰
12:09
The teachers are unhappy because they leave work late.
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ๅ…ˆ็”Ÿใฏ ๅธฐใ‚ŠใŒ้…ใใชใ‚‹ใฎใง ๅฌ‰ใ—ใใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“
12:12
And you feel terribly guilty.
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่ฆชใฎใ‚ใชใŸใ‚‚็ฝชๆ‚ชๆ„Ÿใ‚’ๆ„Ÿใ˜ใพใ™
12:14
This daycare program in Israel decided they wanted to stop this problem,
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ใ‚คใ‚นใƒฉใ‚จใƒซใฎใ‚ใ‚‹่จ—ๅ…ๆ‰€ใงใฏ ใ“ใฎๅ•้กŒใ‚’่งฃๆฑบใ—ใ‚ˆใ†ใจ
12:18
and they did something that many daycare programs in the US do,
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ใ‚ขใƒกใƒชใ‚ซใฎ่จ—ๅ…ๆ‰€ใฎๅคšใใŒ ๅฎŸ่ทตใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ๅ–ใ‚Šๅ…ฅใ‚Œใพใ—ใŸ
12:21
which is they installed a fine for late pickups.
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่ฟŽใˆใฎ้…ใ„่ฆชใซ็ฝฐ้‡‘ใ‚’็ง‘ใ™ ใจใ„ใ†ใ‚‚ใฎใงใ™
12:23
And the fine they chose was 10 shekels,
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็ฝฐ้‡‘ใฏ10ใ‚ทใ‚ฑใƒซ ใƒผ
12:26
which is about three bucks.
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300ๅ††ใใ‚‰ใ„ใงใ™
12:29
And guess what happened?
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ใฉใ†ใชใฃใŸใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ™๏ผŸ
12:31
Late pickups increased.
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้…ใ„่ฟŽใˆใŒใ€Œๅข—ใˆใŸใ€ใฎใงใ™
12:34
And if you think about it, it makes perfect sense.
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่€ƒใˆใฆใฟใ‚Œใฐๅฝ“็„ถใงใ™
12:37
What a deal!
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ใชใ‚“ใฆใŠๅพ—ใชใฎ๏ผ
12:38
For 10 shekels --
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ใŸใฃใŸ10ใ‚ทใ‚ฑใƒซใงโ€•
12:39
(Laughter)
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๏ผˆ็ฌ‘๏ผ‰
12:40
you can keep my kids all night!
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ๅญไพ›ใ‚’ไธ€ๆ™ฉ ้ ใ‹ใฃใฆใ‚‚ใ‚‰ใˆใ‚‹ใชใ‚“ใฆ๏ผ
12:42
(Laughter)
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๏ผˆ็ฌ‘๏ผ‰
12:45
They took a perfectly strong intrinsic motivation not to be late,
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้…ใ‚Œใชใ„ใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ—ใชใ„ใจ ใจใ„ใ† ๅผทใ„ๅ†…็š„ๅ‹•ๆฉŸไป˜ใ‘ใ‚’ๅฅชใ„
12:49
and they cheapened it.
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ๅฎ‰ใ„ๅ€คๆฎตใง็ฝฎใๆ›ใˆใŸใฎใงใ™
12:50
What's worse, when they realized their mistake
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ใ•ใ‚‰ใซๆ‚ชใ„ใ“ใจใซ
้–“้•ใ„ใซๆฐ—ไป˜ใ„ใŸๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏ ็ฝฐ้‡‘ใ‚’ๅปƒๆญขใ—ใพใ—ใŸใŒ
12:53
and they took away the financial incentive,
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12:56
the late pickups still stayed at the high level.
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้…ใ„่ฟŽใˆใŒๅคšใ„็Šถๆณใฏ ๅค‰ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใงใ—ใŸ
12:58
They had already poisoned the social contract.
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็คพไผšๅฅ‘็ด„ใ‚’ๆฏ’ใ—ใฆใ—ใพใฃใŸใฎใงใ™
13:02
Health care is full of strong intrinsic motivations.
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ๅŒป็™‚ใงใฏๅผทใ„ๅ†…็š„ๅ‹•ๆฉŸไป˜ใ‘ใŒ ใŸใใ•ใ‚“ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™
13:05
We have doctors and patients who already want to do the right thing.
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ๅŒป่€…ใ‚‚ๆ‚ฃ่€…ใ‚‚ ๆญฃใ—ใ„ใ“ใจใ‚’ใ—ใŸใ„ ใจๆ€ใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™
13:09
Financial incentives can help,
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้‡‘้Šญ็š„ใ‚คใƒณใ‚ปใƒณใƒ†ใ‚ฃใƒ–ใฏ ๅฝนใซ็ซ‹ใกๅพ—ใพใ™ใŒ
13:12
but we shouldn't expect money in health care
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ๅŒป็™‚ใซใŠใ„ใฆใฏ ใŠ้‡‘ใซๆœŸๅพ…ใ—ใ™ใŽใชใ„ๆ–นใŒใ„ใ„ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†
13:15
to do all of the heavy lifting.
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13:18
Instead, perhaps the most powerful influencers of health behavior
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ใŠใใ‚‰ใ ๅฅๅบทใซ้–ขใ‚ใ‚‹่กŒๅ‹•ใซ ๆœ€ใ‚‚ๅผทใๅฝฑ้Ÿฟใ‚’ไธŽใˆใ‚‹ใ‚‚ใฎใฏ
13:22
are our social interactions.
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็คพไผš็š„ใช็›ธไบ’ไฝœ็”จใงใ™
13:24
Social engagement works in health care,
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็คพไผš็š„ใช้–ขใ‚ใ‚Šใฏ ๅŒป็™‚ใซใŠใ„ใฆๅŠ›ใ‚’็™บๆฎใ—
13:27
and it works in two directions.
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ไบŒใคใฎๆ–นๅ‘ใง ๅƒใใพใ™
13:29
First, we fundamentally care what others think of us.
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ใพใš ไบบ้–“ใฏๆ นๆœฌ็š„ใซ ไป–ไบบใฎ็›ฎใ‚’ๆฐ—ใซใ—ใพใ™
13:34
And so one of the most powerful ways to change our behavior
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ใใฎใŸใ‚ ไบบใฎ่กŒๅ‹•ใ‚’ๅค‰ใˆใ‚‹ ๆœ€ใ‚‚ๅผทๅŠ›ใชๆ–นๆณ•ใฎ๏ผ‘ใคใฏ
13:38
is to make our activities witnessable to others.
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ไป–ไบบใซ่กŒๅ‹•ใŒ่ฆ‹ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใ‚‹ ใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใงใ™
13:41
We behave differently when we're being observed
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็งใŸใกใฏ ่ฆ‹ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ„ใชใ„ใ‹ใง ่กŒๅ‹•ใฎไป•ๆ–นใŒๅค‰ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™
13:44
than when we're not.
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13:45
I've been to some restaurants that don't have sinks in the bathrooms.
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ใƒฌใ‚นใƒˆใƒฉใƒณใซใ‚ˆใฃใฆใฏ
ๆ‰‹ๆด—ใ„ๅ ดใŒใƒˆใ‚คใƒฌใฎไธญใซใฏใชใ ๅค–ใซใ‚ใฃใฆ
13:48
Instead, when you step out, the sink is outside
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ๆ‰‹ใ‚’ๆด—ใฃใŸใ‹ใฉใ†ใ‹ ็š†ใ‹ใ‚‰่ฆ‹ใˆใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ใซใชใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™
13:51
in the main part of the restaurant,
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13:52
where everyone can see whether you wash your hands or not.
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13:55
Now, I don't know for sure,
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ใƒ‡ใƒผใ‚ฟใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใŒ
13:56
but I am convinced that handwashing is much greater
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ใใ†ใ„ใฃใŸ้…็ฝฎใฎๆ–นใŒ ๆ‰‹ใ‚’ๆด—ใ†ไบบใŒๅคšใ„ใ“ใจใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†
13:59
in those particular settings.
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14:00
We are always on our best behavior when we're being observed.
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่ฆ‹ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใจใใซใฏ ๆœ€ๅ–„ใฎ่กŒใ„ใ‚’ใ™ใ‚‹ใ‚‚ใฎใงใ™
14:04
In fact, there was this amazing study
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ๅฎŸ้š› ใƒ•ใƒญใƒชใƒ€็—…้™ขใฎ้›†ไธญๆฒป็™‚ๅฎคใง ่กŒใ‚ใ‚ŒใŸ
14:06
that was done in an intensive care unit in a Florida hospital.
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้ฉšใในใ็ ”็ฉถใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™
14:09
The handwashing rates were very low, which is dangerous, of course,
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ใใ“ใงใฏ ๆ‰‹ใ‚’ๆด—ใ†้ ปๅบฆใŒไฝŽใ ่จ€ใ†ใพใงใ‚‚ใชใๅฑ้™บใงใ—ใŸ
14:12
because it can spread infection.
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ๆ„ŸๆŸ“ใ‚’ๅบƒใ’ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚‚ ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“ใ‹ใ‚‰
14:15
And so some researchers pasted a picture of someone's eyes over the sink.
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ใใ“ใง ็ ”็ฉถ่€…ใŸใกใฏ ๆด—้ขๆ‰€ใฎไธŠใซ็›ฎใฎๅ†™็œŸใ‚’่ฒผใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸ
14:20
It wasn't a real person, it was just a photograph.
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ๆœฌ็‰ฉใฎไบบ้–“ใงใฏใชใ ใŸใ ใฎๅ†™็œŸ
14:22
In fact, it wasn't even their whole face, it was just their eyes looking at you.
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ใใ‚Œใ‚‚้ก”ๅ…จไฝ“ใงใ™ใ‚‰ใชใ ใ€Œ่ฆ‹ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใžใ€ใจใ„ใ†็›ฎใ ใ‘ใงใ™
๏ผˆ็ฌ‘๏ผ‰
14:26
(Laughter)
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ๆ‰‹ใ‚’ๆด—ใ†็Ž‡ใฏ ๏ผ’ๅ€ไปฅไธŠใซไธŠใŒใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸ
14:27
Handwashing rates more than doubled.
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14:29
It seems we care so much what other people think of us
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็งใŸใกใฏ ไป–ไบบใ‹ใ‚‰ใฉใ†ๆ€ใ‚ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚’ ใจใฆใ‚‚ๆฐ—ใซใ™ใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ใง
14:32
that our behavior improves
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ไบบใ‹ใ‚‰่ฆ‹ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ๆƒณๅƒใ™ใ‚‹ใ ใ‘ใง ่กŒๅ‹•ใ‚’ๆ”นๅ–„ใ™ใ‚‹ใ‚“ใงใ™
14:33
even if we merely imagine that we're being observed.
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14:37
And not only do we care what others think of us,
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ใพใŸ็งใŸใกใฏ ไป–ไบบใฎ็›ฎใ‚’ๆฐ—ใซใ™ใ‚‹ใ ใ‘ใงใชใ
14:40
we fundamentally model our behaviors on what we see other people do.
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ๅŸบๆœฌ็š„ใซไป–ไบบใฎๅ–ใ‚‹่กŒๅ‹•ใ‚’ ๆ‰‹ๆœฌใซใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™
14:45
And it all comes back to seat belts.
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ใ“ใ“ใงใ‚ทใƒผใƒˆใƒ™ใƒซใƒˆใฎ ่ฉฑใซๆˆปใ‚Šใพใ™ใŒ
14:48
When I was a kid, I used to love the "Batman" TV series with Adam West.
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ๅนผใ„้ ƒ ใ‚ขใƒ€ใƒ ใƒปใ‚ฆใ‚งใ‚นใƒˆไธปๆผ”ใฎ ใƒ†ใƒฌใƒ“ใ‚ทใƒชใƒผใ‚บใ€Œใƒใƒƒใƒˆใƒžใƒณใ€ใŒๅฅฝใใงใ—ใŸ
14:54
Everything that Batman and Robin did was so cool,
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ใƒใƒƒใƒˆใƒžใƒณใจใƒญใƒ“ใƒณใฏ ไฝ•ใ‚’ใ™ใ‚‹ใซใ‚‚่ถ…ใ‚ซใƒƒใ‚ณใ‚ˆใ
14:57
and, of course, the Batmobile was the coolest thing of all.
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ใ‚‚ใกใ‚ใ‚“ ใƒใƒƒใƒˆใƒขใƒผใƒ“ใƒซใฏ ๆœ€้ซ˜ใซใ‚ฏใƒผใƒซใงใ—ใŸ
15:00
Now, that show aired from 1966 to 1968,
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็•ช็ต„ใฏ1966ๅนดใ‹ใ‚‰ 1968ๅนดใพใงๆ”พ้€ใ•ใ‚Œใพใ—ใŸใŒ
15:04
and at that time, seat belts were optional accessories in cars.
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ๅฝ“ๆ™‚ ใ‚ทใƒผใƒˆใƒ™ใƒซใƒˆใฏ ไปปๆ„ใฎไป˜ๅฑžๅ“ใงใ—ใŸ
15:08
But the producers of that show did something really important.
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ใใ“ใง ็•ช็ต„ใƒ—ใƒญใƒ‡ใƒฅใƒผใ‚ตใƒผใฏ ใ‚ใ‚‹ใจใฆใ‚‚้‡่ฆใชใ“ใจใ‚’ใ—ใพใ—ใŸ
15:11
When Batman and Robin got in the Batmobile,
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ใƒใƒƒใƒˆใƒžใƒณใจใƒญใƒ“ใƒณใŒ ใƒใƒƒใƒˆใƒขใƒผใƒ“ใƒซใซไน—ใ‚‹ๆ™‚
15:14
the camera would focus on their laps,
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ใ‚ซใƒกใƒฉใฎ็„ฆ็‚นใ‚’ ๅฝผใ‚‰ใฎ่†ใซๅˆใ‚ใ›
15:16
and you would see Batman and Robin put on their seat belts.
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ใ‚ทใƒผใƒˆใƒ™ใƒซใƒˆใ‚’ไป˜ใ‘ใ‚‹ๅ ด้ขใ‚’ ่ฆ‹ใ›ใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ—ใŸใฎใงใ™
15:19
Now, if Batman and Robin put on their seat belts,
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ใƒใƒƒใƒˆใƒžใƒณใจใƒญใƒ“ใƒณใŒ ใ‚ทใƒผใƒˆใƒ™ใƒซใƒˆใ‚’ใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‚“ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰
15:21
you can bet that I was going to wear my seat belt, too.
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็งใ‚‚ใ‚ทใƒผใƒˆใƒ™ใƒซใƒˆใ‚’ใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใฏ ้–“้•ใ„ใชใ„ใงใ™
15:24
I bet that show saved thousands of lives.
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ใ‚ใฎ็•ช็ต„ใฏ ใŸใใ•ใ‚“ใฎๅ‘ฝใ‚’ ๆ•‘ใฃใŸใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ™
15:26
And again, it works in health care, too.
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ใŠๆ‰‹ๆœฌใฏๅŒป็™‚ใซใ‚‚็”Ÿใ‹ใ›ใพใ™
15:29
Doctors use antibiotics more appropriately when they see how other doctors use them.
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ๅŒปๅธซใฏ ไป–ใฎๅŒปๅธซใŒใฉใ†ไฝฟใ†ใ‹ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆ ๆŠ—็”Ÿ็‰ฉ่ณชใ‚’ใ‚ˆใ‚Š้ฉๅˆ‡ใซไฝฟใ†ใ‚ˆใ†ใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™
15:35
So many activities in health care are hidden, they're unwitnessed,
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ๅŒป็™‚ใซใŠใ‘ใ‚‹ๆดปๅ‹•ใฎๅคšใใฏ ้š ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใฆไป–ใฎไบบใซ่ฆ‹ใˆใพใ›ใ‚“
ใ—ใ‹ใ— ๅŒป่€…ใ ใฃใฆ ็คพไผš็š„ใช็”Ÿใ็‰ฉใงใ™
15:40
but doctors are social animals,
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15:42
and they perform better when they see what other doctors do.
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ไป–ใฎๅŒป่€…ใฎ่กŒๅ‹•ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆ ใ‚ˆใ‚Š่‰ฏใ„ๆฒป็™‚ใ‚’่กŒใ†ใ‚ˆใ†ใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™
15:47
So social influence works in health care.
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ๅŒป็™‚ใซใŠใ„ใฆใ‚‚ ็คพไผš็š„ๅฝฑ้ŸฟใฏๅŠนๆžœ็š„ใงใ™
15:49
So does tying it to notions of regret or to loss aversion.
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ๅพŒๆ‚”ใ‚„ ๆใ‚’ๅซŒใ†ๆฐ—ๆŒใกใ‚’ๅˆฉ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใ‚‚ ๅŒใ˜ใ‚ˆใ†ใซๅŠนๆžœ็š„ใงใ™
15:53
We would never think of using these tools if we thought that everyone was rational
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็š†ใŒ็š† ๅธธใซๅˆ็†็š„ใ ใจ ่€ƒใˆใฆใ„ใŸใฎใชใ‚‰
ใ“ใ†ใ—ใŸๆ‰‹ๆฎตใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใจใฏ ๆ€ใ‚ใชใ„ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†
15:59
all the time.
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16:00
Now, just to be clear: I am not condemning rationality.
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่จ€ใฃใฆใŠใใพใ™ใŒ ๅˆ็†ๆ€งใŒใƒ€ใƒกใ ใจ ่จ€ใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‚ใ‘ใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“
16:03
I mean, that really would be irrational.
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ใใ‚Œใ“ใ้žๅˆ็†็š„ใงใ™
16:06
But we all know that it's the nonrational parts of our minds
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ใ—ใ‹ใ— ็งใŸใกใฏ็š†็Ÿฅใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ ๅฟƒใฎ้žๅˆ็†็š„ใช้ƒจๅˆ†ใ“ใใŒ
16:11
where we get courage, creativity, inspiration
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ๅ‹‡ๆฐ—ใ‚„ๅ‰ต้€ ๅŠ› ใฒใ‚‰ใ‚ใ ใƒผ
16:14
and everything else that sparks passion.
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ๆƒ…็†ฑใ‚’็”Ÿใ‚€ใฎใ ใจ
16:17
And we know something else, too.
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ใพใŸ ใ“ใ‚“ใชใ“ใจใ‚‚็Ÿฅใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™
16:19
We know that we can be much more effective at improving health behavior
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ไบบใฎๅฅๅบทใซ้–ขใ‚ใ‚‹่กŒๅ‹•ใ‚’ ๆ”นๅ–„ใ™ใ‚‹ใซใฏ
16:24
if we work with the irrational parts of our nature
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้žๅˆ็†็š„ใช้ƒจๅˆ†ใ‚’็„ก่ฆ–ใ—ใŸใ‚Š ๆŠ—ใฃใŸใ‚Šใ™ใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ‚Šใ‚‚
16:27
instead of ignoring them or fighting against them.
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ใใ‚Œใ‚’ๆดปใ‹ใ™ใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ™ใ‚‹ๆ–นใŒ ใšใฃใจๅŠนๆžœ็š„ใ ใจ
16:30
When it comes to health care,
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ๅŒป็™‚ใซใŠใ„ใฆใฏ
16:32
understanding our irrationality is just another tool in our toolbox.
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ไบบ้–“ใฎ้žๅˆ็†ๆ€งใฎ็†่งฃใ‚‚ใพใŸ ้“ๅ…ทใฎใฒใจใคใ ใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจใงใ™
ใใฎ้žๅˆ็†ๆ€งใ‚’ใ†ใพใ ๅˆฉ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ“ใใŒ
16:38
And harnessing that irrationality --
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16:40
that may be the most rational move of all.
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ๆœ€ใ‚‚ๅˆ็†็š„ใช่กŒๅ‹•ใชใฎใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“
16:44
Thank you.
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ใ”้™่ดใ‚ใ‚ŠใŒใจใ†ใ”ใ–ใ„ใพใ—ใŸ
16:45
(Applause)
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๏ผˆๆ‹ๆ‰‹๏ผ‰
ใ“ใฎใ‚ฆใ‚งใƒ–ใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆใซใคใ„ใฆ

ใ“ใฎใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆใงใฏ่‹ฑ่ชžๅญฆ็ฟ’ใซๅฝน็ซ‹ใคYouTubeๅ‹•็”ปใ‚’็ดนไป‹ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ไธ–็•Œไธญใฎไธ€ๆต่ฌ›ๅธซใซใ‚ˆใ‚‹่‹ฑ่ชžใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใ‚’่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ๅ„ใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใฎใƒšใƒผใ‚ธใซ่กจ็คบใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹่‹ฑ่ชžๅญ—ๅน•ใ‚’ใƒ€ใƒ–ใƒซใ‚ฏใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏใ™ใ‚‹ใจใ€ใใ“ใ‹ใ‚‰ใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใ‚’ๅ†็”Ÿใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ๅญ—ๅน•ใฏใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใฎๅ†็”ŸใจๅŒๆœŸใ—ใฆใ‚นใ‚ฏใƒญใƒผใƒซใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ”ๆ„่ฆ‹ใƒปใ”่ฆๆœ›ใŒใ”ใ–ใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ‚‰ใ€ใ“ใกใ‚‰ใฎใŠๅ•ใ„ๅˆใ‚ใ›ใƒ•ใ‚ฉใƒผใƒ ใ‚ˆใ‚Šใ”้€ฃ็ตกใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚

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