Why it's so hard to make healthy decisions | David Asch

409,582 views ใƒป 2019-12-19

TED


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: ์„ฑ๊ฒฝ ๊ณ  ๊ฒ€ํ† : Jihyeon J. Kim
00:12
It's April of 2007,
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๋•Œ๋Š” 2007๋…„ 4์›”์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:15
and Jon Corzine, the Governor of New Jersey,
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๋‰ด์ €์ง€ ์ฃผ์ง€์‚ฌ์ธ ์กด ์ฝ”์ž”์€
00:18
is in this horrific car accident.
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๋”์ฐํ•œ ๊ตํ†ต์‚ฌ๊ณ ๋ฅผ ๋‹นํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:21
He's in the right front passenger seat of this SUV
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์กด์€ SUV์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰์˜ ์˜ค๋ฅธ์ชฝ ์•ž์ขŒ์„์ธ ์กฐ์ˆ˜์„์— ์•‰์•„์žˆ์—ˆ๊ณ 
00:23
when it crashes on the Garden State Parkway.
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์ฐจ๋Š” ๋‰ด์š•์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ณ ์†๋„๋กœ์—์„œ ์‚ฌ๊ณ ๊ฐ€ ๋‚ฌ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:26
He's transported to a New Jersey trauma center
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์กด์€ ๋‰ด์ €์ง€์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์™ธ์ƒ ์น˜๋ฃŒ ์ „๋ฌธ ์„ผํ„ฐ๋กœ ์ด์†ก๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:28
with multiple broken bones and multiple lacerations.
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๊ณจ์ ˆ๊ณผ ์—ด์ƒ์ด ๋งŽ์€ ์ƒํƒœ์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:31
He needs immediate surgery, seven units of blood,
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์กด์€ ๊ณง๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ˆ˜์ˆ ์„ ํ•ด์•ผํ–ˆ๊ณ  7ํ†ต์˜ ํ˜ˆ์•ก์ด ํ•„์š”ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:34
a mechanical ventilator to help him breathe
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์กด์€ ์ˆจ์„ ์‰ฌ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ ์ธ๊ณตํ˜ธํก๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ–ˆ๊ณ 
00:36
and several more operations along the way.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋ฒˆ์˜ ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ์ˆ˜์ˆ ์ด ๊ธฐ ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:39
It's amazing he survived.
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์กด์ด ์ƒ์กดํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋†€๋ผ์šด ์ผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:41
But perhaps even more amazing,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋”์šฑ ๋†€๋ผ์šด ์‚ฌ์‹ค์€
00:43
he was not wearing a seat belt.
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์กด์ด ์•ˆ์ „๋ฒจํŠธ๋ฅผ ๋งค์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:45
And, in fact, he never wore a seat belt,
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์‚ฌ์‹ค ์กด์€ ์•ˆ์ „๋ฒจํŠธ๋ฅผ ๊ฒฐ์ฝ” ํ•œ ์ ์ด ์—†์—ˆ๊ณ 
00:47
and the New Jersey state troopers who used to drive Governor Corzine around
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์ฝ”์ž”์˜ ์ฃผ๋ณ€์—์„œ ์ˆœ์ฐฐํ•˜๊ณค ํ–ˆ๋˜ ๋‰ด์ €์ง€ ์ฃผ ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ๊ด€์€
00:51
used to beg him to wear a seat belt,
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์ฝ”์ž”์—๊ฒŒ ์•ˆ์ „๋ฒจํŠธ๋ฅผ ๋งค๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€ํƒํ•˜๊ณค ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:53
but he didn't do it.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ๋Š” ๋ง์„ ๋“ฃ์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:55
Now, before Corzine was Governor of New Jersey,
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ํ˜„์žฌ ์ฝ”์ž”์ด ๋‰ด์ €์ง€์˜ ์ฃผ์ง€์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๋˜๊ธฐ ์ „์—
00:57
he was the US Senator from New Jersey,
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์ฝ”์ž”์€ ๋‰ด์ €์ง€ ์ถœ์‹  ์ƒ์›์˜์›์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:00
and before that, he was the CEO of Goldman Sachs,
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๋” ๊ทธ ์ „์€ ๊ณจ๋“œ๋งŒ ์‚ญ์Šค์˜ ์ตœ๊ณ  ๊ฒฝ์˜์ธ์œผ๋กœ์„œ
01:02
responsible for taking Goldman Sachs public,
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๊ณจ๋“œ๋งŒ ์‚ญ์Šค๋ฅผ ์ƒ์žฅํ•  ์ฑ…์ž„์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ณ 
01:05
making hundreds of millions of dollars.
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๊ทธ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ˆ˜์–ต ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ์˜ ์ˆ˜์ต์„ ๋ƒˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:07
Now, no matter what you think of Jon Corzine politically
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ์กด ์ฝ”์ž”์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ •์น˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋“ ์ง€
01:10
or how he made his money,
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ํ˜น์€ ์กด์ด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ˆ˜์ต์„ ๋ƒˆ๋Š”์ง€์™€ ์ƒ๊ด€์—†์ด
01:12
nobody would say that he was stupid.
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๋ˆ„๊ตฌ๋„ ์กด์ด ์–ด๋ฆฌ์„๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:14
But there he was,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ
01:15
an unrestrained passenger in a car accident,
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๊ทธ๋Š” ๊ตํ†ต์‚ฌ๊ณ ์—์„œ๋Š” ์•ˆ์ „๋ฒจํŠธ ๋ฏธ์ฐฉ์šฉ ํƒ‘์Šน์ž์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:18
at a time when every American knows that seat belts save lives.
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๋ชจ๋“  ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ธ๋“ค์ด ์•ˆ์ „๋ฒจํŠธ๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๋ช…์„ ๊ตฌํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ์•„๋Š” ์ด ์‹œ๊ธฐ์— ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:23
This single story reflects a fundamental weakness
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ฑด๊ฐ•ํ–‰๋™๊ฐœ์„ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ ‘๊ทผ๋ฐฉ์‹์—์„œ์˜
01:26
in our approach to improving health behavior.
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๊ทผ๋ณธ์ ์ธ ํ—›์ ์ด ์žˆ์Œ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:29
Nearly everything we tell doctors and everything we tell patients
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์˜์‚ฌ๋‚˜ ํ™˜์ž์—๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ๋ง๋“ค์€
01:33
is based on the idea that we behave rationally.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•ฉ๋ฆฌ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ–‰๋™ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ƒ๊ฐ์—์„œ ์˜ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:36
If you give me information, I will process that information in my head,
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค์ด ์ €์—๊ฒŒ ์–ด๋–ค ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ค€๋‹ค๋ฉด, ์ €๋Š” ๊ทธ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ๋จธ๋ฆฟ ์†์—์„œ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ณ 
01:40
and my behavior will change as a result.
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๊ทธ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ œ ํ–‰๋™์€ ๋ฐ”๋€” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:43
Do you think Jon Corzine didn't know that seat belts save lives?
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ์กด ์ฝ”์ž”์ด ์•ˆ์ „๋ฒจํŠธ๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๋ช…์„ ๊ตฌํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ๋ชฐ๋ž์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์‹ญ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
01:47
Do you think he, like, just didn't get the memo?
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์กด์ด ๋ฉ”๋ชจ๋ฅผ ํ•˜์ง€์•Š์•˜๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์ผ๊นŒ์š”?
01:49
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
01:50
Jon Corzine did not have a knowledge deficit,
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์กด์€ ์–ด๋–ค ์ง€์‹๊ฒฐํ•จ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
01:53
he had a behavior deficit.
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ํ–‰๋™๊ฒฐํ•จ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:55
It's not that he didn't know better.
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์กด์ด ๋” ์ž˜ ์•Œ์ง€ ๋ชปํ•ด์„œ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:57
He knew better.
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์กด์€ ๋” ์ž˜ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:58
It's that he didn't do better.
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๋‹จ์ง€ ๋” ์ž˜ ํ–‰๋™ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:02
Instead, I think the mind is a high-resistance pathway.
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์˜คํžˆ๋ ค ๋งˆ์Œ๊ฐ€์ง์ด ๋†’์€ ์ €ํ•ญ์„ฑ์„ ์ง€๋‹Œ ๊ฒฝ๋กœ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
02:07
Changing someone's mind with information is hard enough.
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์–ด๋–ค ์ •๋ณด๋กœ ๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€์˜ ๋งˆ์Œ์„ ๋ฐ”๊พธ๊ธฐ๋Š” ๋„ˆ๋ฌด๋‚˜๋„ ์–ด๋ ต์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:11
Changing their behavior with information
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์ •๋ณด๋กœ ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ํ–‰๋™์„ ๋ฐ”๊พธ๊ธฐ๋Š”
02:13
is harder still.
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์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ๋” ์–ด๋ ต์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:15
The only way we're going to make substantial improvements
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๊ฑด๊ฐ•๊ณผ ๋ณด๊ฑด์— ์ƒ๋‹นํ•œ ๊ฐœ์„ ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ
02:18
in health and health care
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์œ ์ผํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€
02:20
is to make substantial improvements in the behavior of health and health care.
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๊ฑด๊ฐ•๊ณผ ๋ณด๊ฑด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ–‰๋™์—์„œ์˜ ์ƒ๋‹นํ•œ ๊ฐœ์„ ์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:26
If you hit my patellar tendon with a reflex hammer,
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๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€ ์ €์˜ ๋ฌด๋ฆŽ ํž˜์ค„์„ ๋ง์น˜๋กœ ์นœ๋‹ค๋ฉด
02:29
my leg is going to jerk forward,
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๋‹ค๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ฐ˜์‚ฌ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์•ž์œผ๋กœ ๋ป—์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:31
and it's going to jerk forward a lot faster and a lot more predictably
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ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋” ๋น ๋ฅด๊ณ  ๋” ์ •ํ™•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ป—์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:34
than if I had to think about it myself.
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์Šค์Šค๋กœ ํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋”์š”.
02:37
It's a reflex.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ฐ˜์‚ฌ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:38
We need to look for the equivalent behavioral reflexes
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๋™๋“ฑํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ–‰๋™๋ฐ˜์‚ฌ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์„ ์ฐพ์•„์„œ
02:42
and hitch our health care wagon to those.
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๋ณด๊ฑด์— ์ ์šฉํ•  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:45
Turns out, though,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ด ๋ฐํ˜€์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:47
that most conventional approaches to human motivation
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์ธ๊ฐ„๋™๊ธฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ์ ‘๊ทผ๋ฒ•์€
02:50
are based on the idea of education.
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๊ต์œก์  ๊ด€์ ์— ๊ธฐ์ดˆํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:53
We assume that if people don't behave as they should,
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ํ•ด์•ผํ•˜๋Š” ๋Œ€๋กœ ํ–‰๋™ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฉด
02:56
it's because they didn't know any better.
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๊ทธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๋” ์ž˜ ์•Œ์ง€ ๋ชปํ•ด์„œ๋ผ๊ณ  ๊ฐ€์ •ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:58
"If only people knew that smoking was dangerous, they wouldn't smoke."
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"์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ํก์—ฐ์ด ์œ„ํ—˜ํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•ˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ํก์—ฐํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ฒ ์ง€."
03:02
Or, we think about economics.
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ํ˜น์€ ๊ฒฝ์ œํ•™์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด๋ด…์‹œ๋‹ค.
03:03
The assumption there is that we're all constantly calculating
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๊ฐ€์ •์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํ–‰๋™ ๋ชจ๋“  ๋ถ€๋ถ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด
03:06
the costs and benefits of every one of our actions
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๋น„์šฉ๊ณผ ์ด์ต์„ ๋Š์ž„์—†์ด ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•˜๊ณ 
03:09
and optimizing that to make the perfectly right, rational decision.
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์™„์ „ํžˆ ๋งž๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋ฆฌ์ ์ธ ๊ฒฐ์ •์„ ๋‚ด๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์„ ์ตœ์ ํ™”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:13
If that were true, then all we need to do
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ๊ฐ€์ •์ด ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ด๋ผ๋ฉด, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•ด์•ผํ•  ์ผ์€
03:15
is to find the perfect payment system for doctors
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์˜์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ์™„๋ฒฝํ•œ ๋น„์šฉ ์ฒด๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์ฐพ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜
03:17
or the perfect co-payments and deductibles for patients,
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ํ™˜์ž๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ์™„๋ฒฝํ•œ ๊ณต๋™ ๋น„์šฉ๊ณผ ์„ธ๊ธˆ ๊ณต์ œ๋ฅผ ์ฐพ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:20
and everything would work out.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฉด ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ œ๋Œ€๋กœ ์ž‘๋™ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:22
A better approach lies in behavioral economics.
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๋” ์ข‹์€ ์ ‘๊ทผ๋ฒ•์€ ํ–‰๋™ ๊ฒฝ์ œํ•™์— ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:25
Behavioral economists recognize that we are irrational.
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ํ–‰๋™ ๊ฒฝ์ œํ•™์ž๋“ค์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•ฉ๋ฆฌ์ ์ด์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:29
Our decisions are based on emotion,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๊ฒฐ์ •์€ ๊ฐ์ •์— ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜
03:31
or they're sensitive to framing or to social context.
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๊ณ ์ •๊ด€๋…์ด๋‚˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ์ ์ธ ๋งฅ๋ฝ์— ๋ฏผ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:34
We don't always do what's in our own long-term best interests.
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๋Š˜ ์žฅ๊ธฐ์ ์ธ ์ตœ์„ ์˜ ์ด์ต์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ํ–‰๋™ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:38
But the key contribution to behavioral economics
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ํ–‰๋™ ๊ฒฝ์ œํ•™์˜ ๊ฒฐ์ •์ ์ธ ๊ณตํ—Œ์€
03:41
is not in recognizing that we are irrational;
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋น„ํ•ฉ๋ฆฌ์ ์ž„์„ ์ธ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
03:44
it's recognizing that we are irrational in highly predictable ways.
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๋งค์šฐ ์˜ˆ์ธก๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋น„ํ•ฉ๋ฆฌ์ ์ž„์„ ์•„๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:48
In fact, it's the predictability of our psychological foibles
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์‚ฌ์‹ค, ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌ์  ์•ฝ์  ์˜ˆ์ธก๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์€
03:52
that allows us to design strategies to overcome them.
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์•ฝ์ ์„ ๊ทน๋ณตํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ „๋žต์„ ๊ณ ์•ˆํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:55
Forewarned is forearmed.
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์œ ๋น„๋ฌดํ™˜์ด์ฃ .
03:57
In fact, behavioral economists often use
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์‚ฌ์‹ค ํ–‰๋™๊ฒฝ์ œํ•™์ž๋“ค์€ ์ข…์ข…
03:59
precisely the same behavioral reflexes that get us into trouble
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฌธ์ œ์— ์ฒ˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ์ •ํ™•ํžˆ ๊ฐ™์€ ํ–‰๋™ ๋ฐ˜์‚ฌ๋ฅผ
04:03
and turn them around to help us,
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์—ญ์œผ๋กœ ๋„์›€์„ ์ฃผ๋„๋ก ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:06
rather than to hurt us.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋‹ค์น˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ๋Œ€์‹ ์— ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:08
We see irrationality play out in something called "present bias,"
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๋น„ํ•ฉ๋ฆฌ์„ฑ์€ "ํ˜„์žฌ ์ค‘์‹œ ํŽธํ–ฅ"์ด๋ผ ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํ˜„์ƒ์—๋„ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:13
where the outcomes in front of us are much more motivating
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๋‹น์žฅ์˜ ๋ˆˆ ์•ž์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋จผ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜์˜ ๋” ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ณด๋‹ค๋„
04:16
than even more important outcomes far in the future.
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๋”์šฑ ๋” ๋™๊ธฐ๋ถ€์—ฌ๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:22
If I'm on a diet -- and I'm always on a diet --
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค์ด์–ดํŠธ๋ฅผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๊ฐ€์ •ํ•˜๋ฉด... ํ•ญ์ƒ ๋‹ค์ด์–ดํŠธ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ์š”.
04:24
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
04:26
and someone offers me a luscious-looking piece of chocolate cake,
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๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€ ์ €์—๊ฒŒ ๋‹ฌ์ฝคํ•ด๋ณด์ด๋Š” ์ดˆ์ฝœ๋ฆฟ ์ผ€์ดํฌ ํ•œ ์กฐ๊ฐ์„ ์ค€๋‹ค๋ฉด
04:30
I know I should not eat that chocolate cake.
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์ €๋Š” ๊ทธ ์ดˆ์ฝœ๋ฆฟ ์ผ€์ดํฌ๋ฅผ ๋จน์œผ๋ฉด ์•ˆ๋œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์••๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:34
That chocolate cake will land on that part of my body -- permanently --
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์ดˆ์ฝœ๋ฆฟ ์ผ€์ดํฌ๊ฐ€ ์ œ ๋ชธ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์— ์ •์ฐฉํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜์›ํžˆ...
04:38
where that kind of food naturally settles.
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๋ณธ๋ž˜ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์Œ์‹์ด ์Œ“์ด๋Š” ๋ถ€๋ถ„์— ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:41
But the chocolate cake looks so good and delicious,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ ์ดˆ์ฝœ๋ฆฟ ์ผ€์ดํฌ๋Š” ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋ณด๊ธฐ ์ข‹๊ณ  ๋ง›์žˆ์–ด ๋ณด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:44
and it's right in front of me,
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๊ฒŒ๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ œ ์•ž์— ์žˆ๊ณ 
04:45
and the diet can wait 'til tomorrow.
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๋‹ค์ด์–ดํŠธ๋Š” ๋‚ด์ผ๋กœ ๋ฏธ๋ฃฐ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:47
I used to love the comedian Steven Wright.
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์ €๋Š” ์ฝ”๋ฏธ๋””์–ธ ์Šคํ‹ฐ๋ธ ๋ผ์ดํŠธ๋ฅผ ์ข‹์•„ํ–ˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:49
He would have these Zen-like quips.
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์Šคํ‹ฐ๋ธ์€ ๋ถˆ๊ต์˜ ์„ ์ข…๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์žฌ์น˜๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:52
My favorite one was this:
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ข‹์•„ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ด๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:54
"Hard work pays off in the future,
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"๊ณ ๋œ ์ผ์€ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜์— ์œ ์ต์ด ๋˜์ง€๋งŒ
04:56
but laziness pays off right now."
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๊ฒŒ์œผ๋ฆ„์€ ์ง€๊ธˆ ๋‹น์žฅ ์œ ์ต์ด ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค."
04:58
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
05:00
And patients also have present bias.
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ํ™˜์ž๋“ค๋„ ํ˜„์žฌ์ค‘์‹œํŽธํ–ฅ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:03
If you have high blood pressure,
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ๊ณ ํ˜ˆ์••์ด๋ผ๋ฉด
05:04
even if you would desperately like to avoid a stroke,
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ํ•„์‚ฌ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‡Œ์กธ์ฆ์„ ํ”ผํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์„์ง€๋ผ๋„
05:07
and you know that taking your antihypertensive medications
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๊ฒŒ๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ํ•ญ๊ณ ํ˜ˆ์••์„ฑ์˜ ์•ฝ์„ ๋ณต์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด
05:10
is one of the best ways to reduce that risk,
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๋‡Œ์กธ์ฆ์œ„ํ—˜์„ฑ์„ ์ค„์ด๋Š” ์ตœ์„ ์˜ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ž„์„ ์•ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ• ์ง€๋ผ๋„
05:13
the stroke you avoid is far in the future and taking medications is right now.
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ํ”ผํ•ด์•ผํ•˜๋Š” ๋‡Œ์กธ์ค‘์€ ๋จผ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜์— ์žˆ๊ณ  ์•ฝ์„ ๋ณต์šฉํ•ด์•ผํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ง€๊ธˆ ๋‹น์žฅ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:18
Almost half of the patients who are prescribed high blood pressure pills
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๊ณ ํ˜ˆ์••์•ฝ์„ ์ฒ˜๋ฐฉ๋ฐ›์€ ํ™˜์ž์˜ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์ ˆ๋ฐ˜์ด
05:22
stop taking them within a year.
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1๋…„ ์ด๋‚ด์— ์•ฝ ๋ณต์šฉ์„ ์ค‘๋‹จํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:25
Think of how many lives we could save
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๋‹จ์ˆœํžˆ ๊ทธ ํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด
05:27
if we could solve just that one problem.
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์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ๋งŽ์€ ์ƒ๋ช…์„ ๊ตฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด๋ด…์‹œ๋‹ค.
05:31
We also tend to overestimate the value of small probabilities.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋˜ํ•œ ์ž‘์€ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์˜ ๊ฐ€์น˜๋ฅผ ๊ณผ๋Œ€ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:36
This actually explains why state lotteries are so popular,
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์‹ค์งˆ์ ์ธ ์˜ˆ๋กœ ์ฃผ๋ฆฝ ๋ณต๊ถŒ์€ ํ‘ผ๋ˆ์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ์•„์˜ค๋”๋ผ๋„
05:39
even though they return pennies on the dollar.
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๋งค์šฐ ์ธ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:41
Now, some of you may buy lottery tickets --
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„ ์ค‘ ๋ช‡๋ช‡ ๋ถ„์€ ๋ณต๊ถŒ์„ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ง€๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:43
it's fun, there's the chance you might strike it rich ...
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์žฌ๋ฏธ์žˆ์ฃ , ํ•œ ๋ฐฉ์— ๋ถ€์ž๊ฐ€ ๋  ๊ธฐํšŒ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:46
But let's face it:
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ์ง์‹œํ•ด๋ณด์ž๋ฉด
05:47
this would be a horrible way to invest your retirement savings.
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ํ‡ด์ง๊ธˆ์„ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ํˆฌ์žํ•˜๋ฉด ๋”์ฐํ•˜๊ฒ ์ฃ .
05:51
I once saw a bumper sticker -- I am not making this up -- that said,
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ํ•œ๋ฒˆ์€ ๋ฒ”ํผ ์Šคํ‹ฐ์ปค๋ฅผ ๋ณธ ์ ์ด ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ง€์–ด๋‚ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ, ๊ทธ ์Šคํ‹ฐ์ปค์—๋Š”
05:55
"State lotteries are a special tax on people who can't do math."
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"์ฃผ๋ฆฝ ๋ณต๊ถŒ์€ ์ˆ˜ํ•™์„ ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๋Š” ๋ถ„๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋ถ€์—ฌ๋˜๋Š” ํŠน๋ณ„์„ธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค." ๋ผ๊ณ  ์ ํ˜€์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:00
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
06:01
It's not that we can't do the math,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ˆ˜ํ•™์„ ๋ชปํ•ด์„œ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:03
it's that we can't feel the math.
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์ˆ˜ํ•™์„ ๊ฐ€๋Š ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•ด์„œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:06
And we also pay much too much attention to regret.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋˜ํ•œ ํ›„ํšŒ์— ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋งŽ์€ ์ง‘์ค‘์„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:09
We all hate the feeling of missing out.
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์†์‹ค๊ฐ์„ ์‹ซ์–ดํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:12
So, actually, there was this recent lottery,
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์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์ตœ๊ทผ ๋ณต๊ถŒ์ธ
06:14
a mega-jackpot lottery,
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๋ฉ”๊ฐ€ ์žญํŒŸ ๋ณต๊ถŒ์€
06:16
that had a huge payoff, something like over a billion dollars.
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10์–ต ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ด์ƒ์˜ ์—„์ฒญ๋‚œ ์†์‹ค์„ ์ค„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:19
And everyone in my office is pooling money to buy lottery tickets,
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์ œ ์‚ฌ๋ฌด์‹ค์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๋ˆ์„ ๋ชจ์•„์„œ ๋ฉ”๊ฐ€์žญํŒŸ๋ณต๊ถŒ์„ ์ƒ€๊ณ 
06:22
and I'm not having any of this.
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์ €๋Š” ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:23
There I am, like, swaggering around the office,
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์ €๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋ฌด์‹ค์„ ๋Œ์•„๋‹ค๋‹ˆ๋ฉด์„œ ์œผ์Šค๋Œ”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:26
"Lotteries are a special tax on people who can't do math."
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"๋ณต๊ถŒ์€ ์ˆ˜ํ•™์„ ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋ถ€์—ฌ๋˜๋Š” ํŠน๋ณ„์„ธ์•ผ."
06:29
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
06:30
And then it hits me:
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‚˜์„œ ์ €๋Š” ์ƒ๊ฐํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:31
uh oh.
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์˜ค์˜ค
06:33
What if they win?
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ์Ÿค๋“ค์ด ๋‹น์ฒจ๋˜๋ฉด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ•˜์ง€?
06:34
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
06:36
I'm the only one who shows up at work the next day.
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๋‚˜๋งŒ ๋‚ด์ผ ํšŒ์‚ฌ์— ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ฑฐ ์•„๋‹ˆ์•ผ?
06:39
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
06:40
Now, it's not that I didn't want my colleagues to win.
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์ €์˜ ๋™๋ฃŒ๋“ค์ด ๋‹น์ฒจ๋˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์›ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
06:42
I just didn't want them to win without me.
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๋‹จ์ง€ ์ €๋งŒ ๋นผ๊ณ  ๋‹น์ฒจ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์›ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:45
Now, it would have been easier if I had just taken my 20-dollar bill
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์ด์ œ ์ œ๊ฐ€ 20๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ฅผ ๊บผ๋‚ด์„œ ์‚ฌ๋ฌด์‹ค ํŒŒ์‡„๊ธฐ์— ๋„ฃ๋Š”๋‹ค๋ฉด
06:49
and put it into the office shredder,
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์ดํ•ด๊ฐ€ ๋” ์‰ฌ์šธ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:51
and the results would have been the same.
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๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ๊ฐ™์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:53
Even though I knew I shouldn't participate,
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๋น„๋ก ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์•ˆ๋œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ์•˜์ง€๋งŒ
06:55
I handed over my $20 bill,
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20๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฑด๋„ธ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:58
and I never saw it again.
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๋‹ค์‹œ๋Š” ๊ทธ 20๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:00
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
07:01
We've done a bunch of experiments with patients
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์ €ํฌ๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋งŽ์€ ํ™˜์ž ๊ฒฝํ—˜์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:04
in which we give them these electronic pill bottles
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ํ™˜์ž๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์ „์ž์•ฝ๋ณ‘์„ ์ฃผ์–ด์„œ
07:07
so we can tell whether they're taking their medication or not.
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ํ™˜์ž๋“ค์ด ์•ฝ์„ ๋ณต์šฉํ–ˆ๋Š”์ง€ ์•ˆํ–ˆ๋Š”์ง€ ๊ฐ€๋ ค๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:10
And we reward them with a lottery.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณค ํ™˜์ž๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋ณต๊ถŒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ƒํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:13
They get prizes.
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์ƒ์„ ๋ฐ›๋Š” ์…ˆ์ด์ฃ .
07:15
But they only get prizes
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ํ™˜์ž๋“ค์€ ๋‹จ์ง€ ์ „ ๋‚ ์— ์•ฝ์„ ๋ณต์šฉํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋งŒ ์ƒ์„ ๋ฐ›์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:17
if they had taken their medication the day before.
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07:20
If not, they get a message that says something like,
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ์•ฝ์„ ๋ณต์šฉํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค๋ฉด, ํ™˜์ž๋“ค์€ ์ด์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ฉ”์„ธ์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:23
"You would have won a hundred dollars,
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"๋‹น์‹ ์€ 100๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์•˜์„ํ…๋ฐ
07:25
but you didn't take your medicine yesterday, so you don't get it."
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์•ˆํƒ€๊น๊ฒŒ๋„ ์–ด์ œ ์•ฝ์„ ๋จน์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— 100๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์ง€ ๋ชปํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค."
07:28
Well, it turns out, patients hate that.
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ํ™˜์ž๋“ค์ด ์ด ๋ฌธ์ž๋ฅผ ์‹ซ์–ดํ•จ์ด ๋ฐํ˜€์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:30
They hate the sense of missing out,
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ํ™˜์ž๋“ค์€ ์†์‹ค๊ฐ์„ ์‹ซ์–ดํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:32
and because they can anticipate that feeling of regret
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ํ›„ํšŒํ•  ๊ฒƒ์„ ์˜ˆ์ƒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:35
and they'd like to avoid it,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ํ™˜์ž๋“ค์€ ๋ฌธ์ž๋ฅผ ํ”ผํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ๊ณ 
07:37
they're much more likely to take their medications.
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๊ทธ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์•ฝ์„ ๋ณต์šฉํ•  ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋” ๋†’์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:40
Harnessing that sense of hating regret works.
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ํ›„ํšŒ๋ฅผ ์‹ซ์–ดํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐ์ •์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:43
And it leads to the more general point,
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์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋” ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ๊ด€์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:46
which is: once you recognize how people are irrational,
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์ฆ‰, ์ผ๋‹จ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๋น„ํ•ฉ๋ฆฌ์ ์ธ์ง€๋ฅผ ์•ˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด
07:50
you're in a much better position to help them.
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„ ๋„์šธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋” ์ข‹์€ ์œ„์น˜์— ์žˆ๊ฒŒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:54
Now, this kind of irrationality works out even in men's restrooms.
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์ด์ œ, ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋น„ํ•ฉ๋ฆฌ์„ฑ์€ ์‹ฌ์ง€์–ด ๋‚จ์žํ™”์žฅ์‹ค์—์„œ์กฐ์ฐจ๋„ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:59
So, for those of you who don't frequent urinals,
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๋‚จ์ž ์†Œ๋ณ€๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ํ™”์žฅ์‹ค์„ ์ž์ฃผ ๋‹ค๋‹ˆ์‹œ์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๋ถ„๋“ค๊ป˜
08:03
let me break this down for you.
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ ์ƒ๊ฐ์„ ๋ฐ”๊ฟ”๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:05
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
08:06
There is pee all over the floor.
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๋ฐ”๋‹ฅ ์ „์ฒด์— ์†Œ๋ณ€์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:08
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
08:11
And it turns out that you can solve this problem
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์—ฐ๊ตฌ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ์ด ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:13
by etching the image of a fly in the back of the urinal.
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์†Œ๋ณ€ํ•˜์ˆ˜๊ตฌ ๋’ค์ชฝ์— ํŒŒ๋ฆฌ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€๋ฅผ ์ƒˆ๊ธฐ๋ฉด ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:17
(Laughter) (Applause)
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(์›ƒ์Œ) (๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
08:21
And it makes perfect sense.
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์ผ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:22
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
08:24
If I see a fly,
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ํŒŒ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋ณธ๋‹ค๋ฉด
08:26
I'm gonna get that fly.
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๊ทธ ํŒŒ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์กฐ์ค€ํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:27
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
08:31
That fly is going down.
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ํŒŒ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์นจ์ˆ˜ํ•ด ๋‚ด๋ ค๊ฐˆ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:33
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
08:34
Now, this naturally begs the question that if men can aim,
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์ž์—ฐ์Šค๋Ÿฝ๊ฒŒ ๋ฌป๊ฒŒ๋˜๋„ค์š”, ๋‚จ์ž๋“ค์ด ์กฐ์ค€ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด
08:38
why were they peeing on the floor in the first place?
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์™œ ๋‚จ์ž๋“ค์€ ์• ๋‹น์ดˆ์— ๋ฐ”๋‹ฅ์— ์˜ค์คŒ์„ ์ŒŒ์„๊นŒ์š”?
08:40
In fact, if they were going to pee on the floor,
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์‚ฌ์‹ค์€ ๋‚จ์ž๋“ค์ด ๋ฐ”๋‹ฅ์— ์†Œ๋ณ€์„ ๋ณด๋ ค๊ณ  ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด
08:43
why pee in front of the urinal?
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์™œ ์†Œ๋ณ€๊ธฐ ์•ž์—์„œ ์†Œ๋ณ€์„ ๋ดค์„๊นŒ์š”?
08:44
You could pee anywhere.
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์–ด๋””๋“ ์ง€ ์†Œ๋ณ€์„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์„ํ…๋ฐ์š”.
08:45
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
08:46
And the same thing works in health care.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ฐ™์€ ํ˜„์ƒ์€ ๋ณด๊ฑด์—์„œ๋„ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:50
We had a problem in our hospital
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๋ณ‘์›์—๋„ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:52
in which the physicians were prescribing brand-name drugs
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์˜์‚ฌ๋“ค์€ ์ƒํ‘œ๋ช…์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์•ฝ๋“ค์„ ์ฒ˜๋ฐฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:57
when a generic drug was available.
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์ƒํ‘œ๋ช…์ด ์—†๋Š” ์•ฝ๋“ค์ด ํŒ๋งค๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•  ๋•Œ ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:59
Each one of the lines on this graph represents a different drug.
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์ด ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”„์—์„œ ๊ฐ ์„ ์€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์•ฝ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋ƒ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:03
And they're listed according to how often they're prescribed as generic medications.
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์ƒํ’ˆ๋ช…์ด ์—†๋Š” ์•ฝ์ด ์ฒ˜๋ฐฉ๋œ ๋นˆ๋„์ˆ˜์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋‚˜์—ด๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:07
Those are the top are prescribed as generics 100 percent of the time.
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๊ฐ€์žฅ ์œ„์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์„ ์€ 100% ์ฒ˜๋ฐฉ๋œ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:11
Those down at the bottom are prescribed as generics
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๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋ฐ‘์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์„ ์€
09:13
less than 20 percent of the time.
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20% ์ดํ•˜๋กœ ์ฒ˜๋ฐฉ๋œ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:15
And we'd have meetings with clinicians and all sorts of education sessions,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์˜์‚ฌ๋“ค๊ณผ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ต์œก๋ถ„์•ผ ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€์™€ ๋งŒ๋‚ฌ์ง€๋งŒ
09:18
and nothing worked --
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์ผ์ด ์ง„์ฒ™๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:19
all the lines are pretty much horizontal.
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๋ชจ๋“  ์„ ๋“ค์€ ๋งค์šฐ ์ˆ˜ํ‰์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:22
Until, someone installed a little piece of software
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๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€ ์กฐ๊ทธ๋งŒ ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ์›จ์–ด๋ฅผ
09:26
in the electronic health record
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๊ฑด๊ฐ• ๊ธฐ๋ก๊ธฐ์— ์„ค์น˜ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:27
that defaulted the prescriptions to generic medications
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์ƒํ‘œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ์•ฝ๋“ค ๋Œ€์‹ ์—
09:31
instead of the brand-name drugs.
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์ƒํ‘œ๊ฐ€ ์—†๋Š” ์•ฝ๋“ค์„ ์ฒ˜๋ฐฉํ•ด์ฃผ๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:34
Now, it doesn't take a statistician
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์ด์ œ ํ†ต๊ณ„ํ•™์ž๋ฅผ ๊ณ ์šฉํ•˜์ง€์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:35
to see that this problem was solved overnight,
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๋ฐค์ƒˆ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ 
09:38
and it has stayed solved ever since.
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๊ทธ ํ›„ ๊ทธ ์ƒํƒœ๊ฐ€ ์ง€์†๋˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:41
In fact, in the two and a half years since this program started,
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์‚ฌ์‹ค์€ ์ด ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์ด ์‹œ์ž‘๋œ ํ›„ 2๋…„ ๋ฐ˜ ๋™์•ˆ
09:44
our hospital has saved 32 million dollars.
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์ €ํฌ ๋ณ‘์›์€ 3์ฒœ 2๋ฐฑ๋งŒ ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ์˜ ์ด์ต์„ ๋ƒˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:47
Let me say that again: 32 million dollars.
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๋‹ค์‹œ ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 3์ฒœ 2๋ฐฑ๋งŒ ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ(์•ฝ 380์–ต ์›)์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:51
And all we did was make it easier
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์‹คํ—˜์„ ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ
09:54
for the doctors to do what they fundamentally wanted to do all along.
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์˜์‚ฌ๋“ค์ด ๊ทผ๋ณต์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ญ‰ ์›ํ–ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ•˜๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์‰ฌ์›Œ์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:00
It also works to play into people's notions of loss.
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๋˜ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์†์‹ค์„ ์ธ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์—๋„ ์ž‘์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:06
We did this with a contest to help people walk more.
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์ด ๊ฐœ๋…์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„ ๋” ๊ฑท๊ฒŒํ•˜๋Š” ๋น„๊ต ์‹คํ—˜์„ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:10
We wanted everyone to walk at least 7,000 steps,
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๋ชจ๋“  ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์ ์–ด๋„ 7000๊ฑธ์Œ์€ ๊ฑท๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์›ํ–ˆ๊ณ 
10:14
and we measured their step count
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ๊ฑธ์Œ ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ
10:16
with the accelerometer on their cell phone.
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ํœด๋Œ€ํฐ์— ๊ฐ€์†๋„๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ธก์ •ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:19
Group A, the control group, just got told whether they had walked
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A์ง‘๋‹จ์€ ํ†ต์ œ์ง‘๋‹จ์œผ๋กœ 7000๊ฑธ์Œ์„ ๊ฑท๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ํ˜น์€
10:22
7,000 steps or not.
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๊ฑท์ง€ ์•Š์•„๋„๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:25
Group B got a financial incentive.
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B์ง‘๋‹จ์€ ๋ณด์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:28
We gave them $1.40 for every day they walked 7,000 steps.
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7000๊ฑธ์Œ์„ ๊ฑธ์€ ๋‚ ์€ 1.4๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ •๋„๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:33
Group C got the same financial incentive,
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C์ง‘๋‹จ๋„ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ธˆ์•ก์˜ ๋ณด์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:35
but it was framed as a loss rather than a gain:
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด์ต์ด๋ผ๊ธฐ๋ณด๋‹ค ์†์‹ค์˜ ๊ด€์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:38
$1.40 a day is 42 dollars a month,
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๋งค์ผ 1.4๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋Š” ํ•œ ๋‹ฌ์ด๋ฉด ๋Œ€๋žต 42๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ •๋„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:41
so we gave these participants 42 dollars at the beginning of each month
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๋งค๋‹ฌ ์ดˆ์— ์ฐธ์—ฌ์ž์—๊ฒŒ 42๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ฅผ ์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:45
in a virtual account that they could see,
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์ฐธ์—ฌ์ž๋“ค์ด ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฐ€์ƒ๊ณ„์ขŒ๋กœ ์ค€ ๋‹ค์Œ
10:48
and we took away $1.40 for every day they didn't walk 7,000 steps.
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7000๊ฑธ์Œ์„ ๊ฑท์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๋‚ ์€ 1.4๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ ธ๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:52
Now, an economist would say that those two financial incentives
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๊ฒฝ์ œํ•™์ž๋Š” B์ง‘๋‹จ๊ณผ C์ง‘๋‹จ์˜ ๋ณด์ƒ์€
10:55
are the same.
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๊ฐ™๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:57
For every day you walk 7,000 steps, you're $1.40 richer.
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7000๊ฑธ์Œ์„ ๊ฑธ์€ ๋‚ ์€ 1.4๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฒŒ๊ธฐ ๋–„๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:01
But a behavioral economist would say that they're different,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ํ–‰๋™ ๊ฒฝ์ œํ•™์ž๋Š” B์ง‘๋‹จ๊ณผ C์ง‘๋‹จ์ด ๋‹ค๋ฅด๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:04
because we're much more motivated to avoid a $1.40 loss
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ 1.4๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ์˜ ์†์‹ค์„ ํ”ผํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ด๋“์„ ์–ป๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋ณด๋‹ค๋„
11:08
than we are motivated to achieve a $1.40 gain.
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ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋”์šฑ ๋™๊ธฐํ™”๋˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:12
And that's exactly what happened.
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๊ทธ ์ด๋ก ์ด ์ •ํ™•ํžˆ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:14
Those in the group that received $1.40 for every day they walked 7,000 steps
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7000๊ฑธ์Œ์„ ๊ฑธ์–ด์„œ 1.4๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›๋Š” ์ง‘๋‹จ์ด
11:18
were no more likely to meet their goal than the control group.
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ํ†ต์ œ์ง‘๋‹จ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋ฅผ ์ถฉ์กฑํ•  ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ๋” ๋†’์ง€๋Š” ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:21
The financial incentive didn't work.
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๋ณด์ƒ์ด ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์—†์—ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
11:24
But those who had a loss-framed incentive
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์†์‹ค๋กœ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ๋ณด์ƒ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ์ง‘๋‹จ์€
11:26
met their goal 50 percent more of the time.
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๋ชฉํ‘œ์˜ 50% ์ด์ƒ์„ ์ถฉ์กฑํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:29
It doesn't make economic sense, but it makes psychological sense,
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๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ์ด์น˜๊ฐ€ ๋งž์ง€ ์•Š์ง€๋งŒ ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌํ•™์  ์ด์น˜๋Š” ๋งž์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:33
because losses loom larger than gains.
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์†์‹ค์ด ์ด์ต๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๋‹ค๊ฐ€์˜ค๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:35
And now we're using loss-framed incentives to help patients walk more,
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์ด์ œ ์ €ํฌ๋Š” ์†์‹ค๋กœ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ์ด์ต ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ํ™˜์ž๋“ค์ด ๋” ๋งŽ์ด ๊ฑท๊ณ 
11:40
lose weight
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์‚ด์„ ๋นผ๊ณ ,
11:41
and take their medications.
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์•ฝ์„ ๋ณต์šฉํ•˜๋„๋ก ๋•๊ณ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:43
Money can be a motivator.
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๋ˆ์€ ๋™๊ธฐ๋ถ€์—ฌ๊ฐ€ ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:46
We all know that.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ชจ๋‘๊ฐ€ ์•Œ๊ณ ์žˆ์ฃ .
11:47
But it's far more influential when it's paired with psychology.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์€ ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌํ•™๊ณผ ์ง์„ ์ด๋ฃจ๋ฉด ํ›จ์”ฌ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:52
And money, of course, has its own disadvantages.
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๋ฌผ๋ก  ๋ˆ ์ž์ฒด๋กœ ๋ถˆ์ด์ต์ด ๋˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:55
My favorite example of this involves a daycare program.
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ข‹์•„ํ•˜๋Š” ์˜ˆ๋Š” ํ•˜๋ฃจ๋Œ๋ด„ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์˜ ์˜ˆ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:59
The greatest sin you can commit in daycare is picking up your kids late.
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ํ•˜๋ฃจ๋Œ๋ด„ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์—์„œ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค์ด ์ง€์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํฐ ์ฃ„๊ฐ€ ์•„์ด๋ฅผ ๋Šฆ๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ๋ฆฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:04
No one is happy.
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๋ˆ„๊ตฌ๋„ ํ–‰๋ณตํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:05
Your kids are crying because you don't love them.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์˜ ์•„์ด๋“ค์€ ๋ถ€๋ชจ๊ฐ€ ์ž์‹ ์„ ์‚ฌ๋ž‘ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค๊ณ  ์›๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:08
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
12:09
The teachers are unhappy because they leave work late.
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์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์€ ์ผํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๋Šฆ๊ฒŒ ๋– ๋‚˜์•ผํ•ด์„œ ์‹ซ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:12
And you feel terribly guilty.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ชจ๋Š” ๋„ˆ๋ฌด๋‚˜๋„ ์ฃ„์Šค๋Ÿฝ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:14
This daycare program in Israel decided they wanted to stop this problem,
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์ด์Šค๋ผ์—˜์—์„œ ์‹ค์‹œํ•œ ํ•˜๋ฃจ๋Œ๋ด„ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์€ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ์ค‘๋‹จํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด
12:18
and they did something that many daycare programs in the US do,
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๋ฏธ๊ตญ์—์„œ ํ•˜๋Š” ํ•˜๋ฃจ๋Œ๋ด„ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์กฐ์น˜๋ฅผ ์ทจํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:21
which is they installed a fine for late pickups.
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๋Šฆ๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ๋ ค๊ฐ€๋ฉด ๋ฒŒ๊ธˆ์ œ๋ฅผ ์ ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:23
And the fine they chose was 10 shekels,
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์ด์Šค๋ผ์—˜์ด ์„ ํƒํ•œ ๋ฒŒ๊ธˆ์•ก์€ 10์…ฐ์ผˆ(์•ฝ 3,500์›)์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:26
which is about three bucks.
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๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋กœ๋Š” 3๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ •๋„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:29
And guess what happened?
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๋ฌด์Šจ ์ผ์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฌ์„์ง€ ์ง์ž‘์ด ๊ฐ€์‹ญ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
12:31
Late pickups increased.
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๋Šฆ๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ๋ฆฌ๋Ÿฌ ์˜ค๋Š” ๋ถ€๋ชจ๋“ค์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:34
And if you think about it, it makes perfect sense.
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์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด๋ณด๋ฉด ์ดํ•ด๊ฐ€ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:37
What a deal!
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๋„ˆ๋ฌด ์ €๋ ดํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ!
12:38
For 10 shekels --
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10์…ฐ์ผˆ์—...
12:39
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
12:40
you can keep my kids all night!
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์•„์ด๋ฅผ ๋ฐค์ƒˆ ๋งก๊ธธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค!
12:42
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
12:45
They took a perfectly strong intrinsic motivation not to be late,
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ๋Šฆ์ง€ ์•Š๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•œ ๋ณธ๋Šฅ์ ์ธ ๋™๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:49
and they cheapened it.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด์Šค๋ผ์—˜์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ทธ ๊ฐ€์น˜๋ฅผ ๋‚ฎ๊ฒŒ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:50
What's worse, when they realized their mistake
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์„ค์ƒ๊ฐ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์‹ค์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์•Œ์•„์ฐจ๋ฆฌ๊ณ 
12:53
and they took away the financial incentive,
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๋ฒŒ๊ธˆ์ œ๋ฅผ ๋ฌดํšจํ™”ํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ
12:56
the late pickups still stayed at the high level.
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์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ๋†’์€ ์ˆ˜์ค€์œผ๋กœ ๋Šฆ๊ฒŒ ์•„์ด๋ฅผ ๋ฐ๋ ค๊ฐ”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:58
They had already poisoned the social contract.
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์ด์Šค๋ผ์—˜์€ ์ด๋ฏธ ์‚ฌํšŒ ๊ณ„์•ฝ์„ ์“ธ๋ชจ์—†๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:02
Health care is full of strong intrinsic motivations.
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๋ณด๊ฑด์€ ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•œ ๋ณธ๋Šฅ์˜ ๋™๊ธฐ๋กœ ๊ฐ€๋“ ์ฐจ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:05
We have doctors and patients who already want to do the right thing.
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์ด๋ฏธ ์˜ณ์€ ์ผ์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์€ ์˜์‚ฌ์™€ ํ™˜์ž๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:09
Financial incentives can help,
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์žฌ์ •์  ๋ณด์ƒ์€ ๋„์›€์ด ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ
13:12
but we shouldn't expect money in health care
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๊ฑด๊ฐ• ์„œ๋น„์Šค์—์„œ ๋ˆ์ด ์—„์ฒญ๋‚œ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์˜ฌ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๊ธฐ๋Œ€ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:15
to do all of the heavy lifting.
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13:18
Instead, perhaps the most powerful influencers of health behavior
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๋Œ€์‹ ์—, ๊ฑด๊ฐ• ํ–‰๋™์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•œ ์˜ํ–ฅ์€
13:22
are our social interactions.
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์•„๋งˆ๋„ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ์ผ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:24
Social engagement works in health care,
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์‚ฌํšŒ ๊ณ„์•ฝ์€ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์„œ๋น„์Šค์—์„œ
13:27
and it works in two directions.
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๋‘๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์ž‘์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:29
First, we fundamentally care what others think of us.
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์ฒซ์งธ๋กœ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ณธ๋ž˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์”๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:34
And so one of the most powerful ways to change our behavior
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ํ–‰๋™์„ ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š”
13:38
is to make our activities witnessable to others.
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•˜๋Š” ํ–‰๋™์„ ๋ณด๋„๋ก ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:41
We behave differently when we're being observed
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€ ์ณ๋‹ค๋ณด๊ณ  ์žˆ์„ ๋•Œ์—
13:44
than when we're not.
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๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€ ์•Š์„ ๋•Œ์™€๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ํ–‰๋™ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:45
I've been to some restaurants that don't have sinks in the bathrooms.
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์ €๋Š” ํ™”์žฅ์‹ค์— ์„ธ๋ฉด๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ์—†๋Š” ์‹๋‹น์— ๊ฐ„ ์ ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:48
Instead, when you step out, the sink is outside
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์„ธ๋ฉด๋Œ€๋Š” ํ™”์žฅ์‹ค ๋ฐ–์— ์•˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:51
in the main part of the restaurant,
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์‹๋‹น ์ค‘์•™์— ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:52
where everyone can see whether you wash your hands or not.
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์†์„ ์”ป๋Š”์ง€ ์•ˆ์”ป๋Š”์ง€ ์‹๋‹น์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ณณ์ด์—ˆ์ฃ .
13:55
Now, I don't know for sure,
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ํ™•์‹คํ•˜๊ฒŒ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋ฅด๊ฒ ์ง€๋งŒ
13:56
but I am convinced that handwashing is much greater
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์ด๊ฒƒ๋งŒํผ์€ ํ™•์‹คํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์†์”ป๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋” ์ค‘์š”ํ•ด์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:59
in those particular settings.
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํŠน์ˆ˜ํ•œ ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:00
We are always on our best behavior when we're being observed.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€ ์ณ๋‹ค๋ณธ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ข‹์€ ๋ชจ์Šต์„ ๋ณด์ด๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:04
In fact, there was this amazing study
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์‚ฌ์‹ค, ์ด์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๋†€๋ผ์šด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:06
that was done in an intensive care unit in a Florida hospital.
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์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ํ”Œ๋กœ๋ฆฌ๋‹ค ๋ณ‘์›์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์ค‘ํ™˜์ž์‹ค์—์„œ ํ–‰ํ•ด์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:09
The handwashing rates were very low, which is dangerous, of course,
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์ด ์ค‘ํ™˜์ž์‹ค์—์„œ ์†์”ป๋Š” ๋น„์œจ์ด ๋งค์šฐ ๋‚ฎ์•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ๋ฌผ๋ก  ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ƒํ™ฉ์€ ์œ„ํ—˜ํ•˜์ฃ .
14:12
because it can spread infection.
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๊ฐ์—ผ์ด ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ํผ์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:15
And so some researchers pasted a picture of someone's eyes over the sink.
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์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ž๋“ค์€ ๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€์˜ ๋ˆˆ ์‚ฌ์ง„์„ ์„ธ๋ฉด๋Œ€ ์œ„์— ๋ถ™์—ฌ๋†จ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:20
It wasn't a real person, it was just a photograph.
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์ง„์งœ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๊ทธ๋ƒฅ ์‚ฌ์ง„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:22
In fact, it wasn't even their whole face, it was just their eyes looking at you.
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์‹ฌ์ง€์–ด ์–ผ๊ตด ์ „์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์ณ๋‹ค๋ณด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ˆˆ๋“ค๋งŒ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:26
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
14:27
Handwashing rates more than doubled.
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์† ์”ป๋Š” ๋น„์œจ์ด ๋‘๋ฐฐ ์ด์ƒ ์˜ฌ๋ž์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:29
It seems we care so much what other people think of us
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ํƒ€์ธ์ด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š”์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์„ ๋งŽ์ด ์จ์„œ
14:32
that our behavior improves
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ํ–‰๋™ ๋นˆ๋„๊ฐ€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ณด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:33
even if we merely imagine that we're being observed.
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๋‹จ์ง€ ๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€ ์ณ๋‹ค๋ณด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ƒ์ƒ๋งŒ์œผ๋กœ๋„ ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:37
And not only do we care what others think of us,
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๋˜ํ•œ ํƒ€์ธ์ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์“ธ ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
14:40
we fundamentally model our behaviors on what we see other people do.
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ํƒ€์ธ์ด ํ•˜๋Š” ํ–‰๋™์„ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•˜์—ฌ ๋”ฐ๋ผํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:45
And it all comes back to seat belts.
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๋‹ค์‹œ ์•ˆ์ „๋ฒจํŠธ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํ•ด๋ด…์‹œ๋‹ค.
14:48
When I was a kid, I used to love the "Batman" TV series with Adam West.
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์ €๋Š” ์–ด๋ฆด ๋•Œ ์•„๋‹ด ์›จ์ŠคํŠธ๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜์˜ค๋Š” "๋ฐฐํŠธ๋งจ"๋“œ๋ผ๋งˆ๋ฅผ ์ข‹์•„ํ–ˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:54
Everything that Batman and Robin did was so cool,
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๋ฐฐํŠธ๋งจ๊ณผ ๋กœ๋นˆ์ด ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋ฉ‹์žˆ์—ˆ๊ณ 
14:57
and, of course, the Batmobile was the coolest thing of all.
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๋‹น์—ฐํžˆ ๋ฐฐํŠธ๋งจ์ด ํƒ€๋Š” ์ž๋™์ฐจ๋Š” ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:00
Now, that show aired from 1966 to 1968,
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๋ฐฐํŠธ๋งจ์€ 1966๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 1968๊นŒ์ง€ ๋ฐฉ์˜๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ 
15:04
and at that time, seat belts were optional accessories in cars.
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๊ทธ ๋‹น์‹œ์—๋Š” ์•ˆ์ „๋ฒจํŠธ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์ˆ˜๋Š” ์•„๋‹ˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:08
But the producers of that show did something really important.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋ฐฐํŠธ๋งจ์˜ PD๋Š” ์ •๋ง๋กœ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์ผ์„ ํ–ˆ์—ˆ์ฃ .
15:11
When Batman and Robin got in the Batmobile,
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๋ฐฐํŠธ๋งจ๊ณผ ๋กœ๋นˆ์ด ์ฐจ์— ํƒˆ ๋•Œ
15:14
the camera would focus on their laps,
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์นด๋ฉ”๋ผ๋Š” ๋ฐฐ์šฐ๋“ค์˜ ๋ฌด๋ฆŽ์— ์ดˆ์ ์„ ๋งž์ถ”์—ˆ๊ณ 
15:16
and you would see Batman and Robin put on their seat belts.
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์‹œ์ฒญ์ž๋“ค์€ ๋ฐฐํŠธ๋งจ๊ณผ ๋กœ๋นˆ์ด ์•ˆ์ „๋ฒจํŠธ ๋งค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:19
Now, if Batman and Robin put on their seat belts,
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๋ฐฐํŠธ๋งจ๊ณผ ๋กœ๋นˆ์ด ์•ˆ์ „๋ฒจํŠธ๋ฅผ ๋งธ๋‹ค๋ฉด
15:21
you can bet that I was going to wear my seat belt, too.
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์ €๋„ ์—ญ์‹œ ์•ˆ์ „๋ฒจํŠธ๋ฅผ ๋งธ์—ˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ์žฅ๋‹ดํ•˜์‹ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:24
I bet that show saved thousands of lives.
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์žฅ๋‹ด๊ฑด๋Œ€ ๋ฐฐํŠธ๋งจ ๋“œ๋ผ๋งˆ๋Š” ์ˆ˜ ๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ์ƒ๋ช…์„ ๊ตฌํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:26
And again, it works in health care, too.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์€ ๋ณด๊ฑด์—์„œ๋„ ์ž‘์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:29
Doctors use antibiotics more appropriately when they see how other doctors use them.
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์˜์‚ฌ๋“ค์€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์˜์‚ฌ๋“ค์ด ํ•ญ์ƒ์ œ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ๋ดค์„ ๋•Œ ๋” ์ ์ ˆํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•ญ์ƒ์ œ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:35
So many activities in health care are hidden, they're unwitnessed,
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๋ณด๊ฑด์—์„œ์˜ ๋งŽ์€ ํ™œ๋™๋“ค์€ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜์ง€๋„ ๋ณด์ด์ง€๋„ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:40
but doctors are social animals,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์˜์‚ฌ๋“ค์€ ์‚ฌํšŒ์ ์ธ ๋™๋ฌผ์ด๊ณ 
15:42
and they perform better when they see what other doctors do.
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์˜์‚ฌ๋“ค์ด ์ผํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ๋ณผ ๋•Œ ์ผ์„ ๋” ์ž˜ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:47
So social influence works in health care.
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์‚ฌํšŒ์  ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๋ณด๊ฑด์—์„œ๋„ ์ž‘์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:49
So does tying it to notions of regret or to loss aversion.
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ํ›„ํšŒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ƒ๊ฐ์ด๋‚˜ ์†์‹ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฑฐ๋ถ€๊ฐ๋„ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ ์ž‘์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:53
We would never think of using these tools if we thought that everyone was rational
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๋ชจ๋“  ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ํ•ฉ๋ฆฌ์ ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์žฅ์น˜๋“ค์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ 
15:59
all the time.
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๊ฒฐ์ฝ” ์ƒ๊ฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:00
Now, just to be clear: I am not condemning rationality.
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๋ถ„๋ช…ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•ฉ์‹œ๋‹ค. ์ €๋Š” ํ•ฉ๋ฆฌ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:03
I mean, that really would be irrational.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ์ •๋ง๋กœ ๋น„ํ•ฉ๋ฆฌ์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:06
But we all know that it's the nonrational parts of our minds
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ชจ๋‘๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋งˆ์Œ์˜ ๋น„ํ•ฉ๋ฆฌ์ ์ธ ๋ถ€๋ถ„๋“ค์ž„์„ ์••๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:11
where we get courage, creativity, inspiration
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค๋ฉด, ์šฉ๊ธฐ, ์ฐฝ์กฐ์„ฑ, ์—ด๋ง
16:14
and everything else that sparks passion.
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์—ด์ •์„ ๋ถˆํƒœ์šฐ๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ถ€๋ถ„๋“ค ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:17
And we know something else, too.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋˜ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค๋„ ์••๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:19
We know that we can be much more effective at improving health behavior
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๊ฑด๊ฐ• ํ–‰๋™์„ ์ฆ์ง„์‹œํ‚ค๋Š”๋ฐ ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋” ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด
16:24
if we work with the irrational parts of our nature
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๋ณธ๋Šฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋น„ํ•ฉ๋ฆฌ์ ์ธ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์„ ๋ฌด์‹œํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋Œ€ํ•ญํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š”
16:27
instead of ignoring them or fighting against them.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ถ€๋ถ„๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ž‘์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์••๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:30
When it comes to health care,
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๋ณด๊ฑด์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด
16:32
understanding our irrationality is just another tool in our toolbox.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋น„ํ•ฉ๋ฆฌ์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ดํ•ด๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ๋„๊ตฌ์ƒ์ž์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋„๊ตฌ์ผ ๋ฟ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:38
And harnessing that irrationality --
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋น„ํ•ฉ๋ฆฌ์„ฑ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด
16:40
that may be the most rational move of all.
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๋ชจ๋“  ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํ•ฉ๋ฆฌ์ ์ธ ๋™๋ ฅ์ผ์ง€๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:44
Thank you.
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๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:45
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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