Gavin Schmidt: The emergent patterns of climate change

177,031 views ใƒป 2014-05-01

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Zeeva Livshitz ืžื‘ืงืจ: Ido Dekkers
00:12
We live in a very complex environment:
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ืื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ:
00:15
complexity and dynamism
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ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ื•ื“ื™ื ืžื™ื•ืช
00:17
and patterns of evidence
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ื•ื“ืคื•ืกื™ื ืฉืœ ืจืื™ื•ืช
00:19
from satellite photographs, from videos.
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ืžืฆื™ืœื•ืžื™ ืœื•ื•ื™ื™ืŸ, ืžืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ื.
00:22
You can even see it outside your window.
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ืืคืฉืจ ืœืจืื•ืช ื–ืืช ืืคื™ืœื• ืžื‘ืขื“ ืœื—ืœื•ืŸ.
00:25
It's endlessly complex, but somehow familiar,
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ื–ื• ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ืื™ื ืกื•ืคื™ืช, ืืš ืื™ื›ืฉื”ื• ืžื•ื›ืจ,
00:28
but the patterns kind of repeat,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื“ืคื•ืกื™ื ืื™ื›ืฉื”ื• ื—ื•ื–ืจื™ื ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื,
00:30
but they never repeat exactly.
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ืืš ืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื“ื•ื™ืง.
00:33
It's a huge challenge to understand.
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ื–ื”ื• ืืชื’ืจ ืขืฆื•ื ืœื”ื‘ื ื”.
00:37
The patterns that you see
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ื”ื“ืคื•ืกื™ื ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื
00:39
are there at all of the different scales,
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ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืงื ื™ ื”ืžื™ื“ื” ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื,
00:43
but you can't chop it into one little bit and say,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื™-ืืคืฉืจ ืœืงืฆื•ืฅ ืื•ืชื ืœื›ื“ื™ ืคื™ืกื” ืงื˜ื ื” ื•ืœื•ืžืจ,
00:46
"Oh, well let me just make a smaller climate."
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"ืื– ื‘ื•ืื• ื•ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื ืขืฉื” ืืงืœื™ื ืงื˜ืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ."
00:48
I can't use the normal products of reductionism
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ืื™ื ื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืชื•ืฆืจื™ื ื”ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ืจื“ื•ืงืฆื™ื•ื ื™ื–ื
00:53
to get a smaller and smaller thing that I can study
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืžืฉื”ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืงื˜ืŸ
00:55
in a laboratory and say, "Oh,
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ืฉืื•ื›ืœ ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ื‘ืžืขื‘ื“ื” ื•ืœื•ืžืจ: "ืื”ื”!
00:58
now that's something I now understand."
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ื–ื” ื›ื‘ืจ ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืื ื™ ื›ืขืช ืžื‘ื™ืŸ."
01:00
It's the whole or it's nothing.
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ื–ื” ื”ื›ืœ ืื• ืœื-ื›ืœื•ื.
01:03
The different scales that give you
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ืงื ื™ ื”ืžื™ื“ื” ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉื ื•ืชื ื™ื
01:06
these kinds of patterns
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ื“ืคื•ืกื™ื ืฉื›ืืœื”,
01:08
range over an enormous range of magnitude,
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ืžืฉืชืจืขื™ื ืขืœ ืงืฉืช ืขืฆื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ืกื“ืจื™-ื’ื•ื“ืœ,
01:12
roughly 14 orders of magnitude,
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ื‘ืขืจืš 14 ืกื“ืจื™-ื’ื•ื“ืœ,
01:14
from the small microscopic particles
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ื”ื—ืœ ืžื”ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ื”ืžื™ืงืจื•ืกืงื•ืคื™ื™ื
01:16
that seed clouds
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ืฉืžื”ื•ื•ื™ื ื–ืจืขื™ื ืœืขื ื ื™ื
01:19
to the size of the planet itself,
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ื•ืขื“ ืœื’ื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื”ืœื›ืช ืขืฆืžื•,
01:21
from 10 to the minus six
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ืž-10 ื‘ื—ื–ืงืช ืžื™ื ื•ืก 6
01:23
to 10 to the eight,
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ื•ืขื“ 10 ื‘ื—ื–ืงืช 8,
01:24
14 orders of spatial magnitude.
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14 ืกื“ืจื™-ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ื™ื.
01:26
In time, from milliseconds to millennia,
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ื‘ื–ืžืŸ: ืžืืœืคื™ืช ืฉื ื™ื” ื•ืขื“ ืืœืคื™ ืฉื ื™ื -
01:29
again around 14 orders of magnitude.
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ืฉื•ื‘, ื›-14 ืกื“ืจื™-ื’ื•ื“ืœ.
01:32
What does that mean?
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ืžื” ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ?
01:34
Okay, well if you think about how
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ืื ืชื—ืฉื‘ื•
01:36
you can calculate these things,
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ืื™ืš ืืคืฉืจ ืœื—ืฉื‘ ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื”,
01:38
you can take what you can see,
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ืืคืฉืจ ืœืงื—ืช ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช,
01:40
okay, I'm going to chop it up
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ื•ืœืคืจื•ืก ื•ืœื—ืœืง ืื•ืชื
01:41
into lots of little boxes,
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ืœื”ืจื‘ื” ืงื•ืคืกืื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช,
01:43
and that's the result of physics, right?
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ื•ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ืชื•ืฆืื” ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ืช, ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
01:45
And if I think about a weather model,
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ื•ืื ืชื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ืžื•ื“ืœ ืืงืœื™ืžื™,
01:47
that spans about five orders of magnitude,
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ืฉืžืฉืชืจืข ืขืœ ื›-5 ืกื“ืจื™-ื’ื•ื“ืœ,
01:49
from the planet to a few kilometers,
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ืžืจืžืช ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื•ืขื“ ืœืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืกืคื•ืจื™ื,
01:53
and the time scale
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ื›ืฉืกื•ืœื ื”ื–ืžืŸ
01:54
from a few minutes to 10 days, maybe a month.
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ืžื“ืงื•ืช ืกืคื•ืจื•ืช ื•ืขื“ 10 ื™ืžื™ื, ืื• ื—ื•ื“ืฉ.
01:59
We're interested in more than that.
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ืื ื• ืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื›ืš.
02:00
We're interested in the climate.
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ืื ื• ืžืชืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืืงืœื™ื.
02:01
That's years, that's millennia,
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ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืฉื ื™ื, ื‘ืืœืคื™ ืฉื ื™ื,
02:03
and we need to go to even smaller scales.
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ื•ืื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืคื ื•ืช ืืคื™ืœื• ืœืงื ื™ ืžื™ื“ื” ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ.
02:06
The stuff that we can't resolve,
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืคืชื•ืจ,
02:08
the sub-scale processes,
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ืœืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ืชืช ืงื ื™ ืžื™ื“ื”
02:09
we need to approximate in some way.
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ืื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืชืงืจื‘ ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืฉื”ื™,
02:11
That is a huge challenge.
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ื–ื”ื• ืืชื’ืจ ืขืฆื•ื.
02:13
Climate models in the 1990s
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ืžื•ื“ืœื™ื ืืงืœื™ืžื™ื™ื ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-90
02:15
took an even smaller chunk of that,
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ืœืงื—ื• ืืฃ ื ืชื— ืขื•ื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืงื˜ืŸ ืžื–ื”,
02:17
only about three orders of magnitude.
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ืจืง ื›ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืกื“ืจื™ ื’ื•ื“ืœ.
02:19
Climate models in the 2010s,
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ืžื•ื“ืœื™ื ืืงืœื™ืžื™ื™ื ื‘-2010
02:21
kind of what we're working with now,
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ืžืกื•ื’ ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืžื” ืฉืื ื• ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืืชื• ื›ืขืช,
02:23
four orders of magnitude.
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ืืจื‘ืขื” ืกื“ืจื™ ื’ื•ื“ืœ.
02:26
We have 14 to go,
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ื™ืฉ ื‘ืคื ื™ื ื• ืขื•ื“ 14
02:29
and we're increasing our capability
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื’ื“ื™ืœื™ื ืืช ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืฉืœื ื•
02:31
of simulating those at about
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ืœื”ื“ืžื™ื™ืชื ื‘ืขืจืš
02:33
one extra order of magnitude every decade.
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ื‘ืกื“ืจ ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืื—ื“ ื ื•ืกืฃ ื‘ื›ืœ ืขืฉื•ืจ.
02:36
One extra order of magnitude in space
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ืกื“ืจ ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืื—ื“ ื ื•ืกืฃ ื‘ื—ืœืœ
02:38
is 10,000 times more calculations.
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื•ื ืคื™ 10,000 ื™ื•ืชืจ ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื.
02:41
And we keep adding more things,
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ื•ืื ื• ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืขื•ื“ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื,
02:44
more questions to these different models.
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ืขื•ื“ ืฉืืœื•ืช ืœืžื•ื“ืœื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืืœื”
02:46
So what does a climate model look like?
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ืื– ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื ืจืื” ืžื•ื“ืœ ืืงืœื™ืžื™?
02:49
This is an old climate model, admittedly,
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ื–ื”ื• ืžื•ื“ืœ ืืงืœื™ืžื™ ื™ืฉืŸ, ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื•ื“ื•ืช,
02:51
a punch card, a single line of Fortran code.
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ื›ืจื˜ื™ืก ื ื™ืงื•ื‘, ืฉื•ืจื” ืื—ืช ืฉืœ ืงื•ื“ ืคื•ืจื˜ืจืŸ
02:55
We no longer use punch cards.
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ืื™ื ื ื• ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื›ืจื˜ื™ืกื™ ื ื™ืงื•ื‘.
02:57
We do still use Fortran.
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ืื ื• ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืคื•ืจื˜ืจืŸ.
02:59
New-fangled ideas like C
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ืœืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืžืชื•ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื›ืžื• C
03:01
really haven't had a big impact
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ื‘ืืžืช ืœื ื”ื™ืชื” ืœื• ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ืฉืคืขื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื”
03:05
on the climate modeling community.
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ืขืœ ืงื”ื™ืœืช ื”ืžื•ื“ืœื™ื ื”ืืงืœื™ืžื™ื™ื
03:07
But how do we go about doing it?
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ืื‘ืœ ืื™ืš ืื ื—ื ื• ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”?
03:08
How do we go from that complexity that you saw
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ืื™ืš ืื ื—ื ื• ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืžื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื–ื• ืฉืจืื™ืชื
03:13
to a line of code?
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ืœืฉื•ืจืช ืงื•ื“?
03:16
We do it one piece at a time.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื–ืืช ืคื™ืกื” ืื—ืช ื›ืœ ืคืขื.
03:17
This is a picture of sea ice
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืชืžื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื™ื ืงืจื—
03:19
taken flying over the Arctic.
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ืฉืฆื•ืœืžื” ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื˜ื™ืกื” ืžืขืœ ื”ืงื•ื˜ื‘ ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™.
03:21
We can look at all of the different equations
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืกืชื›ืœ ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืžืฉื•ื•ืื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช
03:23
that go into making the ice grow
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ืฉื ื›ื ืกื•ืช ืœืชื•ืš ืฆืžื™ื—ืช ื”ืงืจื—
03:26
or melt or change shape.
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ืื• ื”ื”ืžืกื” ืื• ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืฆื•ืจื”.
03:28
We can look at the fluxes.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืกืชื›ืœ ืขืœ ื”ื”ืคืฉืจื•ืช.
03:29
We can look at the rate at which
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ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืกืชื›ืœ ืขืœ ื”ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉื‘ื”
03:31
snow turns to ice, and we can code that.
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ืฉืœื’ ื”ื•ืคืš ืœืงืจื—, ื•ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืงื•ื“ื“ ืืช ื–ื”.
03:34
We can encapsulate that in code.
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ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืชืžืฆืช ื–ืืช ื‘ืงื•ื“.
03:37
These models are around
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ืžื•ื“ืœื™ื ืืœื” ื”ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘
03:38
a million lines of code at this point,
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ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื•ืจื•ืช ืงื•ื“ ื‘ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื–ื•,
03:40
and growing by tens of thousands of lines of code
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ื•ื’ื“ืœื™ื ื‘ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืืœืคื™ ืฉื•ืจื•ืช ืงื•ื“
03:43
every year.
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉื ื”.
03:45
So you can look at that piece,
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ืื– ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืกืชื›ืœ ืขืœ ืคื™ืกื” ื–ื•
03:46
but you can look at the other pieces too.
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ืื‘ืœ ืืชื ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืกืชื›ืœ ื’ื ืขืœ ืคื™ืกื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช.
03:48
What happens when you have clouds?
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ืžื” ืงื•ืจื” ื›ืฉื™ืฉ ืขื ื ื™ื?
03:50
What happens when clouds form,
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ืžื” ืงื•ืจื” ื›ืฉืขื ื ื™ื ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื?
03:52
when they dissipate, when they rain out?
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ื›ืฉื”ื ืžืชืคื•ื’ื’ื™ื, ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื ืžื•ืจื™ื“ื™ื ื’ืฉื?
03:54
That's another piece.
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืคื™ืกื” ืื—ืจืช.
03:56
What happens when we have radiation
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ืžื” ืงื•ืจื” ื›ืืฉืจ ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืงืจื™ื ื”
03:58
coming from the sun, going through the atmosphere,
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ืฉืžื’ื™ืขื” ืžื”ืฉืžืฉ, ื•ืขื•ื‘ืจืช ื‘ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื”
04:00
being absorbed and reflected?
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ื ืงืœื˜ืช ื•ืžืฉืชืงืคืช?
04:02
We can code each of those very small pieces as well.
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ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืงื•ื“ื“ ื›ืœ ืื—ืช ืžื”ืคื™ืกื•ืช ื”ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ื’ื ื›ืŸ.
04:06
There are other pieces:
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ื™ืฉ ืคื™ืกื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช:
04:08
the winds changing the ocean currents.
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ื”ืจื•ื—ื•ืช ืžืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื–ืจืžื™ ื”ืื•ืงื™ื ื•ืก
04:11
We can talk about the role of vegetation
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืชืคืงื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฆืžื—ื™ื™ื”
04:15
in transporting water from the soils
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ื‘ื”ื•ื‘ืœืช ืžื™ื ืžื”ืงืจืงืขื•ืช
04:17
back into the atmosphere.
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ื—ื–ืจื” ืœืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื”.
04:19
And each of these different elements
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ื•ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื”
04:22
we can encapsulate and put into a system.
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ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืชืžืฆืช ื•ืœื”ื›ื ื™ืก ืœืชื•ืš ืžืขืจื›ืช
04:26
Each of those pieces ends up adding to the whole.
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ื›ืœ ืื—ืช ืžืคื™ืกื•ืช ืืœื• ืžืชื•ื•ืกืคืช ืœืฉืœื ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ.
04:31
And you get something like this.
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ื•ืืชื ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืžืฉื”ื• ื›ืžื• ื–ื”.
04:33
You get a beautiful representation
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ืืชื ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ื™ื™ืฆื•ื’ ื™ืคื”
04:36
of what's going on in the climate system,
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ืฉืœ ืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื” ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืืงืœื™ืžื™ืช,
04:39
where each and every one of those
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ืฉื‘ื” ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื•ืื—ื“ ืžืื•ืชื
04:42
emergent patterns that you can see,
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ื“ืคื•ืกื™ื ืžืชื”ื•ื•ื™ื ืฉืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช,
04:45
the swirls in the Southern Ocean,
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ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก โ€‹โ€‹ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™,
04:47
the tropical cyclone in the Gulf of Mexico,
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ื”ืฆื™ืงืœื•ืŸ ื”ื˜ืจื•ืคื™ ื‘ืžืคืจืฅ ืžืงืกื™ืงื•,
04:49
and there's two more that are going to pop up
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืขื•ื“ ืฉื ื™ื™ื ืฉื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœืฆื•ืฅ
04:51
in the Pacific at any point now,
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ื‘ืื•ืงื™ื ื•ืก ื”ืฉืงื˜ ื‘ื›ืœ ืจื’ืข ื›ืขืช,
04:53
those rivers of atmospheric water,
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ื ื”ืจื•ืช ืืœื” ืฉืœ ืžื™ื ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคืจื™ื ืืœื”
04:56
all of those are emergent properties
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ื›ืœ ืืœื” ื”ื ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืžืชื”ื•ื•ืช
04:59
that come from the interactions
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ืฉืžื’ื™ืขื•ืช ืžื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจืืงืฆื™ื•ืช
05:01
of all of those small-scale processes I mentioned.
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ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื‘ืงื ื” ืžื™ื“ื” ืงื˜ืŸ ืฉื”ื–ื›ืจืชื™.
05:05
There's no code that says,
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ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ืงื•ื“ ืฉืื•ืžืจ,
05:07
"Do a wiggle in the Southern Ocean."
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"ื’ื™ืจืžื• ืœืชื ื•ื“ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™."
05:08
There's no code that says, "Have two
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ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ืงื•ื“ ืฉืื•ืžืจ, " ืฆืจื™ืš ืฉื™ื”ื™ื• ืœื›ื ืฉืชื™
05:11
tropical cyclones that spin around each other."
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ืกื•ืคื•ืช ืฆื™ืงืœื•ืŸ ื˜ืจื•ืคื™ื•ืช ืฉืžืกืชื•ื‘ื‘ื•ืช ืื—ืช ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ืฉื ื™ื”."
05:14
All of those things are emergent properties.
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ื›ืœ ืืœื” ื”ื ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืžืชื”ื•ื•ืช.
05:18
This is all very good. This is all great.
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ื›ืœ ื–ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ ืžืื•ื“. ื›ืœ ื–ื” ื ื”ื“ืจ.
05:20
But what we really want to know
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ืืžืช ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื“ืขืช
05:21
is what happens to these emergent properties
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ื”ื•ื ืžื” ืงื•ืจื” ืœืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืžืชื”ื•ื•ืช ืืœื•
05:23
when we kick the system?
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ื›ืืฉืจ ืื ื• ื‘ื•ืขื˜ื™ื ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช?
05:25
When something changes, what happens to those properties?
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ื›ืืฉืจ ืžืฉื”ื• ืžืฉืชื ื”, ืžื” ืงื•ืจื” ืœืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืืœื•?
05:28
And there's lots of different ways to kick the system.
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ื•ื™ืฉื ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืœื‘ืขื•ื˜ ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช.
05:31
There are wobbles in the Earth's orbit
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ื™ืฉ ื”ืชื ื•ื“ื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžืกืœื•ืœ ืฉืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ
05:33
over hundreds of thousands of years
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ื‘ืžืฉืš ืžืื•ืช ืืœืคื™ ืฉื ื™ื
05:35
that change the climate.
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ืฉืžืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืืงืœื™ื
05:37
There are changes in the solar cycles,
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ื™ืฉื ื ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžื—ื–ื•ืจื™ ื”ืฉืžืฉ,
05:39
every 11 years and longer, that change the climate.
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ื›ืœ 11 ืฉื ื™ื ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืฉืžืฉื ื™ื ืืช ื”ืืงืœื™ื.
05:43
Big volcanoes go off and change the climate.
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ื”ืจื™ ื’ืขืฉ ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืžืชืคืจืฆื™ื ื•ืžืฉื ื™ื ืืช ื”ืืงืœื™ื.
05:46
Changes in biomass burning, in smoke,
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ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ื•ืžืกื” ื‘ื•ืขืจืช, ื‘ืขืฉืŸ,
05:49
in aerosol particles, all of those things
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ื‘ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ ืชืจืกื™ืก, ื›ืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื”
05:51
change the climate.
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ืžืฉื ื™ื ืืช ื”ืืงืœื™ื.
05:53
The ozone hole changed the climate.
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ื”ื—ื•ืจ ื‘ืื•ื–ื•ืŸ ืฉื™ื ื” ืืช ื”ืืงืœื™ื.
05:57
Deforestation changes the climate
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ื›ืจื™ืชืช ื™ืขืจื•ืช ืžืฉื ื” ืืช ื”ืืงืœื™ื
05:59
by changing the surface properties
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื—
06:01
and how water is evaporated
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ื•ืื™ืš ืžื™ื ืžืชืื“ื™ื
06:03
and moved around in the system.
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ื•ื ืขื™ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช.
06:06
Contrails change the climate
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ื”ืชืขื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืืงืœื™ื
06:08
by creating clouds where there were none before,
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืขื ื ื™ื ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื• ื›ืืœื” ืงื•ื“ื ืœื›ืŸ,
06:11
and of course greenhouse gases change the system.
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ื•ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื’ื–ื™ ื—ืžืžื” ืžืฉื ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช.
06:15
Each of these different kicks
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ื›ืœ ืื—ืช ืžื‘ืขื™ื˜ื•ืช ืืœื•
06:18
provides us with a target
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ืžืกืคืงืช ืœื ื• ื™ืขื“
06:21
to evaluate whether we understand
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืขืจื™ืš ืื ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื
06:23
something about this system.
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ืžืฉื”ื• ืื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื–ื•.
06:26
So we can go to look at
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ืื– ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ
06:28
what model skill is.
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ืžื”ื• ืžื•ื“ืœ ืžื™ื•ืžืŸ
06:31
Now I use the word "skill" advisedly:
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืื ื™ ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืžื™ืœื” "ืžื™ื•ืžืŸ" ื‘ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืชื—ื™ืœื”:
06:33
Models are not right or wrong; they're always wrong.
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ืžื•ื“ืœื™ื ืื™ื ื ื ื›ื•ื ื™ื ืื• ืฉื’ื•ื™ื™ื: ื”ื ืชืžื™ื“ ืฉื’ื•ื™ื™ื.
06:35
They're always approximations.
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ื”ื ืชืžื™ื“ ื”ืขืจื›ื•ืช.
06:37
The question you have to ask
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ื”ืฉืืœื” ืฉืขืœื™ื›ื ืœืฉืื•ืœ
06:39
is whether a model tells you more information
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ื”ื™ื ื”ืื ืžื•ื“ืœ ื ื•ืชืŸ ืœืš ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื™ื“ืข
06:42
than you would have had otherwise.
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ืžืืฉืจ ื”ื™ื™ืช ืžืงื‘ืœ ื‘ืœืขื“ื™ื•.
06:44
If it does, it's skillful.
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ืื ื›ืŸ, ื–ื” ืžื™ื•ืžืŸ.
06:47
This is the impact of the ozone hole
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ืจ ื‘ืื•ื–ื•ืŸ
06:50
on sea level pressure, so low pressure, high pressures,
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ืขืœ ืœื—ืฅ ืคื ื™ ื”ื™ื , ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืœื—ืฅ ื ืžื•ืš , ืœื—ืฆื™ื ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื ,
06:52
around the southern oceans, around Antarctica.
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ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืกื™ื ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™ื™ื, ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืื ื˜ืืจืงื˜ื™ืงื”.
06:55
This is observed data.
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ืืœื” ื”ื ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ื ืฆืคื™ื,
06:57
This is modeled data.
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ื–ื”ื• ืžื•ื“ืœ ื ืชื•ื ื™ื.
06:59
There's a good match
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ื™ืฉ ื”ืชืืžื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื”
07:01
because we understand the physics
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ื›ื™ ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ืืช ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ืงื”
07:03
that controls the temperatures in the stratosphere
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ื”ืฉื•ืœื˜ืช ื‘ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื•ืช ืฉื‘ืกื˜ืจื˜ื•ืกืคื™ืจื”
07:06
and what that does to the winds
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ื•ืžื” ื–ื” ืขื•ืฉื” ืœืจื•ื—ื•ืช
07:07
around the southern oceans.
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ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืกื™ื ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™ื™ื.
07:10
We can look at other examples.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืกืชื›ืœ ืขืœ ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช.
07:11
The eruption of Mount Pinatubo in 1991
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ื”ืชืคืจืฆื•ืช ื”ืจ ื”ื’ืขืฉ ืคื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื• ื‘- 1991
07:14
put an enormous amount of aerosols, small particles,
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ื”ื—ื“ื™ืจื” ื›ืžื•ืช ืขืฆื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ืชืจืกื™ืกื™ื, ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื
07:17
into the stratosphere.
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ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืกื˜ืจื˜ื•ืกืคื™ืจื”
07:18
That changed the radiation balance of the whole planet.
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ื–ื” ืฉื™ื ื” ืืช ืื™ื–ื•ืŸ ื”ืงืจื™ื ื” ืฉืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื›ื•ืœื•.
07:22
There was less energy coming in than there was before,
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ืคื—ื•ืช ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ืžืืฉืจ ื”ื™ืชื” ืงื•ื“ื ืœื›ืŸ,
07:24
so that cooled the planet,
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ื›ืš ืฉื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื”ืชืงืจืจ,
07:26
and those red lines and those green lines,
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ื•ืงื•ื•ื™ื ืื“ื•ืžื™ื ืืœื” ื•ืงื•ื•ื™ื ื™ืจื•ืงื™ื ืืœื”,
07:28
those are the differences between what we expected
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ื”ื ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื” ืฉืฆื™ืคื™ื ื•
07:31
and what actually happened.
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ืœืžื” ืฉื‘ืืžืช ืงืจื”.
07:32
The models are skillful,
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ื”ืžื•ื“ืœื™ื ื”ื ืžื™ื•ืžื ื™ื,
07:34
not just in the global mean,
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ืœื ืจืง ื‘ืžืžื•ืฆืข ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™,
07:36
but also in the regional patterns.
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ืืœื ื’ื ื‘ื“ืคื•ืกื™ื ื”ืื–ื•ืจื™ื™ื.
07:39
I could go through a dozen more examples:
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืฆื™ื’ ืชืจื™ืกืจ ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช:
07:42
the skill associated with solar cycles,
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ื”ืžื™ื•ืžื ื•ืช ืฉืงืฉื•ืจื” ื‘ืžื—ื–ื•ืจื™ ืฉืžืฉ,
07:45
changing the ozone in the stratosphere;
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ืžืฉื ื” ืืช ื”ืื•ื–ื•ืŸ ื‘ืกื˜ืจื˜ื•ืกืคื™ืจื”;
07:47
the skill associated with orbital changes
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ื”ืžื™ื•ืžื ื•ืช ืฉืงืฉื•ืจื” ื‘ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืžืกืœื•ืœื™ื™ื
07:49
over 6,000 years.
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ืžืขืœ ืœ-6000 ืฉื ื™ื.
07:51
We can look at that too, and the models are skillful.
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ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืกืชื›ืœ ืขืœ ื–ื” ื’ื, ื•ื”ืžื•ื“ืœื™ื ื”ื ืžื™ื•ืžื ื™ื.
07:53
The models are skillful in response to the ice sheets
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ื”ืžื•ื“ืœื™ื ืžื™ื•ืžื ื™ื ื‘ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืœื™ืจื™ืขื•ืช ื”ืงืจื—
07:56
20,000 years ago.
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ืœืคื ื™ 20,000 ืฉื ื™ื.
07:58
The models are skillful
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ื”ืžื•ื“ืœื™ื ืžื™ื•ืžื ื™ื
08:00
when it comes to the 20th-century trends
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ื›ืฉืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืžื’ืžื•ืช ื”ืžืื” ื”-20
08:03
over the decades.
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ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื.
08:04
Models are successful at modeling
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ื”ืžื•ื“ืœื™ื ืžืฆืœื™ื—ื™ื ื‘ื”ื“ื’ืžืช
08:06
lake outbursts into the North Atlantic
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ื”ืชืคืจืฆื•ื™ื•ืช ืื’ื ืœืชื•ืš ืฆืคื•ืŸ ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก โ€‹โ€‹ื”ืื˜ืœื ื˜ื™
08:09
8,000 years ago.
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ืœืคื ื™ 8,000 ืฉื ื”.
08:11
And we can get a good match to the data.
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืงื‘ืœ ื”ืชืืžื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืœื ืชื•ื ื™ื.
08:15
Each of these different targets,
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ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื™ืขื“ื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื”,
08:17
each of these different evaluations,
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ื›ืœ ืื—ืช ืžื”ื”ืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืืœื•,
08:19
leads us to add more scope
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ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ืื•ืชื ื• ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืขื•ื“ ื˜ื•ื•ื—
08:22
to these models,
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ืœืžื•ื“ืœื™ื ืืœื”.
08:23
and leads us to more and more
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ื•ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ืื•ืชื ื• ืœืžืฆื‘ื™ื
08:26
complex situations that we can ask
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ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื™ื ืฉืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉืื•ืœ
08:30
more and more interesting questions,
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ืฉืืœื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืขื ื™ื ื•ืช,
08:32
like, how does dust from the Sahara,
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ื›ืžื•, ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืื‘ืง ืžืžื“ื‘ืจ ืกื”ืจื”
08:35
that you can see in the orange,
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ืฉืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ื‘ื›ืชื•ื,
08:37
interact with tropical cyclones in the Atlantic?
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ืขื•ืฉื” ืื™ื ื˜ืจืืงืฆื™ื” ืขื ืกื•ืคื•ืช ืฆื™ืงืœื•ืŸ ื˜ืจื•ืคื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก โ€‹โ€‹ื”ืื˜ืœื ื˜ื™?
08:40
How do organic aerosols from biomass burning,
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ืื™ืš ืชืจืกื™ืกื™ื ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื™ื ืžื‘ื™ื•ืžืกื” ื‘ื•ืขืจืช,
08:44
which you can see in the red dots,
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ืฉืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ื‘ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืื“ื•ืžื•ืช,
08:46
intersect with clouds and rainfall patterns?
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ืžืฆื˜ืœื‘ื™ื ืขื ืขื ื ื™ื ื•ื“ืคื•ืกื™ื ืฉืœ ื™ืจื™ื“ืช ื’ืฉืžื™ื?
08:49
How does pollution, which you can see
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ืื™ืš ื–ื™ื”ื•ื ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ืฉืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช
08:51
in the white wisps of sulfate pollution in Europe,
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ื‘ืื ื™ืฆื™ื ื”ืœื‘ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื–ื™ื”ื•ื ืกื•ืœืคื˜ ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื”,
08:55
how does that affect the temperatures at the surface
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ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื–ื” ืžืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ื”ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื•ืช ืฉืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื—
08:58
and the sunlight that you get at the surface?
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ื•ืขืœ ืื•ืจ ื”ืฉืžืฉ ืฉืืชื ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื—?
09:02
We can look at this across the world.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืกืชื›ืœ ืขืœ ื–ื” ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื.
09:05
We can look at the pollution from China.
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ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืกืชื›ืœ ืขืœ ื”ื–ื™ื”ื•ื ืžืกื™ืŸ.
09:09
We can look at the impacts of storms
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ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืกืชื›ืœ ืขืœ ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ืกื•ืคื•ืช
09:13
on sea salt particles in the atmosphere.
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ืขืœ ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ ืžืœื— ื™ื ื‘ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื”.
09:16
We can see the combination
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘
09:19
of all of these different things
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ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื”
09:21
happening all at once,
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ืงื•ืจื™ื ื›ื•ืœื ื‘ื‘ืช ืื—ืช.
09:22
and we can ask much more interesting questions.
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉืื•ืœ ืฉืืœื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืขื ื™ื ื•ืช.
09:25
How do air pollution and climate coexist?
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ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื–ื™ื”ื•ื ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื•ื”ืืงืœื™ื, ื“ืจื™ื ื‘ื›ืคื™ืคื” ืื—ืช ?
09:29
Can we change things
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ื”ืื ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืฉื ื•ืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื
09:31
that affect air pollution and climate at the same time?
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ืฉืžืฉืคื™ืขื™ื ืขืœ ื–ื™ื”ื•ื ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื•ืืงืœื™ื ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื”ื–ืžืŸ?
09:33
The answer is yes.
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ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื ื›ืŸ.
09:36
So this is a history of the 20th century.
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ืื– ื–ื• ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” 20.
09:39
The first one is the model.
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ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื”ืžื•ื“ืœ.
09:41
The weather is a little bit different
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ืžื–ื’ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื”ื•ื ืงืฆืช ืฉื•ื ื”
09:42
to what actually happened.
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ืžืžื” ืฉืงืจื” ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ.
09:44
The second one are the observations.
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ื”ืฉื ื™ ื”ื ื”ืชืฆืคื™ื•ืช.
09:46
And we're going through the 1930s.
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ื“ืจืš ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-30.
09:48
There's variability, there are things going on,
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ื™ืฉ ื”ืฉืชื ื•ื™ื•ืช, ืงื•ืจื™ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื,
09:51
but it's all kind of in the noise.
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืœ ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืจืขืฉ.
09:53
As you get towards the 1970s,
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ื›ืฉืžืชืงื“ืžื™ื ืœืงืจืืช ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-70,
09:56
things are going to start to change.
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ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชื ื•ืช.
09:58
They're going to start to look more similar,
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ื”ื ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ืจืื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื“ื•ืžื™ื,
10:00
and by the time you get to the 2000s,
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ื•ื›ืฉืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืœืฉื ื•ืช ื”-2000,
10:03
you're already seeing the patterns of global warming,
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ืืชื ื›ื‘ืจ ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื“ืคื•ืกื™ ื”ื”ืชื—ืžืžื•ืช ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ืช,
10:05
both in the observations and in the model.
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ื”ืŸ ื‘ืชืฆืคื™ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืžื•ื“ืœ.
10:08
We know what happened over the 20th century.
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ืื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืžื” ืงืจื” ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ืžืื” ื”ืขืฉืจื™ื.
10:10
Right? We know that it's gotten warmer.
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ื ื›ื•ืŸ? ืื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื ืขืฉื” ื—ื ื™ื•ืชืจ.
10:12
We know where it's gotten warmer.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืื™ืคื” ื ืขืฉื” ื—ื ื™ื•ืชืจ.
10:13
And if you ask the models why did that happen,
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ื•ืื ืชืฉืืœื• ืืช ื”ืžื•ื“ืœื™ื ืžื“ื•ืข ื–ื” ืงืจื”,
10:16
and you say, okay, well, yes,
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ื•ืืชื ืื•ืžืจื™ื , ื‘ืกื“ืจ, ื˜ื•ื‘ , ื›ืŸ,
10:18
basically it's because of the carbon dioxide
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ื‘ื™ืกื•ื“ื• ื–ื” ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืคื—ืžืŸ ื“ื• ื—ืžืฆื ื™
10:20
we put into the atmosphere.
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ืฉืื ื• ืžื—ื“ื™ืจื™ื ืœืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื”.
10:22
We have a very good match
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื”ืชืืžื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืžืื“
10:24
up until the present day.
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ืขื“ ืขืฆื ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ื–ื”.
10:26
But there's one key reason why we look at models,
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ืื‘ ื™ืฉ ืกื™ื‘ื” ืขื™ืงืจื™ืช ืื—ืช ืœืžื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื ืขืœ ื“ื’ืžื™ื,
10:30
and that's because of this phrase here.
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ื•ื–ื” ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ื–ื” ื›ืืŸ.
10:32
Because if we had observations of the future,
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ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืื ื”ื™ื• ืœื ื• ืชืฆืคื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืขืชื™ื“,
10:35
we obviously would trust them more than models,
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ื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื•ืช ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืกื•ืžื›ื™ื ืขืœื™ื”ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืฉืจ ืขืœ ืžื•ื“ืœื™ื,
10:38
But unfortunately,
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ืืš ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืฆืขืจ,
10:40
observations of the future are not available at this time.
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ืชืฆืคื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืขืชื™ื“ ืื™ื ืŸ ื–ืžื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื–ื”.
10:45
So when we go out into the future, there's a difference.
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ืื– ื›ืืฉืจ ืื ื• ื ื›ื ืกื™ื ืืœ ื”ืขืชื™ื“, ื™ืฉ ืฉื•ื ื™.
10:48
The future is unknown, the future is uncertain,
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ื”ืขืชื™ื“ ื‘ืœืชื™ ื™ื“ื•ืข, ื”ืขืชื™ื“ ืื™ื ื• ื•ื“ืื™,
10:51
and there are choices.
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ื•ื™ืฉื ืŸ ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช.
10:53
Here are the choices that we have.
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ืืœื• ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื•.
10:55
We can do some work to mitigate
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ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื›ืœืฉื”ื™ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžืชืŸ
10:57
the emissions of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.
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ืืช ื”ืคืœื™ื˜ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืคื—ืžืŸ ื“ื• ื—ืžืฆื ื™ ืœืื˜ืžื•ืกืคืจื”.
11:00
That's the top one.
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ื–ื” ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™.
11:02
We can do more work
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ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”
11:04
to really bring it down
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ื›ื“ื™ ืžืžืฉ ืœื”ืคื—ื™ืช ืืช ื–ื”
11:06
so that by the end of the century,
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ื›ืš ืฉืขื“ ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืžืื”,
11:08
it's not much more than there is now.
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ื–ื” ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืฉืจ ื›ืขืช.
11:11
Or we can just leave it to fate
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ืื• ืฉืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื”ืฉืื™ืจ ืื•ืชื• ืœื’ื•ืจืœื•
11:14
and continue on
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ื•ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ื”ืœืื”
11:16
with a business-as-usual type of attitude.
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ื‘ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ื’ื™ืฉืช ืขืกืงื™ื ื›ืจื’ื™ืœ.
11:20
The differences between these choices
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ืขืœ ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื•
11:23
can't be answered by looking at models.
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ืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืขื ื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืกืชื›ืœื•ืช ืขืœ ืžื•ื“ืœื™ื.
11:28
There's a great phrase
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ื™ืฉ ืžืฉืคื˜ ื’ื“ื•ืœ
11:29
that Sherwood Rowland,
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ืฉืฉืจื•ื•ื“ ืจื•ืœื ื“,
11:31
who won the Nobel Prize for the chemistry
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ืฉื–ื›ื” ื‘ืคืจืก ื ื•ื‘ืœ ื‘ื›ื™ืžื™ื”
11:35
that led to ozone depletion,
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ืฉื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœื“ืœื“ื•ืœ ื”ืื•ื–ื•ืŸ,
11:37
when he was accepting his Nobel Prize,
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ื›ืฉืงื™ื‘ืœ ืืช ืคืจืก ื ื•ื‘ืœ,
11:40
he asked this question:
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ื”ื•ื ืฉืืœ ืืช ื”ืฉืืœื”:
11:41
"What is the use of having developed a science
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" ืžื”ื• ื”ื˜ืขื ื‘ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืžื“ืข
11:43
well enough to make predictions if, in the end,
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ืžืกืคื™ืง ื˜ื•ื‘ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืชื—ื–ื™ื•ืช, ืื ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ,
11:47
all we're willing to do is stand around
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ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืื ื• ืžื•ื›ื ื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ื” ืœืขืžื•ื“
11:50
and wait for them to come true?"
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ื•ืœื—ื›ื•ืช ืฉื™ืชื’ืฉืžื•?"
11:52
The models are skillful,
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ื”ืžื•ื“ืœื™ื ืžื™ื•ืžื ื™ื,
11:55
but what we do with the information from those models
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืฉืื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืขื ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ืžืžื•ื“ืœื™ื ืืœื”
11:58
is totally up to you.
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ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืชืœื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ื›ื.
12:00
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื”,
12:02
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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