Gavin Schmidt: The emergent patterns of climate change

175,817 views ・ 2014-05-01

TED


μ•„λž˜ μ˜λ¬Έμžλ§‰μ„ λ”λΈ”ν΄λ¦­ν•˜μ‹œλ©΄ μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.

λ²ˆμ—­: Jihyeon J. Kim κ²€ν† : K Bang
00:12
We live in a very complex environment:
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 맀우 λ³΅μž‘ν•œ 세상에 μ‚΄κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:15
complexity and dynamism
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λ³΅μž‘μ„±κ³Ό 역동성,
00:17
and patterns of evidence
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그리고 μœ„μ„±μ‚¬μ§„μ΄λ‚˜ λΉ„λ””μ˜€λ‘œ λΆ€ν„° λ‚˜μ˜¨
00:19
from satellite photographs, from videos.
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λ§Žμ€ 증거의 νŒ¨ν„΄λ“€μ΄ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:22
You can even see it outside your window.
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” μ°½λ¬Έ λ°–μ—μ„œλ„ 그런 것을 λ³Ό 수 있죠.
00:25
It's endlessly complex, but somehow familiar,
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끝없이 λ³΅μž‘ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μ–΄λŠ 정도 μ΅μˆ™ν•˜κΈ°λ„ ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:28
but the patterns kind of repeat,
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그런 νŒ¨ν„΄μ€ μ–΄λŠ 정도 λ°˜λ³΅λ˜μ§€λ§Œ
00:30
but they never repeat exactly.
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κ²°μ½” λ˜‘κ°™μ΄ λ°˜λ³΅ν•˜μ§„ μ•ŠμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:33
It's a huge challenge to understand.
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이것은 맀우 μ΄ν•΄ν•˜κΈ°κ°€ μ–΄λ ΅μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:37
The patterns that you see
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„λ“€μ΄ λ³΄λŠ” νŒ¨ν„΄λ“€μ€
00:39
are there at all of the different scales,
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λͺ¨λ‘ λ‹€λ₯Έ 규λͺ¨μ—μ„œ λ³Έ κ²ƒλ“€μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:43
but you can't chop it into one little bit and say,
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이것을 잘게 ν•œ 쑰각으둜 잘라 μ΄λ ‡κ²Œ 말할 μˆ˜λŠ” μ—†μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:46
"Oh, well let me just make a smaller climate."
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"μ–΄, λ‚΄κ°€ 더 μž‘μ€ 규λͺ¨μ˜ κΈ°ν›„λ₯Ό λ§Œλ“€μ–΄ 볼께"
00:48
I can't use the normal products of reductionism
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ν™˜μ›μ£Όμ˜μ˜ 산물을 톡해 "자 이제 λ‚΄κ°€ 이해할 수 μžˆλŠ” κ²ƒμ΄λ‘œκ΅°."
00:53
to get a smaller and smaller thing that I can study
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μ΄λ ‡κ²Œ λ§ν•˜λ©° μ‹€ν—˜μ‹€μ—μ„œ 연ꡬ할 수 μžˆλŠ”
00:55
in a laboratory and say, "Oh,
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보닀 μž‘μ€ 것을 μ–»μ–΄λ‚Ό μˆ˜λŠ”
00:58
now that's something I now understand."
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μ—†λŠ” λ…Έλ¦‡μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:00
It's the whole or it's nothing.
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μ „λΆ€κ°€ μ•„λ‹ˆλ©΄ 아무 μ˜λ―Έλ„ μ—†μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:03
The different scales that give you
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μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ νŒ¨ν„΄μ„ λ³΄μ—¬μ£ΌλŠ”
01:06
these kinds of patterns
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μ„œλ‘œ λ‹€λ₯Έ 규λͺ¨λ“€μ€
01:08
range over an enormous range of magnitude,
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μ—„μ²­λ‚œ 크기의 λ²”μœ„λ₯Ό κ°€μ§‘λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:12
roughly 14 orders of magnitude,
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λŒ€λž΅ 14개 자릿수 μ •λ„μ˜ 규λͺ¨μΈλ°,
01:14
from the small microscopic particles
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κ΅¬λ¦„μ˜ 씨앗이 λ˜λŠ”
01:16
that seed clouds
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ν˜„λ―Έκ²½ μˆ˜μ€€μ˜ μž…μžλ‘œλΆ€ν„°
01:19
to the size of the planet itself,
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ν–‰μ„± 자체의 ν¬κΈ°κΉŒμ§€ λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:21
from 10 to the minus six
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10의 λ§ˆμ΄λ„ˆμŠ€ 6μŠΉλΆ€ν„°
01:23
to 10 to the eight,
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10의 8μŠΉμ— μ΄λ¦…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:24
14 orders of spatial magnitude.
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곡간적 ν¬κΈ°λ‘œλŠ” 14자리의 규λͺ¨μ΄κ³ 
01:26
In time, from milliseconds to millennia,
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μ‹œκ°„μ μœΌλ‘œλŠ” 밀리 μ΄ˆμ—μ„œ 수 μ²œλ…„ μ •λ„μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:29
again around 14 orders of magnitude.
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이것도 λŒ€λž΅ 14 자리 μ •λ„μ˜ 규λͺ¨μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:32
What does that mean?
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그게 μ–΄λ–€ μ˜λ―ΈμΌκΉŒμš”?
01:34
Okay, well if you think about how
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자, μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ΄ 이것을
01:36
you can calculate these things,
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μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ 계산할지 생각해 λ³΄μ‹œλ©΄
01:38
you can take what you can see,
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λ³Ό 수 μžˆλŠ” 것을 택할 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:40
okay, I'm going to chop it up
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μ œκ°€ 이것을 λ§Žμ€ μž‘μ€ μƒμžλ“€μ—
01:41
into lots of little boxes,
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잘라 λ„£μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:43
and that's the result of physics, right?
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그게 λ¬Όλ¦¬ν•™μ˜ κ²°κ³Όμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€, κ·Έλ ‡μ£ ?
01:45
And if I think about a weather model,
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μ œκ°€ 날씨 λͺ¨ν˜•μ— λŒ€ν•΄ μƒκ°ν•œλ‹€λ©΄,
01:47
that spans about five orders of magnitude,
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그것은 ν–‰μ„±μ—μ„œ λͺ‡ ν‚¬λ‘œλ―Έν„°μ— 이λ₯΄λŠ”,
01:49
from the planet to a few kilometers,
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μ•½ 5자리 μ •λ„μ˜ 규λͺ¨λ₯Ό κ°–κ³  있으며
01:53
and the time scale
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μ‹œκ°„μ˜ μ²™λ„λ‘œλŠ”
01:54
from a few minutes to 10 days, maybe a month.
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λͺ‡ μ΄ˆμ—μ„œ 10일, μ•½ ν•œ λ‹¬μ˜ 규λͺ¨λ₯Ό κ°–μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:59
We're interested in more than that.
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” κ·Έ μ΄μƒμœΌλ‘œ ν₯λ―Έλ₯Ό κ°–μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:00
We're interested in the climate.
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 기후에 관심을 κ°–μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:01
That's years, that's millennia,
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수 λ…„, 수 μ²œλ…„μœΌλ‘œ
02:03
and we need to go to even smaller scales.
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또 λ”μš± μž‘μ€ λ²”μœ„λ‘œ κ°€μ•Ό ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:06
The stuff that we can't resolve,
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ ν•΄κ²°ν•  수 μ—†λŠ” 것은
02:08
the sub-scale processes,
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ν•˜μœ„ 규λͺ¨μ˜ κ³Όμ •μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:09
we need to approximate in some way.
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μ–΄λŠ 정도 좔정을 ν•΄μ•Ό ν•˜μ§€μš”.
02:11
That is a huge challenge.
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그건 μ—„μ²­λ‚˜κ²Œ μ–΄λ €μš΄ μΌμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:13
Climate models in the 1990s
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1990λ…„λŒ€μ˜ κΈ°ν›„ λͺ¨ν˜•μ€
02:15
took an even smaller chunk of that,
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보닀 μž‘μ€ 규λͺ¨λ₯Ό μ‚¬μš©ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:17
only about three orders of magnitude.
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μ•½ μ„Έ 자리 μ •λ„μ˜ 규λͺ¨μ˜€μ£ .
02:19
Climate models in the 2010s,
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2010λ…„λŒ€μ˜ κΈ°ν›„ λͺ¨ν˜•μ€
02:21
kind of what we're working with now,
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μ§€κΈˆ 저희가 μž‘μ—…ν•˜κ³  μžˆλŠ” 것인데
02:23
four orders of magnitude.
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λ„€ 자릿수 μ •λ„μ˜ 규λͺ¨λ₯Ό 가지고 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:26
We have 14 to go,
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μ•žμœΌλ‘œ 14 자릿수λ₯Ό 더 κ°€μ•Ό ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:29
and we're increasing our capability
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μ €ν¬λŠ” 10λ…„λ§ˆλ‹€ ν•œ μžλ¦Ώμˆ˜μ”© 더 λŠ˜μ–΄λ‚œ
02:31
of simulating those at about
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크기의 λͺ¨μ˜ μ‹€ν—˜μ„ ν•  수 μžˆλ„λ‘
02:33
one extra order of magnitude every decade.
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우리의 λŠ₯λ ₯을 μ œκ³ μ‹œν‚€κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:36
One extra order of magnitude in space
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μš°μ£Όμ—μ„œ 규λͺ¨κ°€ ν•œ 자릿수 더 λŠ˜μ–΄λ‚˜λŠ” 것은
02:38
is 10,000 times more calculations.
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만 λ²ˆμ„ 더 계산해야 ν•œλ‹€λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:41
And we keep adding more things,
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이 μ–΄λ €μš΄ λͺ¨ν˜•μ— λ‹€λ₯Έ 것듀과
02:44
more questions to these different models.
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μ—¬λŸ¬ 가지 μ§ˆλ¬Έλ“€μ„ κ³„μ†ν•΄μ„œ μΆ”κ°€μ‹œν‚΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:46
So what does a climate model look like?
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그럼 κΈ°ν›„ λͺ¨λΈμ€ μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ μƒκ²Όμ„κΉŒμš”?
02:49
This is an old climate model, admittedly,
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이것은 κ΅¬ν˜• κΈ°ν›„ λͺ¨λΈμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€
02:51
a punch card, a single line of Fortran code.
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천곡 μΉ΄λ“œμ™€ ν•œμ€„μ˜ ν¬νŠΈλž€ μ½”λ“œλ‘œ λ˜μ–΄μžˆμ§€μš”.
02:55
We no longer use punch cards.
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더 이상 그런 μΉ΄λ“œλŠ” 쓰지 μ•ŠμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:57
We do still use Fortran.
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ν¬νŠΈλž€μ€ μ—¬μ „νžˆ μ“°μ£ .
02:59
New-fangled ideas like C
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C언어와 같은 μ΅œμ‹ μ˜ 것은
03:01
really haven't had a big impact
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κΈ°ν›„ λͺ¨ν˜•μ„ λ§Œλ“œλŠ” 데에
03:05
on the climate modeling community.
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그닀지 큰 영ν–₯을 주지 μ•Šμ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:07
But how do we go about doing it?
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ μ§„ν–‰μ‹œν‚¬κΉŒμš”?
03:08
How do we go from that complexity that you saw
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ΄ λ³΄μ‹œλŠ” 이 λ³΅μž‘ν•œ κ²ƒμ—μ„œλΆ€ν„°
03:13
to a line of code?
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ν•œ μ€„μ˜ μ½”λ“œλ‘œ λ°”κΏ€κΉŒμš”?
03:16
We do it one piece at a time.
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ν•œ λ²ˆμ— ν•˜λ‚˜μ”© ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:17
This is a picture of sea ice
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이것은 남극 μœ„μ—μ„œ 찍은
03:19
taken flying over the Arctic.
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ν•΄λΉ™μ˜ μ‚¬μ§„μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:21
We can look at all of the different equations
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” μ–ΌμŒμ΄ μžλΌκ±°λ‚˜ λ…Ήκ±°λ‚˜
03:23
that go into making the ice grow
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λͺ¨μ–‘을 λ°”κΎΈκ²Œ ν•˜λŠ” μ—¬λŸ¬κ°€μ§€ 방정식듀을
03:26
or melt or change shape.
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μ‚΄νŽ΄λ³Ό 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:28
We can look at the fluxes.
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μœ λ™μ„±μ„ λ³Ό 수 있고,
03:29
We can look at the rate at which
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μ–΄λ–€ μ†λ„λ‘œ 눈이 μ–ΌμŒμ΄ λ˜λŠ”μ§€ λ³Ό 수 있고
03:31
snow turns to ice, and we can code that.
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그것을 μ½”λ“œλ‘œ λ§Œλ“­λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:34
We can encapsulate that in code.
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μ½”λ“œ 속에 μ••μΆ•ν•  수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:37
These models are around
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이 λͺ¨ν˜•λ“€μ€ ν˜„μž¬
03:38
a million lines of code at this point,
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λŒ€λž΅ 100λ§Œμ€„μ˜ μ½”λ“œλ‘œ λ˜μ–΄μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:40
and growing by tens of thousands of lines of code
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맀년 수 μ‹­λ§Œμ€„μ˜ μ½”λ“œκ°€
03:43
every year.
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μƒκ²¨λ‚©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:45
So you can look at that piece,
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ΄ 이뢀뢄을 λ³Ό 수 μžˆμœΌμ‹œμ§€λ§Œ
03:46
but you can look at the other pieces too.
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λ‹€λ₯Έ 뢀뢄도 λ³Ό 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:48
What happens when you have clouds?
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ꡬ름이 μžˆλ‹€λ©΄ μ–΄λ–€ 일이 λ²Œμ–΄μ§ˆκΉŒμš”?
03:50
What happens when clouds form,
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ꡬ름이 생성될 λ•Œ,
03:52
when they dissipate, when they rain out?
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ν©μ–΄μ§ˆ λ•Œ, λΉ„κ°€ 될 λ•Œ μ–΄λ–€ 일이 μƒκΈΈκΉŒμš”?
03:54
That's another piece.
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그것은 λ‹€λ₯Έ λΆ€λΆ„μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:56
What happens when we have radiation
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νƒœμ–‘μœΌλ‘œλΆ€ν„° μ˜€λŠ” 방사선이
03:58
coming from the sun, going through the atmosphere,
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λŒ€κΈ°λ₯Ό 뚫고 듀어와
04:00
being absorbed and reflected?
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ν‘μˆ˜λ˜κ±°λ‚˜ λ°˜μ‚¬λ  λ•ŒλŠ” μ–΄λ–€ 일이 λ²Œμ–΄μ§ˆκΉŒμš”?
04:02
We can code each of those very small pieces as well.
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이런 μž‘μ€ 것듀도 μ½”λ“œλ‘œ λ§Œλ“€ 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:06
There are other pieces:
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λ‹€λ₯Έ 뢀뢄도 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:08
the winds changing the ocean currents.
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λ°”λ‹€μ˜ μ‘°λ₯˜λ₯Ό λ³€ν™”μ‹œν‚€λŠ” λ°”λžŒμ΄μ£ .
04:11
We can talk about the role of vegetation
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ν† μ–‘μ—μ„œ μˆ˜λΆ„μ„ λΉ¨μ•„ λ“€μ—¬
04:15
in transporting water from the soils
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λ‹€μ‹œ λŒ€κΈ°λ‘œ λ³΄λ‚΄λŠ”
04:17
back into the atmosphere.
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μ‹λ¬Όμ˜ 역할에 λŒ€ν•΄μ„œλ„ 이야기할 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:19
And each of these different elements
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이 μ—¬λŸ¬κ°€μ§€ μš”μ†Œλ“€μ„
04:22
we can encapsulate and put into a system.
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λ¬Άμ–΄μ„œ μ‹œμŠ€ν…œμ— μž…λ ₯ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:26
Each of those pieces ends up adding to the whole.
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이런 각각의 뢀뢄듀이 전체에 λ”ν•΄μ§€λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:31
And you get something like this.
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그러면 이런 것을 μ–»κ²Œ λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:33
You get a beautiful representation
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ΄ λ³΄μ‹œλŠ” λͺ¨λ“  μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ νŒ¨ν„΄λ“€μ΄ μžˆλŠ”
04:36
of what's going on in the climate system,
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κΈ°ν›„ μ²΄κ³„μ—μ„œ μ–΄λ–€ 일이 μΌμ–΄λ‚˜λŠ”μ§€
04:39
where each and every one of those
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λ³΄μ—¬μ£ΌλŠ” ν›Œλ₯­ν•œ λͺ¨ν˜•μ„
04:42
emergent patterns that you can see,
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μ–»κ²Œ λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:45
the swirls in the Southern Ocean,
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λ‚¨ν•΄μ˜ μ†Œμš©λŒμ΄,
04:47
the tropical cyclone in the Gulf of Mexico,
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λ©•μ‹œμ½”λ§Œμ˜ μ—΄λŒ€μ„± 사이클둠,
04:49
and there's two more that are going to pop up
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그리고 νƒœν‰μ–‘μ—λŠ” μ§€κΈˆ μ–΄λŠ μˆœκ°„μ—λΌλ„
04:51
in the Pacific at any point now,
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두 κ°œκ°€ 더 생기렀고 ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:53
those rivers of atmospheric water,
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또 λŒ€κΈ° 쀑 μˆ˜λΆ„μ˜ 강쀄기듀,
04:56
all of those are emergent properties
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이 λͺ¨λ“  것듀이 μ œκ°€ λ§μ”€λ“œλ¦°
04:59
that come from the interactions
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μ†Œκ·œλͺ¨ κ³Όμ •λ“€μ˜ μƒν˜Έμž‘μš©μœΌλ‘œ
05:01
of all of those small-scale processes I mentioned.
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μƒκ²¨λ‚œ μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ νŠΉμ„±λ“€μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:05
There's no code that says,
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μ–΄λ–€ μ½”λ“œλ„ μ΄λ ‡κ²Œ λ§ν•˜μ§€ μ•ŠμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:07
"Do a wiggle in the Southern Ocean."
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"남해μͺ½μœΌλ‘œ 쑰금만 움직여 λ΄μš”."
05:08
There's no code that says, "Have two
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"μ„œλ‘œ μ†Œμš©λŒμ΄ μΉ˜λŠ”
05:11
tropical cyclones that spin around each other."
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두 개의 μ—΄λŒ€μ„± 사이클둠을 λ§Œλ“€μ–΄ λ΄μš”."λΌκ³ μš”.
05:14
All of those things are emergent properties.
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λͺ¨λ‘κ°€ μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ νŠΉμ„±λ“€μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:18
This is all very good. This is all great.
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λͺ¨λ‘ μ•„μ£Ό ν›Œλ₯­ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ•„μ£Ό μ’‹μ£ .
05:20
But what we really want to know
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μ •μž‘ μ•Œκ³  싢은 것은
05:21
is what happens to these emergent properties
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μ‹œμŠ€ν…œμ— λ³€ν™”λ₯Ό μ£Όλ©΄ μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ νŠΉμ„±λ“€μ—
05:23
when we kick the system?
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μ–΄λ–€ 일이 μƒκΈΈκΉŒ μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:25
When something changes, what happens to those properties?
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λ­”κ°€ λ³€ν™”κ°€ 생기면, 여기에 μ–΄λ–€ 일이 λ²Œμ–΄μ§ˆκΉŒμš”?
05:28
And there's lots of different ways to kick the system.
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μ‹œμŠ€ν…œμ— λ³€ν™”λ₯Ό μ£ΌλŠ” λ°©λ²•μ—λŠ” μ—¬λŸ¬κ°€μ§€κ°€ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:31
There are wobbles in the Earth's orbit
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수 μ‹­λ§Œλ…„μ— 걸쳐
05:33
over hundreds of thousands of years
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기후에 λ³€ν™”λ₯Ό μ£Όμ–΄ 온
05:35
that change the climate.
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지ꡬ κΆ€λ„μ˜ 흔듀림이 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:37
There are changes in the solar cycles,
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νƒœμ–‘ ν™œλ™ 주기에 λ³€ν™”κ°€ μžˆμ–΄μ„œ
05:39
every 11 years and longer, that change the climate.
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11λ…„ μ •λ„λ§ˆλ‹€ κΈ°ν›„λ₯Ό λ³€ν™”μ‹œν‚΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:43
Big volcanoes go off and change the climate.
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κ±°λŒ€ 화산이 ν­λ°œν•΄μ„œ κΈ°ν›„λ₯Ό λ³€ν™”μ‹œν‚΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:46
Changes in biomass burning, in smoke,
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생물 μžμ›μ˜ μ—°μ†Œ, μ—°κΈ°, 뢄무 μž…μž,
05:49
in aerosol particles, all of those things
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이 λͺ¨λ“  κ²ƒμ—μ„œμ˜ 차이가
05:51
change the climate.
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κΈ°ν›„λ₯Ό λ³€ν™”μ‹œν‚΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:53
The ozone hole changed the climate.
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였쑴측 ꡬ멍도 κΈ°ν›„λ₯Ό λ³€ν™”μ‹œν‚΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:57
Deforestation changes the climate
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μ‚Όλ¦Ό νŒŒκ΄΄κ°€ μ§€ν‘œλ©΄ νŠΉμ§•μ„ λ°”κΎΈκ³ 
05:59
by changing the surface properties
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μˆ˜λΆ„μ΄ μ¦λ°œν•˜λŠ” 방식과
06:01
and how water is evaporated
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μ‹œμŠ€ν…œμ—μ„œ μ›€μ§μ΄λŠ” 것을 λ°”κΏ”μ„œ
06:03
and moved around in the system.
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κΈ°ν›„λ₯Ό λ³€ν™”μ‹œν‚΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:06
Contrails change the climate
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λΉ„ν–‰μš΄μ€ 이전에 ꡬ름이 μ—†λ˜ 지역에
06:08
by creating clouds where there were none before,
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ꡬ름을 μƒμ„±μ‹œμΌœ 기후에 λ³€ν™”λ₯Ό μ€λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:11
and of course greenhouse gases change the system.
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λ¬Όλ‘  μ˜¨μ‹€ κ°€μŠ€λ„ κΈ°ν›„λ₯Ό λ³€ν™”μ‹œν‚΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:15
Each of these different kicks
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이런 μ—¬λŸ¬κ°€μ§€ μš”μΈλ“€μ΄
06:18
provides us with a target
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ 이 μ‹œμŠ€ν…œμ— λŒ€ν•΄ μ œλŒ€λ‘œ μ΄ν•΄ν•˜κ³  μžˆλŠ”μ§€λ₯Ό
06:21
to evaluate whether we understand
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평가해 λ³Ό 수 μžˆλŠ” λŒ€μƒμ„
06:23
something about this system.
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μ œκ³΅ν•΄ μ€λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:26
So we can go to look at
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ λͺ¨ν˜• 기술이 μ–΄λ–€ 것인지
06:28
what model skill is.
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μ‚΄νŽ΄λ³Ό 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:31
Now I use the word "skill" advisedly:
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μ €λŠ” "기술"μ΄λΌλŠ” μš©μ–΄λ₯Ό μ˜λ„μ μœΌλ‘œ μΌμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:33
Models are not right or wrong; they're always wrong.
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λͺ¨ν˜•μ€ μ˜³κ±°λ‚˜ ν‹€λ¦° 것이 μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ 항상 ν‹€λ¦½λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:35
They're always approximations.
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그것은 μ–Έμ œλ‚˜ κ·Όμ‚¬μΉ˜μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:37
The question you have to ask
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μ˜λ¬Έμ„ κ°€μ Έμ•Ό ν•  것은
06:39
is whether a model tells you more information
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그것이 없을 λ•Œ λ³΄λ‹€λŠ”
06:42
than you would have had otherwise.
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λͺ¨ν˜•μ΄ 정보λ₯Ό 더 μ£ΌλŠλƒ μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:44
If it does, it's skillful.
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더 λ§Žμ€ 정보λ₯Ό μ€€λ‹€λ©΄ 그것은 기술이 λ§Žμ€ κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:47
This is the impact of the ozone hole
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이것은 ν•΄μˆ˜λ©΄ μ••λ ₯에 생긴 였쑴측 ꡬ멍의 μ—¬νŒŒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:50
on sea level pressure, so low pressure, high pressures,
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남해와 남극해 μ£Όλ³€μ˜
06:52
around the southern oceans, around Antarctica.
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μ €κΈ°μ••, κ³ κΈ°μ••μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:55
This is observed data.
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이것은 κ΄€μΈ‘λœ 자료이고
06:57
This is modeled data.
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이것은 λͺ¨ν˜•ν™”λœ μžλ£Œμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:59
There's a good match
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잘 λ“€μ–΄ λ§žμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:01
because we understand the physics
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μ™œλƒν•˜λ©΄ μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μ„±μΈ΅κΆŒμ˜ μ˜¨λ„λ₯Ό μ‘°μ ˆν•˜λŠ”
07:03
that controls the temperatures in the stratosphere
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물리와 그것이 남해 μ£Όλ³€μ˜
07:06
and what that does to the winds
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λ°”λžŒμ— μ–΄λ–€ μž‘μš©μ„ ν•˜λŠ”μ§€
07:07
around the southern oceans.
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μ΄ν•΄ν•˜κΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:10
We can look at other examples.
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λ‹€λ₯Έ 사둀듀도 μ‚΄νŽ΄λ³Ό 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:11
The eruption of Mount Pinatubo in 1991
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1991λ…„ ν”Όλ‚˜νˆ¬λ³΄ ν™”μ‚° λΆ„μΆœμ΄
07:14
put an enormous amount of aerosols, small particles,
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λŒ€κΈ° 쀑에 μ—„μ²­λ‚œ μ–‘μ˜
07:17
into the stratosphere.
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뢄진과 재λ₯Ό λΏœμ–΄ λƒˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:18
That changed the radiation balance of the whole planet.
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그것이 지ꡬ 전체 λ³΅μ‚¬μ—΄μ˜ κ· ν˜•μ„ λ°”κΏ¨μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:22
There was less energy coming in than there was before,
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이전보닀 μ—λ„ˆμ§€κ°€ 덜 ν‘μˆ˜λ˜μ„œ
07:24
so that cooled the planet,
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μ§€κ΅¬μ˜ μ˜¨λ„κ°€ λ‚΄λ €κ°”κ³ 
07:26
and those red lines and those green lines,
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μ € 뢉은 μ„ κ³Ό 초둝 선듀이
07:28
those are the differences between what we expected
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μ‹€μ œλ‘œ μΌμ–΄λ‚œ ν˜„μƒκ³Ό 예츑 μ‚¬μ΄μ˜
07:31
and what actually happened.
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μ°¨μ΄μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:32
The models are skillful,
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λͺ¨ν˜•μ€ κΈ°μˆ μ μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:34
not just in the global mean,
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지ꡬ적인 쀑간값 뿐만 μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ
07:36
but also in the regional patterns.
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지역적 νŒ¨ν„΄μ—μ„œλ„ κ·Έλ ‡μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:39
I could go through a dozen more examples:
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μ—΄ κ°œμ΄μƒ 사둀λ₯Ό 더 λ“€μ–΄ λ“œλ¦΄ μˆ˜λ„ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:42
the skill associated with solar cycles,
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μ„±μΈ΅κΆŒμ˜ μ˜€μ‘΄μ„ λ³€ν™”μ‹œν‚€λŠ”
07:45
changing the ozone in the stratosphere;
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νƒœμ–‘ ν™œλ™ 주기와 κ΄€λ ¨λœ κΈ°μˆ μ΄λ‚˜
07:47
the skill associated with orbital changes
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6,000년에 걸친
07:49
over 6,000 years.
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ꢀ도 변화와 μ—°κ΄€λœ 기술 λ“±μ΄μš”.
07:51
We can look at that too, and the models are skillful.
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그것도 μ‚΄νŽ΄λ³΄λ©΄ λͺ¨ν˜•μ΄ 잘 κΈ°λŠ₯ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:53
The models are skillful in response to the ice sheets
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μ΄λ§Œλ…„ μ „μ˜ λΉ™ν•˜μΈ΅μ— λŒ€ν•΄μ„œλ„
07:56
20,000 years ago.
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λͺ¨ν˜•μ€ κΈ°λŠ₯ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:58
The models are skillful
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수 십년에 걸친
08:00
when it comes to the 20th-century trends
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20μ„ΈκΈ° κ²½ν–₯에 κ΄€ν•΄μ„œλ„
08:03
over the decades.
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λͺ¨ν˜•μ€ 잘 μž‘λ™ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:04
Models are successful at modeling
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8,000λ…„ μ „ λΆλŒ€μ„œμ–‘μ˜
08:06
lake outbursts into the North Atlantic
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호수 λΆ„μΆœμ„ λͺ¨ν˜•ν™”ν•˜λŠ” 데에도
08:09
8,000 years ago.
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μ„±κ³΅μ μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:11
And we can get a good match to the data.
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μžλ£Œμ™€ 잘 λ§žμ•„μš”.
08:15
Each of these different targets,
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각각의 λ‹€λ₯Έ λŒ€μƒλ“€κ³Ό
08:17
each of these different evaluations,
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각각의 λ‹€λ₯Έ 평가듀은
08:19
leads us to add more scope
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이 λͺ¨ν˜•λ“€μ— 더 λ§Žμ€ μ‹œκ°μ„
08:22
to these models,
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κ°–κ²Œ ν•΄μ€λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:23
and leads us to more and more
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그리고 보닀 더
08:26
complex situations that we can ask
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ν₯미둜운 μ§ˆλ¬Έμ„ ν•  수 μžˆλŠ”
08:30
more and more interesting questions,
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점점 더 λ³΅μž‘ν•œ μƒν™©μœΌλ‘œ μ΄λŒμ–΄ μ€λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:32
like, how does dust from the Sahara,
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κ°€λ Ή, μ˜€λ Œμ§€μƒ‰μœΌλ‘œ λ³΄μ΄λŠ” μ‚¬ν•˜λΌ μ‚¬λ§‰μ˜ 먼지가
08:35
that you can see in the orange,
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λΆλŒ€μ„œμ–‘μ˜ μ—΄λŒ€μ„± 사이클둠과
08:37
interact with tropical cyclones in the Atlantic?
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μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ μƒν˜Έμž‘μš©μ„ ν• κΉŒμš”?
08:40
How do organic aerosols from biomass burning,
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뢉은 점으둜 λ³΄μ‹œλŠ”
08:44
which you can see in the red dots,
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μƒλ¬Όμž 원 μ—°μ†Œλ‘œ μΈν•œ 유기 뢄무 물질이
08:46
intersect with clouds and rainfall patterns?
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μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ κ΅¬λ¦„μ΄λ‚˜ κ°•μš° ν˜•νƒœμ™€ κ΅μ°¨ν• κΉŒμš”?
08:49
How does pollution, which you can see
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흰 μ€„κΈ°λ‘œ λ³΄μ‹œλŠ”
08:51
in the white wisps of sulfate pollution in Europe,
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유럽의 ν™©μ‚°μ—Ό μ˜€μ—Όμ΄
08:55
how does that affect the temperatures at the surface
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μ§€ν‘œλ©΄ μ˜¨λ„μ™€ ν‘œλ©΄μ— λ‹ΏλŠ”
08:58
and the sunlight that you get at the surface?
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햇빛에 μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ 영ν–₯을 λ―ΈμΉ κΉŒμš”?
09:02
We can look at this across the world.
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 이런 것을 μ „μ„Έκ³„μ μœΌλ‘œ λ³Ό μˆ˜κ°€ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:05
We can look at the pollution from China.
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μ€‘κ΅­μ˜ μ˜€μ—Όμ„ μ‚΄νŽ΄λ³Ό 수 있고
09:09
We can look at the impacts of storms
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폭풍이 λŒ€κΈ° μ€‘μ˜ λ°”λ‹€ μ—ΌλΆ„ μž…μžμ—
09:13
on sea salt particles in the atmosphere.
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λ―ΈμΉ˜λŠ” μ—¬ν–₯을 λ³Ό 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:16
We can see the combination
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이 λͺ¨λ“  것이
09:19
of all of these different things
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λ™μ‹œμ— λ²Œμ–΄μ§€λŠ” 쑰합을
09:21
happening all at once,
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λ³Ό μˆ˜λ„ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:22
and we can ask much more interesting questions.
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그럼 보닀 ν₯미둜운 μ§ˆλ¬Έμ„ ν•  수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:25
How do air pollution and climate coexist?
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λŒ€κΈ° μ˜€μ—Όκ³Ό κΈ°ν›„λŠ” μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ κ³΅μ‘΄ν• κΉŒμš”?
09:29
Can we change things
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λŒ€κΈ° μ˜€μ—Όκ³Ό 기후에 영ν–₯을 μ£ΌλŠ” 것을
09:31
that affect air pollution and climate at the same time?
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λ™μ‹œμ— λ°”κΏ€ 수 μžˆμ„κΉŒμš”?
09:33
The answer is yes.
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λ„€. λ°”κΏ€ 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:36
So this is a history of the 20th century.
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이것이 20μ„ΈκΈ° μ—­μ‚¬μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:39
The first one is the model.
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첫 번째 것은 λͺ¨ν˜•μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:41
The weather is a little bit different
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μ‹€μ œλ‘œ μΌμ–΄λ‚¬λ˜ 것과
09:42
to what actually happened.
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λ‚ μ”¨λŠ” 쑰금 λ‹€λ¦…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:44
The second one are the observations.
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두 번째 것은 κ΄€μΈ‘μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:46
And we're going through the 1930s.
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1930λ…„λŒ€λ₯Ό 거쳐가고 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:48
There's variability, there are things going on,
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가변성이 있고 μ—¬λŸ¬κ°€μ§€ 일듀이 λ²Œμ–΄μ§‘λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:51
but it's all kind of in the noise.
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ λͺ¨λ“  것이 ν˜Όλž€ 속에 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:53
As you get towards the 1970s,
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1970λ…„λŒ€λ‘œ λ“€μ–΄κ°€λ©΄,
09:56
things are going to start to change.
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상황이 λ°”λ€ŒκΈ° μ‹œμž‘ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:58
They're going to start to look more similar,
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λ­”κ°€ λΉ„μŠ·ν•˜κ²Œ 보이기 μ‹œμž‘ν•˜κ³ 
10:00
and by the time you get to the 2000s,
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κ·Έ μ¦ˆμŒμ— 2000λ…„λŒ€κ°€ λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:03
you're already seeing the patterns of global warming,
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이미 지ꡬ μ˜¨λ‚œν™”μ˜ νŒ¨ν„΄μ΄ λ³΄μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:05
both in the observations and in the model.
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κ΄€μΈ‘κ³Ό λͺ¨ν˜• λ‘˜ λ‹€μ—μ„œ λ§μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:08
We know what happened over the 20th century.
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 20μ„ΈκΈ° λ™μ•ˆμ— λ²Œμ–΄μ§„ 일듀을 μ•Œκ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:10
Right? We know that it's gotten warmer.
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κ·Έλ ‡μ£ ? 점점 더 λ”°λœ»ν•΄μ§€λŠ” 것을 μ•Œμ£ .
10:12
We know where it's gotten warmer.
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μ–΄λ””κ°€ 더 λ”°λœ»ν•΄μ§€λŠ”μ§€ μ••λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:13
And if you ask the models why did that happen,
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λͺ¨ν˜•μ— μ™œ 이런 일이 λ²Œμ–΄μ§€λŠ”μ§€ 물으면
10:16
and you say, okay, well, yes,
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ€, "λ„€, κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‹ˆκΉŒ
10:18
basically it's because of the carbon dioxide
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ λŒ€κΈ°μ€‘μ— λ‚΄λ³΄λ‚΄λŠ”
10:20
we put into the atmosphere.
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μ΄μ‚°ν™”νƒ„μ†Œκ°€ 주된 μ›μΈμ΄μ—μš”." 라고 ν•˜μ‹œκ² μ£ .
10:22
We have a very good match
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κ°€μž₯ μ΅œκ·ΌκΉŒμ§€
10:24
up until the present day.
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맀우 잘 λ§žμ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:26
But there's one key reason why we look at models,
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ λͺ¨ν˜•μ„ λ“€μ—¬λ‹€ λ³΄λŠ” 핡심적인 μ΄μœ κ°€ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:30
and that's because of this phrase here.
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이 말 λ•Œλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:32
Because if we had observations of the future,
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λ―Έλž˜μ— λŒ€ν•œ 관츑이 μžˆλ‹€λ©΄
10:35
we obviously would trust them more than models,
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λͺ¨ν˜•λ³΄λ‹€λŠ” 그것을 더 μ‹ λ’°ν•  κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:38
But unfortunately,
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λΆˆν–‰νžˆλ„,
10:40
observations of the future are not available at this time.
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μ§€κΈˆμ€ 미래의 관츑이 κ°€λŠ₯ν•˜μ§€ μ•ŠμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:45
So when we go out into the future, there's a difference.
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미래λ₯Ό λ“€μ—¬λ‹€ λ³Ό λ•ŒλŠ”, λ‹€λ₯Έ 점이 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:48
The future is unknown, the future is uncertain,
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λ―Έλž˜λŠ” λ―Έμ§€μ˜ 것이고 λΆˆν™•μ‹€ν•˜λ©°
10:51
and there are choices.
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선택이 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:53
Here are the choices that we have.
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μš°λ¦¬μ—κ²Œ 선택이 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:55
We can do some work to mitigate
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λŒ€κΈ° 쀑에 μ΄μ‚°ν™”νƒ„μ†Œ λ°°μΆœμ„
10:57
the emissions of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.
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μ™„ν™”μ‹œν‚¬ 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:00
That's the top one.
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그것이 κ°€μž₯ μš°μ„ μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:02
We can do more work
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μ •λ§λ‘œ 그것을 κ°μ†Œμ‹œν‚€λŠ”
11:04
to really bring it down
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일을 ν•΄μ„œ
11:06
so that by the end of the century,
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21μ„ΈκΈ° λ§μ—λŠ” μ§€κΈˆλ³΄λ‹€
11:08
it's not much more than there is now.
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훨씬 적게 ν•  수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:11
Or we can just leave it to fate
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μ•„λ‹ˆλ©΄ 운λͺ…에 맑기고
11:14
and continue on
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ν•˜λ˜λŒ€λ‘œ ν•˜μžλŠ” νƒœλ„λ₯Ό 가지고
11:16
with a business-as-usual type of attitude.
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계속 μ΄λŒ€λ‘œ 갈 μˆ˜λ„ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:20
The differences between these choices
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이런 μ„ νƒμ˜ 차이점듀은
11:23
can't be answered by looking at models.
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단지 λͺ¨ν˜•μ„ μ‚΄νŽ΄λ³΄λŠ” κ²ƒμœΌλ‘œλŠ” μ•Œ 수 μ—†μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:28
There's a great phrase
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μ…”μš°λ“œ λ‘€λžœλ“œκ°€
11:29
that Sherwood Rowland,
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ν–ˆλ˜ 유λͺ…ν•œ 말이 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:31
who won the Nobel Prize for the chemistry
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κ·ΈλŠ” 였쑴 κ°μ†Œμ™€ κ΄€λ ¨λœ ν™”ν•™ μ—°κ΅¬λ‘œ
11:35
that led to ozone depletion,
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노벨화학상을 λ°›μ•˜λŠ”λ°,
11:37
when he was accepting his Nobel Prize,
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노벨상을 μˆ˜μƒν•  λ•Œ
11:40
he asked this question:
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이런 μ§ˆλ¬Έμ„ ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:41
"What is the use of having developed a science
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"미래λ₯Ό μ˜ˆμΈ‘ν•˜λŠ” 과학을 κ°œλ°œν•˜μ—¬
11:43
well enough to make predictions if, in the end,
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λ§ˆμΉ¨λ‚΄ 우리 λͺ¨λ‘κ°€
11:47
all we're willing to do is stand around
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κ°€λ§Œνžˆ μ„œμ„œ λ²Œμ–΄μ§ˆ 일을
11:50
and wait for them to come true?"
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κΈ°λ‹€λ¦¬λŠ” 것이 무슨 μ†Œμš©μ΄ μžˆμ„κΉŒμš”?"
11:52
The models are skillful,
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λͺ¨ν˜•μ€ 맀우 잘 μž‘λ™ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:55
but what we do with the information from those models
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ κ·Έ λͺ¨ν˜•λ“€λ‘œ λΆ€ν„° μ–»μ–΄μ§€λŠ” μ •λ³΄λ‘œ 무엇을 ν• μ§€λŠ”
11:58
is totally up to you.
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ—κ²Œ 달렀 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:00
Thank you.
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κ°μ‚¬ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:02
(Applause)
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(λ°•μˆ˜)
이 μ›Ήμ‚¬μ΄νŠΈ 정보

이 μ‚¬μ΄νŠΈλŠ” μ˜μ–΄ ν•™μŠ΅μ— μœ μš©ν•œ YouTube λ™μ˜μƒμ„ μ†Œκ°œν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ „ 세계 졜고의 μ„ μƒλ‹˜λ“€μ΄ κ°€λ₯΄μΉ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μˆ˜μ—…μ„ 보게 될 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. 각 λ™μ˜μƒ νŽ˜μ΄μ§€μ— ν‘œμ‹œλ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μžλ§‰μ„ 더블 ν΄λ¦­ν•˜λ©΄ κ·Έκ³³μ—μ„œ λ™μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. λΉ„λ””μ˜€ μž¬μƒμ— 맞좰 μžλ§‰μ΄ μŠ€ν¬λ‘€λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ˜κ²¬μ΄λ‚˜ μš”μ²­μ΄ μžˆλŠ” 경우 이 문의 양식을 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ—¬ λ¬Έμ˜ν•˜μ‹­μ‹œμ˜€.

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