Could we treat spinal cord injuries with asparagus? | Andrew Pelling

76,951 views ใƒป 2020-12-11

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Alsa Saal
00:12
So I'm here today surrounded by all these fruits and vegetables,
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ืื– ืื ื™ ืคื” ื”ื™ื•ื ืžื•ืงืฃ ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืคื™ืจื•ืช ื•ื”ื™ืจืงื•ืช ื”ืืœื•,
00:16
because these are the subjects of my experiments.
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืืœื” ื”ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื™.
00:19
Now, bear with me for just a second,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืชื™ืฉืืจื• ืื™ืชื™ ืจืง ืฉื ื™ื”,
00:22
but about a decade ago
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืคื ื™ ื‘ืขืจืš ืขืฉื•ืจ
00:23
my team started to rethink how we make materials
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ื”ืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉืœื™ ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืขืœ ืื™ืš ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื
00:27
for reconstructing damaged or diseased human tissues,
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ืœืฉื—ื–ื•ืจ ืจืงืžื•ืช ืื ื•ืฉื™ื•ืช ืคื’ื•ืขื•ืช ืื• ื—ื•ืœื•ืช,
00:31
and we made the totally unexpected discovery
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ื•ืขืฉื™ื ื• ืืช ื”ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ื”ืœื’ืžืจื™ ื‘ืœืชื™ ืฆืคื•ื™
00:34
that plants could be used for this purpose.
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ืฉืฆืžื—ื™ื ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืœืžื˜ืจื” ื”ื–ื•.
00:37
In fact, we invented a way to take these plants
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื”ืžืฆืื ื• ื“ืจืš ืœืงื—ืช ืืช ื”ืฆืžื—ื™ื ื”ืืœื”
00:40
and strip them of all their DNA and their cells,
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ื•ืœื”ืคืฉื™ื˜ ืื•ืชื ืžื›ืœ ื” DNA ื•ื”ืชืื™ื ืฉืœื”ื,
00:43
leaving behind natural fibers.
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ืžื” ืฉืžืฉืื™ืจ ืกื™ื‘ื™ื ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื™ื.
00:46
And these fibers could then be used as a scaffold
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ื•ื”ืกื™ื‘ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืื– ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื›ืคื™ื’ื•ืžื™ื
00:49
for reconstructing living tissue.
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ืœืฉื—ื–ื•ืจ ืจืงืžื•ืช ื—ื™ื•ืช.
00:51
Now I know this is a little weird,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข ืฉื–ื” ืžืขื˜ ืžื•ื–ืจ,
00:53
but in our very first proof-of-concept experiment,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ื”ื•ื›ื—ืช ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœื ื•,
00:56
we took an apple,
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ืœืงื—ื ื• ืชืคื•ื—,
00:57
carved it into the shape of a human ear,
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ื’ื™ืœืคื ื• ืื•ืชื• ืœืฆื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ืื•ื–ืŸ ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช,
01:00
and then we took that ear-shaped scaffold,
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ื•ืื– ืœืงื—ื ื• ืืช ื”ืคื™ื’ื•ื ื“ืžื•ื™ ื”ืื•ื–ืŸ ื”ื–ื”,
01:03
sterilized it, processed it
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ื—ื™ื˜ืื ื• ืื•ืชื•, ืขื™ื‘ื“ื ื• ืื•ืชื•
01:04
and coaxed human cells to grow inside of it.
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ื•ื’ืจืžื ื• ืœืชืื™ื ืื ื•ืฉื™ื™ื ืœื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ืชื•ื›ื•.
01:07
We then took the next step and implanted it,
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ืื– ืœืงื—ื ื• ืืช ื”ืฉืœื‘ ื”ื‘ื ื•ื”ืฉืชืœื ื• ืื•ืชื•,
01:10
and we were able to demonstrate
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ื•ื”ืฆืœื—ื ื• ืœื”ื•ื›ื™ื—
01:12
that the scaffolds stimulated the formation of blood vessels,
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ืฉื”ืคื™ื’ื•ื ืขื•ื“ื“ ืืช ื”ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืชืื™ ื“ื,
01:15
allowing the heart to keep them alive.
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ืžื” ืฉืื™ืคืฉืจ ืœืœื‘ ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืง ืื•ืชื ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื.
01:18
So not too long after these discoveries were taking place,
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ืื– ืžืขื˜ ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื”ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื”ืชืจื—ืฉื•,
01:21
I was at home cooking asparagus for dinner,
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื‘ื™ืฉืœืชื™ ืืกืคืจื’ื•ืก ืœืืจื•ื—ืช ืขืจื‘,
01:24
and after cutting the ends off,
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ื•ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื—ืชื›ืชื™ ืืช ื”ืงืฆื•ื•ืช,
01:26
I was noticing that the stalks were full of these microchanneled vascular bundles.
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ื”ื‘ื—ื ืชื™ ืฉื”ื’ื‘ืขื•ืœื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืžืœืื™ื ื‘ืฆืจื•ืจื•ืช ืฆื™ื ื•ืจื™ื™ื ืžื™ืงืจื• ืขืจื•ืฆื™ื™ื.
01:30
And it really reminded me
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ื•ื–ื” ื‘ืืžืช ื”ื–ื›ื™ืจ ืœื™
01:32
of a whole body of bioengineering effort aimed at treating spinal cord injury.
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ืขืœ ืžืืžืฅ ื”ื”ื ื“ื•ืก ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืฉืžื›ื•ื•ืŸ ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืคื’ื™ืขื•ืช ื‘ืขืžื•ื“ ื”ืฉื“ืจื”.
01:37
Up to half a million people per year suffer from this type of injury,
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ืขื“ ื—ืฆื™ ืžืœื™ื•ืŸ ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืฉื ื” ืกื•ื‘ืœื™ื ืžืกื•ื’ ื–ื” ืฉืœ ืคืฆื™ืขื”,
01:41
and the symptoms can range from pain and numbness
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ื•ื”ืกื™ืžืคื˜ื•ืžื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื ื•ืข ืžื›ืื‘ ื•ื—ื•ืกืจ ืชื—ื•ืฉื”
01:44
to devastating traumas
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ืœื˜ืจืื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืจืกื ื™ื•ืช
01:46
that lead to a complete loss of motor function and independence.
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ืฉืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื•ืช ืœืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ ืžืœื ืฉืœ ืชื ื•ืขื” ืžื•ื˜ื•ืจื™ืช ื•ืขืฆืžืื•ืช.
01:50
And in these forms of paralysis,
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ื•ื‘ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ืืœื• ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืชื•ืง,
01:51
there's no accepted treatment strategy,
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ืื™ืŸ ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื™ืช ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืžืงื•ื‘ืœืช,
01:54
but one possible solution
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ืื‘ืœ ืคื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ืืคืฉืจื™ ืื—ื“
01:57
might be the use of a scaffold that has microchannels
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ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืคื™ื’ื•ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื• ืžื™ืงืจื• ืชืขืœื•ืช
02:00
which may guide regenerating neurons.
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ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ื ื—ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื ื™ื•ืจื•ื ื™ื ื”ืžืชื—ื“ืฉื™ื.
02:03
So, could we use the asparagus and its vascular bundles
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ืื–, ื”ืื ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืืกืคืจื’ื•ืก ื•ื‘ืฆืจื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ื ื•ืจื™ื™ื
02:07
to repair a spinal cord?
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชืงืŸ ืืช ื—ื•ื˜ ื”ืฉื“ืจื”?
02:10
This is a really dumb idea.
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ื–ื” ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืืžืช ืžื˜ื•ืคืฉ.
02:13
First of all, humans aren't plants.
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ืจืืฉื™ืช, ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ื ืœื ืฆืžื—ื™ื.
02:16
Our cells have not evolved to grow on plant polymers,
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ื”ืชืื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ืœื ื”ืชืคืชื—ื• ืœื’ื“ื•ืœ ืขืœ ืคื•ืœื™ืžืจื™ื ืฆืžื—ื™ื™ื,
02:19
and plant tissues have no business being found in your spinal cord.
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ื•ืœืจืงืžื•ืช ืฆืžื—ื™ื•ืช ืื™ืŸ ืžืงื•ื ืœื”ืžืฆื ื‘ืขืžื•ื“ ื”ืฉื“ืจื” ืฉืœื ื•.
02:23
And secondly,
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ื•ืฉื ื™ืช,
02:24
ideally these types of scaffolds should disappear over time,
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ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืื™ื“ื™ืืœื™ ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืืœื” ืฉืœ ืคื™ื’ื•ืžื™ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืขืœื ืขื ื”ื–ืžืŸ,
02:27
leaving behind natural, healthy tissue.
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ืžื” ืฉืžืฉืื™ืจ ืžืื—ื•ืจ ืจืงืžื•ืช ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช.
02:30
But plant-based scaffolds don't do that,
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ืื‘ืœ ืคื™ื’ื•ืžื™ื ืžื‘ื•ืกืกื™ ืฆืžื—ื™ื ืœื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืืช ื–ื”,
02:32
because we lack the enzymes to break them down.
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื—ืกืจ ืœื ื• ืืช ื”ืื ื–ื™ืžื™ื ืœืคืจืง ืื•ืชื.
02:35
Funnily enough,
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ืžื” ืฉืžืฆื—ื™ืง,
02:36
these properties were exactly why we were having so much success.
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ื”ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ื”ื™ื• ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš.
02:40
Over the course of many experiments,
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ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื,
02:43
we were able to demonstrate
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ื”ืฆืœื—ื ื• ืœื”ื“ื’ื™ื
02:44
that the inertness of plant tissue is exactly why it's so biocompatible.
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ืฉื”ืจืคื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืจืงืžื•ืช ืฆืžื—ื™ื ื”ื™ื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉื”ืŸ ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืชื•ืืžื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช.
02:49
In a way, the body almost doesn't even see it,
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ื‘ื“ืจืš ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช, ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื›ืžืขื˜ ืœื ืจื•ืื” ืื•ืชืŸ,
02:52
but regenerating cells benefit from its shape and stability.
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ืื‘ืœ ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืœ ืชืื™ื ืžืคื™ืง ืชื•ืขืœืช ืžื”ืฆื•ืจื” ื•ืžื”ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ืŸ.
02:57
Now this is all well and good,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื›ืœ ื–ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ ื•ื™ืคื”,
02:58
but I constantly felt this weight of doubt
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืจื’ืฉืชื™ ืืช ืžืฉืงืœ ื”ืกืคืง
03:01
when it came to thinking about spinal cords.
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ื›ืฉื–ื” ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ืขืœ ื—ื•ื˜ ืฉื“ืจื”.
03:03
So many scientists were using materials from traditional sources,
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ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืžืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ื™ื,
03:07
like synthetic polymers and animal products --
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ื›ืžื• ืคื•ืœื™ืžืจื™ื ืกื™ื ื˜ื˜ื™ื™ื ื•ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ื—ื™ --
03:09
even human cadavers.
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ืืคื™ืœื• ื’ื•ืคื•ืช ืื ื•ืฉื™ื•ืช.
03:11
I felt like a complete outsider
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ื”ืจื’ืฉืชื™ ื›ืžื• ืืื•ื˜ืกื™ื™ื“ืจ
03:13
with no real right to work on such a hard problem.
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ื‘ืœื™ ื–ื›ื•ืช ืืžื™ืชื™ืช ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืขืœ ื›ื–ื• ื‘ืขื™ื” ืงืฉื”.
03:17
But because of this doubt,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ืกืคืง ื”ื–ื”,
03:19
I surrounded myself with neurosurgeons and clinicians,
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ื”ืงืคืชื™ ืืช ืขืฆืžื™ ื‘ืžื ืชื—ื™ ืขืฆื‘ื™ื ื•ืงืœื™ื ืื™ื,
03:22
biochemists and bioengineers,
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ื‘ื™ื• ื›ื™ืžืื™ื ื•ืžื”ื ื“ืกื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื,
03:24
and we started to plan experiments.
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ื•ื”ืชื—ืœื ื• ืœืชื›ื ืŸ ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื.
03:26
The basic idea is that we would take an animal,
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ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ ื”ื•ื ืฉื ื™ืงื— ื—ื™ื”,
03:29
anesthetize it,
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ื ืจื“ื™ื ืื•ืชื”,
03:31
expose its spinal cord
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ื ื—ืฉื•ืฃ ืืช ื—ื•ื˜ ื”ืฉื“ืจื” ืฉืœื”
03:32
and sever it in the thoracic region,
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ื•ื ืงื˜ืข ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืื™ื–ื•ืจ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื—ื–ื”,
03:34
rendering the animal a paraplegic.
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ืžื” ืฉื™ื’ืจื•ื ืœื—ื™ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืฉื•ืชืงืช ื‘ื’ืคื™ื™ื ื”ืื—ื•ืจื™ื•ืช.
03:37
We would then implant an asparagus scaffold
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ืื– ื ืฉืชื™ืœ ืคื™ื’ื•ื ืืกืคืจื’ื•ืก
03:40
between the severed ends of the spinal cord
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืงืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืงื˜ื•ืขื™ื
03:42
to act as a bridge.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืžืฉ ื›ื’ืฉืจ.
03:43
Now this is crucially important.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื–ื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื—ื™ื•ื ื™.
03:46
We're only using asparagus.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ืจืง ื‘ืืกืคืจื’ื•ืก.
03:48
We're not adding stem cells or electrical stimulation
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืžื•ืกื™ืคื™ื ืชืื™ ื’ื–ืข ืื• ื’ืจื•ื™ ื—ืฉืžืœื™
03:51
or exoskeletons
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ืื• ืฉืœื“ ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™
03:53
or physical therapy
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ืื• ืคื™ื–ื™ื•ืชืจืคื™ื”
03:54
or pharmaceuticals.
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ืื• ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช.
03:55
We're simply investigating
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื
03:57
if the microchannels in the scaffold alone
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ืื ื”ืžื™ืงืจื• ืžืขื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืคื™ื’ื•ื ืœื‘ื“ื
04:00
are enough to guide the regeneration of neurons.
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ืžืกืคื™ืงื™ื ืœื”ื ื—ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืฉื—ื–ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื ื™ื•ืจื•ื ื™ื.
04:03
And here are the main results.
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ื•ื”ื ื” ื”ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ื•ืช.
04:05
In this video, you can see an animal about eight weeks after being paralyzed.
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ื‘ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื”, ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ื—ื™ื” ื‘ืขืจืš ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ืžืฉื•ืชืงืช.
ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื ืœื ืžื–ื™ื–ื” ืืช ื”ืจื’ืœื™ื™ื ื”ืื—ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื”,
04:10
You can see she can't move her back legs,
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04:12
and she can't lift herself up.
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ื•ื”ื™ื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ืจื™ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื”.
04:14
Now I know how difficult this video is to watch.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข ื›ืžื” ื–ื” ืงืฉื” ืœืฆืคื•ืช ื‘ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื”.
04:17
My team struggled every day with these types of experiments,
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ื”ืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉืœื™ ื ืื‘ืง ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื ืขื ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืืœื” ืฉืœ ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื,
04:22
and we constantly asked ourselves why we were doing this ...
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ื•ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืืœื ื• ืืช ืขืฆืžื ื• ืœืžื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืืช ื–ื” ...
04:27
until we started to observe something extraordinary.
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ืขื“ ืฉื”ืชื—ืœื ื• ืœื”ื‘ื—ื™ืŸ ื‘ืžืฉื”ื• ื™ื•ืฆื ื“ื•ืคืŸ.
04:31
This is an animal that received an implant.
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ื–ื• ื—ื™ื” ืฉืงื™ื‘ืœื” ืฉืชืœ.
04:33
Now she's not walking perfectly,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื”ื™ื ืœื ื”ื•ืœื›ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื•ืฉืœื,
04:35
but she's moving those back legs
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื ืžื ื™ืขื” ืืช ื”ืจื’ืœื™ื ื”ืื—ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื•
04:37
and she's even starting to lift herself up.
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ื•ื”ื™ื ืืคื™ืœื• ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืœื”ืจื™ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื”.
04:40
And on a treadmill,
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ื•ืขืœ ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ืŸ,
04:41
you can see those legs moving in a coordinated fashion.
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืจื’ืœื™ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื–ื–ื•ืช ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืžืชื•ืืžืช.
04:44
These are crucial signs of recovery.
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ืืœื” ืกื™ืžื ื™ื ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื ืœืฉื™ืงื•ื.
ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช
04:49
Now we still have a lot of work to do,
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04:50
and there are a lot of questions to answer,
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ื•ื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืฉืืœื•ืช ืœืขื ื•ืช ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ,
04:53
but this is the first time anyone has shown
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื• ื”ืคืขื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื”ืจืื”
04:57
that plant tissues can be used to repair such a complex injury.
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ืฉืจืงืžืช ืฆืžื—ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืฉืžืฉ ืœืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืคื’ื™ืขื” ื›ื” ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช.
05:02
Even so, we've been sitting on this data for over five years.
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ื•ืœืžืจื•ืช ื–ืืช, ื™ืฉื‘ื ื• ืขืœ ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ื–ื” ื‘ืžืฉืš ื—ืžืฉ ืฉื ื™ื.
05:07
Doubt drove us to repeat these experiments again and again,
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ื”ืกืคืง ื”ื ื™ืข ืื•ืชื ื• ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืฉื•ื‘,
05:11
to the point of almost bankrupting my lab.
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ืœื ืงื•ื“ื” ืฉื”ืžืขื‘ื“ื” ืฉืœื™ ื›ืžืขื˜ ืคืฉื˜ื” ืืช ื”ืจื’ืœ.
05:14
But I kept pushing,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืžืฉื›ืชื™ ืœื“ื—ื•ืฃ,
05:15
because I knew these results could be the start of something extraordinary.
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื™ื“ืขืชื™ ืฉื”ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ื”ืชื—ืœื” ืฉืœ ืžืฉื”ื• ื™ื•ืฆื ื“ื•ืคืŸ.
05:20
And what's just as exciting
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ื•ืžื” ืฉืžืจื’ืฉ ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืžื™ื“ื”
05:22
is that my company is now translating these discoveries into the clinic --
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ื–ื” ืฉื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ืฉืœื™ ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืžืชืจื’ืžืช ืืช ื”ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืœืžืจืคืื” --
05:25
into the real world.
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ืœืขื•ืœื ื”ืืžื™ืชื™.
05:27
This technology has just been designated a breakthrough medical device by the FDA.
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ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื–ื• ืกื•ืžื ื” ืžืžืฉ ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื›ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ ืจืคื•ืื™ ืคื•ืจืฅ ื“ืจืš ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื” FDA.
05:33
And this designation means
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ื•ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ื”ื’ื“ืจื” ื”ื–ื•
05:34
that right now we're in the midst of planning human clinical trials
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ื”ื™ื ืฉืžืžืฉ ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ืืžืฆืข ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื ืกื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื
05:38
set to begin in about two years.
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ืฉืืžื•ืจื™ื ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืชื•ืš ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื ื‘ืขืจืš.
05:41
So I'd like to show you a prototype
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ืื– ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืœื›ื ืื‘ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืก
05:43
of one of our state-of-the-art spinal cord implants.
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ืฉืœ ืื—ื“ ืžืฉืชืœื™ ื—ื•ื˜ ื”ืฉื“ืจื” ื™ื•ืฆืื™ ื”ื“ื•ืคืŸ ืฉืœื ื•.
05:46
It's still made from asparagus
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ื”ื•ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืขืฉื•ื™ ืžืืกืคืจื’ื•ืก
05:47
and contains all of those microchannels.
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ื•ืžื›ื™ืœ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืžื™ืงืจื• ืชืขืœื•ืช ื”ืืœื•.
05:49
And you can see that it moves and bends
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ื•ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ื ื ืข ื•ืžืชืขืงืœ
05:51
and has the same feel as human tissue.
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื• ืื•ืชื” ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ื›ืžื• ืฉืœ ืจืงืžื” ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช.
05:56
And you know,
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ื•ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื,
05:57
I think the real innovation is that we're now able to design
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื”ื”ืžืฆืื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉื ื™ืช ื”ื™ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืœืชื›ื ืŸ
06:00
or program the architecture and structure of plant tissues in such a way
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ืื• ืœืชื›ื ืช ืืช ื”ืืจื›ื™ื˜ืงื˜ื•ืจื” ื•ื”ืžื‘ื ื” ืฉืœ ืจืงืžื•ืช ืฆืžื—ื™ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื–ื•
06:05
that they could direct cell growth to address an unmet medical need.
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ืฉื”ืŸ ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœื”ื›ื•ื•ื™ืŸ ืืช ืฆืžื™ื—ืช ื”ืชืื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชืื™ื ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืจืคื•ืื™ ืฉืœื ื ืขื ื”.
06:09
As scientists,
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ื›ืžื“ืขื ื™ื,
06:11
we spend our lives living on a knife's edge.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื‘ืœื™ื ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื ืขืœ ืงืฆื” ื”ืกื›ื™ืŸ.
06:13
On the one hand,
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ืžืฆื“ ืื—ื“,
06:14
it's our job to fundamentally broaden the horizons
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ื–ื• ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœื ื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ ืœื”ืจื—ื™ื‘ ืืช ื”ืื•ืคืงื™ื
06:17
of human knowledge,
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ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื“ืข ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ ืฉืœื ื•,
06:18
but at the same time, we're trained to doubt --
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื–ืžืŸ, ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืื•ืžื ื™ื ืœืคืงืคืง --
06:20
to doubt our data, to doubt our experiments,
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ืœืคืงืคืง ื‘ืžื™ื“ืข ืฉืœื ื•, ืœืคืงืคืง ื‘ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•,
06:23
to doubt our own conclusions.
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ืœืคืงืคืง ื‘ืžืกืงื ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•.
06:25
We spend our lives crushed under the weight
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื‘ืœื™ื ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื ื• ืžืขื•ื›ื™ื ืชื—ืช ื”ืžืฉืงืœ
06:27
of constant, unrelenting, never-ending anxiety, uncertainty and self-doubt.
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ืฉืœ ื—ืจื“ื” ืงื‘ื•ืขื”, ืœื ืžืจืคื” ื•ืชืžื™ื“ื™ืช, ื—ื•ืกืจ ื•ื•ื“ืื•ืช ื•ืกืคืง ืขืฆืžื™.
06:34
And this is something I really struggle with.
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ื•ื–ื” ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืื ื™ ื‘ืืžืช ื ืื‘ืง ื‘ื•.
06:37
But I think almost every scientist can tell you
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื›ืžืขื˜ ื›ืœ ืžื“ืขืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืกืคืจ ืœื›ื
06:39
about the time they ignored those doubts
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ืขืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื‘ื• ื”ื ื”ืชืขืœืžื• ืžื”ืกืคืงื•ืช ื”ืืœื•
06:41
and did the experiment that would never work.
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ื•ืขืฉื• ืืช ื”ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ืฉืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ื™ืขื‘ื•ื“.
06:43
And the thing is, every now and then,
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ื•ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื, ืฉืžื“ื™ ืคืขื,
06:45
one of those experiments works out.
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ืื—ื“ ื”ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืขื•ื‘ื“.
06:48
The challenge we face is that while doubt can be destructive
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ื”ืืชื’ืจ ืฉืขื•ืžื“ ื‘ืคื ื™ื ื• ื”ื•ื ืฉื‘ืขื•ื“ ื”ืกืคืง ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ืจืกื ื™
06:51
to your mental health,
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ืœื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ื ืคืฉื™ืช ืฉืœื›ื,
06:53
it's also the reason why scientific rigor is such a potent tool for discovery.
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ื”ื•ื ื’ื ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉื”ื”ืงืคื“ื” ื”ืžื“ืขื™ืช ื”ื™ื ื›ื–ื” ื›ืœื™ ื—ื–ืง ืœื’ื™ืœื•ื™.
06:58
It forces us to ask the difficult questions
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ื”ื•ื ืžื›ืจื™ื— ืื•ืชื ื• ืœืฉืื•ืœ ืืช ื”ืฉืืœื•ืช ื”ืงืฉื•ืช
07:01
and repeat experiments.
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ื•ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื.
07:03
Nothing about that is easy.
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ืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื–ื” ืœื ืงืœ.
07:05
And often it becomes our responsibility
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ื•ืคืขืžื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ื–ื” ื”ื•ืคืš ืœืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•
07:08
to bear the burden of the hard and sometimes heart-wrenching experiment.
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ืœืฉืืช ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ื”ืงืฉื™ื ื•ื”ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืžื›ืื™ื‘ื™ื.
07:13
This ultimately leads to the creation of new knowledge,
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ื–ื” ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœื™ืฆื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ื™ื“ืข ื—ื“ืฉ,
07:17
and in some really rare cases,
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ื•ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ื ื“ื™ืจื™ื,
07:19
the type of innovation that just might change a person's life.
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ืœืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ื—ื“ืฉื ื•ืช ืฉืื•ืœื™ ื™ืฉื ื” ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื.
07:24
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืœื›ื.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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