Could we treat spinal cord injuries with asparagus? | Andrew Pelling

76,889 views

2020-12-11 ・ TED


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Could we treat spinal cord injuries with asparagus? | Andrew Pelling

76,889 views ・ 2020-12-11

TED


μ•„λž˜ μ˜λ¬Έμžλ§‰μ„ λ”λΈ”ν΄λ¦­ν•˜μ‹œλ©΄ μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.

λ²ˆμ—­: Joy Lee κ²€ν† : Jeongyeon Kim
00:12
So I'm here today surrounded by all these fruits and vegetables,
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μ €λŠ” 였늘 이 λͺ¨λ“  과일과 μ±„μ†Œλ‘œ λ‘˜λŸ¬μ‹Έμ—¬ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:16
because these are the subjects of my experiments.
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이듀이 μ‹€ν—˜ λŒ€μƒμ΄κΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ΄μ£ .
00:19
Now, bear with me for just a second,
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μž μ‹œλ§Œ 봐 μ£Όμ„Έμš”.
00:22
but about a decade ago
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μ•½ 10λ…„ μ „,
00:23
my team started to rethink how we make materials
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저희 νŒ€μ€ μ†μƒλ˜κ±°λ‚˜ κ°μ—Όλœ 신체 쑰직을
00:27
for reconstructing damaged or diseased human tissues,
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μž¬κ΅¬μ„±ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•œ λ¬Όμ§ˆμ„ μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ λ§Œλ“€ 수 μžˆμ„κΉŒ μƒκ°ν•˜κΈ° μ‹œμž‘ν–ˆκ³ ,
00:31
and we made the totally unexpected discovery
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μ €ν¬λŠ” μ „ν˜€ μ˜ˆμƒν•˜μ§€ λͺ»ν•œ λ°œκ²¬μ„ ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:34
that plants could be used for this purpose.
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그것은 식물듀을 κ·ΈλŸ¬ν•œ μš©λ„λ‘œ μ΄μš©ν•  수 μžˆλ‹€λŠ” μ‚¬μ‹€μ΄μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:37
In fact, we invented a way to take these plants
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사싀, μ €ν¬λŠ” 이 μ‹λ¬Όλ“€μ—μ„œ
00:40
and strip them of all their DNA and their cells,
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DNA와 세포λ₯Ό μ œκ±°ν•˜κ³  μžμ—° μ„¬μœ μ§ˆλ§Œ λ‚¨κΈ°λŠ”
00:43
leaving behind natural fibers.
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방법을 κ°œλ°œν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:46
And these fibers could then be used as a scaffold
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κ·Έλ ‡κ²Œ 남은 μ„¬μœ μ§ˆμ€ μ‚΄μ•„μžˆλŠ” 쑰직을 μž¬κ΅¬μ„±ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•œ
00:49
for reconstructing living tissue.
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틀이 될 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:51
Now I know this is a little weird,
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이런 λ‚΄μš©μ΄ μ‘°κΈˆμ€ 이상해 보일 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:53
but in our very first proof-of-concept experiment,
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 첫 검증 μ‹€ν—˜μ—μ„œ
00:56
we took an apple,
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μ €ν¬λŠ” 사과λ₯Ό κΉŽμ•„
00:57
carved it into the shape of a human ear,
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μΈκ°„μ˜ κ·€ λͺ¨μ–‘μœΌλ‘œ λ§Œλ“€κ³ ,
01:00
and then we took that ear-shaped scaffold,
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이λ₯Ό κ·€ λͺ¨μ–‘ ν‹€λ‘œ μ‚Όμ•„
01:03
sterilized it, processed it
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μ‚΄κ·  μ²˜λ¦¬ν•œ ν›„,
01:04
and coaxed human cells to grow inside of it.
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인간 세포듀을 이 μ•ˆμ—μ„œ 자라게 ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:07
We then took the next step and implanted it,
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κ·Έ λ‹€μŒ, μ €ν¬λŠ” 이것을 λͺΈμ— μ΄μ‹ν–ˆκ³ ,
01:10
and we were able to demonstrate
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μ €ν¬λŠ” 이 ν‹€μ˜ λͺ¨μ–‘λŒ€λ‘œ
01:12
that the scaffolds stimulated the formation of blood vessels,
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ν˜ˆκ΄€λ“€μ΄ 자리작게 ν•˜κ³  심μž₯이 κ·Έ ν˜ˆκ΄€λ“€μ— ν”Όλ₯Ό κ³΅κΈ‰ν•˜κ²Œ
01:15
allowing the heart to keep them alive.
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ν•˜λŠ” 데 μ„±κ³΅ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:18
So not too long after these discoveries were taking place,
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μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ λ°œκ²¬μ„ ν•œ ν›„ μ–Όλ§ˆ μ§€λ‚˜μ§€ μ•Šμ•„
01:21
I was at home cooking asparagus for dinner,
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μ €λŠ” 저녁 μ€€λΉ„λ₯Ό μœ„ν•΄ μ§‘μ—μ„œ μ•„μŠ€νŒŒλΌκ±°μŠ€λ₯Ό μ‘°λ¦¬ν•˜κ³  μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:24
and after cutting the ends off,
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끝을 μž˜λΌλ‚΄λ‹€κ°€
01:26
I was noticing that the stalks were full of these microchanneled vascular bundles.
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μ•„μŠ€νŒŒλΌκ±°μŠ€ 쀄기가 λ―Έμ„Έν•œ κ΄€μœΌλ‘œ 가득 μ°Όλ‹€λŠ” κ±Έ λ°œκ²¬ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:30
And it really reminded me
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μ΄λŠ” 생λͺ…κ³΅ν•™μ—μ„œ μ΄λ£¨μ–΄μ§€λŠ”
01:32
of a whole body of bioengineering effort aimed at treating spinal cord injury.
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μ²™μˆ˜ 손상을 μΉ˜λ£Œν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•œ μ „λ°˜μ μΈ λ…Έλ ₯듀을 λ– μ˜¬λ¦¬κ²Œ ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:37
Up to half a million people per year suffer from this type of injury,
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1년에 μ•½ 5천만 λͺ…μ˜ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ΄ μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ μ’…λ₯˜μ˜ 뢀상을 μž…κ³ ,
01:41
and the symptoms can range from pain and numbness
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μ¦μƒμ˜ μ •λ„λŠ” 톡증뢀터 μ €λ¦Ό,
01:44
to devastating traumas
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독립적인 μš΄λ™κΈ°λŠ₯을 μ™„μ „νžˆ 상싀할 μ •λ„μ˜
01:46
that lead to a complete loss of motor function and independence.
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μ—„μ²­λ‚œ νŠΈλΌμš°λ§ˆκΉŒμ§€ λ‹€μ–‘ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:50
And in these forms of paralysis,
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이런 μ’…λ₯˜μ˜ κΈ°λŠ₯ λ§ˆλΉ„λŠ”
01:51
there's no accepted treatment strategy,
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승인된 치료 λ°©λ²•μ΄λž€ 게 μ—†μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:54
but one possible solution
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ ν•œ 가지 희망이 μžˆλŠ”λ°,
01:57
might be the use of a scaffold that has microchannels
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λ―Έμ„Έν•œ 관듀을 가진 틀을 μ΄μš©ν•΄
02:00
which may guide regenerating neurons.
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신경이 μž¬μƒλ  수 μžˆλ„λ‘ μœ λ„ν•˜λŠ” λ°©λ²•μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:03
So, could we use the asparagus and its vascular bundles
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그럼 이 μ•„μŠ€νŒŒλΌκ±°μŠ€μ™€ κ·Έ 미세관듀을 μ΄μš©ν•΄
02:07
to repair a spinal cord?
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μ²™μˆ˜ 손상을 μΉ˜λ£Œν•  수 μžˆμ„κΉŒμš”?
02:10
This is a really dumb idea.
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μ§„μ§œ 바보 같은 생각이죠.
02:13
First of all, humans aren't plants.
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첫째, 인간은 식물이 μ•„λ‹™λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:16
Our cells have not evolved to grow on plant polymers,
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μΈκ°„μ˜ μ„Έν¬λŠ” 식물 쀑합체에 μžλž„ 수 μžˆλ„λ‘ μ§„ν™”ν•˜μ§€ μ•Šμ•˜κ³ ,
02:19
and plant tissues have no business being found in your spinal cord.
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식물 쑰직은 μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ˜ μ²™μˆ˜ μ•ˆμ— λ“€μ–΄κ°€λŠ” 것과 아무 관련이 μ—†μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:23
And secondly,
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λ‘˜μ§Έ,
02:24
ideally these types of scaffolds should disappear over time,
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μ΄μƒμ μœΌλ‘œλŠ” μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ 틀은 μžμ—°μŠ€λŸ½κ³  κ±΄κ°•ν•œ 신체 쑰직만 남기고,
02:27
leaving behind natural, healthy tissue.
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μ‹œκ°„μ΄ μ§€λ‚ μˆ˜λ‘ 사라져야 ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:30
But plant-based scaffolds don't do that,
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 식물 기반 틀은 λΆ„ν•΄λ˜μ§€ μ•ŠμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:32
because we lack the enzymes to break them down.
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저희가 그것듀을 λΆ„ν•΄ν•  νš¨μ†Œλ₯Ό κ°–κ³  μžˆμ§€ μ•ŠκΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ΄μ£ .
02:35
Funnily enough,
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μž¬λ―Έμžˆκ²Œλ„
02:36
these properties were exactly why we were having so much success.
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μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ μ„±μ§ˆμ€ μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μ§€κΈˆκ» μ‹€ν—˜μ— 성곡해 온 μ΄μœ μ΄κΈ°λ„ ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:40
Over the course of many experiments,
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λ§Žμ€ μ‹€ν—˜μ΄ μ§„ν–‰λ˜λŠ” λ™μ•ˆ,
02:43
we were able to demonstrate
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μ €ν¬λŠ” 식물 쑰직의 λΉ„ν™œμ„±μ΄
02:44
that the inertness of plant tissue is exactly why it's so biocompatible.
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μ™œ 생체에 μ ν•©ν•œμ§€ μž…μ¦ν•  수 μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:49
In a way, the body almost doesn't even see it,
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μ–΄λ–€ λ©΄μ—μ„œ, 우리의 λͺΈμ€ 식물 기반 틀을 μΈμ§€ν•˜μ§€ λͺ»ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ,
02:52
but regenerating cells benefit from its shape and stability.
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μž¬μƒλ˜λŠ” 세포듀은 ν‹€μ˜ ꡬ쑰와 μ•ˆμ •μ„±μ—μ„œ 득을 λ΄…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:57
Now this is all well and good,
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이제 λͺ¨λ“  λ¬Έμ œκ°€ ν•΄κ²°λλ„€μš”.
02:58
but I constantly felt this weight of doubt
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μ €λŠ” κ³„μ†ν•΄μ„œ μ˜μ‹¬ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:01
when it came to thinking about spinal cords.
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μ²™μˆ˜μ— λŒ€ν•΄μ„œ 생각해보면
03:03
So many scientists were using materials from traditional sources,
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정말 λ§Žμ€ κ³Όν•™μžλ“€μ΄ 전톡적인 μž¬λ£Œλ“€μ„ μ‚¬μš©ν•˜κ³  μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:07
like synthetic polymers and animal products --
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그것은 인쑰 μ€‘ν•©μ²΄μ—μ„œλΆ€ν„° λ™λ¬Όλ‘œλΆ€ν„° 얻은 λ¬Όμ§ˆμ—
03:09
even human cadavers.
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μ‹¬μ§€μ–΄λŠ” μ‚¬λžŒμ˜ μ‹œμ‹ κΉŒμ§€λ„ ν¬ν•¨ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:11
I felt like a complete outsider
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μ €λŠ” μ œκ°€ μ™„μ „ν•œ 아웃사이더인 κ²ƒμ²˜λŸΌ λŠκ»΄μ‘ŒμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:13
with no real right to work on such a hard problem.
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μ΄λ ‡κ²Œ μ‹¬κ°ν•œ 문제λ₯Ό λ‹€λ£° κΆŒλ¦¬κ°€ μ—†λ‹€κ³  느꼈죠.
03:17
But because of this doubt,
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 이런 μ˜κ΅¬μ‹¬ 덕뢄에,
03:19
I surrounded myself with neurosurgeons and clinicians,
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μ €λŠ” μ‹ κ²½μ™Έκ³Όμ˜μ™€ μž„μƒμ˜, μƒν™”ν•™μžμ™€ 생λͺ…κ³΅ν•™μžλ“€λ‘œ
03:22
biochemists and bioengineers,
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주변을 μ±„μšΈ 수 μžˆμ—ˆκ³ ,
03:24
and we started to plan experiments.
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μ €ν¬λŠ” μ‹€ν—˜μ„ κ³„νšν•΄ λ‚˜κ°€κΈ° μ‹œμž‘ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:26
The basic idea is that we would take an animal,
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κΈ°λ³Έ μ•„μ΄λ””μ–΄λŠ” 저희가 동물을
03:29
anesthetize it,
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λ§ˆμ·¨μ‹œν‚¨ λ’€,
03:31
expose its spinal cord
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κ·Έ μ²™μˆ˜ 신경을 λ“œλŸ¬λ‚΄
03:32
and sever it in the thoracic region,
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흉뢀 λΆ€μœ„μ—μ„œ μ ˆλ‹¨ν•¨μœΌλ‘œμ¨
03:34
rendering the animal a paraplegic.
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ν•˜λ°˜μ‹  λ§ˆλΉ„λ₯Ό μœ λ°œν•˜λŠ” κ²ƒμ΄μ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:37
We would then implant an asparagus scaffold
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그런 ν›„, μ•„μŠ€νŒŒλΌκ±°μŠ€ 틀을
03:40
between the severed ends of the spinal cord
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μ ˆλ‹¨λœ μ²™μˆ˜ μ‹ κ²½ μ–‘ 끝을 μ—°κ²°ν•˜λŠ” 닀리가 λ˜λ„λ‘ ν•˜μ—¬
03:42
to act as a bridge.
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μ΄μ‹ν•˜λŠ” κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:43
Now this is crucially important.
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정말 μ€‘μš”ν•œ 점은
03:46
We're only using asparagus.
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저희가 였직 μ•„μŠ€νŒŒλΌκ±°μŠ€λ§Œμ„ μ΄μš©ν•œλ‹€λŠ” κ±°μ£ .
03:48
We're not adding stem cells or electrical stimulation
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μ €ν¬λŠ” 쀄기 μ„Έν¬λ‚˜ μ „κΈ° 자극,
03:51
or exoskeletons
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μ™Έκ³¨κ²©μ΄λ‚˜
03:53
or physical therapy
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물리 치료 μš”λ²•,
03:54
or pharmaceuticals.
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μ˜μ•½ν’ˆμ„ μ΄μš©ν•˜μ§€ μ•ŠμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:55
We're simply investigating
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μ €ν¬λŠ” λ‹¨μˆœνžˆ
03:57
if the microchannels in the scaffold alone
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틀에 μžˆλŠ” λ―Έμ„Έκ΄€λ“€λ§ŒμœΌλ‘œ μ‹ κ²½ 세포가
04:00
are enough to guide the regeneration of neurons.
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μž¬μƒλ˜λ„λ‘ μœ λ„ν•  수 μžˆλŠ”μ§€ ν™•μΈν•˜λŠ” κ±°μ£ .
04:03
And here are the main results.
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κ²°κ³ΌλŠ” μ΄λ ‡μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:05
In this video, you can see an animal about eight weeks after being paralyzed.
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ν•˜λ°”μ‹  λ§ˆλΉ„κ°€ 된 지 μ•½ 8μ£Όκ°€ μ§€λ‚œ λ™λ¬Όμ˜ λͺ¨μŠ΅μ„ μ˜μƒμ—μ„œ 보싀 κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:10
You can see she can't move her back legs,
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동물이 뒷닀리λ₯Ό 움직이지 λͺ»ν•˜κ³ ,
04:12
and she can't lift herself up.
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μΌμ–΄μ„œμ§€ λͺ»ν•˜λŠ” λͺ¨μŠ΅μ„ λ³Ό 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:14
Now I know how difficult this video is to watch.
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μ˜μƒμ„ 보고 μžˆκΈ°κ°€ κ΄΄λ‘œμš°μ‹€ κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:17
My team struggled every day with these types of experiments,
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저희 νŒ€μ€ μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ μ’…λ₯˜μ˜ μ‹€ν—˜μ„ 맀일 κ²¬λŽŒλ‚΄μ•Ό ν–ˆκ³ ,
04:22
and we constantly asked ourselves why we were doing this ...
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맀일 μžλ¬Έν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€. μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μ™œ 이런 일을 ν•˜κ³  μžˆμ§€?
04:27
until we started to observe something extraordinary.
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‹€ λ­”κ°€ νŠΉλ³„ν•œ 것이 κ΄€μ°°λ˜κΈ° μ‹œμž‘ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:31
This is an animal that received an implant.
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화면은 이식 μˆ˜μˆ μ„ 받은 λ™λ¬Όμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:33
Now she's not walking perfectly,
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μ™„λ²½ν•˜κ²Œ κ±·λŠ” 것은 μ•„λ‹ˆμ§€λ§Œ,
04:35
but she's moving those back legs
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뒷닀리λ₯Ό 움직일 수 있게 λ˜μ—ˆμ£ .
04:37
and she's even starting to lift herself up.
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심지어 슀슀둜 일어섀 μˆ˜λ„ 있게 λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:40
And on a treadmill,
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λŸ¬λ‹λ¨Έμ‹  μœ„μ—μ„œ
04:41
you can see those legs moving in a coordinated fashion.
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동물이 합을 맞좰 닀리λ₯Ό 움직일 수 μžˆλŠ” κ±Έ λ³Ό 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:44
These are crucial signs of recovery.
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결정적인 회볡의 쑰짐이죠.
04:49
Now we still have a lot of work to do,
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저희에겐 아직 ν•΄κ²°ν•΄μ•Ό ν•  일듀이 많이 있고,
04:50
and there are a lot of questions to answer,
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ν•΄κ²°ν•΄μ•Ό ν•  μ˜λ¬Έλ“€λ„ λ§Žμ§€λ§Œ,
04:53
but this is the first time anyone has shown
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이 μ‹€ν—˜μ€ 식물 쑰직이
04:57
that plant tissues can be used to repair such a complex injury.
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볡합 손상 같은 뢀상을 μΉ˜λ£Œν•˜λŠ” 데 이용된 첫 번째 μ‚¬λ‘€μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:02
Even so, we've been sitting on this data for over five years.
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κ·ΈλŸΌμ—λ„, μ €ν¬λŠ” 이 데이터λ₯Ό 5년이 λ„˜λ„λ‘ 닀루고 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:07
Doubt drove us to repeat these experiments again and again,
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연ꡬ싀이 νŒŒμ‚°μ— 이λ₯Ό μ •λ„λ‘œ
05:11
to the point of almost bankrupting my lab.
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μ˜κ΅¬μ‹¬μ— λΉ„μŠ·ν•œ μ‹€ν—˜μ„ 계속 λ°˜λ³΅ν–ˆμ£ .
05:14
But I kept pushing,
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μ „ κ³„μ†ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:15
because I knew these results could be the start of something extraordinary.
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μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ μ‹€ν—˜μ΄ 무언가 ꡉμž₯히 νŠΉλ³„ν•œ 일의 μ‹œμž‘μ΄ 될 수 있기 λ•Œλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:20
And what's just as exciting
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κ·Έλ§ŒνΌμ΄λ‚˜ 또 μ‹ λ‚˜λŠ” 일은
05:22
is that my company is now translating these discoveries into the clinic --
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이제 저희 νšŒμ‚¬κ°€ 이 λ°œκ²¬μ„ λ²ˆμ—­ν•˜μ—¬ 병원과 μ‹€μ œ 세상에
05:25
into the real world.
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μ „λ‹¬ν•˜κ³  μžˆλ‹€λŠ” μ‚¬μ‹€μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:27
This technology has just been designated a breakthrough medical device by the FDA.
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FDAλŠ” μ–Όλ§ˆ μ „ 이 κΈ°μˆ μ„ 획기적인 의료기기둜 μ§€μ •ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:33
And this designation means
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이 지정이 μ˜λ―Έν•˜λŠ” 것은
05:34
that right now we're in the midst of planning human clinical trials
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λ°”λ‘œ μ§€κΈˆ 저희가 2λ…„ μ•ˆμ— 싀행될 μ‚¬λžŒμ„ λŒ€μƒμœΌλ‘œ ν•œ
05:38
set to begin in about two years.
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μž„μƒ μ‹€ν—˜μ„ κ³„νš μ€‘μ΄λž€ κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:41
So I'd like to show you a prototype
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‹ˆ μ €λŠ” μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„κ»˜
05:43
of one of our state-of-the-art spinal cord implants.
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저희 μ΅œμ‹ μ‹ μ²™μˆ˜ μ΄μ‹λ¬Όμ˜ μ‹œμ œν’ˆμ„ λ³΄μ—¬λ“œλ¦΄κΉŒ ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:46
It's still made from asparagus
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μ—¬μ „νžˆ μ•„μŠ€νŒŒλΌκ±°μŠ€κ°€ 주재료이고,
05:47
and contains all of those microchannels.
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μˆ˜λ§Žμ€ 미세관듀을 κ°–κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:49
And you can see that it moves and bends
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이 식물이 인체 쑰직과 같은 λŠλ‚ŒμœΌλ‘œ
05:51
and has the same feel as human tissue.
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움직이고 κ΅¬λΆ€λŸ¬μ§€λŠ” 것을 λ³Ό 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:56
And you know,
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μ €λŠ” 사싀
μ§„μ§œ ν˜μ‹ μ΄λž€ 저희가 식물 쑰직의 ꡬ쑰λ₯Ό λ””μžμΈν•˜μ—¬
05:57
I think the real innovation is that we're now able to design
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06:00
or program the architecture and structure of plant tissues in such a way
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μΆ©μ‘±λ˜μ§€ λͺ»ν–ˆλ˜ μ˜ν•™μ  ν•„μš”μ— λ§žμΆ”μ–΄ 세포듀이 μžλΌλ‚˜λ„λ‘
06:05
that they could direct cell growth to address an unmet medical need.
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ν•  수 μžˆλ‹€λŠ” 사싀이라고 μƒκ°ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:09
As scientists,
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κ³Όν•™μžλ‘œμ„œ,
06:11
we spend our lives living on a knife's edge.
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μ €ν¬λŠ” 항상 κΈ΄μž₯된 삢을 μ‚΄μ•„κ°‘λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:13
On the one hand,
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ν•œ 편으둜,
06:14
it's our job to fundamentally broaden the horizons
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인λ₯˜ μ§€μ‹μ˜ 지평을 λ„“νžˆλŠ” 일은
06:17
of human knowledge,
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μ €ν¬μ˜ μΌμ΄μ§€λ§Œ,
06:18
but at the same time, we're trained to doubt --
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λ™μ‹œμ— μ €ν¬λŠ” μ˜μ‹¬ν•˜λ„λ‘ ν›ˆλ ¨λ°›μ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:20
to doubt our data, to doubt our experiments,
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슀슀둜의 데이터λ₯Ό μ˜μ‹¬ν•˜λ„λ‘, μ‹€ν—˜κ²°κ³Όλ₯Ό μ˜μ‹¬ν•˜λ„λ‘,
06:23
to doubt our own conclusions.
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슀슀둜의 결둠을 μ˜μ‹¬ν•˜λ„λ‘μ΄μš”.
06:25
We spend our lives crushed under the weight
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μ €ν¬λŠ” 지속적이고, κ±°λ“­λ˜λ©°, 끝이 μ—†λŠ”
06:27
of constant, unrelenting, never-ending anxiety, uncertainty and self-doubt.
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λΆˆμ•ˆκ³Ό λΆˆν™•μ‹ , μ˜κ΅¬μ‹¬μ˜ 무게λ₯Ό 지고 μ‚΄μ•„κ°‘λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:34
And this is something I really struggle with.
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이것은 μ œκ°€ 정말 νž˜λ“€μ–΄ν•˜λŠ” λΆ€λΆ„μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:37
But I think almost every scientist can tell you
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 거의 λͺ¨λ“  κ³Όν•™μžλ“€μ΄
06:39
about the time they ignored those doubts
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μ˜κ΅¬μ‹¬μ—λ„ λΆˆκ΅¬ν•˜κ³  μ‹€ν—˜μ„ ν–ˆκ³ 
06:41
and did the experiment that would never work.
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μ‹€νŒ¨ν–ˆλ˜ κ²½ν—˜μ„ μ–˜κΈ°ν•  수 μžˆμ„ κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:43
And the thing is, every now and then,
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μ€‘μš”ν•œ 건, 가끔
06:45
one of those experiments works out.
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이 μ‹€ν—˜λ“€ 쀑 ν•˜λ‚˜κ°€ μ„±κ³΅ν•œλ‹€λŠ” κ±°μ£ .
06:48
The challenge we face is that while doubt can be destructive
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저희가 λ§ˆμ£Όν•˜λŠ” μ—­κ²½μ΄λž€ μ˜κ΅¬μ‹¬μ΄ μ €ν¬μ˜ μ •μ‹  건강을
06:51
to your mental health,
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ν•΄μΉ  수 μžˆμ§€λ§Œ, μ΄λŠ” λ˜ν•œ
06:53
it's also the reason why scientific rigor is such a potent tool for discovery.
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μ—„κ²©ν•¨μ˜ 과학이 μƒˆ λ°œκ²¬μ„ μ΄λŒμ–΄λ‚΄λŠ” κ°•λ ₯ν•œ λ„κ΅¬μž„μ„ μ„€λͺ…ν•˜κΈ°λ„ ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:58
It forces us to ask the difficult questions
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μ˜κ΅¬μ‹¬μ€ 저희가 μ–΄λ €μš΄ μ§ˆλ¬Έμ„ κ°•μ œλ‘œ ν•˜λ„λ‘ ν•˜κ³ ,
07:01
and repeat experiments.
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μ‹€ν—˜μ„ λ°˜λ³΅ν•˜λ„λ‘ ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:03
Nothing about that is easy.
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κ·Έ 무엇도 쉽지 μ•ŠμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:05
And often it becomes our responsibility
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μ €ν¬λŠ” 자주 μ±…μž„μ„ μ§€κ²Œ λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:08
to bear the burden of the hard and sometimes heart-wrenching experiment.
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μ–΄λ ΅κ³ , λ•Œλ‘œλŠ” 마음 μ•„ν”ˆ μ‹€ν—˜μ„ κ°λ‹Ήν•΄μ•Όν•˜λŠ” μ±…μž„μ΄μ£ .
07:13
This ultimately leads to the creation of new knowledge,
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μ΄λŠ” ꢁ극적으둜 μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ μ§€μ‹μ˜ 창쑰둜 μ΄μ–΄μ§‘λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:17
and in some really rare cases,
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정말 λ“œλ¬Έ κ²½μš°μ—λŠ”,
07:19
the type of innovation that just might change a person's life.
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ν•œ μ‚¬λžŒμ˜ 삢을 바꿀지 λͺ¨λ₯΄λŠ” ν˜μ‹ μœΌλ‘œ 이어지기도 ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:24
Thank you.
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κ°μ‚¬ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
이 μ›Ήμ‚¬μ΄νŠΈ 정보

이 μ‚¬μ΄νŠΈλŠ” μ˜μ–΄ ν•™μŠ΅μ— μœ μš©ν•œ YouTube λ™μ˜μƒμ„ μ†Œκ°œν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ „ 세계 졜고의 μ„ μƒλ‹˜λ“€μ΄ κ°€λ₯΄μΉ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μˆ˜μ—…μ„ 보게 될 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. 각 λ™μ˜μƒ νŽ˜μ΄μ§€μ— ν‘œμ‹œλ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μžλ§‰μ„ 더블 ν΄λ¦­ν•˜λ©΄ κ·Έκ³³μ—μ„œ λ™μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. λΉ„λ””μ˜€ μž¬μƒμ— 맞좰 μžλ§‰μ΄ μŠ€ν¬λ‘€λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ˜κ²¬μ΄λ‚˜ μš”μ²­μ΄ μžˆλŠ” 경우 이 문의 양식을 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ—¬ λ¬Έμ˜ν•˜μ‹­μ‹œμ˜€.

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