The Future Will Be Shaped by Optimists | Kevin Kelly | TED

174,366 views ใƒป 2022-04-21

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: zeeva livshitz ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Naama Lieberman
00:04
I want to try and persuade you
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ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœืฉื›ื ืข ืืชื›ื
00:06
that there are reasons why we should be optimistic in general.
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ืฉื™ืฉ ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœื›ืš ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžื™ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื›ืœืœื™.
00:12
And thatโ€™s a very difficult thing to do today
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ื•ื–ื” ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืงืฉื” ืžืื•ื“ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ื
00:14
because we are confronting tremendous problems in this world.
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ื›ื™ ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืชืขืžืชื™ื ืขื ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืขืฆื•ืžื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ื–ื”.
00:21
Things like global climate change,
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ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืžื• ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืืงืœื™ื ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™,
00:23
which seem almost impossible to solve,
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ืฉื ืจืื” ื›ืžืขื˜ ื‘ืœืชื™ ืืคืฉืจื™ ืœืคืชื•ืจ,
00:26
or social inequality,
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ืื• ืื™ ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ื—ื‘ืจืชื™,
00:27
which seems endemic and difficult to eliminate.
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ืฉื ืจืื” ื›ืžื• ืžื’ื™ืคื” ืฉืงืฉื” ืœื—ืกืœ.
00:32
The scale of these problems though
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ื”ื™ืงืฃ ื”ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•
00:34
is even more reason why we should be optimistic.
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ื”ื•ื ืืคื™ืœื• ืกื™ื‘ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžื™ื™ื.
00:38
Because what we know is that in the past,
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ื›ื™ ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื–ื” ืฉื‘ืขื‘ืจ,
00:43
every great and difficult thing that has been accomplished,
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ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื•ืงืฉื” ืฉื”ื•ืฉื’,
00:46
every breakthrough,
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ื›ืœ ืคืจื™ืฆืช ื“ืจืš,
00:48
has in fact required
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ืœืžืขืฉื” ื“ืจืฉื•
00:53
a very strong sense of optimism
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ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ื—ื–ืงื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžื™ื•ืช
00:56
that it was possible.
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ืฉื–ื” ืื›ืŸ ืืคืฉืจื™.
00:57
Think of the first airplanes.
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ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื.
01:00
Itโ€™s hard enough
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ืžืกืคื™ืง ืงืฉื”
01:01
to create something good and great deliberately and with intention.
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ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžืฉื”ื• ื˜ื•ื‘ ื•ื ื”ื“ืจ ื‘ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืชื—ื™ืœื”.
01:08
And itโ€™s no guarantee,
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ื•ืื™ืŸ ื•ื“ืื•ืช,
01:11
just because we believe something will happen that it will happen,
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ืฉืจืง ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉืžืฉื”ื• ื™ืงืจื” ื”ื•ื ืื›ืŸ ื™ืงืจื”,
01:15
but we do know that unless we believe that something can happen,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื—ื ื• ื›ืŸ ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉืื ืœื ื ืืžื™ืŸ ืฉืžืฉื”ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืงืจื•ืช,
01:19
itโ€™s not going to happen inadvertently by itself.
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ื–ื” ืœื ื™ืงืจื” ื‘ืœื™ ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืžืขืฆืžื•.
01:23
And so it becomes really important
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ื•ื›ืš ื ื”ื™ื” ืžืžืฉ ื—ืฉื•ื‘
01:28
that we imagine a world that we want,
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ืœื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืขื•ืœื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื,
01:30
that we imagine solutions we want
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ืœื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื
01:32
and believe that we can make them happen.
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ื•ืœื”ืืžื™ืŸ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื”ื ืœืงืจื•ืช.
01:35
And that belief in making something impossible happen
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ื•ื”ืืžื•ื ื” ื”ื–ื•, ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื”ื‘ืœืชื™ ืืคืฉืจื™
01:40
is what has shaped our future so far.
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ื”ื™ื ื–ื• ืฉืขื™ืฆื‘ื” ืืช ืขืชื™ื“ื ื• ืขื“ ื›ื”.
01:43
So our own history has been basically shaped by optimists,
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ืื– ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœื ื• ื‘ืขืฆื ืขื•ืฆื‘ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžื™ื™ื,
01:48
and if we want to shape the future,
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ื•ืื ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืขืฆื‘ ืืช ื”ืขืชื™ื“,
01:51
we need to be optimistic.
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ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžื™ื™ื.
01:53
That world that weโ€™re shaping is not a world thatโ€™s perfect.
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ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื–ื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžืขืฆื‘ื™ื ืื™ื ื• ืขื•ืœื ืžื•ืฉืœื.
01:56
Itโ€™s not perfection,
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ื–ื• ืœื ืฉืœืžื•ืช,
01:57
thereโ€™s no lack of problems,
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ืœื ื—ืกืจื•ืช ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช,
01:59
thereโ€™s no absence of bad things.
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ืื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืขื“ืจ ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืจืขื™ื.
02:02
It is totally not utopia.
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ื–ื• ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืœื ืื•ื˜ื•ืคื™ื”.
02:06
Itโ€™s what I would call pro-topia:
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ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืžื›ื ื” ืคืจื•-ื˜ื•ืคื™ื”:
02:08
a world in which things are a little bit better.
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ืขื•ืœื ืฉื‘ื• ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื ืงืฆืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื.
02:13
And that sense of optimism is a perspective
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ื•ื”ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ื”ื–ื• ืฉืœ ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื ื”ืฉืงืคื”
02:17
where we expect the world to yield a little bit more good than bad,
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ืฉื‘ื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืฆืคื™ื ืฉื”ืขื•ืœื ื™ื ื™ื‘ ืงืฆืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืžืืฉืจ ืจืข,
02:22
to have a few more reasons to hope than to fear.
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ืฉื™ื”ื™ื• ืงืฆืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœืงื•ื•ืช ืžืืฉืจ ืœืคื—ื“.
02:26
And optimism definitely is not just a sunny temperament,
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ื•ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ืื™ื ื” ืจืง ื˜ืžืคืจืžื ื˜ ืฉื˜ื•ืฃ ืฉืžืฉ,
02:30
a kind of a blindness to the realities of the world's problems
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ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืขื™ื•ื•ืจื•ืŸ ืœืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื
02:35
or some kind of Pollyanna self-delusion.
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ืื• ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืืฉืœื™ื” ืขืฆืžื™ืช ื‘ื ื•ืกื— ืคื•ืœื™ืื ื”.
02:40
Instead, optimism is based on the fact of historical progress,
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื–ื”, ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ืžื‘ื•ืกืกืช ืขืœ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ืช,
02:46
that if we transcend anecdote
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ืฉืื ื ืชืขืœื” ืžืขืœ ื”ืื ืงื“ื•ื˜ื”
02:49
and look at data in a scientific, rational way,
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ื•ื ืกืชื›ืœ ืขืœ ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืžื“ืขื™ืช, ืจืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™ืช,
02:53
that we can see that the evidence says
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื”ืจืื™ื•ืช ืื•ืžืจื•ืช
02:56
that on average,
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ืฉื‘ืžืžื•ืฆืข,
02:57
on a global scale over time,
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ื‘ืงื ื” ืžื™ื“ื” ืขื•ืœืžื™ ืœืื•ืจืš ื–ืžืŸ,
03:00
over the last 500 years,
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ื‘ืžื”ืœืš 500 ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช,
03:02
there has been incremental improvement over time.
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ื”ื™ื” ืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ืžืฆื˜ื‘ืจ ืœืื•ืจืš ื–ืžืŸ.
03:05
If itโ€™s real then why donโ€™t we see more of it?
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ืื ื–ื” ืืžืชื™ ืœืžื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืจื•ืื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื–ื”?
03:08
Why are so many people pessimistic?
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ืœืžื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ื ืคืกื™ืžื™ื™ื?
03:09
And I think there are three reasons why.
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ื•ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื™ืฉ ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœื›ืš.
03:11
One is that most of what progress is about is about what does not happen.
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ื”ืื—ืช ื”ื™ื ืฉืจื•ื‘ ืžื” ืฉื”ืงื“ืžื” ืขื•ืกืงืช ื‘ื• ื”ื•ื ื‘ืžื” ืฉืœื ืงื•ืจื”.
03:17
Itโ€™s about all the things that could have happened that didnโ€™t happen today.
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ื–ื” ื›ืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืœืงืจื•ืช ื•ืฉืœื ืงืจื• ื”ื™ื•ื.
03:20
Itโ€™s about the two-year-old child who did not die of smallpox.
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ืœื“ ื‘ืŸ ื”ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื ืฉืœื ืžืช ืžืื‘ืขื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ืฉื—ื•ืจื•ืช.
03:25
Itโ€™s about the family farmers
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ื–ื” ืžืฉืคื—ืช ื”ื—ืงืœืื™ื
03:27
whose year of surplus food was not stolen by raiders.
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ืฉืฉื ื” ืฉืœ ืขื•ื“ืคื™ ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืœื ื ื’ื ื‘ื• ืžื”ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื•ื“ื“ื™ื.
03:32
They don't make the headlines.
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ื”ื ืœื ืขื•ืœื™ื ืœื›ื•ืชืจื•ืช.
03:34
And the second reason is that bad things happen faster than good things.
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ื•ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืจืขื™ื ืงื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื.
03:38
Good things take time.
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ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ืื•ืจื›ื™ื ื–ืžืŸ.
03:40
When we are compressing our news cycle to the last five minutes
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ื›ืฉืื ื• ื“ื•ื—ืกื™ื ืืช ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื”ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ืœื—ืžืฉ ื”ื“ืงื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช
03:43
and the next five minutes,
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ื•ื—ืžืฉ ื”ื“ืงื•ืช ื”ื‘ืื•ืช,
03:45
all the things that have changed in the last five minutes
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ื›ืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื”ืฉืชื ื• ื‘ื—ืžืฉ ื”ื“ืงื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช
03:48
are kind of bad stuff
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ื”ื ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืจืขื™ื
03:49
because good stuff takes longer.
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ื›ื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ืื•ืจื›ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื–ืžืŸ.
03:52
If we were to make newspapers and websites
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ืื ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืœืขื™ืชื•ื ื™ื ื•ืœืืชืจื™ ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜
03:58
to be updated every 100 years,
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ืœื”ืชืขื“ื›ืŸ ื‘ื›ืœ 100 ืฉื ื”,
04:01
weโ€™d have a very different set of headlines.
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ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื ื• ืื•ืกืฃ ื›ื•ืชืจื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื” ืžืื•ื“.
04:03
The third reason is that because societies that are capable of creating
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ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช ื”ื™ื ืฉื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืฉืžืกื•ื’ืœื•ืช ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ
04:09
just a few percent more good than they destroy every year,
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ืจืง ื›ืžื” ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืžืžื” ืฉื”ืŸ ื”ื•ืจืกื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉื ื”,
04:14
if you have a society thatโ€™s capable
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ืื ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ื—ื‘ืจื” ืฉืžืกื•ื’ืœืช
04:16
of making just a few percent more than it destroys,
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ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืจืง ื›ืžื” ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื ื”ื•ืจืกืช
04:21
then over time,
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ืื– ืœืื•ืจืš ื–ืžืŸ,
04:22
that few percent is compounded.
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ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ืžืขื˜ื™ื ืืœื” ื’ื“ืœื™ื.
04:25
And that is what civilization is.
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ื•ื–ื• ืฆื™ื‘ื™ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื”.
04:27
So that one percent, few percent, is almost invisible
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ืื– ืื—ื•ื– ืื—ื“, ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื™ื, ื”ื ื›ืžืขื˜ ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืจืื™ื
04:32
in the noise of the 49-percent crap and destruction around it.
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ื‘ืจืขืฉ ืฉืœ 49 ืื—ื•ื– ืฉืœ ื–ื‘ืœ ื•ื”ืจืก ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘.
04:37
So we donโ€™t see it
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ืื– ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื–ื”
04:38
unless we turn around and look back into the past.
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ืืœื ืื ื ืกืชื•ื‘ื‘ ื•ื ืกืชื›ืœ ืื—ื•ืจื” ืืœ ื”ืขื‘ืจ.
04:42
So itโ€™s possible that after 500 years of progress,
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ืื– ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉืื—ืจื™ 500 ืฉื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช,
04:46
it could stop tomorrow.
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ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ืขืฆืจ ืžื—ืจ.
04:50
But itโ€™s unlikely
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืœื ืกื‘ื™ืจ
04:53
and very, very probable that that long-term trend will continue,
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ื•ืžืื•ื“ ืžืื•ื“ ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืฉื”ืžื’ืžื” ืืจื•ื›ืช ื”ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื”ื–ื• ืชื™ืžืฉืš,
04:56
at least for the rest of your lives.
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ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืœืฉืืจื™ืช ื—ื™ื™ื›ื.
04:59
So this optimism makes us realists
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ืื– ื”ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ื”ื–ื• ื”ื•ืคื›ืช ืื•ืชื ื• ืœืจื™ืืœื™ืกื˜ื™ื
05:02
in aligning ourselves with this long history
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ื‘ื™ื™ืฉื•ืจ ืงื• ืขื ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืืจื•ื›ื” ื”ื–ื•
05:05
of historical progress.
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ืฉืœ ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ืช.
05:07
And thatโ€™s the first reason we should be optimistic.
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ื•ื–ื• ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžื™ื™ื.
05:10
And the second reason is that civilization is a mechanism
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ื•ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉื”ืฆื™ื‘ื™ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ื”ื™ื ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ
05:15
to make these improvements
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ืฆืข ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื”ืœืœื•
05:17
that relies on the fact that weโ€™re optimistically trusting others.
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ืฉืžืกืชืžืš ืขืœ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉืื ื• ืกื•ืžื›ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ืื—ืจื™ื.
05:21
We have total strangers that we can collaborate,
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ื™ืฉ ื–ืจื™ื ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ื™ื ืฉื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืฉืชืฃ ืืชื ืคืขื•ืœื”,
05:24
and that collaboration allows us to make things beyond ourselves
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ื•ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ื”ื–ื” ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœื ื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืขืฆืžื ื•
05:28
that are bigger than just what we can do.
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ืฉื”ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžื” ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืœื‘ื“.
05:30
That requires trust,
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ื–ื” ื“ื•ืจืฉ ืืžื•ืŸ,
05:31
and trust is a type of optimism.
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ื•ืืžื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžื™ื•ืช.
05:33
But in addition to kind of cooperating
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื”
05:36
with the eight billion total strangers on this planet accomplishing great things,
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ืขื 8 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื”ื–ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืคืœื ื˜ื” ื”ื–ื• ืฉืžืฉื™ื’ื™ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื,
05:40
we can also trust future generations.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืกืžื•ืš ื’ื ืขืœ ื”ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื‘ืื™ื.
05:44
The billions of people yet unborn into the future.
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ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ื™ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ื ื•ืœื“ื• ืœืขืชื™ื“.
05:48
Right now, today, we are benefiting from the work of previous generations
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ื›ืจื’ืข, ื”ื™ื•ื, ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืจื•ื•ื™ื—ื™ื ืžืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืงื•ื“ืžื™ื
05:53
who undergone to create infrastructure --
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ืฉืขื‘ื“ื• ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืชืฉืชื™ืช --
05:55
roads canals, skyscrapers, telephone networks --
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ื“ืจื›ื™ื, ืชืขืœื•ืช, ื’ื•ืจื“ื™ ืฉื—ืงื™ื, ืจืฉืชื•ืช ื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ --
05:58
that we are now enjoying.
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ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื ื”ื ื™ื ืžื”ื ืขื›ืฉื™ื•.
06:01
In fact, we may be enjoying more benefits than they have back in the past
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉืื ื• ื ื”ื ื™ื ืžื™ื•ืชืจ ื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ืžืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื• ืœื”ื ื‘ืขื‘ืจ
06:06
when they began.
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ื›ืฉื”ื ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื•.
06:07
So they have been acting as good ancestors for us,
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ืื– ื”ื ืคืขืœื• ื›ืื‘ื•ืช ืงื“ืžื•ื ื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ืขื‘ื•ืจื ื•,
06:11
and sometimes even sacrificing
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ื•ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืืคื™ืœื• ื”ืงืจื™ื‘ื•
06:13
what could have been immediate yields and benefits
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ืืช ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืชืฉื•ืื•ืช ื•ื”ื˜ื‘ื•ืช ืžื™ื“ื™ื•ืช
06:17
and postponing them until future generations.
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ื•ื“ื•ื—ื™ื ืื•ืชืŸ ืœืžืขืŸ ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืขืชื™ื“.
06:20
We also want to be good ancestors,
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ื’ื ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืื‘ื•ืช ืงื“ืžื•ื ื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื,
06:22
and being good ancestors trying to move benefits to the future generations
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ื•ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืื‘ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉืžื ืกื™ื ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ืœื“ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื‘ืื™ื
06:26
is an act of optimism.
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ื”ื•ื ืžืขืฉื” ืฉืœ ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžื™ื•ืช.
06:28
One, because we believe that there will be future generations,
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ืื—ื“, ื›ื™ ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉื™ื”ื™ื• ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ืื™ื,
06:31
and two, because we are willing to sacrifice immediate gains
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ื•ืฉื ื™ื™ื, ื›ื™ ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื•ื›ื ื™ื ืœื”ืงืจื™ื‘ ืจื•ื•ื—ื™ื ืžื™ื“ื™ื™ื
06:34
in order to postpone --
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื“ื—ื•ืช --
06:36
have more gains into the future --
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ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืขื•ื“ ืจื•ื•ื—ื™ื ืœืขืชื™ื“ --
06:37
that investment.
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ืืช ื”ื”ืฉืงืขื” ื”ื–ื•.
06:39
Being a good ancestor enables us to actually accomplish things
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ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืื‘ ืงื“ืžื•ืŸ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœื ื• ืœื”ื’ืฉื™ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ
06:43
not just beyond what we can do individually in the present,
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ืœื ืจืง ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื›ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ื ื‘ื”ื•ื•ื”,
06:46
but what we can do over time.
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ืืœื ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืœืื•ืจืš ื–ืžืŸ.
06:48
So when we trust the future,
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ืื– ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืกื•ืžื›ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืขืชื™ื“,
06:50
one of the things that we are understanding
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ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืื ื• ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื
06:52
is that future generations not only have better living standards
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ื–ื” ืฉืœื“ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื‘ืื™ื ื™ื”ื™ื• ืœื ืจืง ืจืžืช ื—ื™ื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ
06:57
because of progress,
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ืงื“ืžื”,
06:58
but they also have more capability to solve problems
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ืืœื ื’ื ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืคืชื•ืจ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช
07:01
because thereโ€™s more knowledge
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ื›ื™ ื™ืฉ ื™ื“ืข ืจื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ
07:03
and because they have better tools.
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ื•ื›ื™ ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ื›ืœื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ.
07:05
And so we can trust that.
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืกืžื•ืš ืขืœ ื–ื”.
07:06
We can trust the fact that in the future,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืกืžื•ืš ืขืœ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื‘ืขืชื™ื“,
07:09
future generations will be able to solve problems
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ื”ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื‘ืื™ื ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœืคืชื•ืจ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช
07:11
that we cannot solve ourselves.
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ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืคืชื•ืจ ื‘ืขืฆืžื ื•.
07:13
So that means that we should be optimistic
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ืื– ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžื™ื™ื
07:17
not because we believe that our problems are smaller than we thought.
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ืœื ื›ื™ ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉื”ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ืžืžื” ืฉื—ืฉื‘ื ื•.
07:22
We should be optimistic because we believe
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžื™ื™ื ื›ื™ ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื
07:25
that our capacity to solve problems is greater than we thought.
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ืฉื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืฉืœื ื• ืœืคืชื•ืจ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืžืžื” ืฉื—ืฉื‘ื ื•.
07:29
So thatโ€™s a second reason to be optimistic.
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ืื– ื–ื• ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžื™.
07:31
The third one has to do with problems
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ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช ืงืฉื•ืจื” ืœื‘ืขื™ื•ืช
07:33
which are really disguised as opportunities.
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ืฉื‘ืขืฆื ืžื—ื•ืคืฉื•ืช ืœื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช.
07:37
OK, so optimists donโ€™t shun problems.
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ื‘ืกื“ืจ, ืื– ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžื™ื™ื ืœื ืžืชื›ื—ืฉื™ื ืœื‘ืขื™ื•ืช.
07:41
Optimism is about embracing problems,
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ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืื™ืžื•ืฅ ื”ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช,
07:44
because itโ€™s problems that make solutions
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ื›ื™ ื”ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื”ืŸ ืฉื™ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช
07:47
and solutions that make problems.
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ื•ื”ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื ืฉื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช.
07:49
So I believe that most of the problems we have today
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ืื– ืื ื™ ืžืืžื™ืŸ ืฉืจื•ื‘ ื”ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื”ื™ื•ื
07:53
are generated by the solutions of the past.
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ื ื•ืฆืจื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืขื‘ืจ.
07:57
And the great one is this climate change.
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ื•ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืฉื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ื”ื™ื ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ืืงืœื™ื.
07:59
The solution in the past was artificial power --
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ื”ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื” ื›ื•ื— ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™ --
08:02
โ€œWhere do we get it?โ€
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โ€œืื™ืคื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืฉื™ื’ื™ื ืืช ื–ื”?โ€
08:03
โ€œOK, here it is.โ€
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โ€œื‘ืกื“ืจ, ื”ื ื” ื–ื”.โ€
08:04
But now it makes the problem now.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืืช ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ืขื›ืฉื™ื•.
08:06
That means that today,
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ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ื™ื•ื,
08:07
most of the solutions that we have
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ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื•
08:09
will be generating the problems of the future.
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ื™ื™ืฆืจื• ืืช ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื”ืขืชื™ื“.
08:11
And there will be more problems
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ื•ื™ื”ื™ื• ืขื•ื“ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช
08:13
because new solutions create many more problems.
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ื›ื™ ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช.
08:16
In the same way, when science answers a question,
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ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืื•ืคืŸ, ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืžื“ืข ืขื•ื ื” ืขืœ ืฉืืœื”,
08:20
that answer will generate two or three new questions --
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ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ื–ื• ืชื™ืฆื•ืจ ืฉืชื™ื™ื ืื• ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืฉืืœื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช --
08:24
things that we didnโ€™t even know we didnโ€™t know.
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ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืืคื™ืœื• ืœื ื™ื“ืขื ื• ืฉืœื ื™ื“ืขื ื•.
08:26
And so, in a peculiar way,
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ื•ื›ืš, ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืžื•ื–ืจื”,
08:27
science is expanding our ignorance faster than our knowledge.
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ื”ืžื“ืข ืžืจื—ื™ื‘ ืืช ื”ื‘ื•ืจื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ืžื”ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ื™ื“ืข ืฉืœื ื•.
08:31
So we have an unlimited pool of questions and problems.
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ืื– ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืžืื’ืจ ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœ ืฉืœ ืฉืืœื•ืช ื•ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช.
08:37
But problems donโ€™t impede progress.
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืื™ื ืŸ ืžืขื›ื‘ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืงื“ืžื”.
08:41
Problems are the conduit of progress.
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ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื”ืŸ ื”ืžื•ืœื™ืš ืœืงื“ืžื”.
08:43
No problems, no progress.
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ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช, ืื™ืŸ ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช.
08:46
That is why I reject utopia,
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ืœื›ืŸ ืื ื™ ื“ื•ื—ื” ืืช ื”ืื•ื˜ื•ืคื™ื”,
08:48
because there are no problems there.
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ื›ื™ ืฉื ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช.
08:50
So even bad things that happen are basically possibilities
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ืื– ืืคื™ืœื• ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืจืขื™ื ืฉืงื•ืจื™ื ื”ื ื‘ืขืฆื ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช
08:54
that yield new solutions and better opportunities.
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ืฉืžื ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื•ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ.
08:59
So in that way, problems are unlimited.
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ืื– ื›ื›ื”, ื›ืฉื”ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื”ืŸ ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœื•ืช.
09:01
There is no limit for improvement.
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ืื™ืŸ ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ืœืฉื™ืคื•ืจ.
09:03
So we can improve ourselves in all directions.
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ืื– ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉืคืจ ืืช ืขืฆืžื ื• ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื›ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ื.
09:07
So we have a choice about optimism.
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ืื– ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžื™ื•ืช.
09:09
Itโ€™s not a temperament.
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ื–ื” ืœื ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžื–ื’.
09:10
No matter what your temperament is you can still choose to be optimistic.
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ืœื ืžืฉื ื” ืžื” ื”ืžื–ื’ ืฉืœื›ื ืืชื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžื™ื™ื.
09:14
And gigantic problems require gigantic optimism.
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ื•ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืขื ืงื™ื•ืช ื“ื•ืจืฉื•ืช ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ืขื ืงื™ืช.
09:18
We have a moral obligation to be optimistic,
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืžื•ืกืจื™ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžื™ื™ื,
09:21
because when weโ€™re optimistic,
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ื›ื™ ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžื™ื™ื,
09:22
we can shape the future,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฆื‘ ืืช ื”ืขืชื™ื“,
09:24
we can become better ancestors,
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ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืœืื‘ื•ืช ืงื“ืžื•ื ื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ,
09:28
we can expand our reach --
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ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืจื—ื™ื‘ ืืช ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืฉืœื ื• --
09:29
create things bigger than ourselves.
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ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืžืื™ืชื ื•.
09:32
And we can be a realist in aligning ourselves with this long arc of history
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืจืืœื™ืกื˜ื™ื ื•ืœื”ืชื™ื™ืฉืจ ืขื ื”ืงืฉืช ื”ืืจื•ื›ื” ื”ื–ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”
09:36
and embracing problems as opportunities.
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ื•ืœืืžืฅ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื›ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช.
09:39
With optimism,
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ื‘ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžื™ื•ืช,
09:41
we can use it as a power to kind of create the future that we want.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื–ื” ื›ื›ื•ื— ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืขืชื™ื“ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื.
09:46
This is the way.
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ื–ื• ื”ื“ืจืš.
09:47
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื”.
09:48
(Applause)
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(ืชืฉื•ืื•ืช)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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