The Future Will Be Shaped by Optimists | Kevin Kelly | TED

162,878 views ใƒป 2022-04-21

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์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: Hyunjin LEE ๊ฒ€ํ† : DK Kim
00:04
I want to try and persuade you
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์™œ ๋‚™๊ด€์ ์ด์–ด์•ผ๋งŒ ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€
00:06
that there are reasons why we should be optimistic in general.
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๊ทธ ์ด์œ ๋ฅผ ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ ค๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:12
And thatโ€™s a very difficult thing to do today
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์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚ ์—๋Š” ์•„์ฃผ ์–ด๋ ค์šด ์ผ์ด์ฃ .
00:14
because we are confronting tremendous problems in this world.
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์ด ์„ธ๊ณ„๋Š” ์—„์ฒญ๋‚œ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋“ค์„ ์ง๋ฉดํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
00:21
Things like global climate change,
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์„ธ๊ณ„ ๊ธฐํ›„ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋Š” ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™๊ณ 
00:23
which seem almost impossible to solve,
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00:26
or social inequality,
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์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑ์€ ๋„“๊ฒŒ ํผ์กŒ๊ณ  ์—†์• ๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ค์›Œ ๋ณด์ด์ฃ .
00:27
which seems endemic and difficult to eliminate.
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00:32
The scale of these problems though
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋“ค์˜ ๊ทœ๋ชจ๋Š”
00:34
is even more reason why we should be optimistic.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋‚™๊ด€์ ์ด์–ด์•ผ๋งŒ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋” ํฐ ์ด์œ ๊ฐ€ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:38
Because what we know is that in the past,
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์—๋Š”
00:43
every great and difficult thing that has been accomplished,
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๋ชจ๋“  ์œ„๋Œ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์–ด๋ ค์šด ์ผ๋“ค๊ณผ ๋ชจ๋“  ํš๊ธฐ์ ์ธ ์ผ๋“ค์˜ ์™„๋ฃŒ์—๋Š”
00:46
every breakthrough,
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ•ด๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š”
00:48
has in fact required
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00:53
a very strong sense of optimism
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์•„์ฃผ ๊ฐ•ํ•œ ๋‚™๊ด€์ ์ธ ์ž์„ธ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ–ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:56
that it was possible.
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00:57
Think of the first airplanes.
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์ตœ์ดˆ์˜ ๋น„ํ–‰๊ธฐ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
01:00
Itโ€™s hard enough
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์˜๋„๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ๋ญ”๊ฐ€ ์ข‹์€ ๊ฒƒ์„
01:01
to create something good and great deliberately and with intention.
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๊ณ„ํš์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด ๋‚ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ •๋ง ์–ด๋ ต์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:08
And itโ€™s no guarantee,
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๊ฒŒ๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ๋ณด์žฅ๋œ ๊ฒƒ๋„ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:11
just because we believe something will happen that it will happen,
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๋‹จ์ง€ ์ผ์–ด๋‚  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ฏฟ๋Š”๋‹ค ํ•ด์„œ ์ •๋ง ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์–ด๋–ค ์ผ์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ฏฟ์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค๋ฉด,
01:15
but we do know that unless we believe that something can happen,
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01:19
itโ€™s not going to happen inadvertently by itself.
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์–ด๋–ค ์ผ์ด ์Šค์Šค๋กœ ์šฐ์—ฐํžˆ ์ผ์–ด๋‚  ์ผ์€ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:23
And so it becomes really important
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์›ํ•˜๋Š” ์„ธ์ƒ์„ ์ƒ์ƒํ•˜๊ณ ,
01:28
that we imagine a world that we want,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์›ํ•˜๋Š” ํ•ด๊ฒฐ์ฑ…์„ ๊ฟˆ๊พธ๊ณ ,
01:30
that we imagine solutions we want
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•ด๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ฏฟ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ •๋ง ์ค‘์š”ํ•ด์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:32
and believe that we can make them happen.
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01:35
And that belief in making something impossible happen
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ•ด๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋ฏฟ์Œ์ด
01:40
is what has shaped our future so far.
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์ง€๊ธˆ๊นŒ์ง€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด ์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:43
So our own history has been basically shaped by optimists,
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๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์—ญ์‚ฌ๋Š” ๋‚™๊ด€์ฃผ์˜์ž๋“ค์ด ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์™”๊ณ ,
01:48
and if we want to shape the future,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด ๋‚ด๊ณ ์ž ํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋‚™๊ด€์ ์ด์–ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:51
we need to be optimistic.
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01:53
That world that weโ€™re shaping is not a world thatโ€™s perfect.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ€๋Š” ์„ธ์ƒ์€ ์™„๋ฒฝํ•œ ์„ธ์ƒ์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:56
Itโ€™s not perfection,
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์™„๋ฒฝํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ , ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋Š์ด์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:57
thereโ€™s no lack of problems,
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01:59
thereโ€™s no absence of bad things.
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๋‚˜์œ ์ผ๋“ค์ด ๊ณ„์† ์ƒ๊ฒจ๋‚ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:02
It is totally not utopia.
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์œ ํ† ํ”ผ์•„๊ฐ€ ์ „ํ˜€ ์•„๋‹ˆ์ฃ .
02:06
Itโ€™s what I would call pro-topia:
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ํ”„๋กœ-ํ† ํ”ผ์•„๋กœ ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:08
a world in which things are a little bit better.
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์กฐ๊ธˆ์”ฉ ๋‚˜์•„์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์„ธ์ƒ์ด์ฃ .
02:13
And that sense of optimism is a perspective
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๋‚™๊ด€์ฃผ์˜์ ์ธ ๊ด€์ ์€
02:17
where we expect the world to yield a little bit more good than bad,
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์„ธ์ƒ์— ๋‚˜์œ ๊ฒƒ๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ์ข‹์€ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์กฐ๊ธˆ ๋” ๋งŽ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€ํ•˜๊ณ 
02:22
to have a few more reasons to hope than to fear.
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๋‘๋ ค์›Œํ•˜๊ธฐ๋ณด๋‹จ ํฌ๋ง์„ ํ’ˆ์„ ์ด์œ ๊ฐ€ ์กฐ๊ธˆ ๋” ๋งŽ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€ํ•˜์ฃ .
02:26
And optimism definitely is not just a sunny temperament,
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๋‚™๊ด€์ฃผ์˜๋Š” ๊ทธ์ € ์พŒํ™œํ•œ ๊ธฐ์งˆ๋กœ์„œ
02:30
a kind of a blindness to the realities of the world's problems
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์„ธ๊ณ„ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋“ค์˜ ํ˜„์‹ค์„ ๋ฌด์‹œํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜
02:35
or some kind of Pollyanna self-delusion.
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์ง€๋‚˜์นœ ๋‚™์ฒœ์ฃผ์˜์ž์˜ ์ž๊ธฐ ๋ง์ƒ์ด ์ ˆ๋Œ€ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:40
Instead, optimism is based on the fact of historical progress,
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๋Œ€์‹ , ๋‚™๊ด€์ฃผ์˜๋Š” ์—ญ์‚ฌ ๋ฐœ์ „์˜ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:46
that if we transcend anecdote
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์ฆ‰, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ์•ฝ ์ผํ™”๋ฅผ ๋›ฐ์–ด๋„˜์–ด์„œ
02:49
and look at data in a scientific, rational way,
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๊ณผํ•™์ ์ด๊ณ  ์ด์„ฑ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๋ณธ๋‹ค๋ฉด,
02:53
that we can see that the evidence says
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๊ทธ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๋“ค์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ํ‰๊ท ์ ์œผ๋กœ
02:56
that on average,
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02:57
on a global scale over time,
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์ง€๋‚œ 500๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ ์„ธ๊ณ„์ ์ธ ๊ทœ๋ชจ์—์„œ
03:00
over the last 500 years,
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03:02
there has been incremental improvement over time.
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์ ์ง„์ ์ธ ๊ฐœ์„ ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ์Œ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:05
If itโ€™s real then why donโ€™t we see more of it?
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์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ด๋ผ๋ฉด ์™œ ๋” ๋ณด์ด์ง€ ์•Š์„๊นŒ์š”?
03:08
Why are so many people pessimistic?
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์™œ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ ๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๋น„๊ด€์ ์ผ๊นŒ์š”?
03:09
And I think there are three reasons why.
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์ œ ์ƒ๊ฐ์—๋Š” ์ด์œ ๊ฐ€ ์„ธ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:11
One is that most of what progress is about is about what does not happen.
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์šฐ์„  ์ง„๋ณด์˜ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์€ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์— ์ƒ๊ฒผ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:17
Itโ€™s about all the things that could have happened that didnโ€™t happen today.
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์ผ์–ด๋‚  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์ง€๊ธˆ์€ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ์ผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:20
Itโ€™s about the two-year-old child who did not die of smallpox.
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์ฒœ์—ฐ๋‘๋กœ ์ฃฝ์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” 2์‚ด ์•„์ด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:25
Itโ€™s about the family farmers
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ํ’๋…„์˜ ์ˆ˜ํ™•๋ฌผ์„ ์Šต๊ฒฉ์ž๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋นผ์•—๊ธฐ์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”
03:27
whose year of surplus food was not stolen by raiders.
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๋†๋ถ€ ๊ฐ€์กฑ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:32
They don't make the headlines.
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ผ๋“ค์€ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:34
And the second reason is that bad things happen faster than good things.
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๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋Š” ๋‚˜์œ ์ผ์ด ์ข‹์€ ์ผ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ๋นจ๋ฆฌ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:38
Good things take time.
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์ข‹์€ ์ผ์€ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ๊ฑธ๋ฆฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:40
When we are compressing our news cycle to the last five minutes
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์ง€๋‚œ 5๋ถ„๊ณผ ์•ž์œผ๋กœ 5๋ถ„์˜ ๋‰ด์Šค๋“ค์„ ์••์ถ•ํ•ด๋ณธ๋‹ค๋ฉด
03:43
and the next five minutes,
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03:45
all the things that have changed in the last five minutes
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5๋ถ„๊ฐ„ ๋ฐ”๋€ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€ ์ „๋ถ€ ๋‹ค ์•ˆ ์ข‹์€ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:48
are kind of bad stuff
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03:49
because good stuff takes longer.
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์ข‹์€ ์ผ์€ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ๋” ๊ฑธ๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ฃ .
03:52
If we were to make newspapers and websites
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ์‹ ๋ฌธ์ด๋‚˜ ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋ฅผ
๋งค 100๋…„๋งˆ๋‹ค ์ƒˆ๋กœ ๋ฐ”๊พผ๋‹ค๋ฉด
03:58
to be updated every 100 years,
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04:01
weโ€™d have a very different set of headlines.
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์ง€๊ธˆ๊ณผ ์•„์ฃผ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ ์ œ๋ชฉ๋“ค์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:03
The third reason is that because societies that are capable of creating
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์„ธ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์ด์œ ๋Š” ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ฐ€ ๋งค๋…„ ํŒŒ๊ดดํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋ณด๋‹ค
04:09
just a few percent more good than they destroy every year,
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์กฐ๊ธˆ ๋” ์ฐฝ์กฐํ•ด๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์ด ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:14
if you have a society thatโ€™s capable
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ์–ด๋–ค ํ•œ ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ฐ€
04:16
of making just a few percent more than it destroys,
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ํŒŒ๊ดดํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์— ๋น„ํ•ด ์กฐ๊ธˆ์ด๋ผ๋„ ๋” ๋งŽ์ด ์ฐฝ์กฐํ•ด๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด
04:21
then over time,
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์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ์ง€๋‚˜๋จ„์„œ ๊ทธ ์กฐ๊ธˆ๋“ค์€ ์ ์  ๋ถˆ์–ด๋‚ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:22
that few percent is compounded.
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04:25
And that is what civilization is.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๋ฌธ๋ช…์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:27
So that one percent, few percent, is almost invisible
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๊ทธ 1%, ์•„์ฃผ ์ ์€ ๋น„์œจ์˜ ์ฐฝ์กฐ๋ฌผ๋“ค์€
49%์˜ ์“ฐ๋ ˆ๊ธฐ์™€ ํŒŒ๋ฉธ์— ๋‘˜๋Ÿฌ์‹ธ์—ฌ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋ณด์ด์ง€๋„ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:32
in the noise of the 49-percent crap and destruction around it.
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04:37
So we donโ€™t see it
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๋’ค๋ฅผ ๋Œ์•„ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ํ•œ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:38
unless we turn around and look back into the past.
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04:42
So itโ€™s possible that after 500 years of progress,
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500๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ์˜ ์ง„๋ณด๊ฐ€
04:46
it could stop tomorrow.
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๋‚ด์ผ ๋‹น์žฅ ๋ฉˆ์ถ”๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:50
But itโ€™s unlikely
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ๋Ÿด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์€ ์•„์ฃผ ์ ๊ณ 
04:53
and very, very probable that that long-term trend will continue,
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์žฅ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ถ”์„ธ๊ฐ€ ๊ณ„์†๋  ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ์•„์ฃผ ์•„์ฃผ ๋†’์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:56
at least for the rest of your lives.
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์ ์–ด๋„ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ์‚ด์•„ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋™์•ˆ์€์š”.
04:59
So this optimism makes us realists
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋‚™๊ด€์ฃผ์˜๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์ž์‹ ์„
05:02
in aligning ourselves with this long history
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์—ญ์‚ฌ์  ์ง„๋ณด์˜ ๊ธด ์—ญ์‚ฌ์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๊ฐ€๋Š”
05:05
of historical progress.
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ํ˜„์‹ค์ฃผ์˜์ž๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ญ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:07
And thatโ€™s the first reason we should be optimistic.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ๋‚™๊ด€์ฃผ์˜์ž๊ฐ€ ๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์ด์œ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:10
And the second reason is that civilization is a mechanism
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๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์ด์œ ๋Š”
๋ฌธ๋ช…์€ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ฐœ์„ ๋“ค์„ ์ด๋ค„๋‚ด๋Š” ๊ตฌ์กฐ์ธ๋ฐ
05:15
to make these improvements
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05:17
that relies on the fact that weโ€™re optimistically trusting others.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋‚™๊ด€์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ด๋“ค์„ ์‹ ๋ขฐํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์— ์˜๊ฑฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:21
We have total strangers that we can collaborate,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ „ํ˜€ ๋‚ฏ์„  ์ด๋“ค๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ผํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ
05:24
and that collaboration allows us to make things beyond ourselves
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์ด ํ˜‘์—…์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:28
that are bigger than just what we can do.
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05:30
That requires trust,
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์‹ ๋ขฐ๋ฅผ ํ•„์š”๋กœ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ ๋ขฐ๋Š” ๋‚™๊ด€์ฃผ์˜์˜ ํ•œ ์œ ํ˜•์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:31
and trust is a type of optimism.
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05:33
But in addition to kind of cooperating
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์ง€๊ตฌ ์ƒ ๋‚ฏ์„  ์ด๋“ค ํŒ”์‹ญ์–ต ๋ช…๊ณผ
05:36
with the eight billion total strangers on this planet accomplishing great things,
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ํ˜‘์—…์„ ํ•ด์„œ ๋ฉ‹์ง„ ์ผ์„ ์ด๋ฃจ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๋”๋ถˆ์–ด
05:40
we can also trust future generations.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ ์„ธ๋Œ€๋„ ์‹ ๋ขฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:44
The billions of people yet unborn into the future.
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์•„์ง ํƒœ์–ด๋‚˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์ˆ˜์‹ญ์–ต ๋ช…๋“ค์ด์š”.
05:48
Right now, today, we are benefiting from the work of previous generations
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์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚  ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด์ „ ์„ธ๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ์ผ๊ตฐ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„ ๋ˆ„๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:53
who undergone to create infrastructure --
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์ด ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ์‹œ์„ค๋“ค์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:55
roads canals, skyscrapers, telephone networks --
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๋„๋กœ, ์šดํ•˜, ๊ณ ์ธต ๊ฑด๋ฌผ๋“ค, ํ†ต์‹ ๋ง ๋“ฑ๋“ฑ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ˜„์žฌ ๋ˆ„๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์žˆ์ฃ .
05:58
that we are now enjoying.
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06:01
In fact, we may be enjoying more benefits than they have back in the past
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์‚ฌ์‹ค, ์ฒ˜์Œ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด๋‚ธ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค๋ณด๋‹ค
์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋” ๋งŽ์ด ๋ˆ„๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:06
when they began.
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06:07
So they have been acting as good ancestors for us,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ ์ข‹์€ ์„ ์กฐ๋“ค๋กœ ํ–‰๋™ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:11
and sometimes even sacrificing
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๋•Œ๋กœ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ํฌ์ƒ์„ ํ•ด์„œ
06:13
what could have been immediate yields and benefits
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๋ˆˆ์•ž์— ์žˆ๋˜ ์ˆ˜ํ™•๊ณผ ์ด์ต์„
06:17
and postponing them until future generations.
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๋‹ค์Œ ์„ธ๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ๋ˆ„๋ฆด ๋•Œ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋Šฆ์ถ”๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:20
We also want to be good ancestors,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋„ ์ข‹์€ ์„ ์กฐ๊ฐ€ ๋˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:22
and being good ancestors trying to move benefits to the future generations
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๋‹ค์Œ ์„ธ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ด์ต์„ ๋ฏธ๋ฃจ๋Š” ์ข‹์€ ์„ ์กฐ๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
06:26
is an act of optimism.
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๋‚™๊ด€์ฃผ์˜์  ํ–‰๋™์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:28
One, because we believe that there will be future generations,
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ํ•˜๋‚˜, ๋‹ค์Œ ์„ธ๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ฏฟ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๊ณ 
๋‘˜, ๊ธฐ๊บผ์ด ๋‹น์žฅ์˜ ์ด์ต์„ ํฌ์ƒํ•˜๊ณ 
06:31
and two, because we are willing to sacrifice immediate gains
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06:34
in order to postpone --
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๋ฏธ๋ž˜์— ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ์ด์ต์„ ์–ป์œผ๋ ค ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:36
have more gains into the future --
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06:37
that investment.
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ํˆฌ์žํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
06:39
Being a good ancestor enables us to actually accomplish things
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์ข‹์€ ์„ ์กฐ๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
ํ˜„์žฌ ํ•œ ๊ฐœ์ธ์ด ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ์ด์ƒ์„ ์„ฑ์ทจํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ํ•ด์ค„ ๋ฟ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
06:43
not just beyond what we can do individually in the present,
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์„ธ๋Œ€์— ๊ฑธ์ณ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ์ด์ƒ์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ํ•ด์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:46
but what we can do over time.
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06:48
So when we trust the future,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜๋ฅผ ์‹ ๋ขฐํ•˜๋ฉด
06:50
one of the things that we are understanding
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋‹ค์Œ ์„ธ๋Œ€๊ฐ€
06:52
is that future generations not only have better living standards
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์ง„๋ณด๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์ƒํ™œ ์กฐ๊ฑด์ด ๋” ์ข‹์•„์งˆ ๋ฟ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
06:57
because of progress,
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06:58
but they also have more capability to solve problems
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๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ๋” ์ž˜ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:01
because thereโ€™s more knowledge
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์ง€์‹์ด ๋” ๋งŽ๊ณ  ๋„๊ตฌ๋„ ๋” ์ข‹์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
07:03
and because they have better tools.
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07:05
And so we can trust that.
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์‹ ๋ขฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:06
We can trust the fact that in the future,
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์•ž์œผ๋กœ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜ ์„ธ๋Œ€๊ฐ€
07:09
future generations will be able to solve problems
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ’€ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์—ˆ๋˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž„์„ ๋ฏฟ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:11
that we cannot solve ourselves.
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07:13
So that means that we should be optimistic
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋‚™๊ด€์ ์ด์–ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ด์œ ๋Š”
07:17
not because we believe that our problems are smaller than we thought.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋“ค์ด ์ƒ๊ฐ๋ณด๋‹ค ์ž‘์•„์„œ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:22
We should be optimistic because we believe
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋‚™๊ด€์ ์ด์–ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ด์œ ๋Š”
07:25
that our capacity to solve problems is greater than we thought.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์ด ์ƒ๊ฐ๋ณด๋‹ค ํฌ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:29
So thatโ€™s a second reason to be optimistic.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ๋‚™๊ด€์ฃผ์˜์ž๊ฐ€ ๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•  ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์ด์œ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:31
The third one has to do with problems
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์„ธ ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋Š” ๊ธฐํšŒ๋กœ ์œ„์žฅํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋“ค๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:33
which are really disguised as opportunities.
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07:37
OK, so optimists donโ€™t shun problems.
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๋‚™๊ด€์ฃผ์˜์ž๋“ค์€ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ”ผํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:41
Optimism is about embracing problems,
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๋‚™๊ด€์ฃผ์˜๋Š” ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ์ธ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:44
because itโ€™s problems that make solutions
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๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ์ฑ…์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด๋‚ด๊ณ 
07:47
and solutions that make problems.
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ํ•ด๊ฒฐ์ฑ…์ด ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด๋‚ด๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
07:49
So I believe that most of the problems we have today
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์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚  ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋“ค์€
07:53
are generated by the solutions of the past.
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๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์˜ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ์ฑ…์—์„œ ํƒœ์–ด๋‚ฌ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:57
And the great one is this climate change.
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๊ธฐํ›„ ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ์ค‘ ํฐ ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
07:59
The solution in the past was artificial power --
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๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์˜ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ์ฑ…์€ ์ธ๊ฐ„์ด ๋งŒ๋“  ํž˜์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:02
โ€œWhere do we get it?โ€
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โ€œ์–ด๋””์„œ ์–ป์–ด๋‚ด์ง€?โ€ โ€œ๊ทธ๋ž˜ ์ด๊ฒŒ ์ข‹๊ฒ ๊ตฐ.โ€
08:03
โ€œOK, here it is.โ€
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08:04
But now it makes the problem now.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ง€๊ธˆ์€ ๊ทธ๊ฒŒ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ์ฃ .
08:06
That means that today,
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์ฆ‰ ์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚ , ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ์ฑ… ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์€
08:07
most of the solutions that we have
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08:09
will be generating the problems of the future.
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๋ฏธ๋ž˜์— ๋ฌธ์ œ๋“ค์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด ๋‚ผ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:11
And there will be more problems
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋” ๋งŽ์ด ์ƒ๊ธธ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:13
because new solutions create many more problems.
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์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ํ•ด๊ฒฐ์ฑ…๋“ค์€ ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋“ค์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด ๋‚ด๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
08:16
In the same way, when science answers a question,
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์ด์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด, ๊ณผํ•™์ด ์งˆ๋ฌธ์— ๋Œ€๋‹ต์„ ํ•˜๋ฉด
08:20
that answer will generate two or three new questions --
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๊ทธ ๋Œ€๋‹ต์—์„œ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์งˆ๋ฌธ ๋‘์„ธ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:24
things that we didnโ€™t even know we didnโ€™t know.
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๋ชจ๋ฅธ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์กฐ์ฐจ ๋ชฐ๋ž๋˜ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์งˆ๋ฌธ๋“ค์ด์ฃ .
08:26
And so, in a peculiar way,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ํŠน์ดํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ,
08:27
science is expanding our ignorance faster than our knowledge.
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๊ณผํ•™์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ง€์‹๋ณด๋‹ค ๋ฌด์ง€๋ฅผ ๋” ๋นจ๋ฆฌ ๋„“ํžˆ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:31
So we have an unlimited pool of questions and problems.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ ์งˆ๋ฌธ๊ณผ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ๋์ด ์—†์ฃ .
08:37
But problems donโ€™t impede progress.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ์ง„๋ณด๋ฅผ ๋ฐฉํ•ดํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:41
Problems are the conduit of progress.
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๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ์ง„๋ณด๋ฅผ ๋ถˆ๋Ÿฌ์˜ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:43
No problems, no progress.
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๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์—†์œผ๋ฉด, ์ง„๋ณด๋„ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:46
That is why I reject utopia,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ €๋Š” ์œ ํ† ํ”ผ์•„๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ๋ถ€ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:48
because there are no problems there.
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๊ทธ๊ณณ์—๋Š” ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์—†๊ฑฐ๋“ ์š”.
08:50
So even bad things that happen are basically possibilities
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๋‚˜์œ ์ผ๋“ค์ด ์ƒ๊ธฐ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ํ•ด๊ฒฐ์ฑ…๊ณผ
08:54
that yield new solutions and better opportunities.
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๋” ๋‚˜์€ ๊ธฐํšŒ๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๊ธธ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:59
So in that way, problems are unlimited.
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์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋ณผ ๋•Œ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ๋์ด ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:01
There is no limit for improvement.
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๋ฐœ์ „์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„๋„ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:03
So we can improve ourselves in all directions.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐœ์ „ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:07
So we have a choice about optimism.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋‚™๊ด€์ฃผ์˜๋ฅผ ์„ ํƒํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:09
Itโ€™s not a temperament.
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๋‚™๊ด€์ฃผ์˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ์งˆ์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:10
No matter what your temperament is you can still choose to be optimistic.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์˜ ๊ธฐ์งˆ์ด ๋ฌด์—‡์ด๋“  ๋‚™๊ด€์ ์ธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:14
And gigantic problems require gigantic optimism.
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๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋“ค์€ ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋‚™๊ด€์ฃผ์˜๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:18
We have a moral obligation to be optimistic,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋‚™๊ด€์ ์ด์–ด์•ผ ํ•  ๋„๋•์  ์˜๋ฌด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:21
because when weโ€™re optimistic,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋‚™๊ด€์ ์ผ ๋•Œ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ ,
09:22
we can shape the future,
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09:24
we can become better ancestors,
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๋” ๋‚˜์€ ์„ ์กฐ๊ฐ€ ๋˜์–ด,
09:28
we can expand our reach --
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋„“ํžˆ๊ณ 
09:29
create things bigger than ourselves.
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์ž์‹ ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ํฐ ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ฐฝ์กฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:32
And we can be a realist in aligning ourselves with this long arc of history
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด ๊ธด ์—ญ์‚ฌ์˜ ํ๋ฆ„์— ๋งž์ถฐ
09:36
and embracing problems as opportunities.
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๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐํšŒ๋กœ ๋ณด๋Š” ํ˜„์‹ค์ฃผ์˜์ž๊ฐ€ ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:39
With optimism,
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๋‚™๊ด€์ฃผ์˜์—์„œ ํž˜์„ ์–ป์–ด์„œ
09:41
we can use it as a power to kind of create the future that we want.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์›ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฏธ๋ž˜๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:46
This is the way.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๊ธธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:47
Thank you.
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๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:48
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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