How Video Games Can Level Up the Way You Learn | Kris Alexander | TED

105,021 views ใƒป 2023-03-10

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Vlady Lobak ืขืจื™ื›ื”: zeeva livshitz
00:03
When I was in senior year university,
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ื›ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื‘ืฉื ืชื™ ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื”,
00:06
this was around 2004,
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช 2004,
00:09
I was in one of those classes
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื‘ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื”
00:11
where the teacher would read the slides word-for-word
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ืฉื‘ื”ื ื”ืžื•ืจื” ื”ื™ื” ืžืงืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉืงื•ืคื™ื•ืช ืžื™ืœื” ื‘ืžื™ืœื”
00:14
as part of a three-hour lecture.
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ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ืจืฆืื” ื‘ืช ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืฉืขื•ืช.
00:16
Oh.
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ืื”.
00:17
Oh, you all know what I'm talking about?
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ืื”, ื›ื•ืœื›ื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืขืœ ืžื” ืื ื™ ืžื“ื‘ืจ?
00:19
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
00:21
I ended up doing alright in the class by catering to my own learning style.
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ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืกืชื“ืจืชื™ ื‘ื›ื™ืชื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืชืืžื” ืœืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืœืžื™ื“ื” ืฉืœื™.
00:25
After a little bit of experimentation,
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ืื—ืจื™ ื›ืžื” ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื,
00:28
I found that playing a video game during this lecture,
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ืžืฆืืชื™ ืฉืœืฉื—ืง ื‘ืžืฉื—ืง ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื”ืจืฆืื”,
00:31
a game like Tetris, or in this particular case,
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ืžืฉื—ืง ื›ืžื• ื˜ื˜ืจื™ืก, ืื• ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื”ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ ื”ื–ื”,
00:34
"Zelda: The Minish Cap,"
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โ€œื–ืœื“ื”: The Minish Cap,โ€
00:36
helped me pay attention
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ืขื–ืจ ืœื™ ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ืจื™ื›ื•ื–
00:37
because the primary way I engage with information is by listening.
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ื“ืจืš ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ืช ืฉื‘ื” ืื ื™ ืงื•ืœื˜ ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืงืฉื‘ื”.
00:41
And this meant
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ื•ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ
00:42
that the teacher's voice with matching text
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ืฉื”ืงื•ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ืจื”, ืขื ื˜ืงืกื˜ ืชื•ืื
00:44
were a distraction for me.
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ื”ื™ื” ื”ืกื—ืช ื“ืขืช ืขื‘ื•ืจื™.
00:46
Anyway, I was at the back listening and participating, mind you.
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงืจื”, ื™ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืžืื—ื•ืจ, ื”ืงืฉื‘ืชื™ ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ื”ืฉืชืชืคืชื™.
00:51
But one day, this teacher decided to call me out.
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ืื‘ืœ ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“, ื”ืžื•ืจื” ื”ื–ื” ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืœืงืจื•ื ืœื™.
00:55
He stopped the class and said, "Excuse me.
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ื”ื•ื ืขืฆืจ ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื•ืืžืจ, โ€œืชืกืœื— ืœื™.
00:58
Are you playing video games in my class?"
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ื”ืื ืืชื” ืžืฉื—ืง ื‘ืžืฉื—ืงื™ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื‘ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืฉืœื™?โ€
01:01
And then I said,
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ื•ืื ื™ ืืžืจืชื™,
01:03
"I am, sir, but this is the way that I learn."
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โ€œื›ืŸ ืื“ื•ื ื™, ืื‘ืœ ื–ื• ื”ื“ืจืš ืฉื‘ื” ืื ื™ ืœื•ืžื“.โ€
01:07
And then he said,
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ื•ืื– ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ,
01:09
"There's no way that you're learning anything."
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โ€œืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ืžืฆื‘ ืฉืืชื” ืœื•ืžื“ ืžืฉื”ื•.โ€
01:12
And then I said, "Sir, I'm not interrupting.
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ื•ืื– ืื ื™ ืืžืจืชื™, โ€œืื“ื•ื ื™, ืื ื™ ืœื ืžืคืจื™ืข,
01:17
I am learning, and Iโ€™m even participating.โ€
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ืื ื™ ื›ืŸ ืœื•ืžื“, ื•ืื ื™ ืืคื™ืœื• ืžืฉืชืชืฃ.โ€
01:20
And then he said, "No, I don't want you playing video games in my class."
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ื•ืื– ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ, โ€œืœื, ืื ื™ ืœื ืจื•ืฆื” ืฉืชืฉื—ืง ื‘ืžืฉื—ืงื™ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื‘ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืฉืœื™.โ€
01:26
And then I said, "Sir ..."
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ื•ืื– ืื ื™ ืืžืจืชื™, โ€œืื“ื•ื ื™...โ€
01:28
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
01:32
And then I said, "Sir, I'm going to place this Game Boy Advance on the table,
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ื•ืื– ืื ื™ ืืžืจืชื™. โ€œืื“ื•ื ื™, ืื ื™ ื”ื•ืœืš ืœืฉื™ื ืืช ื”ื’ื™ื™ื ื‘ื•ื™ ื”ื–ื” ืขืœ ื”ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ,
01:37
repeat your last two sentences word-for-word,
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ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืขืœ ืฉื ื™ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœืš ืžื™ืœื” ื‘ืžื™ืœื”,
01:40
and then Iโ€™m going to pick up this Game Boy Advance and keep playing.โ€
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ื•ืื– ืื ื™ ื”ื•ืœืš ืœื”ืจื™ื ืืช ื’ื™ื™ื ื‘ื•ื™ ืื“ื•ื•ื ืก ื•ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœืฉื—ืง.โ€
01:44
And then he said, "I don't think you can do that."
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ื•ืื– ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ, โ€œืื ื™ ืœื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”.โ€
01:47
And then the class went, โ€œOooooh.โ€
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ื•ืื– ื›ื•ืœื ืืžืจื•, โ€œืื•ื•ื•ื•.โ€
01:51
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
01:52
You can picture that, alright, cool.
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื–ืืช, ืื•ืงื™, ืžื’ื ื™ื‘.
01:55
So I placed my Game Boy Advance on the table,
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ืื– ืฉืžืชื™ ืืช ื”ื’ื™ื™ื ื‘ื•ื™ ืื“ื•ื•ืื ืก ืฉืœื™ ืขืœ ื”ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ,
01:59
I looked him right in his eye,
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ื”ืกืชื›ืœืชื™ ืœื• ื™ืฉืจ ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื,
02:01
repeated his last two sentences,
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ื•ื—ื–ืจืชื™ ืขืœ ืฉื ื™ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœื•,
02:03
word-for-word,
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ืžื™ืœื” ื‘ืžื™ืœื”,
02:04
and then I picked up my Game Boy Advance and kept playing.
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ื•ืื– ื”ืจืžืชื™ ืืช ื”ื’ื™ื™ื ื‘ื•ื™ ืื“ื•ื•ืื ืก ืฉืœื™ ื•ื”ืžืฉื›ืชื™ ืœืฉื—ืง.
02:07
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
02:08
And then you know what he said?
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ื•ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืžื” ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ?
02:11
"Alright, carry on."
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โ€œื‘ืกื“ืจ, ืชืžืฉื™ืš.โ€
02:12
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
02:15
So since that day, Iโ€™ve become a professor myself ...
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ืื– ืžืื– ืื•ืชื• ื™ื•ื, ื ื”ืคื›ืชื™ ืœืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ื‘ืขืฆืžื™...
02:20
of video game design.
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ืฉืœ ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ืžืฉื—ืงื™ ื•ื™ื“ืื•.
02:22
And I'm convinced that there's absolutely something
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ื•ืื ื™ ืžืฉื•ื›ื ืข ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ืžืฉื”ื•
02:25
that video games can teach the world of academia.
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ืฉืžืฉื—ืงื™ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืœืžื“ ืืช ืขื•ืœื ื”ืืงื“ืžื™ื”.
02:28
Like, how they can cater to human learning,
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ื›ืžื•, ืื™ืš ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืกืคืง ืœืœืžื™ื“ื” ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช,
02:32
how they can enhance online instruction
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ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉืคืจ ื”ื•ืจืื” ืžืงื•ื•ื ืช
02:35
and how they can provide clear objectives.
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ื•ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืกืคืง ื™ืขื“ื™ื ื‘ืจื•ืจื™ื.
02:39
Let me explain.
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ืชื ื• ืœื™ ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ.
02:45
Humans can take in information in three core ways:
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ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืงืœื•ื˜ ืžื™ื“ืข ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื•ืช:
02:49
audio, text and video.
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ืื•ื“ื™ื•, ื˜ืงืกื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•.
02:52
Now, as I demonstrated earlier, I'm an oral learner,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื“ื’ืžืชื™ ืงื•ื“ื, ืื ื™ ืœื•ืžื“ ื‘ืขืœ ืคื”,
02:56
which means I prefer to take in information via sound.
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ืžื” ืฉืื•ืžืจ ืฉืื ื™ ืžืขื“ื™ืฃ ืœืงืœื•ื˜ ืžื™ื“ืข ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืงื•ืœ.
03:00
And some studies show that when two or more of these channels are used,
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ื•ื›ืžื” ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืžืจืื™ื ืฉื›ืืฉืจ ืฉื ื™ื™ื ืื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ืขืจื•ืฆื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ,
03:05
learning gains are higher.
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ืจื•ื•ื—ื™ ื”ืœืžื™ื“ื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ.
03:07
But, there's a catch.
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ืื‘ืœ, ื™ืฉ ืงืื˜ืฆโ€™.
03:11
Now, I was struggling to pay attention in this class
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื ืื‘ืงืชื™ ืœื”ืชืžืงื“ ื‘ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ื–ื”
03:14
because of something called cognitive overload,
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื ืงืจื ืขื•ืžืก ืงื•ื’ื ื˜ื™ื‘ื™,
03:16
which can happen when audio, text and video
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ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืงืจื•ืช ื›ืฉืื•ื“ื™ื•, ื˜ืงืกื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•
03:19
aren't different enough when used together.
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ืœื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืžืกืคื™ืง ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืžืื•ื—ื“.
03:23
So when the audio of my teacher matched the excessive text on his slides,
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ืื– ื›ืฉื”ืื•ื“ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ืจื” ืฉืœื™ ื”ืชืื™ื ืœื˜ืงืกื˜ ื”ืžื•ื’ื–ื ื‘ืฉืงื•ืคื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื•,
03:29
my brain was overloaded.
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ื”ืžื•ื— ืฉืœื™ ื”ื•ืขืžืก.
03:31
Teachers who use technology in the classroom
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ืžื•ืจื™ื ืฉืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื‘ื›ื™ืชื”
03:34
need to ensure that each channel is complementary,
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ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืฉื›ืœ ืขืจื•ืฅ ื”ื•ื ืžืฉืœื™ื,
03:37
otherwise, students are going to have difficulty transferring information
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ืื—ืจืช, ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ื™ืชืงืฉื• ื‘ื”ื›ืœืช ืžื™ื“ืข
03:41
from working memory to long-term memory.
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ืžื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืœื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืœื˜ื•ื•ื— ืืจื•ืš.
03:44
Now, I fixed the problem for myself by essentially using the teacher's voice
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืชื™ืงื ืชื™ ืœืขืฆืžื™ ืืช ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืงื•ืœื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ืจื”
03:49
as the soundtrack for the game I was playing.
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ื›ืคืกืงื•ืœ ืœืžืฉื—ืง ืฉืฉื™ื—ืงืชื™ ื‘ื•.
03:52
And this brings me to my first point.
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ื•ื–ื” ืžื‘ื™ื ืื•ืชื™ ืœื ืงื•ื“ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืœื™.
03:55
Video games, by design, are a complex blend of audio, text,
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ืžืฉื—ืงื™ ื•ื™ื“ืื•, ื‘ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ื, ื”ื ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ืฉืœ ืื•ื“ื™ื•, ื˜ืงืกื˜,
04:00
video and interactivity that can intensify focus.
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ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื•ืื™ื ื˜ืจืืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืขืฆื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื™ืงื•ื“.
04:05
That was the point of my PhD.
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ื–ื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืžื˜ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจื˜ ืฉืœื™.
04:07
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
04:09
And because of their enjoyment factor,
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ื•ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื’ื•ืจื ื”ื”ื ืื” ืฉืœื”ื,
04:13
these components of video games can help with something
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ื”ืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืฉืœ ืžืฉื—ืงื™ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ื‘ืžืฉื”ื•
04:15
our students desperately need in the classroom:
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ืฉื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ืœื• ื ื•ืืฉื•ืช ื‘ื›ื™ืชื”:
04:18
motivation.
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ืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ืฆื™ื”.
04:21
Now, at their best,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื‘ืžื™ื˜ื‘ื,
04:23
video games can immerse us,
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ืžืฉื—ืงื™ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืกื—ื•ืฃ ืื•ืชื ื•,
04:26
focus our attention
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ืœืžืงื“ ืืช ืชืฉื•ืžืช ืœื™ื‘ื ื•
04:28
and provide clear objectives with demonstrated output.
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ื•ืœืกืคืง ื™ืขื“ื™ื ื‘ืจื•ืจื™ื ืขื ืชืคื•ืงื” ืžื•ื›ื—ืช.
04:32
You know how well you're doing every step of the way.
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ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื›ืžื” ื˜ื•ื‘ ืืชื ืžืกืชื“ืจื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉืœื‘ ืฉื‘ื“ืจืš.
04:35
And video games can teach multiple things simultaneously.
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ื•ืžืฉื—ืงื™ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืœืžื“ ืžืกืคืจ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ื• ื–ืžื ื™ืช.
04:40
Like ...
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ื›ืžื•...
04:42
There's this class I teach,
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ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ื–ื” ืฉืื ื™ ืžืœืžื“,
04:44
game design,
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ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื,
04:45
where I like to use a video game called โ€œVirginia.โ€
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ืฉื‘ื• ืื ื™ ืื•ื”ื‘ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืžืฉื—ืง ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื‘ืฉื โ€œื•ื™ืจื’โ€™ื™ื ื™ื”โ€œ.
04:49
Now, in โ€œVirginia,โ€ you play as Anne Tarver,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื‘โ€œื•ื™ืจื’โ€™ื™ื ื™ื”โ€œ, ืืชื ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืจ ืืŸ ื˜ืืจื‘ืจ,
04:54
a newly-hired FBI agent
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ืกื•ื›ื ืช FBI ืฉื–ื” ืขืชื” ื ืฉื›ืจื”
04:56
who is tasked with internally investigating someone
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ืฉืžื•ืคืงื“ืช ืขืœ ื—ืงื™ืจื” ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช ืฉืœ ืžื™ืฉื”ื™
05:00
who just happens to be the only other female agent in the precinct.
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ืฉื”ื™ื ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื”ืกื•ื›ื ืช ื”ื ื•ืกืคืช ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ื‘ืžืชื—ื.
05:05
And this game is based on a true story.
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ื•ื”ืžืฉื—ืง ื”ื–ื” ืžื‘ื•ืกืก ืขืœ ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืืžื™ืชื™.
05:09
Now, on the surface, Iโ€™m using โ€œVirginiaโ€ to teach game design.
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ื›ืขืช, ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื—, ืื ื™ ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘โ€œื•ื™ืจื’โ€™ื™ื ื™ื”โ€ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืœืžื“ ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื.
05:14
But I'm also using the mechanics of video games
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ื’ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืžื›ื ื™ืงื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืฉื—ืงื™ ื•ื™ื“ืื•
05:16
to trick students into exploring complex concepts
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ืžื•ืฉื’ื™ื ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื™ื
05:19
like history, sexism, racism,
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ื›ืžื• ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”, ืกืงืกื™ื–ื, ื’ื–ืขื ื•ืช,
05:24
corporate culture and tokenism
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ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ืช ื•ื˜ื•ืงื ื™ื–ื
05:28
while we play this game together.
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ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื ื‘ืžืฉื—ืง ื”ื–ื” ื‘ื™ื—ื“.
05:31
To me, effective instruction merges theory and practice.
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ื‘ืขื™ื ื™, ื”ื•ืจืื” ื™ืขื™ืœื” ืžืฉืœื‘ืช ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื” ื•ืคืจืงื˜ื™ืงื”.
05:36
Each week in this class,
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ื›ืœ ืฉื‘ื•ืข ื‘ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ื–ื”,
05:38
I like to pick a unique video game that matches the game theory
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ืื ื™ ืื•ื”ื‘ ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืžืฉื—ืง ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ ืฉืชื•ืื ืืช ืชื•ืจืช ื”ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื
05:41
and sprinkles in a couple of life takeaways.
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ื•ืžืคื–ืจ ื›ืžื” ืžืกืงื ื•ืช ืžื”ื—ื™ื™ื.
05:44
We play the game together and talk about it,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื ื‘ื™ื—ื“ ื‘ืžืฉื—ืง ื•ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœื™ื•,
05:47
and then the students have to go and make video games themselves.
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ื•ืื– ื”ืชืžืœื™ื“ื™ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื›ื™ืŸ ืžืฉื—ืงื™ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื‘ืขืฆืžื.
05:51
And this all happens -- wait for it --
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ื•ื›ืœ ื–ื” ืงื•ืจื” ื‘ -- ื—ื›ื• ืœื–ื” --
05:54
online.
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ืื•ื ืœื™ื™ืŸ.
05:56
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
06:02
And guess what?
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ื•ืชื ื—ืฉื• ืžื”?
06:04
COVID forced everyone to join me teaching online,
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ื”ืงื•ืจื•ื ื” ืื™ืœืฆื” ืืช ื›ื•ืœื ืœื”ืฆื˜ืจืฃ ืืœื™ ืœืœืžื“ ื‘ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜,
06:06
and most schools struggled.
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ื•ืจื•ื‘ ื‘ืชื™ ื”ืกืคืจ ื ืื‘ืงื•.
06:09
But there are many examples of effective online instruction
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ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื“ืจื›ื” ืžืงื•ื•ื ืช ื™ืขื™ืœื”
06:14
in unlikely places like YouTube streams,
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ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืœื ืฆืคื•ื™ื™ื ื›ืžื• ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ื•ื‘,
06:18
Netflix programming,
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ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ื ื˜ืคืœื™ืงืก,
06:19
and, believe it or not, Amazon's Twitch.
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ื•ืชืืžื™ื ื• ืื• ืœื, ื‘ื˜ื•ื•ื™ืฅโ€ฒ ืฉืœ ืืžื–ื•ืŸ.
06:24
Now, as you probably know,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื›ืžื• ืฉืืชื ื‘ื˜ื— ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื,
06:26
Twitch is an online streaming platform
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ื˜ื•ื•ื™ืฅโ€ฒ ื”ื™ื ืคืœื˜ืคื•ืจืžื” ืœืกื˜ืจื™ืžื™ื ื’ ื‘ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜
06:29
where people can watch other people play video games.
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ืฉื‘ื” ืื ืฉื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฆืคื•ืช ื‘ืื™ืš ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื ื‘ืžืฉื—ืงื™ ื•ื™ื“ืื•.
06:33
But it can also be used to learn how to paint with Ergo Josh.
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ืื‘ืœ ืืคืฉืจ ื’ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืื™ืš ืœืฆื™ื™ืจ ืขื ืืจื’ื• ื’โ€™ื•ืฉ.
06:39
Learn how to play piano with Juanorpiano.
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ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืื™ืš ืœื ื’ืŸ ื‘ืคืกื ืชืจ ืขื Juanorpiano
06:43
Learn how to code with RothioTome
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ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืœืงื•ื“ื“ ืขื RothioTome
06:46
and even how to cook meals with yarumichan.
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ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืื™ืš ืœื‘ืฉืœ ืืจื•ื—ื•ืช ืขื yarumichan.
06:51
Uh-huh, yeah, real.
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ืื”-ื”ื, ื›ืŸ, ื‘ืืžืช.
06:52
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
06:54
And Twitch had an average of 2.78 million concurrent viewers in 2021.
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ื•ืœื˜ื•ื•ื™ืฅโ€ฒ ื”ื™ื” ืžืžื•ืฆืข ืฉืœ 2.78 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฆื•ืคื™ื ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ื‘ืฉื ืช 2021.
07:01
Now, that's a lot of motivated learners if you actually think about it.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืืœื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ืฆื™ื” ืื ืืชื ื‘ืืžืช ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื–ื”.
07:07
One of my favorite classes to teach online
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ืื—ื“ ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ืฉืื ื™ ืื•ื”ื‘ ืœืœืžื“ ื‘ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜
07:09
is a class called Esports Broadcasting,
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ื”ื•ื ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ื ืงืจื ืฉื™ื“ื•ืจ ืกืคื•ืจื˜ ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™,
07:11
where I'm essentially just using video games
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ืฉื‘ื• ืื ื™ ื‘ืขืฆื ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืžืฉื—ืงื™ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ
07:15
to teach students how to professionally present themselves online
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ืœืœืžื“ ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ืื™ืš ืœื”ืฆื™ื’ ืืช ืขืฆืžื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ ื‘ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜
07:18
using a free piece of software called Open Broadcaster Software, or OBS.
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ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืชื•ื›ื ื” ื—ื™ื ืžื™ืช ื‘ืฉื ืชื•ื›ื ืช ืฉื™ื“ื•ืจ ืคืชื•ื—ื”, ืื• OBS.
07:24
Here, I teach them how to connect any available camera to the software.
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ื›ืืŸ, ืื ื™ ืžืœืžื“ ืื•ืชื ืื™ืš ืœื—ื‘ืจ ื›ืœ ืžืฆืœืžื” ื–ืžื™ื ื” ืœืชื•ื›ื ื”.
07:30
Add white balance
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ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืื™ื–ื•ืŸ ืœื‘ืŸ
07:32
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
07:33
and color correction to help that image pop,
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ื•ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ืฆื‘ืข ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ื–ื• ืœืฆื•ืฅ,
07:36
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
07:38
use on-screen text to complement the video,
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ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื˜ืงืกื˜ ืขืœ ื”ืžืกืš ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฉืœื™ื ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ,
07:41
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
07:43
and compress any available microphone to make it sound and look
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ื•ืœื“ื—ื•ืก ื›ืœ ืžื™ืงืจื•ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืžื™ืŸ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื–ื” ืœื”ื™ืฉืžืข ื•ืœื”ื™ืจืื•ืช
07:48
exactly like what they're accustomed to consuming online.
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ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืžื• ืžื” ืฉื”ื ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื ืœืฆืจื•ืš ื‘ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜.
07:53
And the same processes that hooked viewers on Twitch
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ื•ืื•ืชื ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืฉื›ื‘ืฉื• ืืช ื”ืฆื•ืคื™ื ื‘ื˜ื•ื•ื™ืฅโ€ฒ
07:55
are the same processes schools should use
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ื”ื ื”ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืกืคืจ ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื”ื
07:58
to learn how to engage students online and globally.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืื™ืš ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ื‘ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ื•ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
08:01
That should be one of their objectives, shouldn't it?
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ื–ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืื—ืช ื”ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื, ืœื?
08:04
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
08:06
Hold on.
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ื—ืงื• ืจื’ืข.
08:07
What are the objectives of a post-secondary education anyway?
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ืžื”ืŸ ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื”ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืขืœ-ืชื™ื›ื•ื ื™?
08:12
And what could education overall learn from video games,
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ื•ืžื” ื‘ืกืš ื”ื›ืœ ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืžืžืฉื—ืงื™ ื•ื™ื“ืื•,
08:16
which clearly say:
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ืฉืื•ืžืจื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืจื•ืจ:
08:18
start here,
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ืชืชื—ื™ืœื• ื›ืืŸ,
08:20
do these things
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ืชืขืฉื• ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื”
08:22
and then obtain these things.
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ื•ืื– ืชืฉื™ื’ื• ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื”.
08:26
Now, if the goal of a post-secondary education
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืื ื”ืžื˜ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื›ืœื” ืขืœ-ืชื™ื›ื•ื ื™ืช
08:28
includes students getting a job in the same thing they went to school for,
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ื”ื™ื ืฉืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ื™ืงื‘ืœื• ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื”ื ื”ืœื›ื• ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ืขื‘ื•ืจื•,
08:33
guess what?
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ืื– ื ื—ืฉื• ืžื”?
08:34
Schools are failing.
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ื‘ืชื™ ื”ืกืคืจ ื ื›ืฉืœื™ื.
08:36
More than half of graduates do not get jobs in their field of study.
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ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžื—ืฆื™ืช ื”ื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื ืœื ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืฉืœื”ื.
08:40
That would be like enrolling in chef training
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ื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ื›ืžื• ืœื”ื™ืจืฉื ืœื”ื›ืฉืจืช ืฉืฃ
08:42
and then graduating to start a job in data analytics.
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ื•ืื– ืœืกื™ื™ื ืืช ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ื•ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ื ื™ืชื•ื— ื ืชื•ื ื™ื.
08:48
Why not just enroll in data analytics?
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ืœืžื” ืœื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื”ื™ืจืฉื ืœื ื™ืชื•ื— ื ืชื•ื ื™ื?
08:51
You could.
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื.
08:53
Grow with Google has an online program
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ืœ-Grow with Google ื™ืฉ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืžืงื•ื•ื ืช
08:55
promising you a job in data analytics starting at 74,000 dollars a year,
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ืฉืžื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื” ืœื›ื ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ื ื™ืชื•ื— ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืฉืžืชื—ื™ืœื” ืž-74,000 ื“ื•ืœืจ ืœืฉื ื”,
09:01
and that program is free to start.
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ื•ืืช ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ื–ื• ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ื—ื™ื ื.
09:05
Epic Games offers a pathway to become a developer
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Epic Games ืžืฆื™ืข ืžืกืœื•ืœ ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืœืžืคืชื—
09:07
with its Unreal Engine for interactive 3D development,
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ืขื ื”-Unreal Engine ืฉืœื• ืœืคื™ืชื•ื— ืชืœืช ืžื™ืžื“ ืื™ื ื˜ืจืืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™,
09:11
a field that they say has gone up 601 percent
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ืชื—ื•ื ืฉืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื”ื ืขืœื” ื‘-601 ืื—ื•ื–
09:15
and is paying people 57 percent more than the average salary.
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ื•ืžืฉืœื ืœืื ืฉื™ื 57 ืื—ื•ื– ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ืฉื›ืจ ื”ืžืžื•ืฆืข.
09:20
For clarity, their Unreal Engine is the same tool used to build Fortnite
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื”ื™ืจ, ื”-Unreal Engine ืฉืœื”ื ื”ื•ื ืื•ืชื• ื›ืœื™ ื”ืžืฉืžืฉ ืœื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ืคื•ืจื˜ื ื™ื™ื˜
09:25
and the same tool used to build some of the backgrounds
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ื•ืื•ืชื• ื›ืœื™ ื”ืžืฉืžืฉ ืœื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืจืงืขื™ื
09:28
behind "The Mandalorian."
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ื‘โ€œื”ืžื ื“ืœื•ืจื™ืืŸโ€œ.
09:30
At no cost to use.
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ืœืœื ืขืœื•ืช ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ.
09:33
Are y'all hearing all these near-free, no-fee examples I'm giving you?
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ื›ื•ืœื›ื ืฉื•ืžืขื™ื ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ื”ื›ืžืขื˜ ื—ื™ื ืžื™ื•ืช ื•ืœืœื ืชืฉืœื•ื ืฉืื ื™ ื ื•ืชืŸ ืœื›ื?
09:37
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
09:38
University in particular is mad expensive.
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ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื”ื™ื ื™ืงืจื” ื‘ื˜ื™ืจื•ืฃ.
09:41
The cost of university has gone up
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ืขืœื•ืช ื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ืขืœืชื”
09:44
1,200 percent since 1980.
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ื‘-1,200 ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ืžืื– 1980.
09:49
To me ...
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ื‘ืขื™ื ื™...
09:52
To me, there's not a single job, trade or discipline
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ื‘ืขื™ื ื™, ืื™ืŸ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืื—ืช, ืžืงืฆื•ืข ืื• ืžืฉืžืขืช
09:55
that doesn't in some way connect to the video games industry.
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ืฉื‘ืื™ื–ื•ืฉื”ื™ ื“ืจืš ืœื ืžืชื—ื‘ืจืช ืœืชืขืฉื™ื™ืช ืžืฉื—ืงื™ ื”ื•ื™ื“ืื•.
09:59
There are dentists like Dr. August de Oliveira,
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ื™ืฉ ืจื•ืคืื™ ืฉื™ื ื™ื™ื ื›ืžื• ื“โ€œืจ ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ ื“ื” ืื•ืœื™ื‘ื™ื™ืจื”,
10:02
who are using augmented reality to see the roots of your teeth
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ืฉืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ื“ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ืฉื•ืจืฉื™ ื”ืฉื™ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื›ื
10:07
while working on your teeth.
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ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืขืœ ื”ืฉื™ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื›ื.
10:11
Psychologists are using virtual reality to help you overcome a fear of spiders,
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ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืžื“ื•ืžื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื›ื ืœื”ืชื’ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืคื—ื“ ืžืขื›ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื,
10:16
and broadcast technicians responsible for filming a dragon
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ื•ื˜ื›ื ืื™ ืฉื™ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืื—ืจืื™ื ืขืœ ืฆื™ืœื•ื ื“ืจืงื•ืŸ
10:21
flying over a live stadium full of people
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ืฉืขืฃ ืžืขืœ ืืฆื˜ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื—ื™ ืžืœื ื‘ืื ืฉื™ื
10:24
as part of a League of Legends esports broadcast.
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ื›ื—ืœืง ืžืฉื™ื“ื•ืจ ืกืคื•ืจื˜ ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ ืฉืœ League of Legends.
10:27
Video game technologies are embedded in all of these.
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ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืžืฉื—ืงื™ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ืžื•ื˜ืžืขื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ืืœื”.
10:30
And that must mean that the video games industry is not just made of players
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ื•ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉืชืขืฉื™ื™ืช ืžืฉื—ืงื™ ื”ื•ื™ื“ืื• ืื™ื ื” ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช ืจืง ืžืฉื—ืงื ื™ื
10:35
but made of you.
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ืืœื” ื’ื ืžื›ื.
10:38
Now, I'm not suggesting that video games replace classroom instruction --
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืื ื™ ืœื ืžืฆื™ืข ืฉืžืฉื—ืงื™ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื™ื—ืœื™ืคื• ืืช ื”ื”ื•ืจืื” ื‘ื›ื™ืชื” --
10:42
Settle down, internet.
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ืชืจื’ืขื•, ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜.
10:43
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
10:50
I'm advocating for the components of video games,
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ืื ื™ ืชื•ืžืš ื‘ื–ื” ืฉื”ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžืฉื—ืงื™ ื•ื™ื“ืื•,
10:53
especially the engaging ones,
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ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื”ืžืจืชืงื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื,
10:55
to be ported into classroom instruction
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ื™ื™ื•ืฉืžื• ื‘ื”ื•ืจืื” ื‘ื›ื™ืชื”
10:57
because the audience, the students,
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ืงื”ืœ, ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื,
11:00
clearly understand the medium.
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ื‘ื‘ื™ืจื•ืจ ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื•ื.
11:02
There are roughly three billion video game players worldwide.
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ื™ืฉ ื‘ืขืจืš ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืฉื—ืงื ื™ ืžืฉื—ืงื™ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื.
11:07
Video games contain the blueprint for engaging education
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ืžืฉื—ืงื™ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ืžื›ื™ืœื™ื ืืช ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืœื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืžืจืชืง
11:10
because of the way that they cater to human learning,
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ื“ืจืš ืฉื‘ื” ื”ื ืžืกืคืงื™ื ืœืœืžื™ื“ื” ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช,
11:13
a complex story interwoven with learning content
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ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ื”ืฉื–ื•ืจ ื‘ืชื›ื ื™ ืœืžื™ื“ื”
11:16
and a bit of artificial intelligence for difficulty and balance.
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ื•ืžืขื˜ ื‘ื™ื ื” ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™ืช ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืงื•ืฉื™ ื•ืื™ื–ื•ืŸ.
11:21
Online instruction can be enhanced
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ื”ื•ืจืื” ืžืงื•ื•ื ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืขืฆืžืช
11:23
if schools turn to top streaming platforms and streamers
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ืื ื‘ืชื™ ืกืคืจ ื™ืคื ื• ืœืคืœื˜ืคื•ืจืžื•ืช ื”ืกื˜ืจื™ืžื™ื ื’ ื•ื”ืกื˜ืจื™ืžืจื™ื ื”ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื™ื
11:27
to learn how to effectively engage students online.
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ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืœื”ืขืกื™ืง ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ื‘ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช ื‘ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜.
11:30
And the objectives for education overall need to be as specific as a video game
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ื•ื”ื™ืขื“ื™ื ืœื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื›ื›ืœืœ ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ื™ื ื›ืžื• ื‘ืžืฉื—ืง ื•ื™ื“ืื•
11:36
so that those who are enrolled
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ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืฉืœื ืจืฉืžื™ื
11:38
have a clear line of sight to where they're headed.
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ื™ื”ื™ื” ืงื• ืจืื™ื™ื” ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืœื™ืขื“ื.
11:41
If we can start showing students how their passion for playing
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ืื ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืœืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ืื™ืš ื”ืชืฉื•ืงื” ืฉืœื”ื ืœืฉื—ืง
11:44
connects to their futures,
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ืžืชื—ื‘ืจืช ืœืขืชื™ื“ื,
11:46
we will have done our jobs.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื ืขืฉื” ืืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื™ื ื•.
11:49
The next generation of teachers
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ื”ื“ื•ืจ ื”ื‘ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ืจื™ื
11:50
are those who can connect the path of study
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ื”ื ืืœื” ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื—ื‘ืจ ืืช ื“ืจืš ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“
11:53
to profession via passion.
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ืœืžืงืฆื•ืข ื“ืจืš ืชืฉื•ืงื”.
11:56
Oh, and one last thing about the playing of video games.
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ืื•, ื•ื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ื“ ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืžืฉื—ืง ื‘ืžืฉื—ืงื™ ืžื—ืฉื‘.
12:01
There's a 2022 study suggesting that the playing of video games
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ื™ืฉ ืžื—ืงืจ ืžืฉื ืช 2022 ืฉืžืฆื‘ื™ืข ืขืœ ื–ื” ืฉืžืฉื—ืง ื‘ืžืฉื—ืงื™ ื•ื™ื“ืื•
12:05
is associated with heightened cognition,
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ืžืงื•ืฉืจ ืœืงื•ื’ื ื™ืฆื™ื” ืžื•ื’ื‘ืจืช,
12:09
faster reaction times,
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ื–ืžื ื™ ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืžื”ื™ืจื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ,
12:11
improved working memory
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ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืžืฉื•ืคืจ
12:13
and modifying the cortical networks associated with the process of playing.
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ื•ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ืจืฉืชื•ืช ื”ืงื•ืจื˜ื™ืงืœื™ื•ืช ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื•ืช ืœืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืžืฉื—ืง.
12:18
And that ...
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ื•ื–ื”...
12:20
is what I should have said to that teacher.
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ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ืœืื•ืชื• ืžื•ืจื”.
12:23
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื”.
12:24
(Applause and cheers)
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(ืชืฉื•ืื•ืช)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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