How to take a picture of a black hole | Katie Bouman

3,364,490 views ใƒป 2017-04-28

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Assaf Linial ืžื‘ืงืจ: Roni Ravia
00:13
In the movie "Interstellar,"
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ื‘ืกืจื˜ ืณื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ืืณ,
00:15
we get an up-close look at a supermassive black hole.
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ื–ื•ื›ื™ื ืœืžื‘ื˜ ืžืงืจื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื—ื•ืจ ืฉื—ื•ืจ ืขืœ-ืžืกื™ื‘ื™.
00:18
Set against a backdrop of bright gas,
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ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื™ ืจืงืข ืฉืœ ื’ื– ื–ื•ื”ืจ,
00:20
the black hole's massive gravitational pull
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ื›ื•ื— ื”ื›ื‘ื™ื“ื” ื”ืขืฆื•ื ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ืจ ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจ
00:22
bends light into a ring.
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ืžื›ื•ืคืฃ ืืช ื”ืื•ืจ ืœื˜ื‘ืขืช.
00:24
However, this isn't a real photograph,
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ืื‘ืœ, ื–ื• ืื™ื ื” ืชืžื•ื ื” ืืžื™ืชื™ืช,
00:26
but a computer graphic rendering --
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ืืœื ื’ืจืคื™ืงื” ืžืžื•ื—ืฉื‘ืช -
00:28
an artistic interpretation of what a black hole might look like.
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ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ืื•ืžื ื•ืชื™ ืœืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ื• ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื”ื™ืจืื•ืช ื—ื•ืจ ืฉื—ื•ืจ.
00:32
A hundred years ago,
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ืœืคื ื™ ืžืื” ืฉื ื™ื,
00:33
Albert Einstein first published his theory of general relativity.
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ืืœื‘ืจื˜ ืื™ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืคืจืกื ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืืช ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ืช ื”ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ื”ื›ืœืœื™ืช ืฉืœื•.
00:37
In the years since then,
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ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ืฉืขื‘ืจื• ืžืื–,
00:38
scientists have provided a lot of evidence in support of it.
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ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืกื™ืคืงื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ืขื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืชื•ืžื›ื•ืช ื‘ื”.
00:41
But one thing predicted from this theory, black holes,
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ืื‘ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ื“ ืฉื”ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื” ื”ื–ื• ื—ื–ืชื”, ื—ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื,
00:44
still have not been directly observed.
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ืขื“ื™ืŸ ืœื ื ืฆืคื” ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช.
ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืื™ื–ืฉื”ื• ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืื™ืš ื—ื•ืจ ืฉื—ื•ืจ ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื”ื™ืจืื•ืช
00:47
Although we have some idea as to what a black hole might look like,
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00:50
we've never actually taken a picture of one before.
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ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ืฆื™ืœืžื ื• ืชืžื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ืื—ื“.
00:53
However, you might be surprised to know that that may soon change.
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ื–ืืช, ืื•ืœื™ ืชื•ืคืชืขื• ืœื“ืขืช ืฉื–ื” ืขื•ืžื“ ืœื”ืฉืชื ื•ืช ื‘ืงืจื•ื‘.
00:57
We may be seeing our first picture of a black hole in the next couple years.
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ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื ืจืื” ืชืžื•ื ื” ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืจ ืฉื—ื•ืจ ื‘ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช.
01:01
Getting this first picture will come down to an international team of scientists,
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ืงื‘ืœืช ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื”ื–ืืช ืชืœื•ื™ื” ื‘ืฆื•ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ ืฉืœ ืžื“ืขื ื™ื,
01:05
an Earth-sized telescope
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ื˜ืœืกืงื•ืค ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ
01:07
and an algorithm that puts together the final picture.
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ื•ืืœื’ื•ืจื™ืชื ืฉืžื—ื‘ืจ ืืช ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ืกื•ืคื™ืช.
ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืœื ืื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืœื›ื ื”ื™ื•ื ืชืžื•ื ื” ืืžื™ืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืจ ืฉื—ื•ืจ
01:10
Although I won't be able to show you a real picture of a black hole today,
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01:13
I'd like to give you a brief glimpse into the effort involved
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืชืช ืœื›ื ื”ืฆืฆื” ืœืžืืžืฅ ืฉืžื•ืฉืงืข
01:16
in getting that first picture.
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ืœืฉื ืงื‘ืœืช ืชืžื•ื ื” ื–ื•.
01:19
My name is Katie Bouman,
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ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœื™ ืงื™ื™ื˜ื™ ื‘ืื•ืžืŸ,
01:20
and I'm a PhD student at MIT.
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ื•ืื ื™ ื“ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจื ื˜ื™ืช ื‘-MIT.
01:23
I do research in a computer science lab
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ืื ื™ ืขื•ืจื›ืช ืžื—ืงืจ ื‘ืžืขื‘ื“ืช ืžื“ืขื™-ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘
01:25
that works on making computers see through images and video.
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ืฉื‘ื” ืžืชื›ื ืชื™ื ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ืœืืžืช ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•.
01:28
But although I'm not an astronomer,
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืื ื™ ืœื ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ื•ืžื™ืช,
ื”ื™ื•ื ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืœื›ื
01:31
today I'd like to show you
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01:32
how I've been able to contribute to this exciting project.
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ืื™ืš ืชืจืžืชื™ ืœืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ ื”ืžืจื’ืฉ ื”ื–ื”.
01:35
If you go out past the bright city lights tonight,
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ืื ืชืชืจื—ืงื• ืžืื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืขื™ืจ ื”ืœื™ืœื”
ืื•ืœื™ ื™ืชืžื–ืœ ืžื–ืœื›ื ื•ืชืจืื• ื ื•ืฃ ืžื“ื”ื™ื
01:38
you may just be lucky enough to see a stunning view
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01:40
of the Milky Way Galaxy.
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ืฉืœ ื’ืœืงืกื™ื™ืช ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”ื—ืœื‘.
ื•ืื ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ื•ื ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื
01:42
And if you could zoom past millions of stars,
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01:44
26,000 light-years toward the heart of the spiraling Milky Way,
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ื‘ืžืจื—ืง 26,000 ืฉื ื•ืช ืื•ืจ ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืžืจื›ื– ื’ืœืงืกื™ื™ืช ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”ื—ืœื‘ ื”ืกืคื™ืจืœื™ืช,
01:48
we'd eventually reach a cluster of stars right at the center.
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ื ื’ื™ืข ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืœืื•ืกืฃ ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ืžืžืฉ ื‘ืžืจื›ื–.
01:51
Peering past all the galactic dust with infrared telescopes,
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ื›ืฉื”ื ืžืฆื™ืฆื™ื ืžื‘ืขื“ ืœืื‘ืง ื”ื’ืœืงื˜ื™ ืขื ื˜ืœืกืงื•ืคื™ื ืื™ื ืคืจื-ืื“ื•ืžื™ื,
01:55
astronomers have watched these stars for over 16 years.
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ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ื•ืžื™ื ืฆืคื• ื‘ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื‘ืžืฉืš ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-16 ืฉื ื™ื.
ืื‘ืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืžื“ื”ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื•ื ื“ื•ื•ืงื ืžื” ืฉืœื ืจืื•.
01:59
But it's what they don't see that is the most spectacular.
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02:02
These stars seem to orbit an invisible object.
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ื ืจืื” ืฉื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื—ื’ื™ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœืขืฆื ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืจืื”.
02:05
By tracking the paths of these stars,
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืขืงื‘ ืื—ืจื™ ืžืกืœื•ืœื™ ืชื ื•ืขืชื ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ืืœื”,
ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ื•ืžื™ื ื”ืกื™ืงื•
02:08
astronomers have concluded
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02:09
that the only thing small and heavy enough to cause this motion
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ืฉื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืงื˜ืŸ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืฉื›ื‘ื“ ืžืกืคื™ืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืชื ื•ืขื” ืฉื›ื–ื•
02:12
is a supermassive black hole --
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ื”ื•ื ื—ื•ืจ ืฉื—ื•ืจ ืขืœ-ืžืกื™ื‘ื™ -
02:14
an object so dense that it sucks up anything that ventures too close --
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ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ ื‘ืขืœ ืฆืคื™ืคื•ืช ืžืื•ื“ ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”, ื”ืฉื•ืื‘ ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืžืชืงืจื‘ ืืœื™ื• -
02:18
even light.
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ืืคื™ืœื• ืื•ืจ.
02:20
But what happens if we were to zoom in even further?
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืงื•ืจื” ืขื ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ื•ื?
02:23
Is it possible to see something that, by definition, is impossible to see?
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ื”ืื ืืคืฉืจ ืœืจืื•ืช ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื”ื•ื, ื‘ื”ื’ื“ืจื”, ื‘ืœืชื™-ื ืจืื”?
02:28
Well, it turns out that if we were to zoom in at radio wavelengths,
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ืžืกืชื‘ืจ ืฉืื ื ืขืฉื” ื–ื•ื ื‘ืื•ืจืš ื’ืœ ืจื“ื™ื•, [ืกื™ืžื•ืœืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืจ-ืฉื—ื•ืจ]
02:31
we'd expect to see a ring of light
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ื ืฆืคื” ืœืจืื•ืช ื˜ื‘ืขืช ืฉืœ ืื•ืจ
02:33
caused by the gravitational lensing of hot plasma
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ืฉื ื’ืจืžืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืขื™ื“ื•ืฉ ื›ื‘ื™ื“ืชื™ ืฉืœ ืคืœื–ืžื” ืจื•ืชื—ืช
ืฉื ืขื” ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ื—ื•ืจ ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจ.
02:36
zipping around the black hole.
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02:37
In other words,
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ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช,
ื”ื—ื•ืจ ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจ ืžื˜ื™ืœ ืฆืœ ืขืœ ื”ืจืงืข ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ื–ืจื—ื ื™,
02:39
the black hole casts a shadow on this backdrop of bright material,
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02:42
carving out a sphere of darkness.
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ื•ื™ื•ืฆืจ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื—ืฉื›ื”.
02:44
This bright ring reveals the black hole's event horizon,
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ื”ื˜ื‘ืขืช ื”ื–ืจื—ื ื™ืช ื—ื•ืฉืคืช ืืช ืื•ืคืง ื”ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ืจ ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจ,
02:47
where the gravitational pull becomes so great
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ืื™ืคื” ืฉื›ื— ื”ื›ื‘ื™ื“ื” ื”ื•ื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืขืฆื•ื
ืฉืืคื™ืœื• ืื•ืจ ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ืžืœื˜.
02:50
that not even light can escape.
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02:51
Einstein's equations predict the size and shape of this ring,
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ื”ืžืฉื•ื•ืื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื™ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื—ื•ื–ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืฆื•ืจื” ื•ื”ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœ ื˜ื‘ืขืช ื–ื•,
02:54
so taking a picture of it wouldn't only be really cool,
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ืื– ืœื ืจืง ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืžืžืฉ ืžื’ื ื™ื‘ ืื ื ืฆืœื™ื— ืœืฆืœื ืื•ืชื”,
02:57
it would also help to verify that these equations hold
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ืืœื ื’ื ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื•ื•ื“ื ืฉื”ืžืฉื•ื•ืื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ื ื›ื•ื ื•ืช
03:00
in the extreme conditions around the black hole.
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ื’ื ื‘ืชื ืื™ื ื”ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ื—ื•ืจ ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจ.
03:02
However, this black hole is so far away from us,
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ืื‘ืœ, ื”ื—ื•ืจ ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจ ื”ื–ื” ื›ืœ-ื›ืš ืจื—ื•ืง ืžืื™ืชื ื•
03:05
that from Earth, this ring appears incredibly small --
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ืฉืžื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื”ื˜ื‘ืขืช ื”ื–ื• ื ืจืื™ืช ืžืžืฉ ืงื˜ื ื˜ื ื” -
03:08
the same size to us as an orange on the surface of the moon.
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ื›ื’ื•ื“ืœื• ืฉืœ ืชืคื•ื– ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ื™ืจื—.
03:12
That makes taking a picture of it extremely difficult.
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ื•ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉืœืฆืœื ืื•ืชื” ื–ื” ืงืฉื” ืžืื•ื“.
03:16
Why is that?
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ืœืžื”?
03:18
Well, it all comes down to a simple equation.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื”ื›ืœ ืžืกืชื›ื ืœืžืฉื•ื•ืื” ืื—ืช ืคืฉื•ื˜ื”
03:21
Due to a phenomenon called diffraction,
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืชื•ืคืขื” ืฉื ืงืจืืช ืขืงื™ืคื”,
ื™ืฉ ืขืจืš ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœ
03:24
there are fundamental limits
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03:25
to the smallest objects that we can possibly see.
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ืœื’ื•ื“ืœ ื”ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ ื”ืงื˜ืŸ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœืจืื•ืช
03:28
This governing equation says that in order to see smaller and smaller,
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ื”ืžืฉื•ื•ืื” ื”ื›ืœืœื™ืช ืื•ืžืจืช ืฉื›ื“ื™ ืœืจืื•ืช ืžืฉื”ื• ืงื˜ืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ,
03:32
we need to make our telescope bigger and bigger.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ื˜ืœืกืงื•ืคื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ.
ืื‘ืœ ืืคื™ืœื• ืขื ื”ื˜ืœืกืงื•ืค ื”ืื•ืคื˜ื™ ื”ื—ื–ืง ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ,
03:35
But even with the most powerful optical telescopes here on Earth,
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03:38
we can't even get close to the resolution necessary
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชืงืจื‘ ืืคื™ืœื• ืœืจื–ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ืฉื“ืจื•ืฉื”
03:40
to image on the surface of the moon.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฆืœื ืชืžื•ื ื” ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ื™ืจื—.
03:42
In fact, here I show one of the highest resolution images ever taken
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื›ืืŸ ืื ื™ ืžืจืื” ืืช ืื—ืช ื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืขื ื”ืจื–ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืฆื•ืœืžื• ืื™ ืคืขื
03:46
of the moon from Earth.
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ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืจื— ืžื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
03:47
It contains roughly 13,000 pixels,
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ื”ื™ื ืžื›ื™ืœื” ื‘ืขืจืš 13,000 ืคื™ืงืกืœื™ื,
03:50
and yet each pixel would contain over 1.5 million oranges.
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ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื›ืœ ืคื™ืงืกืœ ื™ื›ื ืกื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื•ื—ืฆื™ ืชืคื•ื–ื™ื
03:55
So how big of a telescope do we need
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ืื– ืื™ื–ื” ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœ ื˜ืœืกืงื•ืค ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื
03:57
in order to see an orange on the surface of the moon
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืจืื•ืช ืชืคื•ื– ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ื™ืจื—
04:00
and, by extension, our black hole?
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ืื• ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืจ ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจ ืฉืœื ื•?
04:02
Well, it turns out that by crunching the numbers,
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ืžืกืชื‘ืจ ืฉืื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืืช ื”ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ
04:04
you can easily calculate that we would need a telescope
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ืืคืฉืจ ืœื—ืฉื‘ ื‘ืงืœื•ืช ืฉื ืฆื˜ืจืš
04:07
the size of the entire Earth.
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ื˜ืœืกืงื•ืค ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื›ื•ืœื•.
04:08
(Laughter)
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[ืฆื—ื•ืง]
04:09
If we could build this Earth-sized telescope,
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ื•ืื ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ื˜ืœืกืงื•ืค ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ
ื ื•ื›ืœ ืจืง ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื”ื‘ื—ื™ืŸ ื‘ื˜ื‘ืขืช ื”ืื•ืจ ื”ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ืช ื”ื–ื•
04:12
we could just start to make out that distinctive ring of light
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04:14
indicative of the black hole's event horizon.
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ืฉืžืขื™ื“ื” ืขืœ ืื•ืคืง ื”ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ืจ ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจ.
04:17
Although this picture wouldn't contain all the detail we see
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ื–ื• ืœื ืชื›ื™ืœ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื ืฉืื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื
ื‘ืชืžื•ื ืช ื’ืจืคื™ืงื” ืžืžื•ื—ืฉื‘ืช,
04:20
in computer graphic renderings,
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04:21
it would allow us to safely get our first glimpse
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ื”ื™ื ืชืืคืฉืจ ืœื ื• ื”ืฆืฆื” ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ืช
04:23
of the immediate environment around a black hole.
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ืœืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื—ื•ืจ ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจ.
04:26
However, as you can imagine,
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ื–ืืช, ื›ืคื™ ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืฉืขืจ,
ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ื˜ืœืกืงื•ืค ืฆืœื—ืช ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื”ื™ื ื” ื‘ืœืชื™ ืืคืฉืจื™ืช.
04:28
building a single-dish telescope the size of the Earth is impossible.
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04:31
But in the famous words of Mick Jagger,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืžื™ืœื•ืชื™ื• ื”ื™ื“ื•ืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื™ืง ื’'ืื’ืจ,
04:33
"You can't always get what you want,
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"ืœื ืชืžื™ื“ ืชื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืืช ืžื” ืฉืืชื” ืจื•ืฆื”,
04:35
but if you try sometimes, you just might find
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ืดืื‘ืœ ืื ืชื ืกื” ืœืคืขืžื™ื, ืื•ืœื™ ืชื’ืœื”
04:37
you get what you need."
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ืดืฉืชืฉื™ื’ ืืช ืžื” ืฉืืชื” ืฆืจื™ืš."
04:38
And by connecting telescopes from around the world,
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ื•ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื˜ืœืกืงื•ืคื™ื ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ืœืขื•ืœื,
04:41
an international collaboration called the Event Horizon Telescope
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ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื” ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืœืื•ืžื™ ืฉื ืงืจื ื˜ืœืกืงื•ืค ืื•ืคืง ื”ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื,
04:44
is creating a computational telescope the size of the Earth,
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ื™ื•ืฆืจ ื˜ืœืกืงื•ืค ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ-ื”ืืจืฅ,
ืฉืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืจื–ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื”
04:48
capable of resolving structure
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04:49
on the scale of a black hole's event horizon.
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ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ ื‘ืกื“ืจ ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœ ืื•ืคืง ื”ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืจ ืฉื—ื•ืจ.
04:51
This network of telescopes is scheduled to take its very first picture
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ืžืขืจื›ืช ื˜ืœืกืงื•ืคื™ื ื–ื• ืืžื•ืจื” ืœืฆืœื ืืช ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืœื”
04:55
of a black hole next year.
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ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืจ ืฉื—ื•ืจ ื‘ืฉื ื” ื”ื‘ืื”.
ื›ืœ ื˜ืœืกืงื•ืค ื‘ืจืฉืช ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช ืžืกื•ื ื›ืจืŸ ืœืื—ืจื™ื.
04:57
Each telescope in the worldwide network works together.
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05:00
Linked through the precise timing of atomic clocks,
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ื‘ืชื–ืžื•ืŸ ืžื“ื•ื™ืง ืฉืœ ืฉืขื•ืŸ ืื˜ื•ืžื™,
05:03
teams of researchers at each of the sites freeze light
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ืฆื•ื•ืชื™ ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืืชืจ ืžืงืคื™ืื™ื ืืช ื”ืื•ืจ
05:05
by collecting thousands of terabytes of data.
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื™ืกื•ืฃ ืฉืœ ืืœืคื™ ื˜ืจื”-ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื™ื“ืข.
05:08
This data is then processed in a lab right here in Massachusetts.
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ืžื™ื“ืข ื–ื” ืžืขื•ื‘ื“ ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื›ืืŸ ื‘ืžืขื‘ื“ื” ื‘ืžืกืฆ'ื•ืกื˜ืก.
05:13
So how does this even work?
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ืื– ืื™ืš ื–ื” ืขื•ื‘ื“?
05:15
Remember if we want to see the black hole in the center of our galaxy,
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ื–ื›ืจื• ืฉืื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืจ ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจ ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ื”ื’ืœืงืกื™ื” ืฉืœื ื•,
05:19
we need to build this impossibly large Earth-sized telescope?
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ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ื˜ืœืกืงื•ืค ืขืฆื•ื ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
05:22
For just a second, let's pretend we could build
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ืื– ืจืง ืœืฉื ื™ื™ื”, ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืขืžื™ื“ ืคื ื™ื ืฉื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื‘ื ื•ืช
05:24
a telescope the size of the Earth.
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ื˜ืœืกืงื•ืค ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
05:26
This would be a little bit like turning the Earth
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ื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ืงืฆืช ื›ืžื• ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ
05:28
into a giant spinning disco ball.
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ืœื›ื“ื•ืจ ืžืจืื•ืช ืขื ืง ืžืกืชื•ื‘ื‘.
05:30
Each individual mirror would collect light
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ื›ืœ ืžืจืื” ืชืืกื•ืฃ ืื•ืจ
05:32
that we could then combine together to make a picture.
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ืฉืื– ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืฉืœื‘ ื™ื—ื“ ืœื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ืชืžื•ื ื”.
05:35
However, now let's say we remove most of those mirrors
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื’ื™ื“ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžืกื™ืจื™ื ืืช ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžืจืื•ืช ื”ืืœื”
ื›ืš ืฉื™ืฉืืจื• ืจืง ืžืขื˜.
05:38
so only a few remained.
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ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœืฉืœื‘ ื™ื—ื“ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ื–ื”,
05:40
We could still try to combine this information together,
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ืื‘ืœ ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื™ืฉ ื‘ื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ื—ื•ืจื™ื.
05:43
but now there are a lot of holes.
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ื”ืžืจืื•ืช ื”ื ื•ืชืจื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ืžืฆื™ื™ื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื‘ื”ื ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื˜ืœืกืงื•ืคื™ื.
05:45
These remaining mirrors represent the locations where we have telescopes.
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05:49
This is an incredibly small number of measurements to make a picture from.
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ื–ื” ืžืกืคืจ ืงื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื“ื™ ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื“ื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืžืžื ื• ืชืžื•ื ื”.
05:53
But although we only collect light at a few telescope locations,
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืื•ืกืคื™ื ืื•ืจ ืจืง ื‘ืžืขื˜ ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช,
05:57
as the Earth rotates, we get to see other new measurements.
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ื›ืฉื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ืžืกืชื•ื‘ื‘, ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืžื“ื™ื“ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช.
06:00
In other words, as the disco ball spins, those mirrors change locations
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ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช, ื›ืฉื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืžืจืื•ืช ืžืกืชื•ื‘ื‘, ื”ืžืจืื•ืช ืžืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ืžื™ืงื•ืžืŸ
06:04
and we get to observe different parts of the image.
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ื—ืœืงื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื‘ืชืžื•ื ื”.
06:07
The imaging algorithms we develop fill in the missing gaps of the disco ball
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ื”ืืœื’ื•ืจื™ืชืžื™ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžืคืชื—ื™ื ืžืžืœืื™ื ืืช ื”ื—ืœืœื™ื ื”ื—ืกืจื™ื ื‘ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืžืจืื•ืช
06:11
in order to reconstruct the underlying black hole image.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืืช ืชืžื•ื ืช ื”ื—ื•ืจ ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจ.
06:14
If we had telescopes located everywhere on the globe --
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ืื ื”ื™ื• ืœื ื• ื˜ืœืกืงื•ืคื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ --
06:17
in other words, the entire disco ball --
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ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช, ืืช ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืžืจืื•ืช ื‘ืฉืœืžื•ืชื• --
06:19
this would be trivial.
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืงืœ.
06:20
However, we only see a few samples, and for that reason,
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ืื‘ืœ, ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืจืง ื›ืžื” ื“ื’ื™ืžื•ืช, ื•ืœื›ืŸ,
06:23
there are an infinite number of possible images
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ื™ืฉ ืžืกืคืจ ืื™ื ืกื•ืคื™ ืฉืœ ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืืคืฉืจื™ื•ืช
06:26
that are perfectly consistent with our telescope measurements.
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ืฉืžืชืื™ืžื•ืช ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ืœืžื“ื™ื“ื•ืช ื”ื˜ืœืกืงื•ืคื™ื ืฉืœื ื•.
06:29
However, not all images are created equal.
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ืื‘ืœ, ืœื ื›ืœ ื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื“ื•ืžื•ืช.
06:32
Some of those images look more like what we think of as images than others.
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ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ื ืจืื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ืžื• ืชืžื•ื ื” ืžืืฉืจ ืื—ืจื•ืช.
06:37
And so, my role in helping to take the first image of a black hole
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ื•ื›ืš, ื”ืขื–ืจื” ืฉืœื™ ื‘ืฆื™ืœื•ื ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืจ ืฉื—ื•ืจ
06:40
is to design algorithms that find the most reasonable image
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ื”ื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ืืœื’ื•ืจื™ืชืžื™ื ืฉืžื•ืฆืื™ื ืืช ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ืกื‘ื™ืจื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
06:43
that also fits the telescope measurements.
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ืฉื’ื ืžืชืื™ืžื” ืœืžื“ื™ื“ื•ืช ื”ื˜ืœืกืงื•ืคื™ื.
06:46
Just as a forensic sketch artist uses limited descriptions
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ื›ืžื• ืฉืฆื™ื™ืจ ืงืœืกืชืจื•ื ื™ื ืžืฉื˜ืจืชื™ ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื ื—ืœืงื™ื™ื
06:50
to piece together a picture using their knowledge of face structure,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืชืžื•ื ื” ืชื•ืš ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื™ื“ืข ืฉืœื• ืขืœ ืžื‘ื ื” ืคื ื™ื,
06:54
the imaging algorithms I develop use our limited telescope data
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ื”ืืœื’ื•ืจื™ืชืžื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื”ื“ืžื™ื” ืฉืื ื™ ืžืคืชื—ืช ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ื—ืœืงื™ ืžื”ื˜ืœืกืงื•ืคื™ื
06:57
to guide us to a picture that also looks like stuff in our universe.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืื•ืชื ื• ืœืชืžื•ื ื” ืฉื ืจืื™ืช ื›ืžื• ืžืฉื”ื• ืžื”ื™ืงื•ื ืฉืœื ื•.
07:01
Using these algorithms, we're able to piece together pictures
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ืชื•ืš ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืืœื’ื•ืจื™ืชืžื™ื ื”ืืœื”, ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืจื›ื™ื‘ ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช
07:05
from this sparse, noisy data.
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ืžื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ื“ืœ ื•ื”ืจื•ืขืฉ ื”ื–ื”.
07:07
So here I show a sample reconstruction done using simulated data,
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ืื– ื”ื ื” ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืœืฉื—ื–ื•ืจ ืฉื ืขืฉื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืžื™ื“ืข ืžื“ื•ืžื”,
07:12
when we pretend to point our telescopes
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ื›ืฉืื ื• ืžืขืžื™ื“ื™ื ืคื ื™ื ืฉื›ื™ื•ื•ื ื• ืืช ื”ื˜ืœืกืงื•ืคื™ื
07:14
to the black hole in the center of our galaxy.
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ืœื—ื•ืจ ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจ ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ื”ื’ืœืงืกื™ื” ืฉืœื ื•.
07:16
Although this is just a simulation, reconstruction such as this give us hope
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื–ื• ืจืง ื”ื“ืžื™ื”, ืฉื—ื–ื•ืจ ื›ื–ื” ื ื•ืชืŸ ืœื ื• ืชืงื•ื•ื”
07:21
that we'll soon be able to reliably take the first image of a black hole
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ืฉื‘ืงืจื•ื‘ ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืฆืœื ืืช ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ืืžื™ื ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืจ ืฉื—ื•ืจ
07:24
and from it, determine the size of its ring.
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ื•ืžืžื ื”, ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ืืช ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื”ื˜ื‘ืขืช ืฉืœื•.
ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืฉืžื—ื” ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœืคืจื˜ ืขืœ ื”ืืœื’ื•ืจื™ืชื ื”ื–ื”,
07:28
Although I'd love to go on about all the details of this algorithm,
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07:31
luckily for you, I don't have the time.
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ืœืžื–ืœื›ื, ืื™ืŸ ืœื™ ื–ืžืŸ.
07:33
But I'd still like to give you a brief idea
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ืื‘ืœ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืชืช ืœื›ื ืžื•ืฉื’
07:35
of how we define what our universe looks like,
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ืขืœ ื”ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ื• ืื ื• ืžื’ื“ื™ืจื™ื ืื™ืš ื ืจืื” ื”ื™ืงื•ื ืฉืœื ื•,
07:37
and how we use this to reconstruct and verify our results.
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ื•ืื™ืš ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื–ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉื—ื–ืจ ื•ืœืืžืช ืืช ื”ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•.
07:42
Since there are an infinite number of possible images
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืฉ ืžืกืคืจ ืื™ื ืกื•ืคื™ ืฉืœ ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืืคืฉืจื™ื•ืช
07:44
that perfectly explain our telescope measurements,
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ืฉืžืกื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืืช ืžื“ื™ื“ื•ืช ื”ื˜ืœืกืงื•ืคื™ื,
07:47
we have to choose between them in some way.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ืŸ ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืฉื”ื™.
07:49
We do this by ranking the images
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืืช ื–ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื“ื™ืจื•ื’ ื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช
07:51
based upon how likely they are to be the black hole image,
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ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืกื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืชืžื•ื ื” ื–ื• ื”ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ืจ ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจ,
07:54
and then choosing the one that's most likely.
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ื•ืื– ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ื›ื™ ืกื‘ื™ืจื”.
ืื– ืœืžื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืื ื™ ืžืชื›ื•ื•ื ืช?
07:57
So what do I mean by this exactly?
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07:59
Let's say we were trying to make a model
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ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื’ื™ื“ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื ืกื™ื ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืžื•ื“ืœ
08:01
that told us how likely an image were to appear on Facebook.
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ืฉื™ื—ืฉื‘ ืืช ื”ืกื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืชืžื•ื ื” ืชื•ืคื™ืข ื‘ืคื™ื™ืกื‘ื•ืง.
ื›ื ืจืื” ืฉื ืจืฆื” ืฉื”ืžื•ื“ืœ ื™ื’ื™ื“
08:05
We'd probably want the model to say
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08:06
it's pretty unlikely that someone would post this noise image on the left,
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ืฉื–ื” ืœื ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืฉืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื™ืคืจืกื ืืช ืชืžื•ื ืช ื”ืจืขืฉ ืžืฉืžืืœ,
08:10
and pretty likely that someone would post a selfie
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ื•ืฉื“ื™ ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืฉืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื™ืคืจืกื ืกืœืคื™
08:12
like this one on the right.
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ื›ืžื• ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ืžื™ืžื™ืŸ.
ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื‘ืืžืฆืข ืžื˜ื•ืฉื˜ืฉืช,
08:14
The image in the middle is blurry,
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08:15
so even though it's more likely we'd see it on Facebook
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื™ื•ืชืจ ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืฉื ืจืื” ืื•ืชื” ื‘ืคื™ื™ืกื‘ื•ืง
08:18
compared to the noise image,
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ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ืœืชืžื•ื ืช ื”ืจืขืฉ,
08:19
it's probably less likely we'd see it compared to the selfie.
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ื–ื” ื›ื ืจืื” ืคื—ื•ืช ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืฉื ืจืื” ืื•ืชื” ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ืœืกืœืคื™.
08:22
But when it comes to images from the black hole,
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืฉื–ื” ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืžื”ื—ื•ืจ ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจ,
08:25
we're posed with a real conundrum: we've never seen a black hole before.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื ืชืงืœื™ื ื‘ื‘ืขื™ื” ืืžื™ืชื™ืช: ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ืจืื™ื ื• ืชืžื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืจ ืฉื—ื•ืจ ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืŸ.
08:28
In that case, what is a likely black hole image,
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ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื›ื–ื”, ืžื” ื”ื™ื ืชืžื•ื ื” ืกื‘ื™ืจื”,
ื•ืžื” ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื”ื ื™ื— ืขืœ ื”ืžื‘ื ื” ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื?
08:31
and what should we assume about the structure of black holes?
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08:33
We could try to use images from simulations we've done,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืžื”ื”ื“ืžื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ืจืฆื ื•,
08:36
like the image of the black hole from "Interstellar,"
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ื›ืžื• ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ืจ ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจ ืžื”ืกืจื˜ 'ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื',
08:39
but if we did this, it could cause some serious problems.
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ืื ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืืช ื–ื”, ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืจืฆื™ื ื™ื•ืช.
ืžื” ื™ืงืจื” ืื ื”ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื™ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื ืŸ ื ื›ื•ื ื•ืช?
08:42
What would happen if Einstein's theories didn't hold?
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08:45
We'd still want to reconstruct an accurate picture of what was going on.
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ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื ืจืฆื” ืœืฉื—ื–ืจ ืชืžื•ื ื” ืžื“ื•ื™ื™ืงืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฆื‘.
08:49
If we bake Einstein's equations too much into our algorithms,
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ืื ื ืกืชืžืš ืขืœ ื”ืžืฉื•ื•ืื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื™ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืืœื’ื•ืจื™ืชืžื™ื ืฉืœื ื•,
08:52
we'll just end up seeing what we expect to see.
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ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื ืจืื” ืืช ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžืฆืคื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช.
08:55
In other words, we want to leave the option open
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ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช, ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืฉืงื•ืœ ื’ื ืืช ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช
ืฉื‘ืžืจื›ื– ื”ื’ืœืงืกื™ื” ื™ืฉ ืคื™ืœ ืขื ืง
08:58
for there being a giant elephant at the center of our galaxy.
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09:00
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
ืœืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื™ืฉ ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื™ื.
09:02
Different types of images have very distinct features.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื“ื™ืœ ื‘ืงืœื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื“ืžื™ื” ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืจ ืฉื—ื•ืจ
09:05
We can easily tell the difference between black hole simulation images
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09:08
and images we take every day here on Earth.
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ืœืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžืฆืœืžื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื ืขืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ
09:10
We need a way to tell our algorithms what images look like
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืžืฆื•ื ื“ืจืš ืœืœืžื“ ืืช ื”ืืœื’ื•ืจื™ืชืžื™ื ืื™ืš ื ืจืื•ืช ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช
ื‘ืœื™ ืœื›ืคื•ืช ืขืœื™ื”ื ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืชืžื•ื ื” ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ืช.
09:14
without imposing one type of image's features too much.
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09:17
One way we can try to get around this
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ื“ืจืš ืื—ืช ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช
09:19
is by imposing the features of different kinds of images
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ื”ื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ืคื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ื”ืœืงื•ื—ื™ื ืžืฉืœืœ ืกื•ื’ื™ ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช
09:22
and seeing how the type of image we assume affects our reconstructions.
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ื•ื‘ื“ื™ืงื” ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืกื•ื’ ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ืขืœื™ื” ื”ืกืชืžื›ื ื• ืžืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ื”ืฉื—ื–ื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœื ื•.
09:27
If all images' types produce a very similar-looking image,
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ืื ื›ืœ ืกื•ื’ื™ ื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื™ื™ืฆืจื• ืชืžื•ื ื” ืžืื•ื“ ื“ื•ืžื”,
09:31
then we can start to become more confident
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ืื– ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ
09:33
that the image assumptions we're making are not biasing this picture that much.
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ืฉื”ื”ื ื—ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ืœื ืžืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื™.
09:37
This is a little bit like giving the same description
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ื–ื” ืงืฆืช ื›ืžื• ืœืชืช ืืช ืื•ืชื• ืชื™ืื•ืจ
09:40
to three different sketch artists from all around the world.
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ืœืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืฆื™ื™ืจื™ ืคื•ืจื˜ืจื˜ื™ื ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœืขื•ืœื.
09:43
If they all produce a very similar-looking face,
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ืื ื›ื•ืœื ื™ืฆื™ื™ืจื• ืคืจืฆื•ืฃ ืžืื•ื“ ื“ื•ืžื”,
09:46
then we can start to become confident
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ืื– ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื™ื
09:48
that they're not imposing their own cultural biases on the drawings.
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ืฉื”ื ืœื ื›ื•ืคื™ื ืืช ื”ื”ื˜ื™ื•ืช ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ืขืœ ื”ืฆื™ื•ืจื™ื.
09:51
One way we can try to impose different image features
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ื“ืจืš ืื—ืช ืฉื‘ื” ืืคืฉืจ ืœื›ืคื•ืช ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ ืชืžื•ื ื” ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžื™ื
09:55
is by using pieces of existing images.
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ื–ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื—ืœืงื™ื ืžืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช.
09:58
So we take a large collection of images,
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ืื– ืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ืื•ืกืฃ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช,
10:00
and we break them down into their little image patches.
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ื•ืžื—ืœืงื™ื ืื•ืชื ืœื—ืœืงื™ ืชืžื•ื ื” ืงื˜ื ื™ื.
ื•ืื– ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœื›ืœ ื—ืœืง ื›ืžื• ืืœ ื—ืœืง ืžืคืื–ืœ.
10:03
We then can treat each image patch a little bit like pieces of a puzzle.
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10:07
And we use commonly seen puzzle pieces to piece together an image
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื—ืœืงื™ ืคืื–ืœ ืฉื—ื•ื–ืจื™ื ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืจื›ื™ื‘ ืชืžื•ื ื”
10:11
that also fits our telescope measurements.
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ืฉื’ื ืžืชืื™ืžื” ืœืžื“ื™ื“ื•ืช ื”ื˜ืœืกืงื•ืค ืฉืœื ื•.
ืœืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื™ืฉ ื—ืœืงื™ ืคืื–ืœ ืžืื•ื“ ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื™ื.
10:15
Different types of images have very distinctive sets of puzzle pieces.
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10:18
So what happens when we take the same data
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ืžื” ืงื•ืจื” ื›ืฉืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ืืช ืื•ืชื• ืžื™ื“ืข
10:21
but we use different sets of puzzle pieces to reconstruct the image?
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ืืš ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืกื“ืจื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ืœืงื™ ืคืื–ืœ ืœืฉื—ื–ื•ืจ ื”ืชืžื•ื ื”?
10:25
Let's first start with black hole image simulation puzzle pieces.
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ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืชื—ื™ืœ ืขื ืกื“ืจืช ื—ืœืงื™ ื”ืคืื–ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ื“ืžื™ื™ืช ื”ื—ื•ืจ ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจ.
10:30
OK, this looks reasonable.
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ืื•ืงื™ื™, ื ืจืื” ืกื‘ื™ืจ.
10:32
This looks like what we expect a black hole to look like.
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ื–ื” ื ืจืื” ื›ืžื• ืื™ืš ืฉื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืžืฆืคื™ื ืฉื—ื•ืจ ืฉื—ื•ืจ ื™ืจืื”.
10:34
But did we just get it
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืื ืงื™ื‘ืœื ื• ืืช ื–ื”
ืจืง ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ื–ื ื• ื—ืœืงื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื“ืžื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืจ ืฉื—ื•ืจ?
10:36
because we just fed it little pieces of black hole simulation images?
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10:39
Let's try another set of puzzle pieces
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ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื ืกื” ืกื“ืจื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ืฉืœ ื—ืœืงื™ ืคืื–ืœ
10:41
from astronomical, non-black hole objects.
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ืžืขืฆืžื™ื ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื ื—ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื.
10:44
OK, we get a similar-looking image.
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ืื•ืงื™ื™, ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืชืžื•ื ื” ืฉื ืจืื™ืช ื“ื•ืžื”.
ืžื” ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื—ืชื™ื›ื•ืช ืžืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื™ื•ืžื™ื•ืžื™ื•ืช,
10:47
And then how about pieces from everyday images,
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10:49
like the images you take with your own personal camera?
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ื›ืžื• ื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืืชื ืžืฆืœืžื™ื ื‘ืžืฆืœืžื” ื”ืื™ืฉื™ืช ืฉืœื›ื?
10:53
Great, we see the same image.
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ื ื”ื“ืจ, ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ืื•ืชื” ื”ืชืžื•ื ื”.
10:55
When we get the same image from all different sets of puzzle pieces,
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ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืืช ืื•ืชื” ืชืžื•ื ื” ืžืกื“ืจื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ืœืงื™ ืคืื–ืœ,
10:58
then we can start to become more confident
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื™ื
11:00
that the image assumptions we're making
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ืฉื”ื”ื ื—ื•ืช ืฉืื ื• ืžื ื™ื—ื™ื ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืชืžื•ื ื”
11:02
aren't biasing the final image we get too much.
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ืœื ืžื˜ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ืกื•ืคื™ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื™.
11:05
Another thing we can do is take the same set of puzzle pieces,
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ืขื•ื“ ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ื” ืœืงื—ืช ืืช ืื•ืชื” ืกื“ืจื” ืฉืœ ื—ืœืงื™ ืคืื–ืœ,
ื›ืžื• ื”ื—ืœืงื™ื ืžื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ืžื™ื•ืžื™ื•ืช,
11:09
such as the ones derived from everyday images,
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11:11
and use them to reconstruct many different kinds of source images.
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ื•ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื” ืœืฉื—ื–ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื•ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืžืงื•ืจ.
11:15
So in our simulations,
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ืื– ื‘ื”ื“ืžื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•,
11:16
we pretend a black hole looks like astronomical non-black hole objects,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืขืžื™ื“ื™ื ืคื ื™ื ืฉื—ื•ืจ ืฉื—ื•ืจ ื ืจืื” ื›ืžื• ืขืฆืžื™ื ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ื•ืžื™ื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื ื—ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื,
11:20
as well as everyday images like the elephant in the center of our galaxy.
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ื•ื›ืš ื’ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืœืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื™ื•ืžื™ื•ืžื™ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ื”ืคื™ืœ ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ื”ื’ืœืงืกื™ื”.
11:24
When the results of our algorithms on the bottom look very similar
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ื›ืฉื”ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืืœื’ื•ืจื™ืชืžื™ื ื‘ืชื—ืชื™ืช ื ืจืื•ืช ืžืื•ื“ ื“ื•ืžื•ืช
11:27
to the simulation's truth image on top,
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ืœืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ื•ืช, ืœืžืขืœื”,
11:29
then we can start to become more confident in our algorithms.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืืœื’ื•ืจื™ืชืžื™ื.
11:32
And I really want to emphasize here
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ื•ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ื“ื’ื™ืฉ ื›ืืŸ
11:34
that all of these pictures were created
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ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ื ื•ืฆืจื•
11:36
by piecing together little pieces of everyday photographs,
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืจื›ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื—ืœืงื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื™ื•ืžื™ื•ืžื™ื•ืช,
11:39
like you'd take with your own personal camera.
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ื›ืžื• ืฉื ืœืงื—ื•ืช ื‘ืžืฆืœืžื” ื”ืื™ืฉื™ืช ืฉืœื›ื.
11:41
So an image of a black hole we've never seen before
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ืื– ืชืžื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืจ ืฉื—ื•ืจ ืฉืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ืจืื™ื ื•
11:45
may eventually be created by piecing together pictures we see all the time
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ืชื•ื›ืœ ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืœื”ื™ื‘ื ื•ืช ืžืฆื™ืจื•ืฃ ื—ืœืงื™ ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ
11:49
of people, buildings, trees, cats and dogs.
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ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื, ืžื‘ื ื™ื, ืขืฆื™ื, ื—ืชื•ืœื™ื ื•ื›ืœื‘ื™ื.
11:51
Imaging ideas like this will make it possible for us
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ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื“ืžื™ื” ื›ืืœื” ื™ืืคืฉืจื• ืœื ื•
11:54
to take our very first pictures of a black hole,
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ืœืฆืœื ืืช ื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืจ ืฉื—ื•ืจ,
11:57
and hopefully, verify those famous theories
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ื•ื‘ืชืงื•ื•ื” ืœื•ื•ื“ื ืืช ื”ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืคื•ืจืกืžื•ืช ื”ืืœื•
11:59
on which scientists rely on a daily basis.
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ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืžืชื‘ืกืกื™ื ืžื“ื™ ื™ื•ื.
12:02
But of course, getting imaging ideas like this working
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ืžื™ืžื•ืฉ ื”ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืืœื”
12:04
would never have been possible without the amazing team of researchers
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ืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืžืชืืคืฉืจ ืœืœื ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื”ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื”ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื”
12:08
that I have the privilege to work with.
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ืื™ืชื” ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ืืช ื”ื–ื›ื•ืช ืœืขื‘ื•ื“.
ื–ื” ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื“ื”ื™ื ืื•ืชื™
12:10
It still amazes me
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12:11
that although I began this project with no background in astrophysics,
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ืฉืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ืืช ื”ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ ืœืœื ืจืงืข ื‘ืืกื˜ืจื•ืคื™ื–ื™ืงื”,
12:14
what we have achieved through this unique collaboration
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ืžื” ืฉื”ืฉื’ื ื• ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ื”ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ ื”ื–ื”
12:17
could result in the very first images of a black hole.
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ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืจ ืฉื—ื•ืจ.
ืื‘ืœ ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื›ืžื• ื”ื•ืจื•ืกืงื•ืค ืื•ืคืง ื”ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื
12:20
But big projects like the Event Horizon Telescope
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12:22
are successful due to all the interdisciplinary expertise
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ืžืฆืœื™ื—ื™ื ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื”
12:25
different people bring to the table.
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ืฉืœ ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืžืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื.
12:27
We're a melting pot of astronomers,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื›ื•ืจ ื”ื™ืชื•ืš ืฉืœ ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ื•ืžื™ื,
12:29
physicists, mathematicians and engineers.
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ืคื™ื–ื™ืงืื™ื, ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงืื™ื ื•ืžื”ื ื“ืกื™ื.
12:31
This is what will make it soon possible
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ื•ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉื™ืืคืฉืจ ื‘ืงืจื•ื‘
ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื‘ืขื‘ืจ ื ื—ืฉื‘ ื›ื‘ืœืชื™ ืืคืฉืจื™.
12:34
to achieve something once thought impossible.
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12:36
I'd like to encourage all of you to go out
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ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืขื•ื“ื“ ืืช ื›ื•ืœื›ื ืœืฆืืช
12:39
and help push the boundaries of science,
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ื•ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื”ืจื—ื™ื‘ ืืช ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืžื“ืข,
12:41
even if it may at first seem as mysterious to you as a black hole.
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ืืคื™ืœื• ืื ื‘ื”ืชื—ืœื” ื–ื” ื™ื™ืจืื” ืœื›ื ืžืกืชื•ืจื™ ื›ืžื• ื—ื•ืจ ืฉื—ื•ืจ.
12:45
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื”.
12:46
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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