Shyam Sankar: The rise of human-computer cooperation

Translator: Joseph Geni Reviewer: Morton Bast

Prevoditelj: Igor Pureta Recezent: Ivan Stamenković

I'd like to tell you about two games of chess.

Želim vam pričati o dvije partije šaha.

The first happened in 1997, in which Garry Kasparov,

Prva se dogodila 1997., u kojoj je Garry Kasparov,

a human, lost to Deep Blue, a machine.

čovjek, izgubio od Deep Bluea, stroja.

To many, this was the dawn of a new era,

Za mnoge, ovo je bilo svitanje nove ere,

one where man would be dominated by machine.

one u kojoj će stroj dominirati nad čovjekom.

But here we are, 20 years on, and the greatest change

No, evo nas 20 godina poslije i najveća promjena

in how we relate to computers is the iPad,

u našem pogledu na računala je iPad,

not HAL.

ne HAL.

The second game was a freestyle chess tournament

Druga partija je bilo natjecanje u šahu slobodnog stila

in 2005, in which man and machine could enter together

2005., u kojoj su se računalo i čovjek mogli prijaviti zajedno

as partners, rather than adversaries, if they so chose.

kao partneri, a ne protivnici, ako bi tako odabrali.

At first, the results were predictable.

Na startu, rezultati su bili predvidljivi.

Even a supercomputer was beaten by a grandmaster

Čak je i velemajstor s relativno slabim laptopom

with a relatively weak laptop.

pobijedio super računalo.

The surprise came at the end. Who won?

Iznenađenje je stiglo na kraju. Tko je pobijedio?

Not a grandmaster with a supercomputer,

Nije velemajstor sa super računalom,

but actually two American amateurs

već dva američka amatera

using three relatively weak laptops.

koristeći tri relativno slaba laptopa.

Their ability to coach and manipulate their computers

Njihova sposobnost da manipuliraju svojim računalima

to deeply explore specific positions

tako da dublje istraže određene pozicije

effectively counteracted the superior chess knowledge

efektivno je kontrirala superiornom znanju šaha

of the grandmasters and the superior computational power

velemajstora i superiornu moć računanja

of other adversaries.

ostalih protivnika.

This is an astonishing result: average men,

To je zapanjujuć rezultat: prosječni ljudi,

average machines beating the best man, the best machine.

prosječni strojevi, pobjeđuju najbolje ljude, najbolje strojeve.

And anyways, isn't it supposed to be man versus machine?

I uostalom, ne bi li trebalo biti čovjek protiv stroja?

Instead, it's about cooperation, and the right type of cooperation.

Umjesto toga, radi se o suradnji, i to pravoj vrsti suradnje.

We've been paying a lot of attention to Marvin Minsky's

Pridavali smo dosta pažnje viziji Marvina Minskya

vision for artificial intelligence over the last 50 years.

o umjetnoj inteligenciji tijekom zadnjih 50 godina.

It's a sexy vision, for sure. Many have embraced it.

Ta vizija je seksi i mnogi su je prihvatili.

It's become the dominant school of thought in computer science.

Postala je dominantna misao u računalnim znanostima.

But as we enter the era of big data, of network systems,

No, kako ulazimo u doba velikih podataka, mrežnih sustava,

of open platforms, and embedded technology,

otvorenih platformi i ugrađene tehnologije,

I'd like to suggest it's time to reevaluate an alternative vision

volio bih predložiti da je vrijeme za revaluaciju alternativnih vizija

that was actually developed around the same time.

koje su razvijene u isto doba.

I'm talking about J.C.R. Licklider's human-computer symbiosis,

Govorim o simbiozi računala i čovjeka J. C. R. Licklidera,

perhaps better termed "intelligence augmentation," I.A.

možda bolje nazvanom "proširenjem inteligencije".

Licklider was a computer science titan who had a profound

Licklider je bio titan računalnih znanosti i imao je znatan

effect on the development of technology and the Internet.

utjecaj na razvoj tehnologije i interneta.

His vision was to enable man and machine to cooperate

Njegova vizija je bila omogućiti suradnju čovjeka i stroja

in making decisions, controlling complex situations

u donošenju odluka, kontroli kompleksnih situacija

without the inflexible dependence

bez fleksibilne ovisnosti

on predetermined programs.

o predprogramiranim programima

Note that word "cooperate."

Primijetite riječ "suradnja".

Licklider encourages us not to take a toaster

Licklider nas ohrabruje da ne uzimamo toster

and make it Data from "Star Trek,"

i napravimo Datu iz "Star Treka",

but to take a human and make her more capable.

već da uzmemo čovjeka i napravimo ga sposobnijim.

Humans are so amazing -- how we think,

Ljudi su čudesni -- kako mislimo,

our non-linear approaches, our creativity,

naši nelinearni pristupi, naša kreativnost,

iterative hypotheses, all very difficult if possible at all

stalne hipoteze, vrlo teške ako uopće moguće

for computers to do.

za obradu računalom.

Licklider intuitively realized this, contemplating humans

Licklider to intuitivno shvaća promatrajući ljude

setting the goals, formulating the hypotheses,

kako postavljaju ciljeve, postavljaju hipoteze,

determining the criteria, and performing the evaluation.

određuju kriterije i obavljaju procjene.

Of course, in other ways, humans are so limited.

Za neke stvari ljudi su vrlo ograničeni.

We're terrible at scale, computation and volume.

Užasni smo u mjerenju, računanju i veličini.

We require high-end talent management

Trebamo vrhunsko upravljanje talentima

to keep the rock band together and playing.

kako bi rock bend opstao i nastavio svirati.

Licklider foresaw computers doing all the routinizable work

Licklider je predvidio da će računala obavljati sav rutinski posao

that was required to prepare the way for insights and decision making.

potreban za pripremu dolaska do uvida i donošenje odluka.

Silently, without much fanfare,

Tiho, bez mnogo galame,

this approach has been compiling victories beyond chess.

ovaj pristup je sakupljao pobjede i dalje od šaha.

Protein folding, a topic that shares the incredible expansiveness of chess —

Savijanje proteina, tema koja dijeli nevjerojatnu širinu šaha --

there are more ways of folding a protein than there are atoms in the universe.

postoji više načina za savijanje proteina nego atoma u svemiru.

This is a world-changing problem with huge implications

Ovo je svjetski problem s velikim značajem

for our ability to understand and treat disease.

za našu sposobnost liječenja bolesti.

And for this task, supercomputer field brute force simply isn't enough.

Za ovaj zadatak, sirova snaga super računala jednostavno nije dovoljna.

Foldit, a game created by computer scientists,

Foldit, igra koju su razvili računalni znanstvenici,

illustrates the value of the approach.

prikazuje vrijednost pristupa.

Non-technical, non-biologist amateurs play a video game

Amateri koji nisu tehničari niti biolozi igraju igru

in which they visually rearrange the structure of the protein,

u kojoj vizualno preslaguju strukturu proteina,

allowing the computer to manage the atomic forces

dopuštajući računalu da upravlja snagama atoma,

and interactions and identify structural issues.

interakcijama i da prepoznaje probleme u strukturi.

This approach beat supercomputers 50 percent of the time

Ovaj pristup pobjeđuje super računalo u 50% slučajeva

and tied 30 percent of the time.

i igra nerješeno s njim u 30%.

Foldit recently made a notable and major scientific discovery

Foldit je nedavno napravio značajno i veliko znanstveno otkriće

by deciphering the structure of the Mason-Pfizer monkey virus.

dešifrirajući strukturu Mason-Pfizer majmunskog virusa.

A protease that had eluded determination for over 10 years

Proteaze koje su izmicale otkriću 10 godina

was solved was by three players in a matter of days,

riješila su tri igrača u nekoliko dana,

perhaps the first major scientific advance

možda prvo veliko znanstveno otkriće

to come from playing a video game.

koje dolazi iz igranja video igara.

Last year, on the site of the Twin Towers,

Prošle godine, na mjestu srušenih blizanaca,

the 9/11 memorial opened.

otvorio se spomenik za 9/11.

It displays the names of the thousands of victims

Prikazuje imena tisuća žrtava

using a beautiful concept called "meaningful adjacency."

koristeći predivan koncept zvan "značajno susjedstvo."

It places the names next to each other based on their

Postavlja imena jedno pored drugoga na temelju

relationships to one another: friends, families, coworkers.

njihovih međusobnih veza: prijatelja, obitelji, suradnika.

When you put it all together, it's quite a computational

Kada spojite sve zajedno, popriličan je računalni izazov:

challenge: 3,500 victims, 1,800 adjacency requests,

3500 žrtava, 1800 zahtjeva za susjedstvo,

the importance of the overall physical specifications

važnost sveukupnih fizičkih odredbi

and the final aesthetics.

i završne estetike.

When first reported by the media, full credit for such a feat

Kada su mediji prvi puta javili to, cijela zasluga je

was given to an algorithm from the New York City

dana algoritmu iz New Yorške

design firm Local Projects. The truth is a bit more nuanced.

dizajnerske tvrtke Local Projects. Istina je ponešto drugačija.

While an algorithm was used to develop the underlying framework,

Dok je korišten algoritam za razvoj osnovnog okvira,

humans used that framework to design the final result.

ljudi su koristili taj okvir za dizajn završnog rezultata.

So in this case, a computer had evaluated millions

Dakle u ovom slučaju, računalo je procijenilo

of possible layouts, managed a complex relational system,

milijune mogućih rasporeda, upravljalo kompleksnim sustavom odnosa,

and kept track of a very large set of measurements

i pratilo vrlo velik set mjera

and variables, allowing the humans to focus

i varijabli, dopuštajući ljudima da se usmjere

on design and compositional choices.

na dizajn i kompozicijske izbore.

So the more you look around you,

Što više gledate,

the more you see Licklider's vision everywhere.

sve više vidite Lickliderovu viziju.

Whether it's augmented reality in your iPhone or GPS in your car,

Bilo da je proširena stvarnost u vašem iPhoneu ili GPS-u u autu,

human-computer symbiosis is making us more capable.

simbioza čovjeka i računala nas čini sposobnijima.

So if you want to improve human-computer symbiosis,

Dakle, ako želite poboljšati tu simbiozu,

what can you do?

što možete napraviti?

You can start by designing the human into the process.

Možete početi stavljanjem čovjeka u proces.

Instead of thinking about what a computer will do to solve the problem,

Umjesto da razmišljate što računalo može napraviti da riješi problem,

design the solution around what the human will do as well.

stvorite rješenje oko onoga što će i čovjek napraviti.

When you do this, you'll quickly realize that you spent

Kada ovo napravite, brzo ćete shvatiti da

all of your time on the interface between man and machine,

ste potrošili svo vrijeme na sučelju između čovjeka i stroja,

specifically on designing away the friction in the interaction.

posebno na uklanjanju trvenja u interakciji.

In fact, this friction is more important than the power

Ustvari, to trvenje je važnije nego snaga

of the man or the power of the machine

čovjeka ili stroja

in determining overall capability.

za sveukupnu sposobnost.

That's why two amateurs with a few laptops

To je razlog zašto dva amatera s laptopima

handily beat a supercomputer and a grandmaster.

mogu pobijediti super računalo i velemajstora.

What Kasparov calls process is a byproduct of friction.

Ono što Kasparov zove procesom, je nusprodukt trvenja.

The better the process, the less the friction.

Što je bolji proces, manje je trvenja.

And minimizing friction turns out to be the decisive variable.

Smanjenje trvenja je, čini se, odlučujuća varijabla.

Or take another example: big data.

Ili uzmite drugi primjer: veliki podaci.

Every interaction we have in the world is recorded

Svaka interakcija koju imamo u svijetu

by an ever growing array of sensors: your phone,

je snimljena vječno rastućim brojem senzora: vaš mobitel,

your credit card, your computer. The result is big data,

vaša kreditna kartica, vaše računalo. Rezultat su

and it actually presents us with an opportunity

veliki podaci, i daju nam priliku

to more deeply understand the human condition.

da dublje razumijemo ljudsko stanje.

The major emphasis of most approaches to big data

Najveći naglasak na većini ovih pristupa

focus on, "How do I store this data? How do I search

je fokus na "Kako spremim ove podatke?

this data? How do I process this data?"

Kako ih pretražujem? Kako ih obrađujem?"

These are necessary but insufficient questions.

Ovo su važna ali nedovoljna pitanja.

The imperative is not to figure out how to compute,

Imperativ nije na shvaćanju kako računati,

but what to compute. How do you impose human intuition

nego što računati. Kako umetnuti ljudsku

on data at this scale?

intuiciju u tolikim podacima?

Again, we start by designing the human into the process.

Ponovo, počinjemo stavljanjem čovjeka u proces.

When PayPal was first starting as a business, their biggest

Kad je PayPal počinjao svoj posao, njihov najveći izazov

challenge was not, "How do I send money back and forth online?"

nije bio "Kako šaljem novac tamo - amo preko mreže?"

It was, "How do I do that without being defrauded by organized crime?"

Bio je "Kako da to napravim bez da me prevari organizirani kriminal?"

Why so challenging? Because while computers can learn

Zašto je toliki izazov? Jer, dok računala

to detect and identify fraud based on patterns,

mogu naučiti prepoznati prevaru na temelju uzoraka,

they can't learn to do that based on patterns

ne mogu to napraviti na temelju uzoraka

they've never seen before, and organized crime

koje nisu nikada vidjeli, a organizirani kriminal

has a lot in common with this audience: brilliant people,

ima mnogo toga zajedničkog s ovom publikom: briljantni ljudi,

relentlessly resourceful, entrepreneurial spirit — (Laughter) —

neumoro snalažljivi, poduzetnički duh -- (Smijeh) --

and one huge and important difference: purpose.

i jedna ključna razlika: svrha.

And so while computers alone can catch all but the cleverest

I dok računala sama mogu uhvatiti sve osim najpametnijih

fraudsters, catching the cleverest is the difference

prevaranata, hvatanje najpametnijih je razlika

between success and failure.

između uspjeha i neuspjeha.

There's a whole class of problems like this, ones with

Postoji mnogo ovakvih problema, onih s

adaptive adversaries. They rarely if ever present with a

prilagodljivim protivnicima. Rijetko, ako ikad

repeatable pattern that's discernable to computers.

ponavljaju uzorak primjetan računalima.

Instead, there's some inherent component of innovation or disruption,

Umjesto, postoji nasljedna sastavnica inovacije ili remećenja,

and increasingly these problems are buried in big data.

i taj rastući broj problema je zakopan u velikim podacima.

For example, terrorism. Terrorists are always adapting

Na primjer, terorizam. Teroristi se uvijek prilagode

in minor and major ways to new circumstances, and despite

na bolje ili lošije načine novim okolnostima

what you might see on TV, these adaptations,

i unatoč viđenom na TV-u, ove prilagodbe,

and the detection of them, are fundamentally human.

i njihovo primjećivanje, su temeljno ljudske.

Computers don't detect novel patterns and new behaviors,

Računala ne raspoznaju nove uzorke ili ponašanja,

but humans do. Humans, using technology, testing hypotheses,

ali ljudi da. Ljudi, koristeći tehnologiju, testirajući hipoteze,

searching for insight by asking machines to do things for them.

tražeći uvide traženjem strojeva da urade nešto za njih.

Osama bin Laden was not caught by artificial intelligence.

Osamu bin Ladena nije uhvatila umjetna inteligencija.

He was caught by dedicated, resourceful, brilliant people

Uhvatili su ga predani, snalažljivi, genijalni ljudi

in partnerships with various technologies.

u partnerstvu s raznim tehnologijama.

As appealing as it might sound, you cannot algorithmically

Koliko god zvučalo primamljivo, ne možete algoritamski

data mine your way to the answer.

iskopati svoj put do odgovora.

There is no "Find Terrorist" button, and the more data

Ne postoji gumb "nađi terorista", a što više podataka

we integrate from a vast variety of sources

integriramo iz iznimnog broja izvora

across a wide variety of data formats from very

preko širokog spektra formata podataka iz

disparate systems, the less effective data mining can be.

različitih sustava, to kopanje može biti manje učinkovito.

Instead, people will have to look at data

Umjesto toga, ljudi moraju gledati podatke

and search for insight, and as Licklider foresaw long ago,

i tražiti uvide, i kako je Licklider davno predvidio,

the key to great results here is the right type of cooperation,

ključ sjajnih rezultata je prava vrsta suradnje,

and as Kasparov realized,

i kako je Kasparov shvatio,

that means minimizing friction at the interface.

to znači smanjivati trvenje na sučelju.

Now this approach makes possible things like combing

Ovaj pristup omogućava stvari poput pročešljavanja

through all available data from very different sources,

svih mogućih podataka iz drugačijih izvora,

identifying key relationships and putting them in one place,

prepoznati ključne veze i stavljati ih na jedno mjesto,

something that's been nearly impossible to do before.

nešto što je ranije bilo nemoguće izvesti.

To some, this has terrifying privacy and civil liberties

Za neke, ovo ima užasan utjecaj na

implications. To others it foretells of an era of greater

privatnost i građanska prava. Drugima, predskazuje doba veće privatnosti

privacy and civil liberties protections,

i zaštite građanskih prava,

but privacy and civil liberties are of fundamental importance.

no privatnost i građanska prava su od ključne važnosti.

That must be acknowledged, and they can't be swept aside,

To mora biti obznanjeno i ne smiju biti stavljeni sa strane,

even with the best of intents.

čak ni iz najboljih namjera.

So let's explore, through a couple of examples, the impact

Dakle, istražujmo kroz nekoliko primjera, utjecaj koji

that technologies built to drive human-computer symbiosis

su tehnologije, napravljene da služe simbiozi računala i čovjeka,

have had in recent time.

imale u zadnje vrijeme.

In October, 2007, U.S. and coalition forces raided

U listopadu, 2007., SAD i koalicijske snage su pretresli

an al Qaeda safe house in the city of Sinjar

sigurnu kuću Al Qaede u gradu Sinjaru

on the Syrian border of Iraq.

na sirijskoj granici s Irakom.

They found a treasure trove of documents:

Našli su bogatstvo dokumenata:

700 biographical sketches of foreign fighters.

700 biografskih skica stranih boraca.

These foreign fighters had left their families in the Gulf,

Ti strani borci su ostavili svoje obitelji u Zaljevu,

the Levant and North Africa to join al Qaeda in Iraq.

Levantu i sjevernoj Africi da bi se pridružili Al Qaedi u Iraku.

These records were human resource forms.

Ovi zapisi su formulari kadrovske.

The foreign fighters filled them out as they joined the organization.

Strani borci su ih ispunjavali kako su se pridruživali organizaciji.

It turns out that al Qaeda, too,

Čini se kako ni Al Qaeda

is not without its bureaucracy. (Laughter)

nije bez birokracije. (Smijeh)

They answered questions like, "Who recruited you?"

Odgovarali su na pitanja poput: "Tko te unovačio?

"What's your hometown?" "What occupation do you seek?"

Gdje ti je rodni grad? Koju poziciju tražiš?"

In that last question, a surprising insight was revealed.

U tom zadnjem pitanju otkriven je iznenađujuć uvid.

The vast majority of foreign fighters

Velika većina stranih boraca

were seeking to become suicide bombers for martyrdom --

je htjela biti bombaš samoubojica zbog mučeništva --

hugely important, since between 2003 and 2007, Iraq

vrlo važno, između 2003. i 2007., u Iraku se dogodilo

had 1,382 suicide bombings, a major source of instability.

1.382 samoubilačkih bombaških napada, velik izvor nestabilnosti.

Analyzing this data was hard. The originals were sheets

Analiza podataka je bila teška. Originali su bili

of paper in Arabic that had to be scanned and translated.

na arapskom i morali su biti skenirani i prevedeni.

The friction in the process did not allow for meaningful

Trvenje u procesu nije dozvoljavalo važne

results in an operational time frame using humans, PDFs

rezultate u operativnom vremenu samo korištenjem ljudi, PDF-ova

and tenacity alone.

i ustrajnošću.

The researchers had to lever up their human minds

Istraživači su morali poduprijeti svoje umove

with technology to dive deeper, to explore non-obvious

tehnologijom kako bi zaronili dublje, istražili

hypotheses, and in fact, insights emerged.

ne očite hipoteze i, ustvari, dobili su rezultate.

Twenty percent of the foreign fighters were from Libya,

20% stranih boraca je bilo iz Libije,

50 percent of those from a single town in Libya,

50% njih je iz istog grada u Libiji,

hugely important since prior statistics put that figure at

vrlo važno s obzirom da prijašnja statistika taj

three percent. It also helped to hone in on a figure

broj određuje na 3%. Također je pomoglo u približavanju

of rising importance in al Qaeda, Abu Yahya al-Libi,

osobi rastuće važnosti u Al Qaedi, Abu Yahya al-Libiju,

a senior cleric in the Libyan Islamic fighting group.

starijem kleriku u libijskoj islamskoj borbenoj grupi.

In March of 2007, he gave a speech, after which there was

U ožujku 2007., održao je govor nakon kojeg se dogodio

a surge in participation amongst Libyan foreign fighters.

snažan rast prijava među libijskim borcima.

Perhaps most clever of all, though, and least obvious,

Možda najpametnije od svega, iako najmanje očito,

by flipping the data on its head, the researchers were

okretanjem podataka naopako, istraživači su

able to deeply explore the coordination networks in Syria

mogli dublje istražiti koordinacijske mreže u Siriji

that were ultimately responsible for receiving and

koje su bile odgovorne za prihvat

transporting the foreign fighters to the border.

i transport stranih boraca na granicu.

These were networks of mercenaries, not ideologues,

To su bile mreže plaćenika, ne ideologa,

who were in the coordination business for profit.

koji su u koordinacijskom poslu bili zbog profita.

For example, they charged Saudi foreign fighters

Na primjer, naplaćivali su saudijskim borcima,

substantially more than Libyans, money that would have

značajno više nego libijskim, novac koji

otherwise gone to al Qaeda.

bi inače išao Al Qaedi.

Perhaps the adversary would disrupt their own network

Možda bi protivnici prekinuli vlastitu mrežu

if they knew they cheating would-be jihadists.

da su znali da varaju buduće džihadiste.

In January, 2010, a devastating 7.0 earthquake struck Haiti,

U siječnju 2010., razorni potres od 7.0 po Richteru je pogodio Haiti,

third deadliest earthquake of all time, left one million people,

treći najsmrtonosniji potres ikad je ostavio milijun ljudi,

10 percent of the population, homeless.

10% stanovništva, bez krova nad glavom.

One seemingly small aspect of the overall relief effort

Jedan mali aspekt cjelokupnog pokušaja olakšanja

became increasingly important as the delivery of food

je postajao sve važniji kako su hrana i

and water started rolling.

voda počeli stizati.

January and February are the dry months in Haiti,

Siječanj i veljača su suhi mjeseci na Haitiju,

yet many of the camps had developed standing water.

no mnogi kampovi su bili poplavljeni.

The only institution with detailed knowledge of Haiti's

Jedina institucija s detaljnim znanjem o

floodplains had been leveled

poplavnim područjima Haitija je sravljena sa zemljom

in the earthquake, leadership inside.

u potresu zajedno s vodstvom.

So the question is, which camps are at risk,

Pitanje je koji su kampovi rizični,

how many people are in these camps, what's the

koliko ljudi ima u tim kampovima, koji je

timeline for flooding, and given very limited resources

raspored plavljenja i uz vrlo ograničene resurse

and infrastructure, how do we prioritize the relocation?

i infrastrukturu, kako prioritizirati premještaj?

The data was incredibly disparate. The U.S. Army had

Podaci su bili vrlo različiti. Američka vojska je

detailed knowledge for only a small section of the country.

imala detaljno znanje za samo mali dio države.

There was data online from a 2006 environmental risk

Postoje podaci na mreži s konferencije o okolišnom riziku iz 2006.,

conference, other geospatial data, none of it integrated.

drugi geospacijalni podaci, ništa nije integrirano.

The human goal here was to identify camps for relocation

Ljudski cilj je bio prepoznati kampove za relokaciju

based on priority need.

na temelju prioritetnih potreba.

The computer had to integrate a vast amount of geospacial

Računalo je trebalo integrirati iznimnu količinu geospacijalnih

information, social media data and relief organization

informacija, podataka s društvenih mreža i podataka organizacije za humanitarnu pomoć

information to answer this question.

kako bi odgovorilo na ovo pitanje.

By implementing a superior process, what was otherwise

Primjenjujući superiorni proces, zadatak

a task for 40 people over three months became

za 40 ljudi kroz 3 mjeseca je postao

a simple job for three people in 40 hours,

jednostavan posao za troje ljudi u 40 sati,

all victories for human-computer symbiosis.

sve pobjede za simbiozu čovjeka i računala.

We're more than 50 years into Licklider's vision

Više smo od 50 godina u Lickliderovoj viziji

for the future, and the data suggests that we should be

budućnosti, i podaci govore da bismo trebali biti

quite excited about tackling this century's hardest problems,

poprilično uzbuđeni oko savladavanja najtežih problema ovog stoljeća,

man and machine in cooperation together.

čovjek i stroj u zajedničkoj suradnji.

Thank you. (Applause)

Hvala vam.

(Applause)

(Pljesak)