The incredible chemistry powering your smartphone | Cathy Mulzer

Translator: Ivana Korom Reviewer: Joanna Pietrulewicz

Prevoditelj: Neda Vrkic Recezent: Sanda L

When I waltzed off to high school with my new Nokia phone,

Kad sam odjurila u srednju školu sa svojim novim Nokia telefonom,

I thought I just had the new, coolest replacement

mislila sam da upravo imam novu, najbolju zamjenu

for my old pink princess walkie-talkie.

za svoj stari ružičasti walkie-talkie.

Except now, my friends and I could text or talk to each other

Osim što sada, moji prijatelji i ja smo mogli slati poruke

ili pričati jedni s drugima

wherever we were,

gdje god da smo bili, umjesto da se pretvaramo,

instead of pretending,

when we were running around each other's backyards.

kao kada smo trčali po dvorištima jedni od drugih.

Now, I'll be honest.

Sada ću biti iskrena.

Back then, I didn't think a lot about how these devices were made.

Tada, nisam puno razmišljala o tome kako su ti uređaji napravljeni.

They tended to show up on Christmas morning,

Obično su se pojavili na Božićno jutro

so maybe they were made by the elves in Santa's workshop.

pa su ih možda napravili vilenjaci u Djedovoj radionici.

Let me ask you a question.

Dopustite mi da vam postavim pitanje.

Who do you think the real elves that make these devices are?

Što mislite tko su pravi vilenjaci koji prave ove uređaje?

If I ask a lot of the people I know,

Ako pitam puno ljudi koje poznajem,

they would say it's the hoodie-wearing software engineers in Silicon Valley,

rekli bi da su to softverski inženjeri iz Silicijske doline

koji nose majice s kapuljačom i rade na hakiranju koda.

hacking away at code.

But a lot has to happen to these devices

Ali puno toga se mora dogoditi tim uređajima

before they're ready for any kind of code.

prije nego što budu spremni za bilo koju vrstu koda.

These devices start at the atomic level.

Ovi uređaji počinju na atomskoj razini.

So if you ask me,

Pa ako mene pitate,

the real elves are the chemists.

pravi vilenjaci su kemičari.

That's right, I said the chemists.

Tako je, rekla sam kemičari.

Chemistry is the hero of electronic communications.

Kemija je junak elektroničkih komunikacija.

And my goal today is to convince you

I moj današnji cilj je uvjeriti vas

to agree with me.

da se složite sa mnom.

OK, let's start simple,

OK, počnimo jednostavno

and take a look inside these insanely addictive devices.

i pogledajmo unutar ovih suludo ovisnih uređaja.

Because without chemistry,

Jer bez kemije,

what is an information superhighway that we love,

koja je autoput informacija koje volimo,

would just be a really expensive, shiny paperweight.

bi bio samo vrlo skupi, sjajni uteg za papir.

Chemistry enables all of these layers.

Kemija omogućuje sve ove slojeve.

Let's start at the display.

Krenimo od zaslona.

How do you think we get those bright, vivid colors

Što mislite kako dobijemo one sjajne i živopisne boje

that we love so much?

koje toliko volimo?

Well, I'll tell you.

Dobro, reći ću vam.

There's organic polymers embedded within the display,

Postoje organski polimeri ugrađeni unutar zaslona,

that can take electricity and turn it into the blue, red and green

koji mogu uzeti struju i pretvoriti je u plavu, crvenu i zelenu

that we enjoy in our pictures.

u kojima uživamo na našim slikama.

What if we move down to the battery?

Što ako se prebacimo na bateriju?

Now there's some intense research.

Sada imamo intenzivno istraživanje.

How do we take the chemical principles of traditional batteries

Kako polazimo od kemijskih načela tradicionalnih baterija

and pair it with new, high surface area electrodes,

i uparujemo ih s novim elektrodama, velikih površina,

so we can pack more charge in a smaller footprint of space,

tako da možemo pohraniti više naboja u manjem prostoru,

so that we could power our devices all day long,

kako bismo mogli napajati naše uređaje cijeli dan,

while we're taking selfies,

dok slikamo selfije,

without having to recharge our batteries

bez da moramo ponovno napuniti naše baterije

or sit tethered to an electrical outlet?

ili sjediti vezani za električnu utičnicu?

What if we go to the adhesives that bind it all together,

Što ako krenemo na ljepila koja sve to skupa vežu,

so that it could withstand our frequent usage?

kako bi mogao izdržati naše često korištenje?

After all, as a millennial,

Nakon svega, kao milenijalac,

I have to take my phone out at least 200 times a day to check it,

moram izvaditi svoj telefon barem 200 puta dnevno da ga provjerim,

and in the process, drop it two to three times.

i u procesu, ispustiti ga dva do tri puta.

But what are the real brains of these devices?

Ali koji su pravi mozgovi ovih uređaja?

What makes them work the way that we love them so much?

Što ih pokreće da rade na način zbog kojih ih toliko volimo?

Well that all has to do with electrical components and circuitry

Pa, sve to ima veze s električnim sastavnicama i sklopom

that are tethered to a printed circuit board.

koji su vezani na tiskanu ploču sklopa.

Or maybe you prefer a biological metaphor --

Ili možda više volite biološku metaforu --

the motherboard, you might have heard of that.

matična ploča, možda ste čuli za to.

Now, the printed circuit board doesn't really get talked about a lot.

Sada, o tiskanoj pločici sklopa zapravo se ne govori puno.

And I'll be honest, I don't know why that is.

I bit ću iskrena, ne znam zašto.

Maybe it's because it's the least sexy layer

Možda zbog toga jer je najmanje seksi sloj

and it's hidden beneath all of those other sleek-looking layers.

i skriven je ispod svih tih ostalih uglađenih slojeva.

But it's time to finally give this Clark Kent layer

Ali vrijeme je da konačno ovom Clark Kent sloju

the Superman-worthy praise it deserves.

damo Superman - vrijednu pohvalu kakvu zaslužuje.

And so I ask you a question.

I zato vam postavljam pitanje.

What do you think a printed circuit board is?

Što mislite što je tiskana pločica sklopa?

Well, consider a metaphor.

Pa, razmislite o metafori.

Think about the city that you live in.

Mislite o gradu u kojem živite.

You have all these points of interest that you want to get to:

Imate sve ove točke interesa do kojih želite doći:

your home, your work, restaurants,

vaš dom, vaš posao, restorane,

a couple of Starbucks on every block.

nekoliko Starbucksa u svakom kvartu.

And so we build roads that connect them all together.

I tako gradimo ceste koje ih sve povezuju.

That's what a printed circuit board is.

To je što znači tiskana pločica sklopa.

Except, instead of having things like restaurants,

Osim što, umjesto imajući stvari poput restorana,

we have transistors on chips,

imamo prijemnike na čipovima,

capacitors, resistors,

kondenzatore, otpornike,

all of these electrical components

sve ove električne sastavnice

that need to find a way to talk to each other.

koje trebaju naći način da razgovaraju jedne s drugima.

And so what are our roads?

I tako, što su naše ceste?

Well, we build tiny copper wires.

Pa, izrađujemo sitne bakrene žice.

So the next question is,

Dakle, sljedeće pitanje je,

how do we make these tiny copper wires?

kako pravimo ove sitne bakrene žice?

They're really small.

Stvarno su malene.

Could it be that we go to the hardware store,

Može li biti da odemo do željezarije,

pick up a spool of copper wire,

pokupimo namotaj bakrene žice,

get some wire cutters, a little clip-clip,

uzmemo neki rezač žice, malo odrežemo,

saw it all up and then, bam -- we have our printed circuit board?

sve zašijemo i tada, bum -- imamo našu tiskanu ploču sklopa?

No way.

Nema šanse.

These wires are way too small for that.

Te žice su premale za to.

And so we have to rely on our friend: chemistry.

I tako se moramo osloniti na našeg prijatelja: kemiju.

Now, the chemical process to make these tiny copper wires

Sada, kemijski proces izrade tih sitnih bakrenih žica

is seemingly simple.

naizgled je jednostavan.

We start with a solution

Počinjemo s otopinom

of positively charged copper spheres.

pozitivno nabijenih bakrenih kuglica.

We then add to it an insulating printed circuit board.

Tada je dodajemo na izoliranu tiskanu matičnu ploču.

And we feed those positively charged spheres

I hranimo te pozitivno nabijene kuglice

negatively charged electrons

negativno nabijenim elektronima

by adding formaldehyde to the mix.

dodajući formaldehid u smjesu.

So you might remember formaldehyde.

I možda se sjećate formaldehida.

Really distinct odor,

Dosta izraženog mirisa,

used to preserve frogs in biology class.

korišten za čuvanje žaba na satu biologije.

Well it turns out it can do a lot more than just that.

Pa ispada da može učiniti mnogo više od samo toga.

And it's a really key component

I stvarno je ključna sastavnica

to making these tiny copper wires.

u izradi tih sitnih bakrenih žica.

You see, the electrons on formaldehyde have a drive.

Vidite, elektroni na formaldehidu imaju nagon.

They want to jump over to those positively charged copper spheres.

Žele skočiti na one pozitivno nabijene kuglice bakra.

And that's all because of a process known as redox chemistry.

I to je sve zbog procesa poznatog kao redoks kemija.

And when that happens,

I kad se to dogodi,

we can take these positively charged copper spheres

možemo uzeti ove pozitivno nabijene kuglice bakra

and turn them into bright,

i pretvoriti ih u svijetli,

shiny, metallic and conductive copper.

sjajni, metalik i provodljiv bakar.

And once we have conductive copper,

I jednom kada imamo provodljiv bakar,

now we're cooking with gas.

sada kuhamo na plin.

And we can get all of those electrical components

I možemo omogućiti da sve te električne sastavnice

to talk to each other.

razgovaraju jedna s drugom.

So thank you once again to chemistry.

Zato još jednom hvala kemiji.

And let's take a thought

I pomislimo

and think about how far we've come with chemistry.

i razmislimo koliko smo daleko dogurali s kemijom.

Clearly, in electronic communications,

Jasno, u elektronskim komunikacijama,

size matters.

veličina je bitna.

So let's think about how we can shrink down our devices,

Pa razmislimo o tome kako možemo smanjiti naše uređaje,

so that we can go from our 1990s Zack Morris cell phone

tako da od našeg Zack Morris mobitela iz 1990-e možemo doći

to something a little bit more sleek,

do nečega malo elegantnijeg,

like the phones of today that can fit in our pockets.

kao što su telefoni sadašnjice koji nam mogu stati u džep.

Although, let's be real here:

Iako, budimo realni ovdje:

absolutely nothing can fit into ladies' pants pockets,

apsolutno ništa ne može stati u džepove ženskih hlača,

if you can find a pair of pants that has pockets.

ako možete naći par hlača koji ima džepove.

(Laughter)

(Smijeh)

And I don't think chemistry can help us with that problem.

I mislim da nam kemija ne može pomoći s tim problemom.

But more important than shrinking the actual device,

Ali još važnije od smanjivanje stvarnog uređaja je

how do we shrink the circuitry inside of it,

kako smanjiti strujni krug u njemu,

and shrink it by 100 times,

i to, smanjiti ga 100 puta,

so that we can take the circuitry from the micron scale

tako da strujni krug od mikronske mjere

all the way down to the nanometer scale?

smanjimo sve do nanometarske mjere?

Because, let's face it,

Jer, suočimo se s tim,

right now we all want more powerful and faster phones.

sada svi želimo moćnije i brže telefone.

Well, more power and faster requires more circuitry.

Pa, više snage i brže zahtijeva više strujnih krugova.

So how do we do this?

Dakle, kako ćemo to učiniti?

It's not like we have some magic electromagnetic shrink ray,

Nije da imamo neku čarobnu elektromagnetsku zraku za smanjivanje,

like professor Wayne Szalinski used in "Honey, I Shrunk the Kids"

kao što ju je profesor Wayne Szalinski koristio u "Draga, smanjio sam djecu"

to shrink his children.

da bi smanjio svoju djecu.

On accident, of course.

Slučajno, naravno.

Or do we?

Ili imamo?

Well, actually, in the field,

Pa, zapravo, u tom području

there's a process that's pretty similar to that.

postoji proces koji je poprilično sličan tome.

And it's name is photolithography.

I njegovo ime je fotolitografija.

In photolithography, we take electromagnetic radiation,

U fotolitografiji, imamo elektromagnetsko zračenje,

or what we tend to call light,

ili ono što obično nazivamo svjetlom,

and we use it to shrink down some of that circuitry,

i koristimo ga za smanjivanje nekoliko tih strujnih krugova,

so that we could cram more of it into a really small space.

kako bismo ih još više mogli strpati u zaista mali prostor.

Now, how does this work?

Sada, kako ovo funkcionira?

Well, we start with a substrate

Pa, započinjemo s podlogom

that has a light-sensitive film on it.

koja na sebi ima sloj osjetljiv na svjetlo.

We then cover it with a mask that has a pattern on top of it

Tada je prekrijemo maskom koja na sebi ima uzorak

of fine lines and features

finih linija i oznaka

that are going to make the phone work the way that we want it to.

koje će učiniti da telefon radi na način na koji mi želimo.

We then expose a bright light and shine it through this mask,

Tada izložimo jako svjetlo i pustimo svjetlost kroz masku,

which creates a shadow of that pattern on the surface.

što stvara sjenu uzorka na površini.

Now, anywhere that the light can get through the mask,

Sada, gdje god svjetlost može proći kroz masku,

it's going to cause a chemical reaction to occur.

uzrokovat će događanje kemijske reakcije.

And that's going to burn the image of that pattern into the substrate.

I to će spaliti sliku tog uzorka u podlogu.

So the question you're probably asking is,

Dakle, pitanje koje sada postavljate je,

how do we go from a burned image

kako od spaljene slike dolazimo

to clean fine lines and features?

do čistih finih linija i oznaka?

And for that, we have to use a chemical solution

I za to moramo koristiti kemijsku otopinu

called the developer.

zvanu razvijač.

Now the developer is special.

Sada, razvijač je poseban.

What it can do is take all of the nonexposed areas

Ono što može učiniti je to da uzme sva neizložena područja

and remove them selectively,

i selektivno ih ukloni,

leaving behind clean fine lines and features,

ostavljajući za sobom čiste fine linije i oznake,

and making our miniaturized devices work.

i učini da naši minijaturni uređaji rade.

So, we've used chemistry now to build up our devices,

Dakle, sada smo koristili kemiju da izradimo naše uređaje

and we've used it to shrink down our devices.

i koristili smo je da smanjimo naše uređaje.

So I've probably convinced you that chemistry is the true hero,

Dakle, vjerojatno sam vas uvjerila da je kemija pravi junak

and we could wrap it up there.

i mogli smo završiti tamo.

(Applause)

(Pljesak)

Hold on, we're not done.

Pričekajte, nismo gotovi.

Not so fast.

Ne tako brzo.

Because we're all human.

Jer smo svi ljudi.

And as a human, I always want more.

I kao čovjek, uvijek želim više.

And so now I want to think about how to use chemistry

I sada želim razmisliti o tome kako koristiti kemiju

to extract more out of a device.

da dobijem više toga iz uređaja.

Right now, we're being told that we want something called 5G,

Upravo sada nam govore da želimo nešto što se zove 5G,

or the promised fifth generation of wireless.

iliti obećana peta generacija mobilnih mreža.

Now, you might have heard of 5G

Sada, možda ste već čuli za 5G

in commercials that are starting to appear.

u reklamama koje se počinju pojavljivati.

Or maybe some of you even experienced it

Ili su je možda čak neki od vas iskusili

in the 2018 winter Olympics.

na Zimskim olimpijskim igrama 2018.

What I'm most excited about for 5G

Ono što me najviše veseli kod 5G-a

is that, when I'm late, running out of the house to catch a plane,

je to, kad kasnim, trčeći iz kuće da uhvatim avion,

I can download movies onto my device in 40 seconds

mogu u 40 sekundi preuzeti filmove na moj uređaj

as opposed to 40 minutes.

za razliku od 40 minuta.

But once true 5G is here,

Ali jednom kad pravi 5G bude ovdje,

it's going to be a lot more than how many movies

bit će puno više od toga koliko filmova

we can put on our device.

možemo pohraniti na našem uređaju.

So the question is, why is true 5G not here?

Dakle, pitanje je zašto pravi 5G nije ovdje?

And I'll let you in on a little secret.

I odat ću vam malu tajnu.

It's pretty easy to answer.

Prilično je lako odgovoriti.

It's just plain hard to do.

To je jednostavno teško učiniti.

You see, if you use those traditional materials and copper

Vidite, ako koristite one tradicionalne materijale i bakar

to build 5G devices,

da izradite 5G uređaje,

the signal can't make it to its final destination.

signal ne može dospjeti do svog krajnjeg odredišta.

Traditionally, we use really rough insulating layers

Tradicionalno, koristimo stvarno grube izolacijske slojeve

to support copper wires.

koji podupiru bakrene žice.

Think about Velcro fasteners.

Razmislite o čičak trakama.

It's the roughness of the two pieces that make them stick together.

Hrapavost ta dva dijela čine da se drže zajedno.

That's pretty important if you want to have a device

To je prilično važno ako želite imati uređaj

that's going to last longer

koji će trajati duže

nego što vam je potrebno da ga istrgate iz kutije

than it takes you to rip it out of the box

and start installing all of your apps on it.

i počnete instalirati svoje aplikacije na njega.

But this roughness causes a problem.

Ali ta hrapavost uzrokuje problem.

You see, at the high speeds for 5G

Vidite, pri velikim brzinama kod 5G-a

the signal has to travel close to that roughness.

signal mora putovati blizu te hrapavosti.

And it makes it get lost before it reaches its final destination.

I izgubi se prije nego dođe do krajnjeg odredišta.

Think about a mountain range.

Razmislite o planinskom lancu.

And you have a complex system of roads that goes up and over it,

Imate složen sustav puteva koji ide uzbrdo i preko njega,

and you're trying to get to the other side.

i pokušavate doći na drugu stranu.

Don't you agree with me

Slažete li se sa mnom

that it would probably take a really long time,

da bi trebalo jako puno vremena,

and you would probably get lost,

i vjerojatno biste se izgubili,

if you had to go up and down all of the mountains,

da morate ići gore-dolje preko svih planina,

as opposed to if you just drilled a flat tunnel

nasuprot toga da izbušite ravan tunel

that could go straight on through?

koji bi mogao ići skroz ravno?

Well it's the same thing in our 5G devices.

Pa ista stvar je u našim 5G uređajima.

If we could remove this roughness,

Ako bismo mogli ukloniti ovu hrapavost,

then we can send the 5G signal

tada možemo poslati 5G signal

straight on through uninterrupted.

skroz ravno neprekinut.

Sounds pretty good, right?

Zvuči prilično dobro, zar ne?

But hold on.

Ali čekajte.

Nisam li vam upravo rekla da nam je potrebna ta hrapavost

Didn't I just tell you that we needed that roughness

da drži uređaj na okupu?

to keep the device together?

And if we remove it, we're in a situation where now the copper

Ako je uklonimo, tada smo u situaciji gdje se bakar

isn't going to stick to that underlying substrate.

neće lijepiti na tu podlogu.

Think about building a house of Lego blocks,

Razmislite o izgradnji kuće od Lego kockica,

with all of the nooks and crannies that latch together,

sa svim tim udubinama i izbočinama koje se drže zajedno,

as opposed to smooth building blocks.

u usporedbi s glatkim građevinskim blokovima.

Which of the two is going to have more structural integrity

Koji će od to dvoje imati veći strukturni integritet

when the two-year-old comes ripping through the living room,

kada dvogodišnjak proleti kroz dnevni boravak,

trying to play Godzilla and knock everything down?

igrajući se Godzille i sruši sve okolo?

But what if we put glue on those smooth blocks?

Ali ako stavimo ljepilo na te glatke blokove?

And that's what the industry is waiting for.

I to je ono što industrija čeka.

They're waiting for the chemists to design new, smooth surfaces

Čekaju da kemičari osmisle nove, glatke površine

with increased inherent adhesion

s povećanom inherentnom adhezijom

for some of those copper wires.

za neke od tih bakrenih žica.

And when we solve this problem,

I kada riješimo taj problem,

and we will solve the problem,

i riješit ćemo taj problem,

and we'll work with physicists and engineers

i radit ćemo s fizičarima i inženjerima

to solve all of the challenges of 5G,

da riješimo sve izazove 5G-a,

well then the number of applications is going to skyrocket.

tada će broj aplikacija naglo porasti.

So yeah, we'll have things like self-driving cars,

Pa da, imat ćemo stvari poput samovozećih automobila,

because now our data networks can handle the speeds

jer će sada naše mreže podataka moći podnijeti brzine

and the amount of information required to make that work.

i količinu informacija potrebnu da to radi.

But let's start to use imagination.

Ali počnimo koristiti maštu.

I can imagine going into a restaurant with a friend that has a peanut allergy,

Mogu zamisliti odlazak u restoran s prijateljem alergičnim na kikiriki,

taking out my phone,

kako vadim telefon

waving it over the food

i mašem njime iznad hrane

and having the food tell us

i da nam hrana kaže

a really important answer to a question --

vrlo važan odgovor na pitanje --

deadly or safe to consume?

smrtonosno ili sigurno za konzumiranje?

Or maybe our devices will get so good

Ili će možda naši uređaji postati toliko dobri

at processing information about us,

u obradi informacija o nama,

that they'll become like our personal trainers.

da će postati poput naših osobnih trenera.

And they'll know the most efficient way for us to burn calories.

I oni će znati najučinkovitiji način da bismo sagorjeli kalorije.

I know come November,

Znam da u studenom,

when I'm trying to burn off some of these pregnancy pounds,

kada ću pokušati sagorjeti nešto ovih trudničkih kilograma,

I would love a device that could tell me how to do that.

htjela bih imati uređaj koji će mi reći kako to učiniti.

I really don't know another way of saying it,

Stvarno ne znam drugi način da to kažem,

except chemistry is just cool.

osim da je kemija stvarno super.

And it enables all of these electronic devices.

I osposobljava sve ove elektroničke uređaje.

So the next time you send a text or take a selfie,

Pa idući put kad pošaljete poruku ili uslikate selfie,

think about all those atoms that are hard at work

razmislite o svim tim atomima koji naporno rade

and the innovation that came before them.

i inovacijama koje su prethodile njima.

Who knows,

Tko zna,

maybe even some of you listening to this talk,

možda čak neki od vas koji slušaju ovaj govor,

perhaps even on your mobile device,

možda čak na svom mobilnom uređaju,

will decide that you too want to play sidekick

će se odlučiti na igranje pomoćnika

to Captain Chemistry,

Kapetanu Kemiji,

the true hero of electronic devices.

pravom junaku elektroničkih uređaja.

Thank you for your attention,

Hvala vam na pažnji

and thank you chemistry.

i hvala kemiji.

(Applause)

(Pljesak)