A brain in a supercomputer | Henry Markram

Prevoditelj: Davorin Jelačić Recezent: Mislav Ante Omazić - EFZG

Our mission is to build

Naša zadaća je izraditi

a detailed, realistic

detaljan, realističan

computer model of the human brain.

računalni model ljudskog mozga.

And we've done, in the past four years,

Postigli smo, u protekle četiri godine,

a proof of concept

dokaz koncepta

on a small part of the rodent brain,

na djeliću mozga glodavca,

and with this proof of concept we are now scaling the project up

i s dokazanim konceptom sada dižemo projekt na višu razinu

to reach the human brain.

kako bismo dosegnuli do ljudskog mozga.

Why are we doing this?

Zašto to činimo?

There are three important reasons.

Tri su važna razloga.

The first is, it's essential for us to understand the human brain

Prvo, ključno je da razumijemo ljudski mozak

if we do want to get along in society,

ako želimo uspjeti u društvu,

and I think that it is a key step in evolution.

i mislim kako je to ključni korak u evoluciji.

The second reason is,

Drugi je razlog taj,

we cannot keep doing animal experimentation forever,

što ne možemo zauvijek eksperimentirati na životinjama,

and we have to embody all our data and all our knowledge

i moramo objediniti sve podatke i sve naše znanje

into a working model.

u djelatni model.

It's like a Noah's Ark. It's like an archive.

To je poput Noine korablje. Poput arhiva.

And the third reason is that there are two billion people on the planet

I treći je razlog što na svijetu ima dvije milijarde ljudi

that are affected by mental disorder,

koji su pogođeni mentalnim bolestima,

and the drugs that are used today

a lijekovi koji se danas koriste

are largely empirical.

su pretežito empirijski.

I think that we can come up with very concrete solutions on

Mislim kako možemo iznaći neka vrlo konkretna rješenja

how to treat disorders.

za tretman tih poremećaja.

Now, even at this stage,

Čak i u ovoj fazi

we can use the brain model

možemo upotrijebiti model mozga

to explore some fundamental questions

istražujući neka fundamentalna pitanja

about how the brain works.

funkcioniranja mozga.

And here, at TED, for the first time,

Ovdje, na TED-u, po prvi puta,

I'd like to share with you how we're addressing

podijelio bih s vama način na koji pristupamo

one theory -- there are many theories --

jednoj teoriji – ima mnogo teorija --

one theory of how the brain works.

jednoj teoriji o funkcioniranju mozga.

So, this theory is that the brain

Ova teorija kaže da mozak

creates, builds, a version of the universe,

stvara, gradi verziju svemira,

and projects this version of the universe,

i projicira tu verziju svemira,

like a bubble, all around us.

poput mjehura, svuda oko nas.

Now, this is of course a topic of philosophical debate for centuries.

Naravno, ovo je tema filozofske debate već stoljećima.

But, for the first time, we can actually address this,

No, po prvi puta možemo tom pitanju pristupiti

with brain simulation,

simulacijom mozga,

and ask very systematic and rigorous questions,

i postaviti sustavska i rigorozna pitanja,

whether this theory could possibly be true.

kako bismo utvrdili može li ta teorija biti točna.

The reason why the moon is huge on the horizon

Mjesec je velik na obzoru iz razloga

is simply because our perceptual bubble

što se naš perceptivni mjehur

does not stretch out 380,000 kilometers.

ne proteže 380.000 kilometara.

It runs out of space.

Nedostaje mu prostora.

And so what we do is we compare the buildings

I zato mi uspoređujemo zgrade

within our perceptual bubble,

u okviru našeg perceptivnog mjehura,

and we make a decision.

i donosimo odluku.

We make a decision it's that big,

Donosimo odluku da je on toliko velik,

even though it's not that big.

premda nije toliko velik.

And what that illustrates

Ovo pokazuje

is that decisions are the key things

kako su odluke ključne stvari

that support our perceptual bubble. It keeps it alive.

koje podržavaju naš perceptivni mjehur. One ga održavaju na životu.

Without decisions you cannot see, you cannot think,

Bez odluka ne možete vidjeti, ne možete razmišljati,

you cannot feel.

ne možete osjećati.

And you may think that anesthetics work

Mogli biste pomisliti da anestetici djeluju

by sending you into some deep sleep,

tako da vas pošalju u duboki san,

or by blocking your receptors so that you don't feel pain,

ili da blokiraju receptore kako ne biste osjetili bol,

but in fact most anesthetics don't work that way.

no, zapravo, većina anestetika ne djeluje tako.

What they do is they introduce a noise

Oni uvode šum u mozak

into the brain so that the neurons cannot understand each other.

tako da neuroni ne razumiju jedan drugoga.

They are confused,

Zbunjeni su,

and you cannot make a decision.

i ne možete donijeti odluku.

So, while you're trying to make up your mind

Pa, dok vi pokušavate odlučiti

what the doctor, the surgeon, is doing

što liječnik, kirurg čini

while he's hacking away at your body, he's long gone.

dok vas reže, on je odavno završio.

He's at home having tea.

Kod kuće je i pije čaj.

(Laughter)

(Smijeh)

So, when you walk up to a door and you open it,

Kad priđete vratima i otvorite ih,

what you compulsively have to do to perceive

ono što obavezno morate učiniti da biste opažali

is to make decisions,

je donošenje odluka,

thousands of decisions about the size of the room,

na tisuće odluka o veličini prostorije,

the walls, the height, the objects in this room.

zidovima, visini, predmetima u sobi.

99 percent of what you see

99 posto onoga što vidite

is not what comes in through the eyes.

nije ono što primite očima.

It is what you infer about that room.

Već ono što zaključite o toj sobi.

So I can say, with some certainty,

Zato mogu reći, s određenom sigurnošću,

"I think, therefore I am."

"Mislim, dakle jesam."

But I cannot say, "You think, therefore you are,"

Ali ne mogu reći, "Ti misliš, dakle ti jesi,"

because "you" are within my perceptual bubble.

jer si "ti" dio mog perceptivnog mjehura.

Now, we can speculate and philosophize this,

Možemo špekulirati i filozofirati o tome,

but we don't actually have to for the next hundred years.

ali zapravo i ne moramo, u sljedećih stotinu godina.

We can ask a very concrete question.

Možemo postaviti vrlo konkretno pitanje.

"Can the brain build such a perception?"

"Može li mozak izgraditi takvu percepciju?"

Is it capable of doing it?

Je li on to u stanju učiniti?

Does it have the substance to do it?

Ima li osnovu da to učini?

And that's what I'm going to describe to you today.

I to je ono što ću vam danas opisati.

So, it took the universe 11 billion years to build the brain.

Svemiru je trebalo 11 milijardi godina da izgradi mozak.

It had to improve it a little bit.

Morao ga je malo poboljšati.

It had to add to the frontal part, so that you would have instincts,

Morao je dodati frontalni režanj kako biste imali nagone,

because they had to cope on land.

jer su potrebni na kopnu.

But the real big step was the neocortex.

Ali stvarno veliki korak je bio neokorteks.

It's a new brain. You needed it.

To je novi mozak. Trebao vam je.

The mammals needed it

Sisavci su ga trebali

because they had to cope with parenthood,

jer su se morali nositi s roditeljstvom,

social interactions,

društvenim interakcijama,

complex cognitive functions.

složenim kognitivnim funkcijama.

So, you can think of the neocortex

Na neokorteks možete gledati

actually as the ultimate solution today,

kao na današnje definitivno rješenje

of the universe as we know it.

svemira kakav nam je poznat.

It's the pinnacle, it's the final product

On je vrhunac, konačni proizvod

that the universe has produced.

kojega je svemir stvorio.

It was so successful in evolution

Evolucijski je bio toliko uspješan

that from mouse to man it expanded

da je od miša do čovjeka narastao

about a thousandfold in terms of the numbers of neurons,

tisuću puta, u smislu broja neurona,

to produce this almost frightening

kako bi stvorio taj gotovo zastrašujući

organ, structure.

organ, strukturu.

And it has not stopped its evolutionary path.

I nije završio svoj evolucijski put.

In fact, the neocortex in the human brain

Zapravo, neokorteks ljudskog mozga

is evolving at an enormous speed.

evolvira ogromnom brzinom.

If you zoom into the surface of the neocortex,

Ako uvećate površinu neokorteksa,

you discover that it's made up of little modules,

otkrit ćete kako se sastoji od malenih modula,

G5 processors, like in a computer.

G5 procesora, kao u računalu.

But there are about a million of them.

Ali ima ih oko milijun.

They were so successful in evolution

Toliko su evolucijski uspješni

that what we did was to duplicate them

da smo ih duplicirali

over and over and add more and more of them to the brain

još i još i dodavali sve više mozgu

until we ran out of space in the skull.

dok nam nije ponestalo mjesta u lubanji.

And the brain started to fold in on itself,

I mozak se počeo preklapati na sebe,

and that's why the neocortex is so highly convoluted.

i zato je neokorteks toliko naboran.

We're just packing in columns,

Mi gomilamo stupce,

so that we'd have more neocortical columns

kako bismo imali više stupaca neokorteksa

to perform more complex functions.

za izvođenje složenih funkcija.

So you can think of the neocortex actually as

Možete na neokorteks gledati i kao na

a massive grand piano,

ogromni veliki glasovir,

a million-key grand piano.

glasovir s milijun dirki.

Each of these neocortical columns

Svaki od tih stupaca neokorteksa

would produce a note.

proizvodi jedan ton.

You stimulate it; it produces a symphony.

Vi ga stimulirate; on stvara simfoniju.

But it's not just a symphony of perception.

Ali nije to samo simfonija opažanja.

It's a symphony of your universe, your reality.

To je simfonija vašeg svemira, vaše stvarnosti.

Now, of course it takes years to learn how

Naravno, trebaju godine da biste naučili

to master a grand piano with a million keys.

upravljati glasovirom s milijun dirki.

That's why you have to send your kids to good schools,

Zato morate slati djecu u dobre škole,

hopefully eventually to Oxford.

na kraju, nadajmo se i u Oxford.

But it's not only education.

Ali nije riječ samo o obrazovanju.

It's also genetics.

Tu je i genetika.

You may be born lucky,

Možete imati sreće pri rođenju,

where you know how to master your neocortical column,

pa znate kako upravljati vašim neokorteksom,

and you can play a fantastic symphony.

i znate svirati fantastičnu simfoniju.

In fact, there is a new theory of autism

U stvari, postoji nova teorija autizma

called the "intense world" theory,

zvana teorija intenzivnog svijeta,

which suggests that the neocortical columns are super-columns.

koja predlaže da su stupci neokorteksta super-stupci.

They are highly reactive, and they are super-plastic,

Oni su visoko reaktivni, super-plastični,

and so the autists are probably capable of

i autisti su vjerojatno u stanju

building and learning a symphony

stvarati i učiti simfoniju

which is unthinkable for us.

koja je nama nezamisliva.

But you can also understand

Ali također možete shvatiti

that if you have a disease

da ako imate poremećaj

within one of these columns,

u jednom od tih stupaca,

the note is going to be off.

ton će biti pogrešan.

The perception, the symphony that you create

Opažanje, simfonija koju stvarate

is going to be corrupted,

će biti oštećena,

and you will have symptoms of disease.

i imat ćete simptome bolesti.

So, the Holy Grail for neuroscience

Dakle, sveti Gral za neuroznanost

is really to understand the design of the neocoritical column --

je razumijevanje dizajna stupca neokorteksa --

and it's not just for neuroscience;

i ne samo za neuroznanost;

it's perhaps to understand perception, to understand reality,

bitno je za razumijevanje percepcije, razumijevanje stvarnosti,

and perhaps to even also understand physical reality.

i možda čak i za razumijevanje fizičke stvarnosti.

So, what we did was, for the past 15 years,

U proteklih 15 godina mi smo

was to dissect out the neocortex, systematically.

sustavno secirali neokortekst.

It's a bit like going and cataloging a piece of the rainforest.

To vam je kao izrada kataloga dijela tropske prašume.

How many trees does it have?

Koliko stabala ima?

What shapes are the trees?

Kojeg oblika su stabla?

How many of each type of tree do you have? Where are they positioned?

Koliko broj stabala svake vrste ima? Gdje se nalaze?

But it's a bit more than cataloging because you actually have to

No, i više je od kataloga jer morate

describe and discover all the rules of communication,

opisati i otkriti pravila komunikacije,

the rules of connectivity,

pravila povezivanja,

because the neurons don't just like to connect with any neuron.

jer se neuroni ne vole naprosto povezati s bilo kojim neuronima.

They choose very carefully who they connect with.

Vrlo pažljivo biraju s kim se povezuju.

It's also more than cataloging

Više je to od izrade kataloga i zato

because you actually have to build three-dimensional

što morate izraditi trodimenzionalne

digital models of them.

digitalne modele.

And we did that for tens of thousands of neurons,

Mi smo to učinili za desetke tisuća neurona,

built digital models of all the different types

izradili smo digitalne modele za sve vrste

of neurons we came across.

neurona s kojima smo se susreli.

And once you have that, you can actually

A kad jednom to imate,

begin to build the neocortical column.

onda možete početi graditi stupac neokorteksa.

And here we're coiling them up.

Ovdje ih namatamo.

But as you do this, what you see

Ali možete vidjeti

is that the branches intersect

da se grane presijecaju

actually in millions of locations,

na milijun mjesta,

and at each of these intersections

i na svakom od tih spojeva

they can form a synapse.

mogu stvoriti sinapsu.

And a synapse is a chemical location

Sinapsa je kemijska lokacija

where they communicate with each other.

na kojoj komuniciraju jedan s drugim.

And these synapses together

Te sinapse zajedno

form the network

čine mrežu

or the circuit of the brain.

ili mozgovni sklop.

Now, the circuit, you could also think of as

Taj sklop možete promatrati i kao

the fabric of the brain.

građu mozga.

And when you think of the fabric of the brain,

A što se tiče građe mozga,

the structure, how is it built? What is the pattern of the carpet?

strukture, kako je izgrađena? Koji je uzorak na tepihu?

You realize that this poses

Shvatite da to upućuje

a fundamental challenge to any theory of the brain,

fundamentalni izazov za svaku teoriju mozga,

and especially to a theory that says

a posebno za teoriju koja tvrdi

that there is some reality that emerges

kako postoji neka realnost koja nastaje

out of this carpet, out of this particular carpet

iz tog tepiha, iz tog konkretnog tepiha

with a particular pattern.

s tim konkretnim uzorkom.

The reason is because the most important design secret of the brain

To je tako zato što je najvažnija tajna dizajna mozga

is diversity.

njegova raznolikost.

Every neuron is different.

Svaki neuron je različit.

It's the same in the forest. Every pine tree is different.

Isto je u šumi. Svaki bor je različit.

You may have many different types of trees,

Imate mnogo različitih vrsta drveća,

but every pine tree is different. And in the brain it's the same.

ali svako stablo bora je različito. Isto je u mozgu.

So there is no neuron in my brain that is the same as another,

Tako da nema neurona u mom mozgu koji je isti kao neki drugi,

and there is no neuron in my brain that is the same as in yours.

i nema neurona u mom mozgu koji je isti kao neki u vašem mozgu.

And your neurons are not going to be oriented and positioned

I vaši neuroni neće biti okrenuti i smješteni

in exactly the same way.

na potpuno jednak način.

And you may have more or less neurons.

A vi možda imate više ili manje neurona.

So it's very unlikely

Zato je mala vjerojatnost

that you got the same fabric, the same circuitry.

da imate istu građu, isti sklop.

So, how could we possibly create a reality

Pa kako onda uopće možemo stvoriti realnost

that we can even understand each other?

u kojoj uopće razumijemo jedni druge?

Well, we don't have to speculate.

No, ne moramo špekulirati.

We can look at all 10 million synapses now.

Sada možemo pogledati svih 10 milijuna sinapsi.

We can look at the fabric. And we can change neurons.

Možemo zaviriti u građu. I možemo promijeniti neurone.

We can use different neurons with different variations.

Možemo koristiti različite neurone u različitim varijacijama.

We can position them in different places,

Možemo ih postaviti na različita mjesta,

orient them in different places.

različito ih okrenuti.

We can use less or more of them.

Možemo ih koristiti više ili manje.

And when we do that

I kad smo to učinili,

what we discovered is that the circuitry does change.

otkrili smo kako se sklop mijenja.

But the pattern of how the circuitry is designed does not.

Ali uzorak prema kojem je sklop oblikovan se ne mijenja.

So, the fabric of the brain,

Znači, građa mozga,

even though your brain may be smaller, bigger,

premda vaš mozak može biti manji, veći,

it may have different types of neurons,

imati različite vrste neurona,

different morphologies of neurons,

različite morfologije neurona,

we actually do share

zapravo nam je zajednička

the same fabric.

ista građa.

And we think this is species-specific,

Mislimo da je to određeno vrstom,

which means that that could explain

što znači da bi to objasnilo

why we can't communicate across species.

zašto ne možemo komunicirati s drugim vrstama.

So, let's switch it on. But to do it, what you have to do

Uključimo ga. Ali da biste to postigli

is you have to make this come alive.

morate ga oživjeti.

We make it come alive

Oživjet ćemo ga

with equations, a lot of mathematics.

s jednadžbama, s puno matematike.

And, in fact, the equations that make neurons into electrical generators

Jednadžbe koje pretvaraju neurone u elektrogeneratore

were discovered by two Cambridge Nobel Laureates.

otkrila su dva dobitnika Nobelove nagrade iz Cambridgea.

So, we have the mathematics to make neurons come alive.

Znači, imamo matematiku koja može oživjeti neurone.

We also have the mathematics to describe

Imamo i matematiku koja može opisati

how neurons collect information,

kako neuroni prikupljaju informacije

and how they create a little lightning bolt

i kako stvaraju malu munju

to communicate with each other.

da bi komunicirali jedan s drugim.

And when they get to the synapse,

A kad dođu u sinapsu

what they do is they effectively,

oni učinkovito,

literally, shock the synapse.

doslovno, stvore šok u sinapsi.

It's like electrical shock

To je kao električni šok

that releases the chemicals from these synapses.

koji dovodi do otpuštanja kemikalija u sinapsi.

And we've got the mathematics to describe this process.

Poznata nam je matematika koja opisuje taj proces.

So we can describe the communication between the neurons.

Pa možemo opisati komunikaciju između neurona.

There literally are only a handful

Doslovno postoji samo pregršt

of equations that you need to simulate

jednadžbi potrebnih za simuliranje

the activity of the neocortex.

aktivnosti neokorteksa.

But what you do need is a very big computer.

Ali treba vam vrlo veliko računalo.

And in fact you need one laptop

Zapravo, treba vam jedan laptop

to do all the calculations just for one neuron.

za sve izračune samo za jedan neuron.

So you need 10,000 laptops.

Znači, trebate 10.000 prijenosnih računala.

So where do you go? You go to IBM,

Pa gdje se obratiti? Odete u IBM,

and you get a supercomputer, because they know how to take

i dobijete superračunalo, jer oni znaju kako spojiti

10,000 laptops and put it into the size of a refrigerator.

10.000 laptopa na veličinu jednog hladnjaka.

So now we have this Blue Gene supercomputer.

Pa imamo ovo superračunalo Blue Gene.

We can load up all the neurons,

Možemo učitati sve neurone,

each one on to its processor,

svaki na vlastiti procesor,

and fire it up, and see what happens.

pokrenuti računalo, i vidjeti što se zbiva.

Take the magic carpet for a ride.

Povest ćemo se letećim tepihom.

Here we activate it. And this gives the first glimpse

Ovdje ga aktiviramo. Ovo nam daje prvi uvid

of what is happening in your brain

u ono što se događa u mozgu

when there is a stimulation.

kad dođe do stimulacije.

It's the first view.

Ovo je prvi pogled.

Now, when you look at that the first time, you think,

Kad to gledate prvi puta, mislite,

"My god. How is reality coming out of that?"

"Zaboga. Kako stvarnost nastaje iz toga?"

But, in fact, you can start,

No, možete početi,

even though we haven't trained this neocortical column

premda nismo istrenirali ovaj stupac neokorteksa

to create a specific reality.

da stvara neku određenu realnost.

But we can ask, "Where is the rose?"

Ali možemo se upitati, "Gdje je ruža?"

We can ask, "Where is it inside,

Možemo pitati, "Gdje je u ovome,

if we stimulate it with a picture?"

ako ga stimuliramo sa slikom?"

Where is it inside the neocortex?

Gdje je unutar neokorteksa?

Ultimately it's got to be there if we stimulated it with it.

Mora biti ondje ako smo ga stimulirali time.

So, the way that we can look at that

Tome možemo pristupiti tako da

is to ignore the neurons, ignore the synapses,

ignoriramo neurone, ignoriramo sinapse,

and look just at the raw electrical activity.

i gledamo samo osnovnu električnu aktivnost.

Because that is what it's creating.

Jer je to ono što nastaje.

It's creating electrical patterns.

Nastaju električni uzorci.

So when we did this,

Kad smo to učinili,

we indeed, for the first time,

doista smo, po prvi puta,

saw these ghost-like structures:

ugledali ove sablasne strukture:

electrical objects appearing

električni objekti se pojavljuju

within the neocortical column.

u stupcu neokorteksa.

And it's these electrical objects

I ti električni objekti

that are holding all the information about

sadržavaju sve informacije

whatever stimulated it.

o onome što ih je stimuliralo.

And then when we zoomed into this,

A kad ovo uvećamo,

it's like a veritable universe.

to je kao pravi svemir.

So the next step

Sljedeći korak je

is just to take these brain coordinates

uzeti te mozgovne koordinate

and to project them into perceptual space.

i projicirati ih u prostor percepcije.

And if you do that,

A ako to učinite,

you will be able to step inside

moći ćete stupiti u unutrašnjost

the reality that is created

stvarnosti koja je stvorena

by this machine,

u ovom uređaju,

by this piece of the brain.

u ovom dijelu mozga.

So, in summary,

Ukratko,

I think that the universe may have --

mislim kako je svemir --

it's possible --

moguće je --

evolved a brain to see itself,

razvio mozak da bi sebe vidio,

which may be a first step in becoming aware of itself.

što bi mogao biti prvi korak u stjecanju svijesti o sebi.

There is a lot more to do to test these theories,

Još ima puno posla na testiranju ovih teorija,

and to test any other theories.

i na testiranju svih drugih teorija.

But I hope that you are at least partly convinced

Ali nadam se da ste barem djelomice uvjereni

that it is not impossible to build a brain.

da nije nemoguće izgraditi mozak.

We can do it within 10 years,

Možemo to postići u narednih 10 godina,

and if we do succeed,

i ako uspijemo,

we will send to TED, in 10 years,

poslat ćemo TED-u, za 10 godina,

a hologram to talk to you. Thank you.

hologram da vam održi govor. Hvala vam.

(Applause)

(Pljesak)