How to transform apocalypse fatigue into action on global warming | Per Espen Stoknes

102,716 views

2017-12-08 ・ TED


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How to transform apocalypse fatigue into action on global warming | Per Espen Stoknes

102,716 views ・ 2017-12-08

TED


Dvaput kliknite na engleske titlove ispod za reprodukciju videozapisa.

Prevoditelj: Ivana Varga Recezent: Ivan Stamenković
00:12
How do we get people engaged in solving global warming?
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Kako da potaknemo ljude da se uključe u rješavanje globalnog zatopljenja?
00:17
I'd like to start with running two short experiments with you all.
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Htio bih početi s dvama kratkim pokusima s vama.
00:22
So your task is to notice if you feel any difference as I speak.
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Vaš zadatak je primijetiti osjećate li kakvu razliku dok budem govorio.
00:27
OK?
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U redu?
00:30
Here we go.
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Krećemo.
00:32
We are seeing rising carbon dioxide levels,
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Vidimo porast u razinama ugljičnog dioksida,
00:35
now about 410 ppms.
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sad je već oko 410 ppm.
00:38
To avoid the RCP 8.5 scenario,
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Kako bismo izbjegli scenarij RCP 8,5,
00:41
we need rapid decarbonization.
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potrebna nam je ubrzana dekarbonizacija.
00:45
The global carbon budget
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Svjetsko ograničenje za ugljik,
00:47
for 66 percent likelihood to meet the two-degree target
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da bi sa 66 % vjerojatnosti dosegao cilj od 2 °C,
00:50
is approximately 800 gigatons.
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iznosi otprilike 800 gigatona.
00:55
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
00:58
OK, now let me try something else.
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U redu, probat ću sad nešto drugo.
01:01
We are heading for an uninhabitable earth:
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Prijeti nam Zemlja koja nije prikladna za stanovanje:
01:06
monster storms,
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monstruozne oluje,
01:08
killer floods,
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ubojite poplave,
01:10
devastating wildfires,
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razarujući šumski požari,
01:12
crazy heat waves that will cook us under a blazing sun.
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ludi valovi topline koji će nas kuhati na vrelom suncu.
01:18
2017 is already so unexpectedly warm,
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2017. je već toliko neočekivano topla,
01:22
it's freaking out climate scientists.
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da zastrašuje klimatske znanstvenike!
01:24
We have a three-year window to cut emissions, three years.
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Imamo tri godine priliku smanjiti emisije, samo tri.
01:28
If not, we will soon live in a boiling earth, a hellhole.
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Ako to ne učinimo, živjet ćemo u paklu na zemlji.
01:36
OK. So --
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U redu, dakle --
01:38
(Applause)
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(Pljesak)
01:39
Now your task:
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A sad vaš zadatak:
01:42
How did these ways of speaking make you feel?
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Kako se osjećate kad ste čuli ove načine govora?
01:45
The first, detached maybe or just confused?
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Nakon prvog ste se možda isključili ili samo ostali zbunjeni?
01:49
What's this guy talking about?
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"O čemu ovaj priča?"
01:52
The other, fearful or just numb?
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Nakon drugog možda uplašeno ili jednostavno otupljeno?
01:56
So again, the question I asked:
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Još jednom pitanje koje sam postavio:
01:58
How do we get people engaged in solving global warming?
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Kako da potaknemo ljude da se uključe u rješavanje globalnog zatopljenja?
02:02
And why don't these two ways of communicating work?
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I zašto ova dva oblika komunikacije o tome ne djeluju?
02:06
You see, the biggest obstacle to dealing with climate disruptions
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E pa, najveća prepreka u djelovanju protiv klimatskih promjena
02:10
lies between your ears.
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leži između vaših ušiju.
02:13
Building on a rapidly growing body of psychology and social science,
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Oslanjajući se na rastuću literaturu psihologije i društvenih znanosti,
02:17
I spent years looking into the five inner defenses
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proveo sam godine istražujući pet unutrašnjih obrana
02:21
that stop people from engaging.
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koja zaustavljaju ljude od uključivanja.
02:23
When people hear news about the climate coming straight at them,
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Kad ljudi čuju vijesti o klimi koja će ih napasti,
02:27
the first defense comes up rapidly:
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oni postave prvu obranu:
02:31
distance.
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udaljavanje.
02:33
When we hear about the climate,
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Kad čujemo nešto o klimi,
02:34
we hear about something far away in space --
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mi čujemo o nečemu dalekom u svemiru --
02:36
think Arctic ice, polar bears --
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Zamišljate arktički led, polarne medvjede --
02:39
far away in time -- think 2100.
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sve vremenski udaljeno, recimo 2100. godina.
02:43
It's huge and slow-moving -- think gigatons and centuries.
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Ogromna je i sporo se kreće. Razmišljamo u gigatonama i stoljećima.
02:48
So it's not here. It's not now.
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Dakle, ona nije ovdje. Ona nije sada.
Budući da se čini toliko dalekom od mene,
02:53
Since it feels so far away from me,
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02:54
it seems outside my circle of influence,
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čini se izvan mog kruga utjecaja,
02:58
so I feel helpless about it.
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zato se osjećam bespomoćno u vezi s tim.
03:00
There's nothing I can do.
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Ništa ja tu ne mogu učiniti.
03:03
In our everyday lives,
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U našem svakodnevnom životu,
03:04
most of us prefer to think about nearer things,
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većina nas više voli misliti o stvarima koje su nam bliže,
03:07
such as our jobs, our kids,
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poput posla, djece,
03:09
how many likes we get on Facebook.
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koliko lajkova smo dobili na Facebooku.
03:12
Now, that, that's real.
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E sad to, to je stvarno.
03:16
Next defense is doom.
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Sljedeća obrana je propast.
03:20
Climate change is usually framed
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Klimatska promjena se uglavnom predstavlja
03:23
as a looming disaster,
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kao neka naziruća propast,
03:25
bringing losses, cost and sacrifice.
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koja donosi gubitak, trošak i žrtvu.
03:27
That makes us fearful.
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To nas čini uplašenima.
03:30
But after the first fear is gone,
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Ali čim nas prođe taj prvi strah,
03:33
my brain soon wants to avoid this topic altogether.
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moj mozak želi potpuno izbjeći ovu temu.
03:38
After 30 years of scary climate change communications,
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Nakon 30 godina strašnih priča o klimatskim promjenama,
03:41
more than 80 percent of media articles still use disaster framings,
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više od 80 % medijskih članaka još uvijek koriste izraze propasti,
03:46
but people habituate to and then --
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ali ljudi se naviknu na to i onda
03:51
desensitize
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otupe
03:52
to doom overuse.
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na pretjerano korištenje propasti.
03:54
So many of us are now suffering a kind of apocalypse fatigue,
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Toliko mnogo nas sad pati od nekog oblika zasićenosti apokalipsom,
03:59
getting numb from too much collapse porn.
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postajemo tupi od previše eksplicitnog kolapsa.
04:03
The third defense is dissonance.
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Treća obrana je nesklad.
04:06
Now, if what we know,
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E sad, ako znamo
04:09
that fossil fuel use contributes to global warming,
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da uporaba fosilnog goriva doprinosi globalnom zatopljenju,
04:12
conflicts with what we do -- drive, fly, eat beef --
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kosi s onim što radimo -- vožnjom, letom, jedenjem govedine --
04:14
then so-called cognitive dissonance sets in.
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onda nastupa takozvani kognitivni nesklad.
04:18
This is felt as an inner discomfort.
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Njega osjećamo kao unutrašnju nelagodnost.
04:20
We may feel like hypocrites.
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Možda se osjećamo kao licemjerci.
04:22
To get rid of this discomfort,
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Kako bi se riješio ove nelagode,
04:25
our brain starts coming up with justifications.
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naš mozak počne smišljati opravdanja.
04:28
So I can say, for instance,
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Zato mogu reći, na primjer,
04:30
"My neighbor, he has a much bigger car than I do."
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"Moj susjed ima puno veći auto od mene"
04:34
Or, "Changing my diet doesn't amount to anything
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ili "Mijenjanje moje prehrane nema smisla,
04:38
if I am the only one to do it."
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ako sam ja jedini koji to radi".
04:41
Or, I could even want to doubt climate science itself.
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Ili bih mogao htjeti sumnjati u cijelu znanost vezanu uz klimu.
04:45
I could say, "You know, climate is always changing."
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Mogao bih reći: "Znaš, klima se uvijek mijenja".
04:51
So these justifications make us all feel better,
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Tako da se s ovim opravdanjima osjećamo bolje,
04:53
but at the expense
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ali cijena toga je
04:56
of dismissing what we know.
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odbacivanje onoga što znamo.
04:58
Thus, behavior drives attitudes.
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Stoga, ponašanje upravlja stavovima.
05:03
My personal cognitive dissonance comes up
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Moj se kognitivni nesklad pojavljuje
05:06
when I recognize that I've been flying from Oslo to New York
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kad shvatim da sam letio iz Osla u New York,
05:10
and back to Oslo
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i zatim natrag u Oslo,
05:11
in order to speak about the climate.
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kako bih pričao o klimi.
05:14
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
05:16
For 14 minutes.
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Za 14 minuta govora.
05:17
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
05:21
So that makes me want to move on to denial.
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Tako da me to tjera da pređem na poricanje.
05:23
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
05:26
So if we keep silent,
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Dakle, ako šutimo,
05:28
ignore or ridicule facts about climate disruptions,
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ignoriramo ili se rugamo činjenicama o klimatskim remećenjima,
05:32
then we might find inner refuge
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onda bismo mogli pronaći unutarnje sklonište
05:34
from fear and guilt.
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od straha i osjećaja krivnje.
05:37
Denial doesn't really come from lack of intelligence or knowledge.
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Poricanje ne proizlazi iz manjka inteligencije i znanja.
05:40
No, denial is a state of mind
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Ne, poricanje je stanje uma
05:44
in which I may be aware of some troubling knowledge,
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na kojem bi mogao biti svjestan nekog zabrinjujućeg znanja,
05:47
but I live and act as if I don't know.
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ali ja živim i ponašam se kao da to ne znam.
05:50
So you could call it a kind of double life,
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Stoga, mogli bismo to nazvati vrstom dvostrukog života,
05:53
both knowing and not knowing,
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i znati i ne znati.
05:54
and often this is reinforced by others,
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To nam često potvrđuju i drugi,
05:57
my family or community,
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naša obitelj i zajednica,
05:58
agreeing not to raise this tricky topic.
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slažući se da se ovu riskantnu temu ne spominje.
06:03
Finally, identity.
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Na kraju dolazimo do identiteta.
06:07
Alarmed climate activists
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Uzrujani klimatski aktivisti
06:10
demand that government takes action,
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zahtijevaju da vlada poduzme nešto,
06:13
either with regulation or carbon taxes.
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ili s uredbama ili s porezom na ugljik.
06:15
But consider what happens
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Međutim, razmotrite što se dogodi
06:17
when people who hold conservative values, for instance,
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kad ljudi koji drže do tradicionalnih vrijednosti, na primjer,
06:21
hear from an activist that government ought to expand even further.
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čuju od aktivista da bi vlada trebala povećati broj zastupnika.
06:26
Particularly in rich Western democracies,
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Pogotovo u bogatim zapadnim zemljama,
06:28
they are then less likely to believe that science.
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za njih je tek malo vjerojatno da će vjerovati u tu znanost.
06:33
How is that?
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Zašto je tome tako?
06:34
Well, if I hold conservative values, for instance,
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E pa, ako držim do tradicionalnih vrijednosti,
06:38
I probably prefer big proper cars and small government
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vjerojatno preferiram masivne aute i malu vladu,
06:42
over tiny, tiny cars and huge government.
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nego sićušne aute i ogromnu vladu.
06:47
And if climate science comes and then says
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A kad bi znanost o klimi došla i rekla
06:50
government should expand further,
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da bi se vlada trebala povećati,
06:52
then I probably will trust that science less.
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onda bih vjerojatno manje vjerovao toj znanosti.
06:58
In this way, cultural identity
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Na ovaj način kulturni identitet
07:01
starts to override the facts.
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počinje nadglašavati činjenice.
07:03
The values eat the facts,
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Vrijednosti pojedu činjenice,
07:05
and my identity trumps truth any day.
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a moj identitet pobjeđuje istinu.
07:11
So, after recognizing how these five D's kill engagement,
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Dakle, nakon prepoznavanja kako ovih pet obrana ubijaju uključenje,
07:16
how can we move beyond them?
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kako ih premostiti?
07:19
New research shows how we can flip these five defenses
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Nova istraživanja pokazuju kako možemo ovih pet obrana pretvoriti
07:22
over into key success criteria
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u kriterije ključne za uspjeh
07:25
for a more brain-friendly climate communication.
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u razgovoru o klimi koji je mozgu pristupačniji.
07:28
So this is where it gets really exciting
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Ovdje stvari postaju uzbudljivije
07:32
and where we find the five S's,
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i gdje se susrećemo s pet rješenja,
07:35
the five evidence-based solutions for what does work.
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rješenja temeljenih na dokazima o učinkovitosti.
07:40
First, we can flip distance to social.
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Prvo, udaljenost ćemo pretvoriti u društvenost.
07:43
We can make climate feel near, personal and urgent
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Možemo učiniti klimu bliskom, osobnom i hitnom,
07:47
by bringing it home,
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tako da je postanemo svjesni,
07:50
and we can do that by spreading social norms
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a to možemo učiniti tako da širimo drušvene norme
07:53
that are positive to solutions.
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koje su pozitivne prema rješenjima.
07:55
If I believe my friends or neighbors,
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Ako vjerujem da će moji prijatelji, susjedi
07:58
you guys, will do something,
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ili vi u publici poduzeti nešto,
07:59
then I will, too.
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onda ću i ja.
08:02
We can see, for instance, this from rooftop solar panels.
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Možemo vidjeti ovo, primjerice, iz solarnih panela za krovove.
08:05
They are spreading from neighbor to neighbor like a virus.
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Šire se od susjeda do susjeda poput virusa.
08:08
It's contagious.
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Zarazno je.
08:09
This is the power of peer-to-peer creating the new normal.
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To je moć umreženosti koja stvara novu normalu.
08:14
Next, we can flip doom to supportive.
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Sljedeće je pretvaranje propasti u podršku.
08:17
Rather than backfiring frames
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Umjesto da šaljemo negativnu sliku
08:19
such as disaster and cost,
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kao što je propast i trošak,
08:22
we can reframe climate as being really about human health,
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možemo pretvoriti klimu u nešto što se tiče ljudskog zdravlja,
08:28
for instance, with plant-based delicious burgers,
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primjerice, ako imamo ukusne hamburgere biljnog porijekla,
08:32
good for you and good for the climate.
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dobro je za tebe i dobro je za klimu.
08:35
We can also reframe climate as being about new tech opportunities,
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Možemo također pretvoriti klimu u nešto što se tiče novih tehnoloških mogućnosti,
08:38
about safety and about new jobs.
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sigurnosti i novih poslova.
Poslovi vezani uz solarnu energiju, primjerice, u izvrsnom su porastu.
08:43
Solar jobs, for instance, are seeing an amazing growth.
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08:45
They just passed the three million jobs mark.
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Upravo su premašili brojku od tri milijuna poslova.
08:49
Psychology says, in order to create engagement,
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Psihologija kaže da u svrhu stvaranja uključenja,
08:52
we should present, on balance,
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trebamo stvoriti, kao ravnotežu,
08:54
three positive or supportive framings
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tri pozitivna ili podržavajuća okvira
08:58
for each climate threat we mention.
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za svaku prijetnju klimi koju spomenemo.
09:00
Then we can flip dissonance
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Zatim možemo pretvoriti nesklad
09:03
to simpler actions.
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u jednostavnija djelovanja.
09:05
This is often called nudging.
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To često zovemo poticanje.
09:07
The idea is, by better choice architecture,
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Ideja je da, s boljom strukturom izbora,
09:12
we can make the climate-friendly behaviors
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možemo učiniti ponašanja prijateljski nastrojena prema klimi
09:16
default and convenient.
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automatskim i prikladnim.
09:19
Let me illustrate this. Take food waste.
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Dozvolite da pojasnim. Primjerice s otpadom od hrane.
09:22
Food waste at buffets goes way down
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Otpad od hrane na bifeima uvelike se smanjuje,
09:25
if the plate or the box size is reduced a little,
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ako se veličina tanjura ili kutija malo smanji,
09:29
because on the smaller plate it looks full
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jer manji tanjur izgleda puniji hranom,
09:32
but in the big box it looks half empty,
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dok ogromna kutija izgleda praznija,
09:35
so we put more in.
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zato ju više punimo hranom.
09:36
So smaller plates make a big difference for food waste.
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Dakle, manji tanjuri čine veliku razliku za smanjenje otpada od hrane.
09:40
And there are hundreds of smart nudges like this.
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A postoje stotine pametnih poticaja poput toga.
09:43
The point is, dissonance goes down as more behaviors are nudged.
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Bit je u tome da se nesklad smanjuje, što se više ponašanja potiču.
09:47
Then we can flip denial
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Zatim možemo preokrenuti poricanje
09:51
by tailoring signals that visualize our progress.
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krojenjem signala koji vizualiziraju naš pomak.
09:55
We can provide motivating feedback
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Možemo stvoriti motivirajuće povratne informacije,
09:57
on how well we're doing with our problem-solving.
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o tome ide li nam dobro s našim rješavanjem problema.
10:01
Say you improved your transport footprint
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Recimo da ste smanjili zagađenje zbog prijevoza
10:03
or cut energy waste in your buildings.
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ili smanjili potrošnju struje u svojoj zgradi.
10:06
Then one app that can share this well is called Ducky.
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E pa, jedna aplikacija u kojoj to možete podijeliti je Ducky.
10:10
The idea is, you log your actions there,
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Ideja je da u njoj bilježite sve,
10:12
and then you can see how well your team or company is doing,
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a onda možete vidjeti napredak svog tima ili tvrtke.
10:16
so you get real-time signals.
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Dobivate signale u stvarnom vremenu.
10:18
Finally, identity.
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Konačno, identitet.
10:22
We can flip identity with better stories.
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Možemo preokrenuti identitet boljim pričama.
10:25
Our brain loves stories.
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Naš mozak obožava priče.
10:28
So we need better stories of where we all want to go,
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Stoga, trebaju nam bolje priče o tome kuda želimo ići
10:31
and we need more stories of the heroes and heroines
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i treba nam više priča o herojima i heroinama
10:34
of all stripes that are making real change happen.
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svih vrsta koji čine pravu promjenu.
10:39
I'm proud that my hometown of Oslo
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Ponosim se što se moj rodni grad Oslo
10:43
is now embarking on a bold journey of electrifying all transport,
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smjelo upustio u pretvaranje svog transporta električnim,
10:47
whether cars, bikes or buses.
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bilo auta, motora ili buseva.
10:51
One of the people spearheading this is Christina Bu.
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Jedna od osoba koja predvodi ovo je Christina Bu.
10:54
She is heading the Electric Vehicle Association for years
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Na čelu je Udruge električnih vozila već godinama
10:58
and she has been fighting every day.
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i bori se svakog dana.
11:00
Now, the UK and France, India and China have also announced plans
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Sada su i UK-a, Francuska, Indija i Kina također najavile planove
11:05
for ending the sales of fossil cars.
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o skončavanju prodaje auta na gorivo.
11:07
Now, that's massive.
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E sad, to je ogromno.
11:09
And in Oslo, we can see how enthusiastic EV owners
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I također, u Oslu možemo vidjeti kako uzbuđeni vlasnici elektroničkih vozila
11:14
go and tell their electric stories to friends and neighbors
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šire svoje električne priče prijateljima i susjedima
11:18
and bring them along.
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i uvedu i njih u priču.
11:19
So we come full circle from story back to social.
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Tako da napravimo puni krug od priče do društvenog rješenja.
11:25
So thousands of climate communicators
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Tisuće govornika o klimi
11:28
are now starting to use these solutions
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sada počinju koristiti ova rješenja
11:31
all over the world.
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svuda po svijetu.
11:32
It is clear, however, that individual solutions
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Jasno je, međutim, da individualna rješenja
11:36
are not sufficient to solving climate alone,
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nisu dovoljna za rješavanje klime sama po sebi,
11:39
but they do build stronger bottom-up support
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ali ona izgrađuju snažniju temeljnu potporu
11:46
for policies and solutions that can.
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za politiku i rješenja koja mogu.
11:49
That is why engaging people is so crucial.
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Zato je ključno da se ljudi uključe.
11:54
I started this talk
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Započeo sam ovaj govor
11:56
with testing two ways of communicating climate with you.
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s provjeravanjem dvaju načina razgovora o klimi s vama.
12:01
There is another way, too,
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Postoji i drukčiji način.
12:03
I'd like to share with you.
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Htio bih ga podijeliti s vama.
12:05
It starts with reimagining climate itself
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Počinje sa zamišljanjem same klime
12:08
as the living air.
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kao zraka koji udišemo.
12:11
Climate isn't really about some abstract, distant climate
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Klima nije uistinu neka apstraktna, udaljena klima
12:14
far, far away from us.
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skroz daleko od nas.
12:15
It's about this air that surrounds us.
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Riječ je o ovom zraku koji nas okružuje.
12:18
This air, you can feel in this room, too,
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Ovom zraku kojeg možete osjetiti i u ovoj sobi.
12:21
the air that moves right now in your nostrils.
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Zraku koji vam trenutno prolazi kroz nosnice.
12:25
This air is our earth's skin.
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Ovaj zrak je koža naše Zemlje.
12:29
It's amazingly thin,
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Nevjerojatno je tanak,
12:31
compared to the size of the earth and the cosmos it shields us from,
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kad ga usporedimo s veličinom Zemlje i kozmosa od kojeg nas štiti.
12:36
far thinner than the skin of an apple
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Daleko je tanji od kore od jabuke,
12:38
compared to its diameter.
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kad usporedimo s njezinim promjerom.
12:41
It may look infinite when we look up,
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Može izgledati beskonačnim kada pogledamo gore,
12:45
but the beautiful, breathable air is only like five to seven miles thin,
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ali ovaj prekrasan, prozračan zrak, samo je 8-11 kilometara tanak.
12:50
a fragile wrapping around a massive ball.
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Krhki omot oko ogromne kugle.
12:55
Inside this skin,
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Unutar ove kore,
12:57
we're all closely connected.
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svi smo blisko povezani.
13:00
The breath that you just took
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Dah koji ste upravo udahnuli
13:03
contained around 400,000 of the same argon atoms
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sadržavao je oko 400.000 istih atoma argona
13:08
that Gandhi breathed during his lifetime.
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koje je i Gandhi udahnuo tijekom svog života.
13:12
Inside this thin, fluctuating, unsettled film,
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Unutar ovog tankog, nepostojanog, nesređenog ovitka,
13:16
all of life is nourished, protected and held.
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sav se život njeguje, štiti i održava.
13:21
It insulates and regulates temperatures
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Ono izolira i regulira temperature
13:23
in a range that is just right for water and for life as we know it,
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u rasponu gdje je baš taman za vodu i za život kakve znamo.
13:27
and mediating between the blue ocean and black eternity,
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I posreduje između plavog oceana i crne vječnosti.
13:31
the clouds carry all the billions of tons of water
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Oblaci prenose sve milijarde tona vode
13:34
needed for the soils.
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potrebne za tlo.
13:36
The air fills the rivers,
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Zrak puni rijeke,
13:39
stirs the waters,
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uznemiruje vode,
13:41
waters the forests.
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navodnjava šume.
13:42
With a global weirding of the weather,
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S globalnim začudnjavanjem vremena,
13:45
there are good reasons for feeling fear and despair,
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postoje dobri razlozi za osjećanje straha i očaja.
13:51
yet we may first grieve today's sorry state and losses
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Možemo prvo oplakivati žalosno današnje stanje i gubitke
13:56
and then turn to face the future with sober eyes and determination.
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i zatim se okrenuti prema budućnosti trijeznih očiju i s odlučnošću.
14:02
The new psychology of climate action
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Nova psihologija djelovanja u vezi s klimom
14:05
lies in letting go, not of science,
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leži u odustajanju, ne od znanosti,
14:08
but of the crutches of abstractions and doomism,
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već od prepreka apstrakcije i propasti,
14:12
and then choosing to tell the new stories.
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i zatim biranju novih priča.
14:15
These are the stories
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To su priče
14:17
of how we achieve drawdown, the reversing of global warming.
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o postizanju povlačenja, preokretanja klimatskog zatopljenja.
14:20
These are the stories of the steps we take
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To su priče o koracima koje poduzimamo
14:25
as peoples, cities, companies
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kao ljudi, gradovi, tvrtke
14:28
and public bodies
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i javna tijela
14:30
in caring for the air
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u brizi o zraku,
14:32
in spite of strong headwinds.
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unatoč snažnim suprotnim vjetrovima.
14:36
These are the stories of the steps we take
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To su priče o poduzimanju koraka
14:38
because they ground us in what we are as humans:
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jer nas prizemljavaju u onome što i jesmo kao ljudi:
14:42
earthlings inside this living air.
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zemljani unutar ovog živućeg zraka.
14:48
Thank you.
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Hvala vam.
14:49
(Applause)
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(Pljesak)
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