Saul Griffith: Hardware solutions to everyday problems

Prevoditelj: Senzos Osijek Recezent: Romana Perković

So anyway, who am I?

Dakle, tko sam ja?

I usually say to people, when they say, "What do you do?"

Obično kad me ljudi pitaju što radim

I say, "I do hardware,"

kažem: „Izrađujem stvari“

because it sort of conveniently encompasses everything I do.

jer to obično obuhvaća sve što radim.

And I recently said that to a venture capitalist casually at some

To sam nedavno neformalno rekao jednom rizičnom kapitalistu na nekom

Valley event, to which he replied, "How quaint."

događaju u Dolini na što je on odgovorio: „Kako zanimljivo.“

(Laughter)

(smijeh)

And I sort of really was dumbstruck.

Ostao sam bez teksta.

And I really should have said something smart.

I stvarno sam trebao reći nešto pametno.

And now I've had a little bit of time to think about it,

Sad kad sam imao malo vremena razmisliti,

I would have said, "Well, you know,

bio bih mu rekao: „Znate,

if we look at the next 100 years

ako pogledamo na sljedećih 100 godina

and we've seen all these problems in the last few days,

i ako smo vidjeli sve ove probleme zadnjih dana,

most of the big issues -- clean water, clean energy --

većina važnih pitanja: čista voda, čista energija,

and they're interchangeable in some respects --

međusobno su zamjenjivi na određenoj razini,

and cleaner, more functional materials --

i čišći, funkcionalniji materijali,

they all look to me to be hardware problems.

svi mi izgledaju kao konkretni problemi.“

This doesn't mean we should ignore software,

To ne znači da moramo zapostaviti programsku podršku,

or information, or computation."

informacije ili računanje.

And that's in fact probably what I'm going to try and tell you about.

To je u stvari vjerojatno ono o čemu ću vam probati pričati.

So, this talk is going to be about how do we make things

Ovaj govor će biti o tome kako pravimo stvari

and what are the new ways that we're going to make things in the future.

i koji su novi načini na koje ćemo praviti stvari u budućnosti.

Now, TED sends you a lot of spam if you're a speaker

TED vam šalje mnogo neželjene pošte ako ste govornik

about "do this, do that" and you fill out all these forms,

„napravi ovo, napravi ono“ i ispuniš sve te obrasce

and you don't actually know how they're going to describe you,

i ne znaš zapravo kako će te predstaviti.

and it flashed across my desk that they were going to introduce me as a futurist.

I sinulo mi je za radnim stolom da će me predstaviti kao futurista.

And I've always been nervous about the term "futurist,"

Oduvijek sam bio uznemiren zbog pojma futurist

because you seem doomed to failure because you can't really predict it.

jer se čini da si osuđen na propast jer ju ne možeš stvarno predvidjeti.

And I was laughing about this with the very smart colleagues I have,

Smijao sam se ovome sa svojim vrlo pametnim kolegama

and said, "You know, well, if I have to talk about the future, what is it?"

i rekao sam: „Znate, ako moram pričati o budućnosti, što je ona?“

And George Homsey, a great guy, said, "Oh, the future is amazing.

I George Homsey, odličan čovjek, je rekao: „Budućnost je odlična.

It is so much stranger than you think.

Mnogo je čudnija nego što misliš.

We're going to reprogram the bacteria in your gut,

Reprogramirat ćemo bakterije u tvojoj utrobi

and we're going to make your poo smell like peppermint."

i napravit ćemo da ti izmet miriši po pepermintu.“

(Laughter)

(smijeh)

So, you may think that's sort of really crazy,

Možete misliti kako je to stvarno ludo,

but there are some pretty amazing things that are happening

ali postoje stvarno zanimljive stvari koje se događaju,

that make this possible.

a čine to mogućim.

So, this isn't my work, but it's work of good friends of mine at MIT.

To nije moj rad, ali je rad mog dobrog prijatelja s MIT-a.

This is called the registry of standard biological parts.

Zove se katalog standardnih bioloških dijelova.

This is headed by Drew Endy and Tom Knight

To vode Drew Endy i Tom Knight

and a few other very, very bright individuals.

i još nekoliko jako, jako bistrih osoba.

Basically, what they're doing is looking at biology as a programmable system.

U biti, oni promatraju biologiju kao sustav koji se može programirati.

Literally, think of proteins as subroutines

Doslovno, zamislite proteine kao potprograme

that you can string together to execute a program.

koje spojimo zajedno da izvrše program.

Now, this is actually becoming such an interesting idea.

Ovo stvarno postaje zanimljiva ideja.

This is a state diagram. That's an extremely simple computer.

Ovo je dijagram stanja. To je prilično jednostavno računalo.

This one is a two-bit counter.

Ovo je dvobitni brojač.

So that's essentially the computational equivalent of two light switches.

To je doslovno računalni ekvivalent dvama prekidačima za svjetlo.

And this is being built by a group of students at Zurich

I ovo gradi grupa studenata u Zurichu

for a design competition in biology.

za natjecanje u dizajnu iz biologije.

And from the results of the same competition last year,

Iz rezultata istog natjecanja prošle godine,

a University of Texas team of students programmed bacteria

studentska ekipa sa Sveučilišta u Texasu programirala je bakterije

so that they can detect light and switch on and off.

tako da detektiraju svjetlo i da ga pale i gase.

So this is interesting in the sense that you can now

To je zanimljivo u smislu da sad možemo

do "if-then-for" statements in materials, in structure.

napraviti „ako, onda, za“ izjave u materijalima, u strukturi.

This is a pretty interesting trend,

To je prilično zanimljiv trend.

because we used to live in a world where everyone's said glibly,

Zato što smo živjeli u svijetu gdje su svi glatko rekli

"Form follows function," but I think I've sort of grown up in a world

da oblik prati funkciju, ali mislim da sam ja odrastao u svijetu,

-- you listened to Neil Gershenfeld yesterday;

slušali ste Neila Gershenfelda jučer,

I was in a lab associated with his -- where it's really a world

bio sam u labosu povezanim s njegovim, gdje je zapravo svijet

where information defines form and function.

u kojemu informacija određuje oblik i funkciju.

I spent six years thinking about that,

Šest sam godina proveo razmišljajući o tome,

but to show you the power of art over science --

ali da vam pokažem moć umjetnosti nad znanošću,

this is actually one of the cartoons I write. These are called "HowToons."

ovo je jedan od stripova koje pišem. Zovu se Howtoonsi.

I work with a fabulous illustrator called Nick Dragotta.

Radim s iznimnim ilustratorom koji se zove Nick Dragotta.

Took me six years at MIT,

Trebalo mi je šest godina na MIT-u

and about that many pages to describe what I was doing,

i otprilike ovoliko stranica da opišem što radim,

and it took him one page. And so this is our muse Tucker.

a njemu je trebala jedna stranica. Ovo je naša muza, Tucker.

He's an interesting little kid -- and his sister, Celine --

Zanimljivo je malo dijete, i njegova sestra Celine,

and what he's doing here

i ovdje proučava

is observing the self-assembly of his Cheerios in his cereal bowl.

samosastavljanje svojih pahuljica u zdjeli.

And in fact you can program the self-assembly of things,

Možete zapravo programirati samosastavljanje stvari

so he starts chocolate-dipping edges,

tako da on počinje umakati rubove pahuljica u čokoladu

changing the hydrophobicity and the hydrophylicity.

i time mijenjati hidrofobnost i hidrofilnost.

In theory, if you program those sufficiently,

U teoriji, ako ih isprogramirate dovoljno,

you should be able to do something pretty interesting

trebali biste moći napraviti nešto prilično zanimljivo

and make a very complex structure.

i stvoriti vrlo složene strukture.

In this case, he's done self-replication of a complex 3D structure.

U ovom slučaju, napravio je samoreplikaciju složenih 3D struktura.

And that's what I thought about for a long time,

O tome sam razmišljao jako dugo,

because this is how we currently make things.

jer to je način na koji trenutno pravimo stvari.

This is a silicon wafer, and essentially

Ovo je silikonska ploča, to je zapravo

that's just a whole bunch of layers of two-dimensional stuff, sort of layered up.

samo niz slojeva dvodimenzionalne tvari koja je poredana u slojeve.

The feature side is -- you know, people will say,

Izvedbena strana je velika

[unclear] down around about 65 nanometers now.

otprilike 65 nanometara sada.

On the right, that's a radiolara.

Na desno vidimo radiolaru.

That's a unicellular organism ubiquitous in the oceans.

To je jednostaničan organizam prisutan u svim oceanima.

And that has feature sizes down to about 20 nanometers,

Veličina mu je 20 nanometara

and it's a complex 3D structure.

i složene je 3D strukture.

We could do a lot more with computers and things generally

Mogli bismo raditi mnogo više s računalima i općenito

if we knew how to build things this way.

sa stvarima kad bismo znali graditi predmete na ovaj način.

The secret to biology is, it builds computation

Tajna biologije je da ugrađuje računanje

into the way it makes things. So this little thing here, polymerase,

u način na koji pravi stvari. Ova mala stvar ovdje, polimeraza

is essentially a supercomputer designed for replicating DNA.

je zapravo superračunalo namijenjeno replikaciji DNA.

And the ribosome here is another little computer

I ovaj ribosom ovdje je još jedno malo računalo

that helps in the translation of the proteins.

koje pomaže translaciju proteina.

I thought about this

Razmišljao sam o ovome

in the sense that it's great to build in biological materials,

na način da je odlično graditi s biološkim materijalima,

but can we do similar things?

ali možemo li mi napraviti nešto slično?

Can we get self-replicating-type behavior?

Možemo li postići samoreplicirajuće ponašanje?

Can we get complex 3D structure automatically assembling

Možemo li dobiti 3D strukture koje se automatski sklope

in inorganic systems?

u anorganskim sustavima?

Because there are some advantages to inorganic systems,

Zato što anorganski sustavi imaju svoje prednosti

like higher speed semiconductors, etc.

poput poluvodiča veće brzine i slično.

So, this is some of my work

Ovo je dio mog rada o tome

on how do you do an autonomously self-replicating system.

kako napraviti autonomno samoreplicirajući sustav.

And this is sort of Babbage's revenge.

I ovo je na neki način Babbageova osveta.

These are little mechanical computers.

Ovo su mala mehanička računala.

These are five-state state machines.

Ovo su strojevi s pet stanja.

So, that's about three light switches lined up.

To je kao da imamo tri svjetlosna prekidača.

In a neutral state, they won't bind at all.

U neutralnom stanju neće se uopće povezivati.

Now, if I make a string of these, a bit string,

Ali ako napravimo niz od njih,

they will be able to replicate.

moći će se replicirati.

So we start with white, blue, blue, white.

Počnemo s bijelo, plavo, plavo, bijelo.

That encodes; that will now copy. From one comes two,

To kodira, to će se sada kopirati. Od jednoga nastanu dva,

and then from two comes three.

od dva nastanu tri.

And so you've got this sort of replicating system.

I tako dobijete replicirajući sustav.

It was work actually by Lionel Penrose,

To je zapravo rad Lionela Penrosea,

father of Roger Penrose, the tiles guy.

oca Rogera Penrosea, tipa s pločicama.

He did a lot of this work in the '60s,

Radio je mnogo na ovome u 60-ima,

and so a lot of this logic theory lay fallow

tako da je mnogo ove logičke teorije bilo zanemareno

as we went down the digital computer revolution, but it's now coming back.

dok smo prolazili kroz digitalnu računalnu revoluciju, ali sada se vraća.

So now I'm going to show you the hands-free, autonomous self-replication.

Sad ću vam pokazati daljinsku autonomnu samoreplikaciju.

So we've tracked in the video the input string,

Pratili smo u videu ulazni niz

which was green, green, yellow, yellow, green.

koji je bio zeleno, zeleno, žuto, žuto, zeleno.

We set them off on this air hockey table.

Postavili smo ih na ovaj stol za zračni hokej.

You know, high science uses air hockey tables --

Znate, visoka znanost koristi stolove za zračni hokej.

(Laughter)

(smijeh)

-- and if you watch this thing long enough you get dizzy,

Ako gledate ovo dovoljno dugo zavrti vam se u glavi,

but what you're actually seeing is copies of that original string

ali ono što zapravo vidite su kopije originala

emerging from the parts bin that you have here.

koje proizlaze iz dijelova koje imamo ovdje.

So we've got autonomous replication of bit strings.

Imamo autonomnu replikaciju niza bitova.

So, why would you want to replicate bit strings?

Zašto bismo željeli replicirati nizove bitova?

Well, it turns out biology has this other very interesting meme,

Čini se da biologija ima još jednu zanimljivu karakteristiku,

that you can take a linear string, which is a convenient thing to copy,

a to je da možete uzeti linearan niz, što je prikladna stvar za kopiranje,

and you can fold that into an arbitrarily complex 3D structure.

i možete ju smotati u strukturu proizvoljne 3D složenosti.

So I was trying to, you know, take the engineer's version:

Pokušavao sam napraviti inženjersku verziju:

Can we build a mechanical system in inorganic materials

Možemo li napraviti mehanički sustav od anorganskih materijala

that will do the same thing?

koji će raditi to isto?

So what I'm showing you here is that we can make a 2D shape --

Ovdje vam pokazujem da možemo napraviti 2D oblik,

the B -- assemble from a string of components

slovo B, koji se spaja od niza komponenata

that follow extremely simple rules.

koje prate iznimno jednostavna pravila.

And the whole point of going with the extremely simple rules here,

I sav smisao korištenja iznimno jednostavnih pravila

and the incredibly simple state machines in the previous design,

i iznimno jednostavnih strojeva stanja u prošlom dizajnu

was that you don't need digital logic to do computation.

je ta da ne treba digitalna logika za računanje.

And that way you can scale things much smaller than microchips.

Na taj način možemo napraviti mnogo manje predmete od mikročipova.

So you can literally use these as the tiny components in the assembly process.

Možete doslovno koristiti ove kao male komponente u procesu izrade.

So, Neil Gershenfeld showed you this video on Wednesday, I believe,

Neil Gershenfeld vam je pokazao ovaj video u srijedu, čini mi se,

but I'll show you again.

ali pokazat ću vam opet.

This is literally the colored sequence of those tiles.

To je doslovno obojan slijed onih pločica.

Each different color has a different magnetic polarity,

Svaka boja ima drugačiju magnetsku polarnost

and the sequence is uniquely specifying the structure that is coming out.

i slijed jedinstveno definira strukturu koja izlazi.

Now, hopefully, those of you who know anything about graph theory

Nadam se da oni koji znaju išta o teoriji grafova

can look at that, and that will satisfy you

mogu pogledati ovo i to će ih uvjeriti da

that that can also do arbitrary 3D structure,

tako možemo napraviti proizvoljne 3D strukture.

and in fact, you know, I can now take a dog, carve it up

Zapravo, znate, mogu uzeti psa, izrezati ga

and then reassemble it so it's a linear string

i ponovno ga složiti da bude linearan niz

that will fold from a sequence. And now

koji će se složiti iz slijeda. I sad

I can actually define that three-dimensional object as a sequence of bits.

zapravo mogu definirati taj 3D objekt kao slijed bitova.

So, you know, it's a pretty interesting world

Prilično je zanimljiv svijet

when you start looking at the world a little bit differently.

kad ga počnete gledati malo drugačije.

And the universe is now a compiler.

Svijet je sad program prevoditelj.

And so I'm thinking about, you know, what are the programs

I tako razmišljam o tome koji su to programi

for programming the physical universe?

za programiranje fizičkog svijeta?

And how do we think about materials and structure,

I kako razmišljamo o materijalima i strukturi,

sort of as an information and computation problem?

kao o informacijama i računskim problemima?

Not just where you attach a micro-controller to the end point,

Ne samo gdje prikačite mikroupravljač na završnu točku,

but that the structure and the mechanisms are the logic, are the computers.

nego da su struktura i mehanizmi logika, da su računala.

Having totally absorbed this philosophy,

Kad sam potpuno upio ovu logiku

I started looking at a lot of problems a little differently.

počeo sam gledati na mnoge probleme malo drugačije.

With the universe as a computer,

Sa svijetom kao računalom,

you can look at this droplet of water

možete promatrati ovu kapljicu vode

as having performed the computations.

kao da je obavila račun.

You set a couple of boundary conditions, like gravity,

Postavite nekoliko graničnih stanja, poput gravitacije,

the surface tension, density, etc., and then you press "execute,"

površinske napetosti, gustoće i slično i tada pritisnete Izvrši

and magically, the universe produces you a perfect ball lens.

i kao čarolijom svijet vam stvori savršenu loptastu leću.

So, this actually applied to the problem

Ovo primijenjeno na problem-

of -- so there's a half a billion to a billion people in the world

postoji pola milijarde do milijarde ljudi na svijetu

don't have access to cheap eyeglasses.

koji nemaju pristup jeftinim naočalama.

So can you make a machine

Možemo li napraviti stroj

that could make any prescription lens very quickly on site?

koji bi mogao napraviti bilo koje leće brzo na licu mjesta?

This is a machine where you literally define a boundary condition.

Ovo je stroj u kojemu doslovno definirate granična stanja.

If it's circular, you make a spherical lens.

Ako je kružno, napravite sferičnu leću.

If it's elliptical, you can make an astigmatic lens.

Ako je eliptično, napravite astigmatičnu leću.

You then put a membrane on that and you apply pressure --

Stavite membranu na to i primijenite pritisak,

so that's part of the extra program.

to je dio dodatnog programa.

And literally with only those two inputs --

Doslovno samo s dva ulazna podatka –

so, the shape of your boundary condition and the pressure --

oblika graničnog uvjeta i pritiska

you can define an infinite number of lenses

možete definirati bezbroj leća

that cover the range of human refractive error,

koje pokrivaju opseg ljudske refraktivne pogreške,

from minus 12 to plus eight diopters, up to four diopters of cylinder.

od -12 do +8 dioptara, i do 4 dioptra cilindra.

And then literally, you now pour on a monomer.

I sad doslovno izlijemo monomer.

You know, I'll do a Julia Childs here.

Ovdje ću se ponijeti kao Julia Childs.

This is three minutes of UV light.

Ovo su tri minute UV svjetla.

And you reverse the pressure on your membrane

Obrnete pritisak na membranu

once you've cooked it. Pop it out.

kada ste ju skuhali. Izbacite ju van.

I've seen this video, but I still don't know if it's going to end right.

Gledao sam ovaj video, ali još ne znam hoće li dobro završiti.

(Laughter)

(smijeh)

So you reverse this. This is a very old movie,

Obrnete ovo. Ovo je vrlo star film.

so with the new prototypes, actually both surfaces are flexible,

S novim prototipovima obje površine su fleksibilne,

but this will show you the point.

ali ovo će vam pokazati princip.

Now you've finished the lens, you literally pop it out.

Kad ste završili leću doslovno ju izbacite van.

That's next year's Yves Klein, you know, eyeglasses shape.

Ovo je Yves Kleinov oblik naočala za sljedeću godinu.

And you can see that that has a mild prescription of about minus two diopters.

Možete vidjeti da ima blagu dioptriju od otprilike -2.

And as I rotate it against this side shot, you'll see that that has cylinder,

Kako ju rotiram vidjet ćete da ima cilindar

and that was programmed in --

koji je bio isprogramiran

literally into the physics of the system.

u fiziku sustava.

So, this sort of thinking about structure as computation

Ovakvo razmišljanje o strukturi kao računanju

and structure as information leads to other things, like this.

i strukturi kao informaciji vodi do drugih stvari poput ovoga.

This is something that my people at SQUID Labs

Ovo je nešto na čemu moje kolege u SQUID laboratorijima

are working on at the moment, called "electronic rope."

trenutno rade, zove se elektroničko uže.

So literally, you think about a rope. It has very complex structure in the weave.

Doslovno, mislite o užetu. Ima vrlo složenu strukturu tkanja.

And under no load, it's one structure.

Bez opterećenja ima jednu strukturu.

Under a different load, it's a different structure. And you can actually exploit that

Pod drugim opterećenjem ima drugačiju strukturu. To možete iskoristiti

by putting in a very small number of

umetanjem malog broja

conducting fibers to actually make it a sensor.

vodljivih vlakana što ga zapravo pretvara u senzor.

So this is now a rope that knows the load on the rope

Ovo je sad uže koje zna teret

at any particular point in the rope.

na svakoj pojedinoj točki užeta.

Just by thinking about the physics of the world,

Samo razmišljanjem o fizici svijeta,

materials as the computer,

o materijalima kao računalima,

you can start to do things like this.

možete početi raditi stvari poput ove.

I'm going to segue a little here.

Nastavit ću ovdje.

I guess I'm just going to casually tell you the types of things

Čini mi se da ću vam reći vrste stvari

that I think about with this.

o kojima mislim pod ovim.

One thing I'm really interested about this right now is, how,

Jedna stvar vezana uz ovo koja me sad stvarno zanima je kako,

if you're really taking this view of the universe as a computer,

ako stvarno gledate svijet kao računalo,

how do we make things in a very general sense,

kako napravimo stvari u vrlo uopćenom smislu

and how might we share the way we make things in a general sense

i kako bismo mogli dijeliti način na koji ih proizvodimo

the same way you share open source hardware?

istim principom kao što dijelimo i strojnu opremu otvorenog pristupa.

And a lot of talks here have espoused the benefits

Mnogo govora ovdje je govorilo o prednostima

of having lots of people look at problems,

toga da mnogo ljudi promatra neki problem,

share the information and work on those things together.

dijele informacije i rade na tim stvarima zajedno.

So, a convenient thing about being a human is you move in linear time,

Zgodna stvar kad si čovjek je ta da se krećeš u linearnom vremenu,

and unless Lisa Randall changes that,

i ako Lisa Randall ne promijeni to,

we'll continue to move in linear time.

nastavit ćemo se tako kretati.

So that means anything you do, or anything you make,

To znači da sve što radimo, ili napravimo,

you produce a sequence of steps --

radimo u nizu koraka,

and I think Lego in the '70s nailed this,

mislim da je Lego u 70-im svladao to,

and they did it most elegantly.

i napravili su to vrlo elegantno.

But they can show you how to build things in sequence.

Mogu vam pokazati kako gradimo stvari u nizu.

So, I'm thinking about, how can we generalize

Razmišljam o tome kako možemo generalizirati

the way we make all sorts of things,

način na koji radimo cijeli niz stvari i

so you end up with this sort of guy, right?

završimo na ovom tipu.

And I think this applies across a very broad -- sort of, a lot of concepts.

I mislim da se ovo može primijeniti na mnogo koncepata.

You know, Cameron Sinclair yesterday said,

Cameron Sinclair je jučer rekao:

"How do I get everyone to collaborate on design

„Kako natjerati sve da surađuju na globalnom dizajnu

globally to do housing for humanity?"

da naprave kuće za čovječanstvo?“

And if you've seen Amy Smith,

I ako ste gledali Amy Smith,

she talks about how you get students at MIT

govori o tome kako postići da studenti MIT-a

to work with communities in Haiti.

rade sa zajednicama na Haitiju.

And I think we have to sort of redefine and rethink

Mislim da moramo redefinirati i ponovno razmisliti

how we define structure and materials and assembly things,

o tome kako definiramo strukturu i materijale i slaganje stvari

so that we can really share the information

tako da zaista možemo dijeliti informacije

on how you do those things in a more profound way

o tome kako to raditi na dublji način;

and build on each other's source code for structure.

i međusobno nadograđivati tuđe izvorne kodove za strukturu.

I don't know exactly how to do this yet,

Ne znam točno kako to napraviti,

but, you know, it's something being actively thought about.

ali o tome se aktivno razmišlja.

So, you know, that leads to questions

To vodi do pitanja poput:

like, is this a compiler? Is this a sub-routine?

je li ovo program prevoditelj? Je li to potprogram?

Interesting things like that.

Zanimljive stvari poput toga.

Maybe I'm getting a little too abstract, but you know,

Možda postajem previše apstraktan, ali znate,

this is the sort of -- returning to our comic characters --

ovo je na neki način, ako se vratimo na likove iz stripa,

this is sort of the universe, or a different universe view,

ovo je svijet, ili drugačiji pogled na svijet

that I think is going to be very prevalent in the future --

za koji vjerujem da će biti dominantan u budućnosti –

from biotech to materials assembly. It was great to hear Bill Joy.

od biotehnologije do slaganja materijala. Bilo je odlično slušati Billa Joya.

They're starting to invest in materials science,

Počinju ulagati u znanost o materijalima,

but these are the new things in materials science.

ali ovo su nove stvari u znanosti o materijalima.

How do we put real information and real structure into new ideas,

Kako staviti stvarne informacije i stvarne strukture u nove ideje

and see the world in a different way? And it's not going to be binary code

i vidjeti svijet na drugačiji način? Neće binarni kod

that defines the computers of the universe --

definirati računala budućnosti,

it's sort of an analog computer.

nego će to biti analogno računalo.

But it's definitely an interesting new worldview.

Ali je to svakako zanimljiv pogled na svijet.

I've gone too far. So that sounds like it's it.

Otišao sam predaleko. To zvuči kao da je to sve.

I've probably got a couple of minutes of questions,

Imam vjerojatno još nekoliko minuta za pitanja,

or I can show -- I think they also said that I do extreme stuff

ili mogu pokazati, mislim da su rekli u uvodu da radim ekstremne stvari

in the introduction, so I may have to explain that.

tako da ću možda to morati objasniti.

So maybe I'll do that with this short video.

Možda to napravim ovim kratkim videom.

So this is actually a 3,000-square-foot kite,

Ovo je zmaj od 3000 četvornih stopa,

which also happens to be a minimal energy surface.

to je površina s najmanje energije.

So returning to the droplet, again,

Vraćajući se ponovno na kapljicu,

thinking about the universe in a new way.

misleći o svijetu na drugačiji način.

This is a kite designed by a guy called Dave Kulp.

Ovoga je zmaja dizajnirao Dave Kulp.

And why do you want a 3,000-square-foot kite?

I zašto biste željeli zmaja velik 3000 četvornih stopa?

So that's a kite the size of your house.

To je zmaj veličine kuće.

And so you want that to tow boats very fast.

Želite da to vuče brodove velikom brzinom.

So I've been working on this a little, also,

I ja sam malo radio na tome

with a couple of other guys.

s nekoliko kolega.

But, you know, this is another way to look at the --

Ovo je drugi način gledanja,

if you abstract again,

ako ponovno apstrahirate,

this is a structure that is defined by the physics of the universe.

ovo je struktura definirana fizikom svemira.

You could just hang it as a bed sheet,

Mogli biste to objesiti kao plahtu,

but again, the computation of all the physics

ali opet, račun cijele fizike

gives you the aerodynamic shape.

daje vam aerodinamičan oblik.

And so you can actually sort of almost double your boat speed

Možete zapravo gotovo udvostručiti brzinu broda

with systems like that. So that's sort of another interesting aspect of the future.

takvim sustavima. To je još jedan zanimljiv aspekt budućnosti.

(Applause)

(Pljesak)