Saul Griffith: Hardware solutions to everyday problems

25,403 views ・ 2007-03-23

TED


μ•„λž˜ μ˜λ¬Έμžλ§‰μ„ λ”λΈ”ν΄λ¦­ν•˜μ‹œλ©΄ μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.

λ²ˆμ—­: YT&I Yonsei UIC κ²€ν† : Bianca Lee
00:25
So anyway, who am I?
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μ•„λ¬΄νŠΌ κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μ œκ°€ λˆ„κ΅¬λƒκ³ μš”?
00:26
I usually say to people, when they say, "What do you do?"
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μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ΄ μ €μ—κ²Œ "무슨 일을 ν•˜μ„Έμš”?" 라고 물으면
00:29
I say, "I do hardware,"
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μ €λŠ” "ν•˜λ“œμ›¨μ–΄λ₯Ό κ΄€λ¦¬ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€."라고 λŒ€λ‹΅ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:31
because it sort of conveniently encompasses everything I do.
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μ™œλƒν•˜λ©΄ 이게 μ œκ°€ ν•˜λŠ” λͺ¨λ“  일듀을 잘 ν¬ν•¨ν•˜κ³  있기 λ•Œλ¬Έμ΄μ£ .
00:33
And I recently said that to a venture capitalist casually at some
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그리고 μ œκ°€ μ–Όλ§ˆ 전에 벨리 μ΄λ²€νŠΈμ—μ„œ μ–΄λ–€ 벀처 νˆ¬μžκ°€μ—κ²Œ
00:37
Valley event, to which he replied, "How quaint."
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이 말을 ν–ˆλ”λ‹ˆ μ΄λŸ¬λ”κ΅°μš” "정말 λ…νŠΉν•˜κ΅°μš”"
00:40
(Laughter)
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(μ›ƒμŒ)
00:42
And I sort of really was dumbstruck.
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그리고 μˆœκ°„ μ €λŠ” ν•  말을 μžƒμ—ˆμ–΄μš”
00:45
And I really should have said something smart.
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μ œκ°€ μ •λ§λ‘œ μ’€ 더 κΈ°λ°œν•˜κ²Œ λŒ€λ‹΅ν–ˆμ–΄μ•Ό ν–ˆλŠ”λ° 말이죠
00:47
And now I've had a little bit of time to think about it,
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μ§€κΈˆ μ™€μ„œ 그것에 λŒ€ν•΄μ„œ μ’€ 더 생각할 μ‹œκ°„μ΄ μžˆμ—ˆμ–΄μš”.
00:52
I would have said, "Well, you know,
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μ €λŠ” μ΄λ ‡κ²Œ λ§ν–ˆμ–΄μ•Ό ν–ˆμ–΄μš” "근데 λ§μ΄μ—μš”, μ•„μ‹œλ‹€μ‹œν”Ό
00:54
if we look at the next 100 years
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λ§Œμ•½ μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μ•žμœΌλ‘œμ˜ λ°±λ…„κ³Ό
00:56
and we've seen all these problems in the last few days,
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졜근 λͺ‡ 일 κ°„ λ°œμƒν–ˆλ˜ 이 λ¬Έμ œλ“€μ„ λ΄€λŠ”λ°
00:58
most of the big issues -- clean water, clean energy --
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λŒ€μ£ΌλΆ„μ˜ 큰 λ¬Έμ œλ“€--κΉ¨λ—ν•œ λ¬Ό, κΉ¨λ—ν•œ μ—λ„ˆμ§€--
01:01
and they're interchangeable in some respects --
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이듀은 μ–΄λ–€ 관점에선 μƒν˜Έ λŒ€μ²΄ν•  수 μžˆμ§€λ§Œ--
01:03
and cleaner, more functional materials --
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그리고 더 κΉ¨λ—ν•˜κ³  더 μ‹€μš©μ μΈ λ¬Όμ§ˆλ“€--
01:05
they all look to me to be hardware problems.
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이것듀은 μ „λΆ€ ν•˜λ“œμ›¨μ–΄μ™€ κ΄€λ ¨λœ 문제인 것 κ°™μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:08
This doesn't mean we should ignore software,
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이 말은 μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μ†Œν”„νŠΈμ›¨μ–΄λ₯Ό λ¬΄μ‹œν•˜μžλŠ” 말이 μ•„λ‹ˆμ—μš”
01:10
or information, or computation."
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μ •λ³΄λ‚˜ μˆ˜μΉ˜λ“€μ„ λ¬΄μ‹œν•˜μžλŠ” 말도 μ•„λ‹ˆκ³ μš”.
01:12
And that's in fact probably what I'm going to try and tell you about.
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사싀 이것이 μ œκ°€ μ§€κΈˆ μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ—κ²Œ μ–˜κΈ°ν•˜λ €λŠ” λ‚΄μš©μ΄κΈ°λ„ ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:15
So, this talk is going to be about how do we make things
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‹ˆκΉŒ 이 κ°•μ˜μ—μ„œλŠ” μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ 무언가λ₯Ό λ§Œλ“€κ³ 
01:18
and what are the new ways that we're going to make things in the future.
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λ―Έλž˜μ—λŠ” μ–΄λ–€ μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ λ°©μ‹μœΌλ‘œ 무언가λ₯Ό λ§Œλ“€μ§€μ— λŒ€ν•΄ μ–˜κΈ°ν•  κ±°μ—μš”.
01:23
Now, TED sends you a lot of spam if you're a speaker
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TEDμ—μ„œλŠ” λ‹Ήμ‹ μ—κ²Œ μŠ€νŒΈλ©”μΌμ„ λ§Žμ΄λ³΄λ‚Ό κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:28
about "do this, do that" and you fill out all these forms,
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당신이 "μ΄λ ‡κ²Œ ν•˜κ³  μ €λ ‡κ²Œ ν•˜λΌ"κ³  λ§ν•˜λŠ” μ‹μ˜ μ—°μ„€μžλΌλ©΄ 말이죠
01:30
and you don't actually know how they're going to describe you,
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그리고 당신은 그듀이 μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ 당신을 λ¬˜μ‚¬ν• μ§€ 사싀상 λͺ¨λ¦…λ‹ˆλ‹€
01:33
and it flashed across my desk that they were going to introduce me as a futurist.
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‹€ 문득 μƒκ°λ‚œ 게 μ €λ₯Ό λ―Έλž˜ν•™μžλ‘œ μ†Œκ°œν•  것 같은 κ±°μ—μš”
01:36
And I've always been nervous about the term "futurist,"
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그리고 μ €λŠ” 항상 λ―Έλž˜ν•™μžλΌλŠ” ν‘œν˜„μ„ λΆˆνŽΈν•΄ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€
01:38
because you seem doomed to failure because you can't really predict it.
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λ―Έλž˜λŠ” μ •ν™•νžˆ μ˜ˆμΈ‘ν•  수 μ—†μœΌλ‹ˆκΉŒ λ―Έλž˜ν•™μžλ‘œμ„œ κ·Έλƒ₯ μ‹€νŒ¨ν•œ κ±° κ°™μž–μ•„μš”
01:41
And I was laughing about this with the very smart colleagues I have,
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μ €λŠ” 머리 쒋은 제 λ™λ£Œλ“€κ³Ό 이것에 λŒ€ν•΄ μ›ƒμœΌλ©΄μ„œ λ§ν–ˆμ£ 
01:44
and said, "You know, well, if I have to talk about the future, what is it?"
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"κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‹ˆκΉŒ 봐, λ‚΄κ°€ λ―Έλž˜μ— λŒ€ν•΄ μ–˜κΈ°ν•΄μ•Ό λœλ‹€λ©΄ 말이야, λ―Έλž˜λŠ” λ„λŒ€μ²΄ 뭐지?"
01:48
And George Homsey, a great guy, said, "Oh, the future is amazing.
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κ·Έλž¬λ”λ‹ˆ 쑰지 ν™ˆμ§€λΌλŠ” 제 μΉœκ΅¬κ°€ λ§ν•˜κΈΈ "μ•„, λ―Έλž˜λŠ” λ†€λΌμš΄ κ±°μ•Ό.
01:53
It is so much stranger than you think.
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λ„€κ°€ μƒκ°ν•˜λŠ”κ²ƒλ³΄λ‹€ 훨씬 λ³„λ‚˜κ±°λ“ .
01:55
We're going to reprogram the bacteria in your gut,
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” λ„€ 창자 속에 μžˆλŠ” λ°•ν…Œλ¦¬μ•„λ₯Ό μž¬κ΅¬μ„±ν•΄μ„œ
01:57
and we're going to make your poo smell like peppermint."
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λ„€ λ˜₯을 λ°•ν•˜ν–₯이 λ‚˜κ²Œ λ§Œλ“€κ±°μ•Ό."
02:02
(Laughter)
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(μ›ƒμŒ)
02:04
So, you may think that's sort of really crazy,
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μ’€ μ΄μƒν•˜λ‹€κ³  μƒκ°ν•˜μ‹€ 수 μžˆμœΌμ‹œκ² μ§€λ§Œ
02:07
but there are some pretty amazing things that are happening
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이것을 μ§€κΈˆ μΌμ–΄λ‚˜κ³  μžˆλŠ” κ½€ λ†€λΌμš΄ 일듀이
02:09
that make this possible.
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이것을 κ°€λŠ₯ν•˜κ²Œ λ§Œλ“­λ‹ˆλ‹€
02:10
So, this isn't my work, but it's work of good friends of mine at MIT.
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이것은 μ œκ°€ μ•„λ‹Œ MIT에 μžˆλŠ” 제 μΉœκ΅¬λ“€μ˜ μž‘ν’ˆμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€
02:14
This is called the registry of standard biological parts.
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μ΄λŠ” 'ν‘œμ€€ 생물학적 λΆ€λΆ„μ˜ 기둝'이라 λΆˆλ¦¬μ›λ‹ˆλ‹€
02:16
This is headed by Drew Endy and Tom Knight
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λ“œλ₯˜ μ•€λ””, 탐 λ‚˜μ΄νŠΈ,
02:18
and a few other very, very bright individuals.
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그리고 λͺ‡λͺ‡μ˜ 맀우 λ˜‘λ˜‘ν•œ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ΄ 이λ₯Ό μ΄λ•λ‹ˆλ‹€
02:21
Basically, what they're doing is looking at biology as a programmable system.
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κ°„λ‹¨νžˆ λ§ν•˜μžλ©΄, 그듀이 ν•˜λŠ” 일은 생물학을 ν”„λ‘œκ·Έλž¨μ΄ κ°€λŠ₯ν•œ μ‹œμŠ€ν…œμœΌλ‘œ λ°”λΌλ³΄λŠ” κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€
02:24
Literally, think of proteins as subroutines
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말 κ·Έλž˜λ„, λ‹¨λ°±μ§ˆ 자체λ₯Ό μ„œλΈŒλ£¨ν‹΄μœΌλ‘œ λ³΄λŠ”λ°
02:28
that you can string together to execute a program.
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ν”„λ‘œκ·Έλž¨μ„ μ‹€ν–‰ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄ μ΄μŒμƒˆ 역할을 ν•˜λŠ”κ±°μ£ 
02:31
Now, this is actually becoming such an interesting idea.
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μš”μ¦˜ μ‹€μ œλ‘œ 이 아이디어가 λ§Žμ€ 관심을 끌고 있죠
02:36
This is a state diagram. That's an extremely simple computer.
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이것은 μƒνƒœ λ„ν‘œμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ΄κ±°μ•Όλ§λ‘œ ꡉμž₯히 λ‹¨μˆœν•œ μ»΄ν“¨ν„°μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€
02:39
This one is a two-bit counter.
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이것은 2λΉ„νŠΈ κ³„μˆ˜ ν”„λ‘œκ·Έλž¨μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€
02:41
So that's essentially the computational equivalent of two light switches.
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컴퓨터 μ‘°μž‘μƒ 본질적으둜 2개의 μ „κΈ° μŠ€μœ„μΉ˜μ™€ κ°™μ£ 
02:47
And this is being built by a group of students at Zurich
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그리고 이것은 취리히의 학생듀 λͺ‡ λͺ…이
02:50
for a design competition in biology.
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생물 섀계 λŒ€νšŒλ₯Ό μœ„ν•΄μ„œ μ§€μ—ˆμ–΄μš”
02:52
And from the results of the same competition last year,
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그리고 μž‘λ…„ λŒ€νšŒ κ²°κ³Ό
02:55
a University of Texas team of students programmed bacteria
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ν…μ‚¬μŠ€ λŒ€ν•™μ˜ 학생듀 ν•œ μ‘°κ°€ λ°•ν…Œλ¦¬μ•„λ₯Ό ν”„λ‘œκ·Έλž¨ν•΄μ„œ
02:59
so that they can detect light and switch on and off.
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빛을 μΈμ§€ν•˜κ³  μŠ€μœ„μΉ˜λ₯ΌμΌœκ³  끌 수 μžˆλŠ” κ±Έ λ§Œλ“€μ—ˆμ£ 
03:02
So this is interesting in the sense that you can now
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이것은 μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„λ“€μ΄ 이제
03:04
do "if-then-for" statements in materials, in structure.
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λ¬Όμ§ˆμ™€ ꡬ쑰상 "그러면"μ΄λž€ μ£Όμž₯을 κ°€λŠ₯ν•˜κ²Œ ν•œλ‹€λŠ” μ μ—μ„œ ν₯λ―Έλ‘­μ£ 
03:09
This is a pretty interesting trend,
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이것은 μƒλ‹Ήνžˆ ν₯미둜운 κ²½ν–₯μ΄μ—μš”
03:11
because we used to live in a world where everyone's said glibly,
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” κ·Έ λ™μ•ˆ λͺ¨λ‘ νŽΈν•˜κ²Œ μ–˜κΈ°ν•˜κ³ 
03:13
"Form follows function," but I think I've sort of grown up in a world
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ν˜•μ‹μ΄ κΈ°λŠ₯을 λ”°λΌν•˜λŠ” μ„Έκ³„μ—μ„œ μ‚΄μ•˜μ§€λ§Œ 제 생각에 μ €λŠ”
03:17
-- you listened to Neil Gershenfeld yesterday;
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-- μ–΄μ œ μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ΄ 닐 제λ₯΄μ„ΌνŽ λ“œ μ”¨κ²Œ λ“€μœΌμ…¨λ“―μ΄
03:20
I was in a lab associated with his -- where it's really a world
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μ €λŠ” κ·Έ λΆ„ μ—°κ΅¬μ†Œμ—μ„œ μΌν•œ 적이 μžˆλŠ”λ°--
03:24
where information defines form and function.
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정보가 ν˜•μ‹κ³Ό κΈ°λŠ₯을 μ •ν•˜λŠ” μ„Έμƒμ—μ„œ 자라온 것 κ°™μ•„μš”
03:27
I spent six years thinking about that,
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μ €λŠ” 6λ…„κ°„ 이것에 λŒ€ν•΄ μƒκ°ν–ˆλŠ”λ°
03:31
but to show you the power of art over science --
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ—κ²Œ 과학을 λ„˜μ–΄μ„œλŠ” 예술의 νž˜μ„ 보여주기 μœ„ν•΄-
03:33
this is actually one of the cartoons I write. These are called "HowToons."
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이것은 μ‹€μ œλ‘œ μ œκ°€ κΈ°κ³ ν•˜λŠ” λ§Œν™” 쀑 ν•˜λ‚˜μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. 이듀은 'ν•˜μš°νˆ°'이라 λΆˆλ¦½λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:36
I work with a fabulous illustrator called Nick Dragotta.
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μ €λŠ” 닉 λ“œλΌκ³ νƒ€λΌλŠ” ν™˜μƒμ μΈ 삽화가와 μΌν•˜κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€
03:38
Took me six years at MIT,
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μ €λŠ” MITμ—μ„œμ˜ 6λ…„κ³Ό
03:40
and about that many pages to describe what I was doing,
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μ œκ°€ ν•˜λŠ”μΌμ„ μ„€λͺ…ν•˜λŠ”λ° κ·Έμ •λ„μ˜ 원고가 ν•„μš”ν–ˆμ§€λ§Œ
03:44
and it took him one page. And so this is our muse Tucker.
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κ·ΈλŠ” ν•œ νŽ˜μ΄μ§€μ— λ‹€ ν‘œν˜„ν•΄ λƒˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€. 이게 λ°”λ‘œ 우리의 영감이 된 터컀 μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€
03:49
He's an interesting little kid -- and his sister, Celine --
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κ·ΈλŠ” κ½€λ‚˜ ν₯미둜운 μ•„μ΄μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. 그리고 그의 여동생 μ…€λ¦°λŠμ΄μ£ 
03:51
and what he's doing here
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κ·Έκ°€ μ—¬κΈ°μ„œ ν•˜λŠ” 일은
03:53
is observing the self-assembly of his Cheerios in his cereal bowl.
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자기 μ‹œλ¦¬μ–Ό 그릇 μ•ˆμ˜ 치리였슀의 μžκΈ°μ§‘ν•©μ„ κ΄€μ°°ν•˜λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€
03:57
And in fact you can program the self-assembly of things,
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사싀 λ¬Όκ±΄λ“€μ˜ μžκΈ°μ§‘ν•©μ„ μ‘°μ •ν•  수 μžˆλŠ” 것이 κ°€λŠ₯ν•˜κΈ°λ•Œλ¬Έμ—
04:00
so he starts chocolate-dipping edges,
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κ·ΈλŠ” μ΄ˆμ½œλ¦Ώμ„ λ¬»ν˜€μ„œ κ°€μž₯자리λ₯Ό λ°”κΏ”κ°€λ©΄μ„œ
04:02
changing the hydrophobicity and the hydrophylicity.
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μ†Œμˆ˜μ„±κ³Ό μˆ˜μš©μ„±μ„ λ³€ν™”μ‹œν‚€κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€
04:04
In theory, if you program those sufficiently,
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이둠적으둜 이것을 μΆ©λΆ„νžˆ ν”„λ‘œκ·Έλž˜λ°ν•œλ‹€λ©΄
04:06
you should be able to do something pretty interesting
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ€ μ•„μ£Ό ν₯미둜운 것을 ν•  수 μžˆμ–΄μ•Ό ν•˜κ³ 
04:08
and make a very complex structure.
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μ•„μ£Ό λ³΅μž‘ν•œ ꡬ쑰λ₯Ό λ§Œλ“€ 수 μžˆμ–΄μ•Ό ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€
04:10
In this case, he's done self-replication of a complex 3D structure.
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이 κ²½μš°μ—λŠ”, κ·ΈλŠ” λ³΅μž‘ν•œ 3D ꡬ쑰의 자기볡제λ₯Ό λ§Œλ“€μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€
04:15
And that's what I thought about for a long time,
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이것이 μ œκ°€ μ˜€λž˜λ™μ•ˆ μƒκ°ν•΄μ˜¨ κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€
04:18
because this is how we currently make things.
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μ™œλƒν•˜λ©΄ 이 λ°©μ‹μœΌλ‘œ μš°λ¦¬κ°€ 무언가λ₯Ό λ§Œλ“€κΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ΄μ£ 
04:20
This is a silicon wafer, and essentially
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이것은 μ‹€λ¦¬μ½˜ 웨이퍼이며 본질적으둜
04:22
that's just a whole bunch of layers of two-dimensional stuff, sort of layered up.
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κ·Έλƒ₯ μ—¬λŸ¬ λ‹€λ°œμ˜ 2D μΈ΅λ“€μ΄μŒ“μΈκ²ƒμ΄μ—μš”.
04:26
The feature side is -- you know, people will say,
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νŠΉμ§•μ μΈ 것은-μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ΄ μ•„μ‹œλ‹€μ‹œν”Ό μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ΄
04:28
[unclear] down around about 65 nanometers now.
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ν˜„μž¬ 65λ‚˜λ…Έλ―Έν„° μ •λ„λ‘œ 밖에 잘 λͺ¨λ₯Έλ‹€κ³ (λΆˆν™•μ‹€ν•˜λ‹€κ³ ) 말할 κ²ƒμ΄λΌλŠ” κ±°μ£ 
04:30
On the right, that's a radiolara.
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였λ₯Έμͺ½μœΌλ‘œλŠ” 방상좩이 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€
04:32
That's a unicellular organism ubiquitous in the oceans.
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이것은 해양에 νŽΈμž¬ν•˜λŠ” 단세포 유기체이죠
04:35
And that has feature sizes down to about 20 nanometers,
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λ˜ν•œ 이것은 μ‚¬μ΄μ¦ˆκ°€ 20λ‚˜λ…Έλ―Έν„°κΉŒμ§€ μž‘μ•„μ§€λŠ” νŠΉμ§•μ μΈ 크기λ₯Ό κ°€μ§€κ³ μžˆκ³ 
04:39
and it's a complex 3D structure.
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볡합적인 3D ꡬ성을 κ°€μ§‘λ‹ˆλ‹€
04:41
We could do a lot more with computers and things generally
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” μ»΄ν“¨ν„°λ‚˜ 더 보편적인 κ²ƒλ“€λ‘œ 더 λ‹€μ–‘ν•œ 일을 ν•  수 μžˆμ„ κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€
04:45
if we knew how to build things this way.
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λ§Œμ•½ μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μ΄λŸ°λ°©μ‹μœΌλ‘œ μ œμ‘°ν•˜λŠ” 방법을 μ•ˆλ‹€λ©΄ 말이죠
04:48
The secret to biology is, it builds computation
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μƒλ¬Όν•™μ˜ 비밀은 λ¬Όκ±΄μ„λ§Œλ“œλŠ”λ°
04:51
into the way it makes things. So this little thing here, polymerase,
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계산을 λ”ν•œλ‹€λŠ” κ±°μ—μš”. μ—¬κΈ° 이 μž‘μ€ ν΄λ¦¬λ©”λ¦¬μ•„μ œλŠ”
04:54
is essentially a supercomputer designed for replicating DNA.
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근본적으둜 DNA 볡제λ₯Ό μœ„ν•΄ λ””μžμΈλœ μŠˆνΌμ»΄ν“¨ν„°μ—μš”
04:59
And the ribosome here is another little computer
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그리고 이 λ¦¬λ³΄μ†œμ€ 또 λ‹€λ₯Έ μž‘μ€ 컴퓨터인데
05:02
that helps in the translation of the proteins.
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λ‹¨λ°±μ§ˆμ˜ λ³€ν˜•μ„ 돕죠
05:04
I thought about this
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μ œκ°€ 이것에 λŒ€ν•΄ μƒκ°ν•΄λ΄€λŠ”λ°
05:05
in the sense that it's great to build in biological materials,
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생물학적인 λ¬Όμ§ˆμ„ λ§Œλ“œλŠ” 것은 ν›Œλ₯­ν•˜λ‹€κ³  μƒκ°ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€
05:08
but can we do similar things?
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그런데 μš°λ¦¬κ°€ 이와 λΉ„μŠ·ν•œ 일을할 수 μžˆμ„κΉŒμš”?
05:10
Can we get self-replicating-type behavior?
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” κ³Όμ—° μžκ°€μ¦μ‹ν•˜λŠ” 성격을 가진 것을 λ§Œλ“€ 수 μžˆμ„κΉŒμš”?
05:12
Can we get complex 3D structure automatically assembling
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” κ³Όμ—° μžλ™μ μœΌλ‘œ 3D ꡬ성을 이룰 수 μžˆλŠ” κ²ƒμΌκΉŒμš”?
05:16
in inorganic systems?
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무기체 μ‹œμŠ€ν…œ μƒμ—μ„œ 말이죠
05:18
Because there are some advantages to inorganic systems,
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μ΄ˆκ³ μ† λ°˜λ„μ²΄μ™€ 같은 무기체 μ²΄μ œμ—λ„
05:20
like higher speed semiconductors, etc.
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이점이 있기 λ•Œλ¬Έμ΄μ£ 
05:22
So, this is some of my work
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이것은 μ œκ°€ ν•œ μΌμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€
05:24
on how do you do an autonomously self-replicating system.
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자치적 μ¦κ°€μ˜ 방법에 λŒ€ν•΄μ„œ 이죠
05:30
And this is sort of Babbage's revenge.
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이것은 λ°”λ°”μ₯μ˜ λ³΅μˆ˜μ™€ λΉ„μŠ·ν•œ κ²ƒμ΄μ—μš”
05:32
These are little mechanical computers.
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이것은 μž‘μ€ 컴퓨터와 κ°™μ£ 
05:33
These are five-state state machines.
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λ‹€μ„― 개의 λ²ˆν˜• 단계가 μžˆλŠ” 기계가 μžˆμ–΄μš”
05:36
So, that's about three light switches lined up.
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이것은 μ„Έ μ€„λ‘œ 된 μ „κΈ° μŠ€μœ„μΉ˜λ“€μ„ λ‚˜μ—΄ν•œ 것이죠
05:39
In a neutral state, they won't bind at all.
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쀑립적인 μƒν™©μ—μ„œ 이듀은 μ„œλ‘œ 묢이지 μ•Šμ„ κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€
05:41
Now, if I make a string of these, a bit string,
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이제 μ œκ°€ 이것듀을 가지고 ν•œ λ¬ΆμŒμ„ λ§Œλ“€λ©΄
05:45
they will be able to replicate.
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이듀은 μ„œλ‘œ 볡제λ₯Ό ν•  κ±°μ—μš”
05:47
So we start with white, blue, blue, white.
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자 이제 ν•˜μ–€μƒ‰ νŒŒλž€μƒ‰, νŒŒλž€μƒ‰, ν•˜μ–€μƒ‰μœΌλ‘œ μ‹œμž‘ν• κ²Œμš”
05:48
That encodes; that will now copy. From one comes two,
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μ•”ν˜Έν™”λ˜μ–΄μ„œ 이듀은 이제 슀슀둜 볡제λ₯Ό ν• κ±°μ—μš” ν•˜λ‚˜μ—μ„œ λ‘κ°œλ‘œ
05:54
and then from two comes three.
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λ‘κ°œμ—μ„œ μ„Έκ°œκ°€ 되죠
05:56
And so you've got this sort of replicating system.
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자 μ΄μ œμ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ€ μ΄λ ‡κ²Œ λ³΅μ œν•˜λŠ” μ‹œμŠ€ν…œμ„ κ°€μ§€κ²Œ λ˜μ—ˆμ–΄μš”
06:00
It was work actually by Lionel Penrose,
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이것은 사싀 λΌμ΄μ˜€λ„¬ νŽœλ‘œμ¦ˆμ— μ˜ν•΄ λ§Œλ“€μ–΄μ§„ κ±°μ—μš”,
06:02
father of Roger Penrose, the tiles guy.
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λ‘œμ € 펜둜즈의 아버지 말이죠, 타일 λ§Œλ“œλŠ” μ‚¬λžŒμ΄μš”.
06:05
He did a lot of this work in the '60s,
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κ·ΈλŠ” 이런 일듀을 60λ…„λŒ€μ— 많이 ν–ˆμ–΄μš”.
06:07
and so a lot of this logic theory lay fallow
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ 이 μ‚¬λžŒμ˜ λ…Όλ¦¬μ˜ 이둠은
06:09
as we went down the digital computer revolution, but it's now coming back.
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디지털 컴퓨터 μ‹œμŠ€ν…œμ˜ 혁λͺ…μ˜ κΈ°μ΄ˆκ°€ λ˜μ—ˆκ³ , 이제 λ…Όλ¦¬λŠ” λ‹€μ‹œ λŒμ•„ 였고 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:12
So now I'm going to show you the hands-free, autonomous self-replication.
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μ΄μ œλŠ” μ œκ°€ 손을 μ“°μ§€μ•Šκ³ λ„ κ°€λŠ₯ν•œ, 자체적 볡제λ₯Ό λ³΄μ—¬λ“œλ¦΄κ»˜μš”.
06:16
So we've tracked in the video the input string,
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자 μš°λ¦¬λŠ” λΉ„λ””μ˜€μ—μ„œ μž…λ ₯된 쀄을 νƒμ§€ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:18
which was green, green, yellow, yellow, green.
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그것은 녹색, 녹색, λ…Έλž€μƒ‰, λ…Έλž€μƒ‰, 녹색 μ΄μ—ˆμ£ .
06:20
We set them off on this air hockey table.
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 이것을 에어 ν•˜ν‚€ ν…Œμ΄λΈ”μ— λ°°μΉ˜ν•  κ±°μ—μš”.
06:24
You know, high science uses air hockey tables --
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λ‹€λ“€ μ΅œμ²¨λ‹¨ κ³Όν•™μ—λŠ” 에어 ν•˜ν‚€ ν…Œμ΄λΈ”μ΄ μ“°μ΄λŠ” 것은 μ•Œκ³  κ³„μ‹œκ² μ£ . --
06:26
(Laughter)
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(μ›ƒμŒ)
06:27
-- and if you watch this thing long enough you get dizzy,
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-- 그리고 λ§Œμ•½ μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„λ“€μ΄ 이런 것듀을 였래 보고 μžˆλŠ”λ‹€λ©΄ μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„λ“€μ€ μ–΄μ§€λŸ¬μ›Œ 질 κ±°μ—μš”.
06:29
but what you're actually seeing is copies of that original string
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 사싀 μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ΄ μ‹€μ œλ‘œ 보고 μžˆλŠ” 것은 μ˜€λ¦¬μ§€λ„ μ€„μ˜ 볡사본 μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:32
emerging from the parts bin that you have here.
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μ—¬κΈ° μžˆλŠ” ν†΅μ˜ λΆ€λΆ„μ—μ„œ λ‚˜μ˜¨ 것이죠.
06:35
So we've got autonomous replication of bit strings.
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μš°λ¦¬μ—κ² 쀄 μ‘°κ°λ“€μ˜ 독립적인 볡제판이 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:40
So, why would you want to replicate bit strings?
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그러면, μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ€ μ™œ 쀄 쑰각을 λ³΅μ œν•˜κ³  μ‹Άμ–΄ν• κΉŒμš”?
06:43
Well, it turns out biology has this other very interesting meme,
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생물학이 λ‹€λ₯Έ ν₯미둜운 μš”μ†Œλ₯Ό 가지고 μžˆλŠ” κ²ƒμœΌλ‘œ λ°ν˜€μ‘ŒλŠ”λ°μš”,
06:46
that you can take a linear string, which is a convenient thing to copy,
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그것은 λ°”λ‘œ μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„κ»˜μ„œ λ³΅μ‚¬ν•˜κΈ° μ‰¬μš΄ μ„  ν˜•λŒ€μ˜ 쀄을 μ ‘μ–΄μ„œ
06:49
and you can fold that into an arbitrarily complex 3D structure.
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μž„μ˜μ˜ λ³΅μž‘ν•œ 3D ꡬ쑰둜 λ§Œλ“€ 수 μžˆλ‹€λŠ” κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:53
So I was trying to, you know, take the engineer's version:
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μ €λŠ”, μ•„μ‹œλ‹€μ‹œν”Ό, μ—”μ§€λ‹ˆμ–΄μ˜ 생각을 λ”°λ₯΄λ €κ³  λ…Έλ ₯ν–ˆμ–΄μš”.
06:56
Can we build a mechanical system in inorganic materials
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ 무기물 λ¬Όμ§ˆμ„ 가지고 같은 일을 ν•˜λŠ” 기계적 μ‹œμŠ€ν…œμ„
06:59
that will do the same thing?
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λ§Œλ“€ 수 μžˆμ„κΉŒ? ν•˜κ³  말이죠.
07:00
So what I'm showing you here is that we can make a 2D shape --
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μ œκ°€ μ—¬κΈ°μ„œ λ³΄μ—¬λ“œλ¦¬λŠ” 것은 μš°λ¦¬κ°€ 2Dλͺ¨μ–‘인 --
07:05
the B -- assemble from a string of components
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BλΌλŠ” -- ꡉμž₯히 κ°„λ‹¨ν•œ κ·œμΉ™μ„ λ”°λ₯΄λŠ” 일련의 μ„±λΆ„λ“€λ‘œλΆ€ν„°
07:09
that follow extremely simple rules.
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λͺ¨μ•„진 것을 λ§Œλ“€ 수 μžˆλ‹€λŠ” 것이죠.
07:11
And the whole point of going with the extremely simple rules here,
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그리고 μ΄λ ‡κ²Œ κ°„λ‹¨ν•œ κ·œμΉ™λ“€κ³Ό
07:14
and the incredibly simple state machines in the previous design,
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μ „ λ””μžμΈμ—μ„œμ˜ λ†€λžλ„λ‘ κ°„λ‹¨ν•œ λͺ¨μ–‘μ˜ 기계듀을 λ”°λ₯΄λŠ” μ΄μœ λŠ”,
07:17
was that you don't need digital logic to do computation.
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계산을 ν•  λ•Œ, 디지털적인 논리가 ν•„μš”ν•˜μ§€ μ•Šλ‹€λŠ” κ±Έ λ§ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄μ„œ μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:20
And that way you can scale things much smaller than microchips.
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그리고 μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ λ°©μ‹μœΌλ‘œ λ§ˆμ΄ν¬λ‘œμΉ©λ³΄λ‹€ 훨씬 μž‘μ€ 것듀도 잴 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:24
So you can literally use these as the tiny components in the assembly process.
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‹ˆκΉŒ 말 κ·ΈλŒ€λ‘œ 이것듀을 μ§‘ν•©κ³Όμ •μ—μ„œ μ•„μ£Ό μž‘μ€ μ„±λΆ„λ“€λ‘œ μ‚¬μš©ν•  수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:28
So, Neil Gershenfeld showed you this video on Wednesday, I believe,
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닐 제λ₯΄μ„ΌνŽœλ“œκ°€ μˆ˜μš”μΌμ— 이 λΉ„λ””μ˜€λ₯Ό 보여쀬닀고 μƒκ°ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ,
07:33
but I'll show you again.
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였늘 μ œκ°€ λ‹€μ‹œ λ³΄μ—¬λ“œλ¦¬κ² μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:35
This is literally the colored sequence of those tiles.
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이것듀은 말 κ·ΈλŒ€λ‘œ μƒ‰μΉ λœ νƒ€μΌλ“€μ˜ μ—°μ†λ¬Όμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:38
Each different color has a different magnetic polarity,
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각 색깔은 λͺ¨λ‘ λ‹€λ₯Έ 자기 양극성을 가지고 있고,
07:41
and the sequence is uniquely specifying the structure that is coming out.
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κ·Έ 연속물은 λ‚˜μ˜€κ²Œ λ˜λŠ” κ΅¬μ„±λ¬Όμ˜ ꡬ성을 특유의 ν˜•νƒœλ‘œ ꡬ체화 μ‹œν‚΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:46
Now, hopefully, those of you who know anything about graph theory
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자, 이 μ€‘μ—μ„œ κ·Έλž˜ν”„ 이둠을 μ‘°κΈˆμ΄λΌλ„ μ•Œκ³  μžˆλŠ” μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ€
07:49
can look at that, and that will satisfy you
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이것을 보고
07:51
that that can also do arbitrary 3D structure,
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μž„μ˜λ‘œ 3D ꡬ성을 ν˜•μ„±ν•  수 μžˆμŒμ— λ§Œμ‘±ν•  κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:54
and in fact, you know, I can now take a dog, carve it up
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예λ₯Ό λ“€μ–΄ μ €λŠ” ν•œ 마리 개λ₯Ό 가지고 잘 깎고 λ‹€λ“¬μ–΄μ„œ
07:59
and then reassemble it so it's a linear string
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μ§μ„ μœΌλ‘œ λ§Œλ“€ 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:01
that will fold from a sequence. And now
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κ·Έ μ—°μ†λ¬Όλ‘œ 말이죠. 그러면
08:03
I can actually define that three-dimensional object as a sequence of bits.
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μ €λŠ” κ·Έ 3D 물체λ₯Ό μž‘μ€ 쑰각의 연속물이라 말할 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:10
So, you know, it's a pretty interesting world
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μ•„μ‹œλ‹€μ‹œν”Ό, 세상은 ꡉμž₯히 μž¬λ―ΈμžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:13
when you start looking at the world a little bit differently.
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세상을 쑰금만 λ‹€λ₯Έ κ°λ„μ—μ„œ 보기 μ‹œμž‘ν•˜λ©΄ 말이죠.
08:15
And the universe is now a compiler.
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μ„Έκ³„λŠ” 이제 νŽΈμ§‘μžμΈ μ…ˆμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:18
And so I'm thinking about, you know, what are the programs
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μš”μ¦˜ μ €λŠ” 이 물질 세계λ₯Ό κ³„νšν•˜λŠ” ν”„λ‘œκ·Έλž¨μ΄
08:20
for programming the physical universe?
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κ³Όμ—° 무엇 일까 ν•˜κ³  μƒκ°ν•΄μš”.
08:23
And how do we think about materials and structure,
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 물질과 ꡬ쑰λ₯Ό μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ
08:26
sort of as an information and computation problem?
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정보와 계산 문제둜써 μƒκ°ν•˜κ³  μžˆμ„κΉŒμš”?
08:29
Not just where you attach a micro-controller to the end point,
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λ―Έμ„Έ 콘트둀러(Micro-controller)λ₯Ό μ—°κ²°ν•˜λŠ” κ²ƒλΏλ§Œμ΄ μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ,
08:32
but that the structure and the mechanisms are the logic, are the computers.
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ꡬ쑰와 λ©”μΉ΄λ‹ˆμ¦˜μ΄ 논리인 것이 λ°”λ‘œ μ»΄ν“¨ν„°μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:37
Having totally absorbed this philosophy,
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이 철학을 λͺ¨λ‘ μ΄ν•΄ν•œ μƒν™©μ—μ„œ
08:42
I started looking at a lot of problems a little differently.
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μ €λŠ” λ§Žμ€ λ¬Έμ œλ“€μ„ λ‹€λ₯Έ μ‹œκ°μ—μ„œ 보기 μ‹œμž‘ν–ˆμ–΄μš”.
08:45
With the universe as a computer,
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우주λ₯Ό μ»΄ν“¨ν„°λ‘œ μƒκ°ν•¨μœΌλ‘œμ¨
08:46
you can look at this droplet of water
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μ–΄λŸ¬λΆ„μ€ μ‘°κ·Έλ§ˆν•œ λ¬Ό ν•œ 방울이
08:48
as having performed the computations.
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λͺ¨λ“  계산을 이루어낸 κ²°κ³ΌλΌλŠ” 것을 μ•Œ 수 μžˆμ–΄μš”.
08:50
You set a couple of boundary conditions, like gravity,
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쀑λ ₯, ν‘œλ©΄ μž₯λ ₯, 밀도 λ“±μœΌλ‘œ μ•½ 두 μ–΄κ°œμ˜ 경계 쑰건을 μ„Έμ›Œλ‘” ν›„
08:52
the surface tension, density, etc., and then you press "execute,"
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μ‹€ν–‰ λ²„νŠΌμ„ λˆ„λ₯Έλ‹€λ©΄
08:56
and magically, the universe produces you a perfect ball lens.
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λ§ˆλ²•κ³Όλ„ 같이 μš°μ£ΌλŠ” μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ—κ²Œ μ™„λ²½ν•œ 렌즈λ₯Ό μ œκ³΅ν•  κ±°μ—μš”.
09:01
So, this actually applied to the problem
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이것은 μ‹€μ œλ‘œ λ‹€μŒμ˜ λ¬Έμ œμ— 적용이 λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:03
of -- so there's a half a billion to a billion people in the world
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이 μ„Έκ³„μ—μ„œ μ•½ 5μ–΅μ—μ„œ 10μ–΅ μ‚¬μ΄μ˜ 인ꡬ가
09:06
don't have access to cheap eyeglasses.
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κ°’μ‹Ό μ•ˆκ²½μ„ κ΅¬ν•˜μ§€ λͺ»ν•˜κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:08
So can you make a machine
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κ·Έλ ‡λ‹€λ©΄ μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„λ“€μ€ κ³§λ°”λ‘œ κ·Έ μžλ¦¬μ—μ„œ
09:10
that could make any prescription lens very quickly on site?
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처방렌즈λ₯Ό μ œκ³΅ν•˜λŠ” 기계λ₯Ό λ§Œλ“€ 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆκΉŒ?
09:14
This is a machine where you literally define a boundary condition.
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이 기계가 λ°”λ‘œ 경계 쑰건을 말 κ·ΈλŒ€λ‘œ μ •μ˜ν•˜κ²Œ ν•  수 있게 ν•˜λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:18
If it's circular, you make a spherical lens.
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λ§Œμ•½ 그것이 λ™κ·Έλž—λ‹€λ©΄ μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„λ“€μ€ κ΅¬ν˜•μ˜ 렌즈λ₯Ό λ§Œλ“€ 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:21
If it's elliptical, you can make an astigmatic lens.
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λ§Œμ•½ 그것이 νƒ€μ›ν˜•μ΄λΌλ©΄ μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„λ“€μ€ λ‚œμ‹œμš© 렌즈λ₯Ό λ§Œλ“€ 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:24
You then put a membrane on that and you apply pressure --
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κ·Έ 후에 μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„λ“€μ΄ 얇은 막을 μ”Œμš°κ³  μ••λ ₯을 κ°€ν•˜λ©΄ λ˜λŠ”λ°, --
09:27
so that's part of the extra program.
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이것이 뢀가적인 ν”„λ‘œκ·Έλž¨μ˜ μΌλΆ€μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:29
And literally with only those two inputs --
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κ·Έλ¦¬ν•˜μ—¬ 말 κ·ΈλŒ€λ‘œ 이 두 개의 데이터 μž…λ ₯만으둜 --
09:32
so, the shape of your boundary condition and the pressure --
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즉, κ²½κ³„μ˜ λͺ¨μ–‘κ³Ό μ••λ ₯으둜 --
09:34
you can define an infinite number of lenses
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μΈκ°„μ˜ (눈의) ꡴절 였λ₯˜λ₯Ό λ‹€ 포함할 수 μžˆλŠ”
09:36
that cover the range of human refractive error,
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무수히 λ§Žμ€ 렌즈λ₯Ό λ§Œλ“€ 수 μžˆλŠ” 것이죠.
09:38
from minus 12 to plus eight diopters, up to four diopters of cylinder.
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λ§ˆμ΄λ„ˆμŠ€ 12λΆ€ν„° ν”ŒλŸ¬μŠ€ 8 λ””μ˜΅ν„°κΉŒμ§€, 4개의 싀린더 λ””μ˜΅ν„°λ§ˆμ € 포함할 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:43
And then literally, you now pour on a monomer.
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κ·Έλ¦¬κ³ λŠ” 말 κ·ΈλŒ€λ‘œ λͺ¨λ…Έλ¨Έλ₯Ό λΆ“μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:46
You know, I'll do a Julia Childs here.
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자, μ΄μ œλΆ€ν„° μ œκ°€ 쀄리아 μ°¨μΌμ¦ˆκ°€ λ˜κ² μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€. (Julia ChildsλŠ” 유λͺ…ν•œ μš”λ¦¬μ‚¬μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€)
09:49
This is three minutes of UV light.
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이것은 3λΆ„ λ™μ•ˆ μžμ™Έμ„ μ„ μ˜μ—¬μ£ΌλŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:52
And you reverse the pressure on your membrane
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μžμ™Έμ„ μ„ λ‹€ 쬔 후에 막에 κ°€ν–ˆλ˜ μ••λ ₯을 λ’€λ°”κΎΈμ–΄μ£Όκ³ 
09:55
once you've cooked it. Pop it out.
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λ‹€ ν•œλ’€μ— λΉΌλ‚΄μ£ .
09:58
I've seen this video, but I still don't know if it's going to end right.
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μ €λŠ” 이 λΉ„λ””μ˜€λ₯Ό λ³Έ 적이 μžˆλŠ”λ°, 아직도 μ œλŒ€λ‘œ 잘 ν•  수 μžˆμ„μ§€λŠ” λͺ¨λ₯΄κ² μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:01
(Laughter)
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(μ›ƒμŒ)
10:04
So you reverse this. This is a very old movie,
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ 이걸 λ’€μ§‘μœΌλ©΄ λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. 이건 였래 전에 찍은 μ˜ν™”μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€,
10:06
so with the new prototypes, actually both surfaces are flexible,
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μ΄μ œλŠ” μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ λͺ¨ν˜•μ΄ μƒκ²¨μ„œ 렌즈의 두 ν‘œλ©΄μ΄ λ‹€ λ§€λ„λŸ½μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:10
but this will show you the point.
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ, μ΄κ²ƒμœΌλ‘œ 제 포인트λ₯Ό μ΄ν•΄ν•˜μ‹€ 수 μžˆμœΌμ‹€ κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:12
Now you've finished the lens, you literally pop it out.
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이제 λ‹€ λ§Œλ“  렌즈λ₯Ό κΊΌλ‚΄λ©΄
10:14
That's next year's Yves Klein, you know, eyeglasses shape.
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내년쯀에 λ‚˜μ˜¬ 이브 클라인 μ¬κΈ€λΌμŠ€ κ°™μ£ ?
10:21
And you can see that that has a mild prescription of about minus two diopters.
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이제 μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„λ“€λ„ λ³Ό 수 μžˆλ“―μ΄ 두 디읍터 정도 차이가 μžˆμ§€λ§Œ κ·œμ •μ— λ§žμΆ”μ–΄μ§„ λ Œμ¦ˆκ°€ λμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:24
And as I rotate it against this side shot, you'll see that that has cylinder,
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이제 이걸 νšŒμ „μ‹œν‚€λ©΄ 원기λ‘₯을
10:28
and that was programmed in --
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물리적인 원리λ₯Ό μ΄μš©ν•΄μ„œ --
10:29
literally into the physics of the system.
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렌즈 μ•ˆμ— ν”„λ‘œκ·Έλž¨ν™”κ°€ λ˜μ–΄μžˆλŠ”κ±Έ λ³Ό 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:33
So, this sort of thinking about structure as computation
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이와 같이 ꡬ쑰λ₯Ό κ³„μ‚°μ μœΌλ‘œ μƒκ°ν•˜κ±°λ‚˜
10:36
and structure as information leads to other things, like this.
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μ •λ³΄λ‘œ μƒκ°ν•˜λ©΄ 이런 렌즈λ₯Ό λ§Œλ“€μ–΄ λ‚Ό 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:41
This is something that my people at SQUID Labs
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이것은 SQUID μ—°κ΅¬μ†Œμ—μ„œ 제 λ™λ£Œλ“€μ΄
10:44
are working on at the moment, called "electronic rope."
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κ³„λ°œν•˜κ³  μžˆλŠ” μ „μž μ€„μ΄λΌλŠ” κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:46
So literally, you think about a rope. It has very complex structure in the weave.
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ 말 κ·ΈλŒ€λ‘œ 쀄을 μ—°μƒν•˜μ‹œλ©΄ λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. 쀄은 μ•„μ£Ό λ³΅μž‘ν•œ ꡬ쑰의 μ§œμž„μ„ 가지고 있죠.
10:50
And under no load, it's one structure.
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λ¬΄κ²Œκ°€ 없을 λ•Œ νŠΉμ • ꡬ쑰λ₯Ό μ§€λ‹ˆκ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:52
Under a different load, it's a different structure. And you can actually exploit that
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λ‹€λ₯Έ 무게의 영ν–₯ μ•„λž˜ μžˆμ„ λ•ŒλŠ” 또 λ‹€λ₯Έ ꡬ쑰둜 λ³€ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:55
by putting in a very small number of
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그리고 이런 μ„±μ§ˆμ„ μ΄μš©ν•˜μ—¬
10:57
conducting fibers to actually make it a sensor.
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μ†ŒλŸ‰μ˜ 전도 μ„¬μœ λ₯Ό λ„£μ–΄μ„œ μ„Όμ„œλ‘œ λ§Œλ“€ 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:59
So this is now a rope that knows the load on the rope
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자 이제 이 쀄은
11:02
at any particular point in the rope.
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νŠΉμ • λΆ€μœ„μ— κ°€ν•΄μ§€λŠ” 무게λ₯Ό 감지할 수 있게 λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:04
Just by thinking about the physics of the world,
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μ„Έμƒμ˜ λ¬Όλ¦¬λ‚˜ λ¬Όμ§ˆμ„
11:07
materials as the computer,
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μ»΄ν“¨ν„°λ‘œ μƒκ°ν•˜κΈ°λ§Œ ν•˜λ©΄
11:09
you can start to do things like this.
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이런 μ „μž 쀄도 λ§Œλ“€ 수 있죠.
11:12
I'm going to segue a little here.
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이제 μ’€ λ„˜μ–΄κ°€λ³Όκ²Œμš”.
11:15
I guess I'm just going to casually tell you the types of things
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이런 일을 λ°”νƒ•μœΌλ‘œ μ–΄λ–€ λ°œμƒμ„ ν•˜λŠ”μ§€
11:17
that I think about with this.
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κ·Έλƒ₯ 말씀 λ“œλ¦΄κ²Œμš”.
11:18
One thing I'm really interested about this right now is, how,
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ν•œκ°€μ§€ μ œκ°€ μ§€κΈˆ 관심 μžˆλŠ” μ§ˆλ¬Έλ“€μ€,
11:22
if you're really taking this view of the universe as a computer,
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정말 μ»΄ν“¨ν„°λ‘œ 이 세상을 λ³Ό 수 μžˆλ‹€λ©΄
11:26
how do we make things in a very general sense,
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μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ 전체λ₯Ό 보편적으둜 λ³Ό 수 μžˆμ„κΉŒ?
11:28
and how might we share the way we make things in a general sense
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λ˜λŠ” 이 보편적인 μ‹œμ•Όλ₯Ό
11:32
the same way you share open source hardware?
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컴퓨터 ν•˜λ“œμ›¨μ–΄λ₯Ό κ³΅μœ ν•˜λ“― κ³΅μœ ν•  수 μžˆμ„κΉŒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:35
And a lot of talks here have espoused the benefits
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ λ§Žμ€ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ΄
11:38
of having lots of people look at problems,
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문제λ₯Ό 보고
11:40
share the information and work on those things together.
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정보λ₯Ό λ‚˜λˆ„κ³  같이 κ³ λ―Όν•˜λ©΄μ„œ 해결책을 μ°ΎλŠ” 강점이 μžˆμ„ κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:43
So, a convenient thing about being a human is you move in linear time,
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인간은 μ‹œκ°„μ΄ 직선방ν–₯으둜 움직이기 λ•Œλ¬Έμ— νŽΈλ¦¬ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:46
and unless Lisa Randall changes that,
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리사 λ Œλ‹¬μ΄ 이것을 λ°”κΎΈκΈ° μ „κΉŒμ§€
11:48
we'll continue to move in linear time.
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우린 직선방ν–₯인 μ‹œκ°„μ„ 따라 갈 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:51
So that means anything you do, or anything you make,
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κ²°κ΅­ 무엇을 ν•˜λ“ μ§€ 무엇을 λ§Œλ“€λ˜μ§€
11:53
you produce a sequence of steps --
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우린 이 행렬적인 것을 μƒμ‚°ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:55
and I think Lego in the '70s nailed this,
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70λ…„λŒ€μ˜ λ ˆκ³ κ°€ 제일 이것을 잘 λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚΄μ—ˆλ‹€κ³  μƒκ°ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:58
and they did it most elegantly.
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κ°€μž₯ μš°μ•„ν•œ λ°©λ²•μœΌλ‘œ 말이죠.
11:59
But they can show you how to build things in sequence.
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 그듀은 μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ 무언가λ₯Ό 순차적으둜 λ§Œλ“€ 수 μžˆλŠ” 지 λ³΄μ—¬μ€λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:03
So, I'm thinking about, how can we generalize
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μ €λŠ” 저희가 μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ μ–΄λ–€ 것을 λ§Œλ“€μ–΄λ‚΄λ©΄
12:06
the way we make all sorts of things,
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이런 μ‚¬λžŒκ³Ό λ§Œλ‚˜κ²Œ λ˜λŠ”μ§€
12:08
so you end up with this sort of guy, right?
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μΌλ°˜ν™” μ‹œν‚€λŠ” 것에 λŒ€ν•΄ μƒκ°ν•˜κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:10
And I think this applies across a very broad -- sort of, a lot of concepts.
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그리고 제 생각에 이것은 ꡉμž₯히 λ‹€μ–‘ν•œ κ°œλ…μ— 적용이 λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:15
You know, Cameron Sinclair yesterday said,
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μΉ΄λ©”λ‘  μ‹ ν¬λ ˆμ–΄λŠ” μ–΄μ œ μ΄λ ‡κ²Œ λ§ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:17
"How do I get everyone to collaborate on design
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μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ ν•˜λ©΄ λͺ¨λ“  μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ΄
12:19
globally to do housing for humanity?"
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인λ₯˜λ₯Ό μœ„ν•œ 집짓기 λ””μžμΈμ— μ°Έμ—¬ν• κΉŒ?”
12:22
And if you've seen Amy Smith,
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그리고 μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„κ»˜μ„œ 에이미 슀미슀λ₯Ό 보셨더라면,
12:24
she talks about how you get students at MIT
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κ·Έλ…€κ°€ μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ MIT 학생듀을
12:28
to work with communities in Haiti.
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아이티 곡동체와 ν˜‘λ ₯ν•˜κ²Œ ν•˜λŠ”μ§€ 보셨을 κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:30
And I think we have to sort of redefine and rethink
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μ €λŠ” 저희가 λ‚΄λ¦° ꡬ쑰와 물질의 μ •μ˜λ₯Ό
12:32
how we define structure and materials and assembly things,
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λ‹€μ‹œ ν•œλ²ˆ 생각해 λ³΄μ•„μ„œ
12:36
so that we can really share the information
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ κ·ΈλŸ¬ν•œ 일듀을
12:38
on how you do those things in a more profound way
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쑰금 더 깊이 있게 ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄ 정보λ₯Ό κ΅ν™˜ν•΄μ•Ό
12:40
and build on each other's source code for structure.
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ν•œλ‹€κ³  μƒκ°ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:43
I don't know exactly how to do this yet,
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저도 μ •ν™•νžˆ μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ ν•΄μ•Ό ν• μ§€λŠ” λͺ¨λ₯΄κ² μ§€λ§Œ,
12:44
but, you know, it's something being actively thought about.
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μ €λŠ” κΎΈμ€€νžˆ 그것에 λŒ€ν•΄ μƒκ°ν•˜κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:49
So, you know, that leads to questions
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„λ“€μ€ μ§ˆλ¬Έλ“€μ„ ν•˜κ²Œ λ κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:51
like, is this a compiler? Is this a sub-routine?
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예λ₯Ό λ“€μ–΄, 그것은 이게 λ²ˆμ—­κΈ°μΈκ°€? 이게 μ•„λž˜κ²½λ‘œμΈκ°€?
12:55
Interesting things like that.
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λΌλŠ” ν₯미둜운 μ§ˆλ¬Έλ“€ 말이죠.
12:56
Maybe I'm getting a little too abstract, but you know,
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μ œκ°€ μ–΄μ©Œλ©΄ λ„ˆλ¬΄ μΆ”μƒμ μœΌλ‘œ κ°€λŠ” 건지도 λͺ¨λ₯΄κ² μ§€λ§Œ
12:59
this is the sort of -- returning to our comic characters --
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이것은 우리의 웃긴 μ„±κ²©μœΌλ‘œ λŒμ•„κ°€λŠ” 것이기도 ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:02
this is sort of the universe, or a different universe view,
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이게 우주의 일뢀일 μˆ˜λ„ 있고, λ‹€λ₯Έ 우주 관점일 μˆ˜λ„ 있죠.
13:04
that I think is going to be very prevalent in the future --
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μ €λŠ” 이것이 λ―Έλž˜μ— μž₯μ°¨ 확산될지도 μƒκ°λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. --
13:06
from biotech to materials assembly. It was great to hear Bill Joy.
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생λͺ… κ³΅ν•™μ—μ„œλΆ€ν„° 물질 쑰립에 이λ₯Ό μˆ˜λ„ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€. 빌 쑰이의 μ–˜κΈ°λ₯Ό λ“£λŠ” 것은 μ’‹μ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:09
They're starting to invest in materials science,
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μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ€ 이제 물질 과학에 투자λ₯Ό ν•˜κΈ° μ‹œμž‘ν–ˆμ§€λ§Œ
13:12
but these are the new things in materials science.
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이것듀은 λͺ¨λ‘ 물질 κ³Όν•™μ—μ„œ μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ 것듀이죠.
13:14
How do we put real information and real structure into new ideas,
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μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ ν•˜λ©΄ μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μ§„μ§œ 정보와 μ§„μ§œ ꡬ쑰λ₯Ό μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ 아이디어에 집어넣고
13:18
and see the world in a different way? And it's not going to be binary code
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세상을 λ‹€λ₯΄κ²Œ λ³Ό 수 μžˆμ„κΉŒμš”? 그리고 이것은
13:21
that defines the computers of the universe --
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μ„Έμƒμ˜ 컴퓨터λ₯Ό μ •μ˜ν•˜λŠ” 이뢄법이 아닐 것이고 --
13:23
it's sort of an analog computer.
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μ•„λ‚ λ‘œκ·Έ 컴퓨터 같은 것이 되겠죠.
13:25
But it's definitely an interesting new worldview.
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κ·Έλ ‡μ§€λ§Œ 이것은 ν™•μ‹€νžˆ ν₯미둜운 μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ 세상을 λ³΄λŠ” 관점이긴 ν•˜μ£ .
13:30
I've gone too far. So that sounds like it's it.
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μ œκ°€ λ„ˆλ¬΄ 멀리 κ°”κ΅°μš”. κ·Έλž˜μ„œ 이게 κ²°κ΅­ 전뢀인 것 κ°™λ„€μš”.
13:33
I've probably got a couple of minutes of questions,
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이제 μ§ˆλ¬Έν•˜λŠ” μ‹œκ°„μ΄ λͺ‡ λΆ„ λ‚¨μ•„μžˆλŠ”κ±° 같은데…
13:35
or I can show -- I think they also said that I do extreme stuff
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μ•„λ‹ˆλ©΄ μ œκ°€ 보여쀄 수 도 μžˆκ³ μš” -- μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ΄ μ œκ°€ λ„μž…λΆ€μ—μ„œ 극단적인 행동을
13:39
in the introduction, so I may have to explain that.
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ν–ˆλ‹€κ³  ν•˜λ‹ˆκΉŒ μ œκ°€ 그것에 λŒ€ν•΄ μ„€λͺ…을 ν•΄μ•Όκ² λ„€μš”.
13:43
So maybe I'll do that with this short video.
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그럼 이 짧은 μ˜μƒμœΌλ‘œ μ„€λͺ…을 ν•΄λ³Όκ»˜μš”.
13:46
So this is actually a 3,000-square-foot kite,
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이건 3000μ œκ³±ν”ΌνŠΈμ˜ 연인데
13:52
which also happens to be a minimal energy surface.
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μ΅œμ†Œ μ—λ„ˆμ§€ ν‘œλ©΄μ΄κΈ°λ„ ν•˜μ£ .
13:54
So returning to the droplet, again,
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물방울 μ–˜κΈ°λ‘œ λ‹€μ‹œ λŒμ•„κ°€μ„œ λ§ν•˜μžλ©΄
13:56
thinking about the universe in a new way.
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이것은 μš°μ£Όμ— λŒ€ν•΄μ„œ μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ λ°©μ‹μœΌλ‘œ μƒκ°ν•˜λŠ” κ±°μ—μš”.
13:58
This is a kite designed by a guy called Dave Kulp.
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이 연은 데이브 μ»¬ν”„λΌλŠ” μ‚¬λžŒμ— μ˜ν•΄ λ””μžμΈλ˜μ—ˆμ–΄μš”.
14:00
And why do you want a 3,000-square-foot kite?
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„λ“€μ΄ μ™œ 3000μ œκ³±ν”ΌνŠΈμ˜ 연을 μ›ν• κΉŒμš”?
14:02
So that's a kite the size of your house.
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이건 μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„λ“€ 집 만큼 큰 μ—°μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:04
And so you want that to tow boats very fast.
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그리고 μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„λ“€μ€ 빨리 갈 수 μžˆλŠ” μ˜ˆμΈμ„ μ„ μ›ν•˜μ‹œμ£ .
14:08
So I've been working on this a little, also,
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μ œκ°€ 이것을
14:11
with a couple of other guys.
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λ‹€λ₯Έ μΉœκ΅¬λ“€ λͺ‡ λͺ…κ³Ό 연ꡬ해 λ³΄μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:13
But, you know, this is another way to look at the --
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„λ“€μ΄ μ•„μ‹œλ‹€μ‹œν”Ό
14:15
if you abstract again,
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λ‹€μ‹œ μΆ”μƒμ μœΌλ‘œ λ§ν•˜μžλ©΄
14:17
this is a structure that is defined by the physics of the universe.
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이것은 μš°μ£Όλ¬Όλ¦¬ν•™μ— μ˜ν•΄ μ •μ˜λ˜λŠ”, μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ κ΄€μ μ—μ„œ λ³΄λŠ” κ΅¬μ‘°μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:21
You could just hang it as a bed sheet,
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ€ 이것을 μΉ¨λŒ€μ‹œνŠΈλ‘œ μ‚¬μš©ν•  μˆ˜λ„ μžˆμ–΄μš”.
14:22
but again, the computation of all the physics
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λ§ˆμ°¬κ°€μ§€λ‘œ 물리의 λͺ¨λ“  μˆ˜μΉ˜λŠ”
14:24
gives you the aerodynamic shape.
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곡기역학적인 λͺ¨μ–‘을 λ§Œλ“€ κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:26
And so you can actually sort of almost double your boat speed
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ μ‹œμŠ€ν…œμ„ 가지고 μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„λ“€μ€ μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„λ“€ 배의 속도λ₯Ό 거의 두 배둜 λΉ λ₯΄κ²Œ ν•  수 μžˆμ–΄μš”.
14:29
with systems like that. So that's sort of another interesting aspect of the future.
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ 이건 미래의 또 λ‹€λ₯Έ ν₯미둜운 점 쀑 ν•˜λ‚˜λžλ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:36
(Applause)
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(λ°•μˆ˜)
이 μ›Ήμ‚¬μ΄νŠΈ 정보

이 μ‚¬μ΄νŠΈλŠ” μ˜μ–΄ ν•™μŠ΅μ— μœ μš©ν•œ YouTube λ™μ˜μƒμ„ μ†Œκ°œν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ „ 세계 졜고의 μ„ μƒλ‹˜λ“€μ΄ κ°€λ₯΄μΉ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μˆ˜μ—…μ„ 보게 될 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. 각 λ™μ˜μƒ νŽ˜μ΄μ§€μ— ν‘œμ‹œλ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μžλ§‰μ„ 더블 ν΄λ¦­ν•˜λ©΄ κ·Έκ³³μ—μ„œ λ™μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. λΉ„λ””μ˜€ μž¬μƒμ— 맞좰 μžλ§‰μ΄ μŠ€ν¬λ‘€λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ˜κ²¬μ΄λ‚˜ μš”μ²­μ΄ μžˆλŠ” 경우 이 문의 양식을 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ—¬ λ¬Έμ˜ν•˜μ‹­μ‹œμ˜€.

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