The discoveries awaiting us in the ocean's twilight zone | Heidi M. Sosik

107,118 views ・ 2018-07-02

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I bet all of you are familiar with this view of the ocean,
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but the thing is,
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most of the ocean looks nothing like this.
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Below the sunlit surface waters,
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there's an otherworldly realm
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known as the twilight zone.
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At 200 to 1,000 meters below the surface,
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sunlight is barely a glimmer.
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Tiny particles swirl down through the darkness
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while flashes of bioluminescence
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give us a clue that these waters teem with life:
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microbes, plankton, fish.
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Everything that lives here has amazing adaptations
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for the challenges of such an extreme environment.
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These animals help support top predators such as whales, tuna,
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swordfish and sharks.
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There could be 10 times more fish biomass here
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than previously thought.
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In fact, maybe more than all the rest of the ocean combined.
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There are countless undiscovered species in deep waters,
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and life in the twilight zone is intertwined with earth's climate.
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Yet the twilight zone is virtually unexplored.
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There are so many things we still don't know about it.
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I think we can change that.
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I was drawn to oceanography by just this kind of challenge.
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To me it represents the perfect intersection
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of science, technology and the unknown,
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the spark for so many breakthrough discoveries about life on our planet.
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As a college student,
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I went on an expedition across the Atlantic
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with a team of scientists using a high-powered laser
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to measure microscopic algae.
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The wild thing that happened on that trip
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is that we discovered what everyone who looked before had completely missed:
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photosynthetic cells smaller than anyone thought possible.
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We now know those tiny cells are the most abundant
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photosynthetic organisms on earth.
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This amazing discovery happened because we used new technology
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to see life in the ocean in a new way.
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I am convinced that the discoveries awaiting us in the twilight zone
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will be just as breathtaking.
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We know so little about the twilight zone because it's difficult to study.
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It's exceedingly large,
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spanning from the Arctic to the Southern Ocean
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and around the globe.
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It's different from place to place.
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It changes quickly as the water and animals move.
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And it's deep and dark and cold, and the pressures there are enormous.
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What we do know is fascinating.
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You may be imagining huge monsters lurking in the deep sea,
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but most of the animals are very small,
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like this lantern fish.
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And this fierce-looking fish is called a bristlemouth.
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Believe it or not, these are the most abundant vertebrates on earth
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and many are so small that a dozen could fit in this one tube.
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It gets even more interesting,
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because small size does not stop them from being powerful through sheer number.
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Deep, penetrating sonar shows us that the animals form dense layers.
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You can see what I mean by the red and yellow colors
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around 400 meters in these data.
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So much sound bounces off this layer,
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it's been mistaken for the ocean bottom.
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But if we look, it can't be, because the layer is deep during the day,
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it rises up at night
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and the pattern repeats day after day.
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This is actually the largest animal migration on earth.
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It happens around the globe every day,
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sweeping through the world's oceans in a massive living wave
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as twilight zone inhabitants travel hundreds of meters
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to surface waters to feed at night
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and return to the relative safety of deeper, darker waters during the day.
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These animals and their movements help connect the surface and deep ocean
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in important ways.
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The animals feed near the surface,
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they bring carbon in their food into the deep waters,
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where some of that carbon can stay behind
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and remain isolated from the atmosphere for hundreds or even thousands of years.
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In this way, the migration may help keep carbon dioxide
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out of our atmosphere
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and limit the effects of global warming on our climate.
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But we still have many questions.
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We don't know which species are migrating,
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what they're finding to eat,
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who is trying to eat them
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or how much carbon they are able to transport.
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So I'm a scientist who studies life in the ocean.
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For me, curiosity about these things is a powerful driver,
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but there's more to the motivation here.
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We need to answer these questions and answer them quickly,
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because the twilight zone is under threat.
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Factory ships in the open ocean
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have been vacuuming up
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hundreds of thousands of tons of small, shrimp-like animals called krill.
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The animals are ground into fish meal
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to support increasing demands for aquaculture
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and for nutraceuticals such as krill oil.
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Industry is on the brink of deepening fisheries such as these
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into the mid-water
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in what could start a kind of twilight zone gold rush
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operating outside the reach of national fishing regulations.
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This could have irreversible global-scale impacts
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on marine life and food webs.
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We need to get out ahead of fishing impacts
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and work to understand this critical part of the ocean.
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At Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution,
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I'm really fortunate to be surrounded by colleagues who share this passion.
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Together, we are ready to launch a large-scale exploration
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of the twilight zone.
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We have a plan to begin right away
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with expeditions in the North Atlantic,
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where we'll tackle the big challenges
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of observing and studying the twilight zone's remarkable diversity.
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This kind of multiscale, multidimensional exploration
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means we need to integrate new technologies.
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Let me show you a recent example that has changed our thinking.
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Satellite tracking devices on animals such as sharks
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are now showing us that many top predators
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regularly dive deep into the twilight zone to feed.
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And when we map their swimming patterns and compare them to satellite data,
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we find that their feeding hot spots
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are linked to ocean currents and other features.
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We used to think these animals found all of their food in surface waters.
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We now believe they depend on the twilight zone.
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But we still need to figure out how they find the best areas to feed,
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what they're eating there
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and how much their diets depend on twilight zone species.
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We will also need new technologies to explore the links with climate.
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Remember these particles?
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Some of them are produced by gelatinous animals called salps.
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Salps are like superefficient vacuum cleaners,
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slurping up plankton and producing fast-sinking pellets of poop --
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try saying that 10 times fast --
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pellets of poop that carry carbon deep into the ocean.
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We sometimes find salps in enormous swarms.
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We need to know where and when and why and whether
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this kind of carbon sink has a big impact on earth's climate.
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To meet these challenges, we will need to push the limits of technology.
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We will deploy cameras and samplers on smart robots
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to patrol the depths and help us track the secret lives of animals like salps.
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We will use advanced sonar
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to figure out how many fish and other animals are down there.
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We will sequence DNA from the environment in a kind of forensic analysis
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to figure out which species are there
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and what they are eating.
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With so much that's still unknown about the twilight zone,
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there's an almost unlimited opportunity for new discovery.
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Just look at these beautiful, fascinating creatures.
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We barely know them.
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And imagine how many more are just down there waiting
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for our new technologies to see them.
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The excitement level about this could not be higher on our team
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of ocean scientists, engineers and communicators.
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There is also a deep sense of urgency.
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We can't turn back the clock on decades of overfishing
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in countless regions of the ocean
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that once seemed inexhaustible.
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How amazing would it be to take a different path this time?
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The twilight zone is truly a global commons.
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We need to first know and understand it
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before we can be responsible stewards
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and hope to fish it sustainably.
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This is not just a journey for scientists,
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it is for all of us,
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because the decisions we collectively make
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over the next decade
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will affect what the ocean looks like
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for centuries to come.
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Thank you.
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(Applause)
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