The discoveries awaiting us in the ocean's twilight zone | Heidi M. Sosik

107,222 views ・ 2018-07-02

TED


Please double-click on the English subtitles below to play the video.

00:12
I bet all of you are familiar with this view of the ocean,
0
12760
3480
00:17
but the thing is,
1
17280
1256
00:18
most of the ocean looks nothing like this.
2
18560
2200
00:21
Below the sunlit surface waters,
3
21480
2376
00:23
there's an otherworldly realm
4
23880
2016
00:25
known as the twilight zone.
5
25920
1640
00:28
At 200 to 1,000 meters below the surface,
6
28520
3256
00:31
sunlight is barely a glimmer.
7
31800
2336
00:34
Tiny particles swirl down through the darkness
8
34160
3096
00:37
while flashes of bioluminescence
9
37280
2536
00:39
give us a clue that these waters teem with life:
10
39840
4296
00:44
microbes, plankton, fish.
11
44159
2417
00:46
Everything that lives here has amazing adaptations
12
46600
3256
00:49
for the challenges of such an extreme environment.
13
49880
3120
00:54
These animals help support top predators such as whales, tuna,
14
54160
3816
00:58
swordfish and sharks.
15
58000
1800
01:00
There could be 10 times more fish biomass here
16
60720
2776
01:03
than previously thought.
17
63520
1656
01:05
In fact, maybe more than all the rest of the ocean combined.
18
65200
3920
01:10
There are countless undiscovered species in deep waters,
19
70440
4416
01:14
and life in the twilight zone is intertwined with earth's climate.
20
74880
4720
01:20
Yet the twilight zone is virtually unexplored.
21
80760
3496
01:24
There are so many things we still don't know about it.
22
84280
2640
01:27
I think we can change that.
23
87760
2000
01:30
I was drawn to oceanography by just this kind of challenge.
24
90320
3976
01:34
To me it represents the perfect intersection
25
94320
2176
01:36
of science, technology and the unknown,
26
96520
3136
01:39
the spark for so many breakthrough discoveries about life on our planet.
27
99680
4960
01:46
As a college student,
28
106080
1736
01:47
I went on an expedition across the Atlantic
29
107840
2696
01:50
with a team of scientists using a high-powered laser
30
110560
3576
01:54
to measure microscopic algae.
31
114160
1840
01:57
The wild thing that happened on that trip
32
117200
2216
01:59
is that we discovered what everyone who looked before had completely missed:
33
119440
4520
02:04
photosynthetic cells smaller than anyone thought possible.
34
124760
3760
02:09
We now know those tiny cells are the most abundant
35
129680
2936
02:12
photosynthetic organisms on earth.
36
132640
2240
02:15
This amazing discovery happened because we used new technology
37
135880
4456
02:20
to see life in the ocean in a new way.
38
140360
2840
02:24
I am convinced that the discoveries awaiting us in the twilight zone
39
144280
4336
02:28
will be just as breathtaking.
40
148640
2200
02:32
We know so little about the twilight zone because it's difficult to study.
41
152120
4176
02:36
It's exceedingly large,
42
156320
1816
02:38
spanning from the Arctic to the Southern Ocean
43
158160
2176
02:40
and around the globe.
44
160360
1336
02:41
It's different from place to place.
45
161720
2416
02:44
It changes quickly as the water and animals move.
46
164160
3256
02:47
And it's deep and dark and cold, and the pressures there are enormous.
47
167440
4160
02:53
What we do know is fascinating.
48
173000
2400
02:56
You may be imagining huge monsters lurking in the deep sea,
49
176200
4000
03:01
but most of the animals are very small,
50
181120
2720
03:06
like this lantern fish.
51
186200
2360
03:11
And this fierce-looking fish is called a bristlemouth.
52
191560
3536
03:15
Believe it or not, these are the most abundant vertebrates on earth
53
195120
3936
03:19
and many are so small that a dozen could fit in this one tube.
54
199080
3800
03:25
It gets even more interesting,
55
205080
1976
03:27
because small size does not stop them from being powerful through sheer number.
56
207080
5200
03:32
Deep, penetrating sonar shows us that the animals form dense layers.
57
212800
4576
03:37
You can see what I mean by the red and yellow colors
58
217400
2456
03:39
around 400 meters in these data.
59
219880
2696
03:42
So much sound bounces off this layer,
60
222600
1976
03:44
it's been mistaken for the ocean bottom.
61
224600
2280
03:48
But if we look, it can't be, because the layer is deep during the day,
62
228200
4496
03:52
it rises up at night
63
232720
2016
03:54
and the pattern repeats day after day.
64
234760
2440
03:58
This is actually the largest animal migration on earth.
65
238280
4376
04:02
It happens around the globe every day,
66
242680
2456
04:05
sweeping through the world's oceans in a massive living wave
67
245160
3736
04:08
as twilight zone inhabitants travel hundreds of meters
68
248920
2736
04:11
to surface waters to feed at night
69
251680
2616
04:14
and return to the relative safety of deeper, darker waters during the day.
70
254320
4160
04:19
These animals and their movements help connect the surface and deep ocean
71
259400
5216
04:24
in important ways.
72
264640
1280
04:26
The animals feed near the surface,
73
266960
2736
04:29
they bring carbon in their food into the deep waters,
74
269720
3775
04:33
where some of that carbon can stay behind
75
273519
2817
04:36
and remain isolated from the atmosphere for hundreds or even thousands of years.
76
276360
5920
04:43
In this way, the migration may help keep carbon dioxide
77
283720
5056
04:48
out of our atmosphere
78
288800
1656
04:50
and limit the effects of global warming on our climate.
79
290480
3240
04:55
But we still have many questions.
80
295480
1656
04:57
We don't know which species are migrating,
81
297160
2256
04:59
what they're finding to eat,
82
299440
1536
05:01
who is trying to eat them
83
301000
1776
05:02
or how much carbon they are able to transport.
84
302800
3440
05:08
So I'm a scientist who studies life in the ocean.
85
308000
3040
05:11
For me, curiosity about these things is a powerful driver,
86
311960
3520
05:16
but there's more to the motivation here.
87
316600
2680
05:20
We need to answer these questions and answer them quickly,
88
320040
3696
05:23
because the twilight zone is under threat.
89
323760
2600
05:27
Factory ships in the open ocean
90
327200
1936
05:29
have been vacuuming up
91
329160
1416
05:30
hundreds of thousands of tons of small, shrimp-like animals called krill.
92
330600
3920
05:35
The animals are ground into fish meal
93
335280
1896
05:37
to support increasing demands for aquaculture
94
337200
3216
05:40
and for nutraceuticals such as krill oil.
95
340440
2976
05:43
Industry is on the brink of deepening fisheries such as these
96
343440
3296
05:46
into the mid-water
97
346760
1696
05:48
in what could start a kind of twilight zone gold rush
98
348480
3416
05:51
operating outside the reach of national fishing regulations.
99
351920
4360
05:57
This could have irreversible global-scale impacts
100
357080
3576
06:00
on marine life and food webs.
101
360680
2400
06:04
We need to get out ahead of fishing impacts
102
364280
2736
06:07
and work to understand this critical part of the ocean.
103
367040
3000
06:10
At Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution,
104
370840
1936
06:12
I'm really fortunate to be surrounded by colleagues who share this passion.
105
372800
4200
06:17
Together, we are ready to launch a large-scale exploration
106
377640
3696
06:21
of the twilight zone.
107
381360
1240
06:23
We have a plan to begin right away
108
383200
2016
06:25
with expeditions in the North Atlantic,
109
385240
1896
06:27
where we'll tackle the big challenges
110
387160
2096
06:29
of observing and studying the twilight zone's remarkable diversity.
111
389280
4160
06:34
This kind of multiscale, multidimensional exploration
112
394360
4216
06:38
means we need to integrate new technologies.
113
398600
2600
06:42
Let me show you a recent example that has changed our thinking.
114
402360
3920
06:46
Satellite tracking devices on animals such as sharks
115
406920
3696
06:50
are now showing us that many top predators
116
410640
2856
06:53
regularly dive deep into the twilight zone to feed.
117
413520
2920
06:57
And when we map their swimming patterns and compare them to satellite data,
118
417240
4896
07:02
we find that their feeding hot spots
119
422160
2016
07:04
are linked to ocean currents and other features.
120
424200
2920
07:08
We used to think these animals found all of their food in surface waters.
121
428480
4360
07:13
We now believe they depend on the twilight zone.
122
433480
3280
07:17
But we still need to figure out how they find the best areas to feed,
123
437680
3776
07:21
what they're eating there
124
441480
1496
07:23
and how much their diets depend on twilight zone species.
125
443000
3880
07:28
We will also need new technologies to explore the links with climate.
126
448240
4160
07:33
Remember these particles?
127
453280
1480
07:36
Some of them are produced by gelatinous animals called salps.
128
456000
3640
07:40
Salps are like superefficient vacuum cleaners,
129
460160
2376
07:42
slurping up plankton and producing fast-sinking pellets of poop --
130
462560
5696
07:48
try saying that 10 times fast --
131
468280
2136
07:50
pellets of poop that carry carbon deep into the ocean.
132
470440
3240
07:54
We sometimes find salps in enormous swarms.
133
474680
3576
07:58
We need to know where and when and why and whether
134
478280
3896
08:02
this kind of carbon sink has a big impact on earth's climate.
135
482200
3920
08:07
To meet these challenges, we will need to push the limits of technology.
136
487400
3720
08:11
We will deploy cameras and samplers on smart robots
137
491920
3056
08:15
to patrol the depths and help us track the secret lives of animals like salps.
138
495000
4840
08:20
We will use advanced sonar
139
500520
2056
08:22
to figure out how many fish and other animals are down there.
140
502600
3960
08:27
We will sequence DNA from the environment in a kind of forensic analysis
141
507280
4416
08:31
to figure out which species are there
142
511720
2216
08:33
and what they are eating.
143
513960
1240
08:36
With so much that's still unknown about the twilight zone,
144
516520
3416
08:39
there's an almost unlimited opportunity for new discovery.
145
519960
3440
08:44
Just look at these beautiful, fascinating creatures.
146
524360
3199
08:48
We barely know them.
147
528159
2097
08:50
And imagine how many more are just down there waiting
148
530280
2816
08:53
for our new technologies to see them.
149
533120
2080
08:56
The excitement level about this could not be higher on our team
150
536400
3416
08:59
of ocean scientists, engineers and communicators.
151
539840
3560
09:04
There is also a deep sense of urgency.
152
544800
2720
09:08
We can't turn back the clock on decades of overfishing
153
548400
4296
09:12
in countless regions of the ocean
154
552720
2536
09:15
that once seemed inexhaustible.
155
555280
1880
09:18
How amazing would it be to take a different path this time?
156
558240
4080
09:23
The twilight zone is truly a global commons.
157
563560
3040
09:27
We need to first know and understand it
158
567160
3176
09:30
before we can be responsible stewards
159
570360
2856
09:33
and hope to fish it sustainably.
160
573240
2320
09:36
This is not just a journey for scientists,
161
576240
2576
09:38
it is for all of us,
162
578840
1936
09:40
because the decisions we collectively make
163
580800
2936
09:43
over the next decade
164
583760
1896
09:45
will affect what the ocean looks like
165
585680
2456
09:48
for centuries to come.
166
588160
1600
09:50
Thank you.
167
590600
1216
09:51
(Applause)
168
591840
5000
About this website

This site will introduce you to YouTube videos that are useful for learning English. You will see English lessons taught by top-notch teachers from around the world. Double-click on the English subtitles displayed on each video page to play the video from there. The subtitles scroll in sync with the video playback. If you have any comments or requests, please contact us using this contact form.

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7