A new weapon in the fight against superbugs | David Brenner

94,927 views ・ 2018-01-18

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So ... we're in a real live war at the moment,
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and it's a war that we're truly losing.
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It's a war on superbugs.
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So you might wonder,
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if I'm going to talk about superbugs,
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why I'm showing you a photograph of some soccer fans --
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Liverpool soccer fans celebrating a famous victory
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in Istanbul, a decade ago.
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In the back, in the red shirt,
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well, that's me,
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and next to me in the red hat, that's my friend Paul Rice.
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So a couple of years after this picture was taken,
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Paul went into hospital for some minor surgery,
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and he developed a superbug-related infection,
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and he died.
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And I was truly shocked.
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He was a healthy guy in the prime of life.
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So there and then,
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and actually with a lot of encouragement from a couple of TEDsters,
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I declared my own personal war on superbugs.
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So let's talk about superbugs for a moment.
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The story actually starts in the 1940s
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with the widespread introduction of antibiotics.
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And since then,
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drug-resistant bacteria have continued to emerge,
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and so we've been forced to develop newer and newer drugs
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to fight these new bacteria.
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And this vicious cycle actually is the origin of superbugs,
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which is simply bacteria for which we don't have effective drugs.
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I'm sure you'll recognize at least some of these superbugs.
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These are the more common ones around today.
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Last year, around 700,000 people died
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from superbug-related diseases.
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Looking to the future,
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if we carry on on the path we're going,
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which is basically a drugs-based approach to the problem,
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the best estimate by the middle of this century
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is that the worldwide death toll from superbugs will be 10 million.
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10 million.
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Just to put that in context, that's actually more
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than the number of people that died of cancer worldwide last year.
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So it seems pretty clear that we're not on a good road,
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and the drugs-based approach to this problem is not working.
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I'm a physicist,
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and so I wondered, could we take a physics-based approach --
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a different approach to this problem.
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And in that context,
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the first thing we know for sure,
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is that we actually know how to kill every kind of microbe,
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every kind of virus,
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every kind of bacteria.
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And that's with ultraviolet light.
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We've actually known this for more than 100 years.
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I think you all know what ultraviolet light is.
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It's part of a spectrum that includes infrared,
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it includes visible light,
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and the short-wavelength part of this group is ultraviolet light.
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The key thing from our perspective here
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is that ultraviolet light kills bacteria by a completely different mechanism
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from the way drugs kill bacteria.
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So ultraviolet light is just as capable of killing a drug-resistant bacteria
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as any other bacteria,
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and because ultraviolet light is so good at killing all bugs,
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it's actually used a lot these days to sterilize rooms,
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sterilize working surfaces.
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What you see here is a surgical theater
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being sterilized with germicidal ultraviolet light.
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But what you don't see in this picture, actually,
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is any people,
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and there's a very good reason for that.
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Ultraviolet light is actually a health hazard,
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so it can damage cells in our skin,
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cause skin cancer,
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it can damage cells in our eye,
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cause eye diseases like cataract.
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So you can't use conventional, germicidal, ultraviolet light
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when there are people are around.
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And of course,
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we want to sterilize mostly when there are people around.
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So the ideal ultraviolet light
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would actually be able to kill all bacteria,
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including superbugs,
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but would be safe for human exposure.
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And actually that's where my physics background kicked into this story.
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Together with my physics colleagues,
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we realized there actually is a particular wavelength of ultraviolet light
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that should kill all bacteria,
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but should be safe for human exposure.
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That wavelength is called far-UVC light,
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and it's just the short-wavelength part of the ultraviolet spectrum.
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So let's see how that would work.
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What you're seeing here is the surface of our skin,
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and I'm going to superimpose on that some bacteria in the air above the skin.
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Now we're going to see what happens
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when conventional, germicidal, ultraviolet light impinges on this.
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So what you see is,
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as we know, germicidal light is really good at killing bacteria,
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but what you also see
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is that it penetrates into the upper layers of our skin,
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and it can damage those key cells in our skin
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which ultimately, when damaged, can lead to skin cancer.
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So let's compare now with far-UVC light --
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same situation,
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skin and some bacteria in the air above them.
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So what you're seeing now
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is that again, far-UVC light's perfectly fine at killing bacteria,
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but what far-UVC light can't do is penetrate into our skin.
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And there's a good, solid physics reason for that:
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far-UVC light is incredibly, strongly absorbed by all biological materials,
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so it simply can't go very far.
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Now, viruses and bacteria are really, really, really small,
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so the far-UVC light can certainly penetrate them and kill them,
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but what it can't do is penetrate into skin,
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and it can't even penetrate the dead-cell area
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right at the very surface of our skin.
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So far-UVC light should be able to kill bacteria,
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but kill them safely.
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So that's the theory.
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It should work, should be safe.
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What about in practice?
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Does it really work?
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Is it really safe?
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So that's actually what our lab has been working on
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the past five or six years,
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and I'm delighted to say the answer to both these questions
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is an emphatic yes.
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Yes, it does work,
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but yes, it is safe.
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So I'm delighted to say that,
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but actually I'm not very surprised to say that,
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because it's purely the laws of physics at work.
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So let's look to the future.
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I'm thrilled that we now have a completely new weapon,
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and I should say an inexpensive weapon,
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in our fight against superbugs.
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For example,
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I see far-UVC lights in surgical theaters.
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I see far-UVC lights in food preparation areas.
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And in terms of preventing the spread of viruses,
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I see far-UVC lights in schools,
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preventing the spread of influenza,
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preventing the spread of measles,
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and I see far-UVC lights in airports or airplanes,
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preventing the global spread of viruses like H1N1 virus.
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So back to my friend Paul Rice.
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He was actually a well-known and well-loved local politician
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in his and my hometown of Liverpool,
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and they put up a statue in his memory in the center of Liverpool,
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and there it is.
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But me,
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I want Paul's legacy to be a major advance in this war against superbugs.
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Armed with the power of light,
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that's actually within our grasp.
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Thank you.
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(Applause)
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Chris Anderson: Stay up here, David, I've got a question for you.
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(Applause)
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David, tell us where you're up to in developing this,
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and what are the remaining obstacles to trying to roll out
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and realize this dream?
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David Brenner: Well, I think we now know that it kills all bacteria,
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but we sort of knew that before we started,
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but we certainly tested that.
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So we have to do lots and lots of tests about safety,
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and so it's more about safety than it is about efficacy.
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And we need to do short-term tests,
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and we need to do long-term tests
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to make sure you can't develop melanoma many years on.
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So those studies are pretty well done at this point.
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The FDA of course is something we have to deal with,
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and rightly so,
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because we certainly can't use this in the real world without FDA approval.
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CA: Are you trying to launch first in the US,
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or somewhere else?
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DB: Actually, in a couple of countries.
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In Japan and in the US, both.
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CA: Have you been able to persuade biologists, doctors,
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that this is a safe approach?
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DB: Well, as you can imagine, there is a certain skepticism
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because everybody knows that UV light is not safe.
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So when somebody comes along and says,
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"Well, this particular UV light is safe,"
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there is a barrier to be crossed,
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but the data are there,
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and I think that's what we're going to be standing on.
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CA: Well, we wish you well.
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This is potentially such important work.
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Thank you so much for sharing this with us.
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Thank you, David.
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(Applause)
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