How whistle-blowers shape history | Kelly Richmond Pope

105,290 views ・ 2018-11-02

TED


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How many of us have ever seen something,
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thought that we should report it, but decided not to?
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And not that I need to see a show of hands,
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but I'm sure this has happened to someone in this room before.
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In fact, when this question was asked to a group of employees,
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46 percent of them responded by saying that they had seen something
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and decided not to report it.
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So if you raised your hand, or quietly raised your hand,
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don't feel bad, you're not alone.
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This message of if you see something to say something
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is really all around us.
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Even when driving down the highway, you see billboards like this,
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encouraging us to report crime without revealing ourselves.
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But I still feel like a lot of us are really uncomfortable
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coming forward in the name of the truth.
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I'm an accounting professor, and I do fraud research.
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And in my class, I encourage my students to come forward with information
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if they see it.
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Or in other words, encouraging my students to become whistle-blowers.
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But if I'm being completely honest with myself,
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I am really conflicted with this message that I'm sending to my students.
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And here's why.
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Whistle-blowers are under attack.
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Headline after headline shows us this.
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Many people choose not to become whistle-blowers
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due to the fear of retaliation.
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From demotions to death threats,
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to job loss --
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perpetual job loss.
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Choosing to become a whistle-blower is an uphill battle.
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Their loyalty becomes into question.
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Their motives, their trustworthiness.
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So how can I, as a professor who really cares about her students
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encourage them to become whistle-blowers,
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when I know how the world truly feels about them?
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So, one day I was getting ready for my annual whistle-blower lecture
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with my students.
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And I was working on an article for "Forbes,"
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entitled "Wells Fargo and Millennial Whistle-blowing.
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What Do We Tell Them?"
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And as I was working on this piece and reading about the case,
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I became outraged.
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And what made me angry was when I came to the fact and realized
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that the employees that tried to whistle-blow
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were actually fired.
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And it really made me think
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about the message that I was sharing with my students.
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And it made me think: What if my students had been Wells Fargo employees?
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On the one hand, if they whistle-blew, they would have gotten fired.
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But on the other hand,
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if they didn't report the frauds that they knew,
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the way current regulation is written,
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employees are held responsible
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if they knew something and didn't report it.
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So criminal prosecution is a real option.
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What's a person supposed to do with those type of odds?
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I of all people know the valuable contributions
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that whistle-blowers make.
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In fact, most frauds are discovered by them.
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Forty two percent of frauds are discovered by a whistle-blower
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in comparison to other methods,
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like measurement review and external audit.
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And when you think about some of the more classic
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or historical fraud cases,
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it always is around a whistle-blower.
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Think Watergate -- discovered by a whistle-blower.
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Think Enron -- discovered by a whistle-blower.
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And who can forget about Bernard Madoff, discovered by a whistle-blower?
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It takes a tremendous amount of courage to come forward in the name of the truth.
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But when we think about the term whistle-blower,
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we often think of some very descriptive words:
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rat,
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snake,
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traitor,
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tattletale, weasel.
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And those are the nice words, the ones I can say from the stage.
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And so when I'm not in class,
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I go around the country and I interview white-collar felons,
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whistle-blowers and victims of fraud.
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Because really I'm trying to understand what makes them tick
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and to bring those experiences back into the classroom.
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But it's my interviews with whistle-blowers that really stick with me.
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And they stick with me,
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because they make me question my own courage.
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When given the opportunity, would I actually speak up?
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And so, this is a couple stories that I want to share with you.
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This is Mary.
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Mary Willingham is the whistle-blower from the University of North Carolina
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at Chapel Hill, academic fraud case.
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And Mary was a learning specialist at the university,
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and she worked with students, primarily student athletes.
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And what she noticed, when she was working with students,
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is they were turning in term papers
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that seemed well beyond their reading levels.
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She started to ask a couple of questions
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and she found out that there was a database
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where the student athletes could retrieve papers and turn them in.
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And then she found out that some of her colleagues
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were funneling students into fake classes, just to keep them eligible to play.
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Now, when Mary found this out, she was outraged.
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And so what she tried to do was go to her direct supervisor.
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But they didn't do anything.
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And then Mary tried to go to some internal university administrators.
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And they didn't do anything.
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So, what happens when nobody listens?
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You blog.
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So Mary decided to develop a blog.
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Her blog went viral within 24 hours,
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and she was contacted by a reporter.
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Now, when she was contacted by this reporter,
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her identity was known.
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She was exposed.
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And when she was exposed, she received a demotion,
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death threats, over collegiate sports.
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Mary didn't do anything wrong. She didn't participate in the fraud.
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She really thought that she was giving voice
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to students that were voiceless.
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But her loyalty was questioned.
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Her trustworthiness and her motives.
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Now, whistle-blowing doesn't always have to end
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in demotions or death threats.
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Actually, in 2002, this was the cover of "Time" magazine,
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where we were actually honoring three brave whistle-blowers
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for their decision to come forward in the name of the truth.
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And when you look at the research,
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22 percent of whistle-blowers actually report retaliation.
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So there is a huge population of people that report and are not retaliated against
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and that gives me hope.
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So this is Kathe.
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Kathe Swanson is a retired city clerk from the city of Dixon.
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And one day, Kathe was doing her job, just like she always did,
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and she stumbled upon a pretty interesting case.
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See, Kathe was at the end of the month,
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and she was doing her treasures report for the city,
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and typically, her boss, Rita Crundwell, gave her a list of accounts and said,
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"Kathe, call the bank and get these specific accounts."
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And Kathe did her job.
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But this particular day,
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Rita was out of town, and Kathe was busy.
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She picks up the phone, she calls the bank and says, "Fax me all of the accounts."
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And when she gets the fax, she sees that there is an account
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that has some withdrawals and deposits in it
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that she did not know about.
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It was an account controlled only by Rita.
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So Kathe looked at the information, she reported it to her direct supervisor,
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which was then-mayor Burke,
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and this led into a huge investigation, a six-month investigation.
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Come to find out, Kathe's boss, Rita Crundwell, was embezzling money.
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Rita was embezzling 53 million dollars over a 20-year period,
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and Kathe just happened to stumble upon it.
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Kathe is a hero.
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And actually, I had the opportunity
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of interviewing Kathe for my documentary, "All the Queen's Horses."
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And Kathe wasn't seeking fame.
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In fact, she really didn't want to talk to me for a really long time,
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but through strategic stalking, she ended up doing the interview.
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(Laughter)
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But she was seeking fairness, not fame.
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And if it wasn't for Kathe,
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who's to say this fraud would have ever been discovered?
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So, remember that "Forbes" article I was talking about,
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that I was working on before my lecture?
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Well, I posted it and something really fantastic happened.
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I started receiving emails from whistle-blowers all over the world.
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And as I was receiving these emails and responding back to them,
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there was a common theme in the message that I received,
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and this is what it was:
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they all said this, "I blew the whistle, people really hate me now.
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I got fired, but guess what?
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I would do it all over again if I could."
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And so as I kept reading this message, all these messages,
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I wanted to think, what could I share with my students?
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And so, I pulled it all together and this is what I learned.
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It's important for us to cultivate hope.
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Whistle-blowers are hopeful.
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Despite popular belief,
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they're not all disgruntled employees that have a beef with the company.
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Their hopefulness really is what drives them to come forward.
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We also have to cultivate commitment.
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Whistle-blowers are committed.
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And it's that passion to their organization
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that makes them want to come forward.
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Whistle-blowers are humble.
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Again, they're not seeking fame, but they are seeking fairness.
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And we need to continue to cultivate bravery.
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Whistle-blowers are brave.
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Often, they underestimated
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the impact whistle-blowing had on their family,
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but what they continue to comment on is how hard it is to withhold the truth.
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With that, I want to leave you with one additional name:
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Peter Buxtun.
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Peter Buxtun was a 27-year-old employee for the US Public Health Service.
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And he was hired to interview people
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that had sexually transmitted diseases.
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And through the course of his work,
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he noticed a clinical study that was going on within the organization.
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And it was a study that was looking at the progression of untreated syphilis.
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And so, there were 600 African American males
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that were in this study.
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They were enticed into the study
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through being given free medical exams, burial insurance.
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And so, what happened through the course of this study,
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is penicillin was discovered to help treat syphilis.
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And what Peter noticed was,
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the participants in this study were not given the penicillin
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to treat their syphilis.
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And the participants didn't know.
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So similar to Mary, Peter tried to report and talk to his internal supervisors,
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but no one listened.
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And so Peter thought this was completely unfair
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and he tried to report again,
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and finally talked to a reporter -- very similar to Mary.
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And in 1972, this was the front page of the "New York Times":
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"Syphilis Victims in US Study Went Untreated for 40 Years."
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This is known to us today as the Tuskegee syphilis experiment.
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And Peter was the whistle-blower.
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What happened to the 600 men, you may wonder, the 600 original men?
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Twenty eight men died from syphilis.
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One hundred died from syphilis complications,
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forty wives were infected
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and 10 children were born with congenital syphilis.
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Who's to say what these numbers would be
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if it wasn't for the brave, courageous act of Peter?
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We're all connected to Peter, actually.
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If you know anybody that's in a clinical trial,
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the reason why we have informed consent today
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is because of Peter's courageous act.
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So let me ask you a question.
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That original question, a variation of the original question.
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How many of us have ever used the term
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snitch, rat
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tattletale,
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snake,
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weasel,
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leak?
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Anybody?
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Before you get the urge to do that again,
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I want you to think a little bit.
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It might be the Mary, the Peter, the Kathes of the world.
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You might be the person that could shape history,
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or they could be the person that shapes yours.
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Thank you.
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(Applause)
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