Scientists must be free to learn, to speak and to challenge | Kirsty Duncan

48,414 views ・ 2018-06-06

TED


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00:12
Let me tell you about rock snot.
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Since 1992, Dr. Max Bothwell,
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a Government of Canada scientist,
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has been studying a type of algae that grows on rocks.
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Now, the very unscientific term for that algae is rock snot,
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because as you can imagine,
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it looks a lot like snot.
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But scientists also call it Didymosphenia geminata
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and for decades, this algae has been sliming up riverbeds
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around the world.
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The problem with this algae
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is that it is a threat to salmon, to trout
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and the river ecosystems it invades.
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Now, it turns out Canada's Dr. Bothwell
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is actually a world expert in the field,
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so it was no surprise in 2014
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when a reporter contacted Dr. Bothwell
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for a story on the algae.
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The problem was, Dr. Bothwell wasn't allowed to speak to the reporter,
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because the government of the day wouldn't let him.
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110 pages of emails
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and 16 government communication experts
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stood in Dr. Bothwell's way.
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Why couldn't Dr. Bothwell speak?
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Well, we'll never know for sure,
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but Dr. Bothwell's research did suggest
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that climate change may have been responsible
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for the aggressive algae blooms.
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But who the heck would want to stifle climate change information, right?
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Yes, you can laugh.
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It's a joke,
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because it is laughable.
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We know that climate change is suppressed for all sorts of reasons.
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I saw it firsthand when I was a university professor.
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We see it when countries pull out of international climate agreements
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like the Kyoto Protocol and the Paris Accord,
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and we see it when industry fails to meet its emissions reduction targets.
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But it's not just climate change information that's being stifled.
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So many other scientific issues are obscured by alternate facts,
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fake news and other forms of suppression.
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We've seen it in the United Kingdom,
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we've seen it in Russia,
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we've seen it in the United States
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and, until 2015,
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right here in Canada.
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In our modern technological age,
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when our very survival depends on discovery,
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innovation and science,
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it is critical, absolutely critical,
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that our scientists are free to undertake their work,
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free to collaborate with other scientists,
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free to speak to the media
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and free to speak to the public.
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Because after all,
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science is humanity's best effort at uncovering the truth
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about our world,
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about our very existence.
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Every new fact that is uncovered
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adds to the growing body of our collective knowledge.
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Scientists must be free to explore
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unconventional or controversial topics.
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They must be free to challenge the thinking of the day
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and they must be free
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to present uncomfortable or inconvenient truths,
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because that's how scientists push boundaries
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and pushing boundaries is, after all, what science is all about.
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And here's another point:
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scientists must be free to fail,
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because even a failed hypothesis teaches us something.
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And the best way I can explain that is through one of my own adventures.
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But first I've got to take you back in time.
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It's the early 1900s
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and Claire and Vera are roommates in southern Ontario.
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One evening during the height of the Spanish flu pandemic,
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the two attend a lecture together.
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The end of the evening, they head for home and for bed.
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In the morning, Claire calls up to Vera
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and says she's going out to breakfast.
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When she returns a short while later,
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Vera wasn't up.
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She pulls back the covers
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and makes the gruesome discovery.
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Vera was dead.
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When it comes to Spanish flu,
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those stories are common,
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of lightning speed deaths.
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Well, I was a professor in my mid-20s
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when I first heard those shocking facts
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and the scientist in me wanted to know why and how.
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My curiosity would lead me to a frozen land
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and to lead an expedition
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to uncover the cause of the 1918 Spanish flu.
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I wanted to test our current drugs against one of history's deadliest diseases.
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I hoped we could make a flu vaccine
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that would be effective against the virus
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and mutation of it,
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should it ever return.
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And so I led a team, a research team,
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of 17 men
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from Canada, Norway, the United Kingdom
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and the United States
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to the Svalbard Islands in the Arctic Ocean.
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These islands are between Norway and the North Pole.
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We exhumed six bodies
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who had died of Spanish flu and were buried in the permafrost
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and we hoped the frozen ground would preserve the body and the virus.
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Now, I know what you are all waiting for,
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that big scientific payoff.
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But my science story doesn't have that spectacular Hollywood ending.
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Most don't.
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Truth is, we didn't find the virus,
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but we did develop new techniques
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to safely exhume bodies
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that might contain virus.
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We did develop new techniques
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to safely remove tissue
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that might contain virus.
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And we developed new safety protocols
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to protect our research team and the nearby community.
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We made important contributions to science
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even though the contributions we made
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were not the ones originally intended.
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In science, attempts fail,
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results prove inconclusive
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and theories don't pan out.
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In science,
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research builds upon the work and knowledge of others,
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or by seeing further,
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by standing on the shoulders of giants,
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to paraphrase Newton.
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The point is, scientists must be free
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to choose what they want to explore,
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what they are passionate about
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and they must be free to report their findings.
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You heard me say
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that respect for science started to improve in Canada in 2015.
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How did we get here?
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What lessons might we have to share?
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Well, it actually goes back to my time as a professor.
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I watched while agencies, governments and industries around the world
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suppressed information on climate change.
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It infuriated me.
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It kept me up at night.
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How could politicians twist scientific fact for partisan gain?
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So I did what anyone appalled by politics would do:
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I ran for office, and I won.
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(Applause)
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I thought I would use my new platform
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to talk about the importance of science.
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It quickly became a fight for the freedom of science.
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After all, I was a scientist, I came from the world under attack,
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and I had personally felt the outrage.
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I could be a voice for those who were being silenced.
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But I quickly learned that scientists were nervous,
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even afraid to talk to me.
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One government scientist, a friend of mine,
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we'll call him McPherson,
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was concerned about the impact
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government policies were having on his research
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and the state of science deteriorating in Canada.
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He was so concerned, he wrote to me
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from his wife's email account
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because he was afraid a phone call could be traced.
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He wanted me to phone his wife's cell phone
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so that call couldn't be traced.
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I only wish I were kidding.
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It quickly brought what was happening in Canada into sharp focus for me.
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How could my friend of 20 years be that afraid to talk to me?
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So I did what I could at the time.
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I listened and I shared what I learned
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with my friend in Parliament,
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a man who was interested in all things environment, science,
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technology, innovation.
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And then the 2015 election rolled around
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and our party won.
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And we formed government.
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And that friend of mine
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is now the Prime Minister of Canada, Justin Trudeau.
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(Applause)
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And he asked if I would serve as his Minister of Science.
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Together, with the rest of the government,
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we are working hard to restore science to its rightful place.
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I will never forget that day in December 2015
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when I proudly stood in Parliament
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and proclaimed,
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"The war on science is now over."
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(Applause)
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And I have worked hard to back up those words with actions.
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We've had many successes.
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There's still more work to do,
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because we're building this culture shift.
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But we want our government scientists to talk to the media, talk to the public.
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It'll take time, but we are committed.
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After all, Canada is seen as a beacon for science internationally.
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And we want to send a message
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that you do not mess with something so fundamental,
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so precious, as science.
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So, for Dr. Bothwell, for Claire and Vera,
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for McPherson and all those other voices,
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if you see that science is being stifled, suppressed or attacked,
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speak up.
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If you see that scientists are being silenced, speak up.
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We must hold our leaders to account.
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Whether that is by exercising our right to vote,
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whether it is by penning an op-ed in a newspaper
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or by starting a conversation on social media,
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it is our collective voice that will ensure the freedom of science.
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And after all, science is for everyone,
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and it will lead to a better, brighter, bolder future for us all.
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Thank you.
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(Applause)
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