A circular economy for salt that keeps rivers clean | Tina Arrowood

36,347 views ใƒป 2019-11-07

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ูŠุฑุฌู‰ ุงู„ู†ู‚ุฑ ู†ู‚ุฑู‹ุง ู…ุฒุฏูˆุฌู‹ุง ููˆู‚ ุงู„ุชุฑุฌู…ุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุฌู„ูŠุฒูŠุฉ ุฃุฏู†ุงู‡ ู„ุชุดุบูŠู„ ุงู„ููŠุฏูŠูˆ.

ุงู„ู…ุชุฑุฌู…: Rami Nicola Srour ุงู„ู…ุฏู‚ู‘ู‚: Hussain Laghabi
00:12
Growing up in northern Wisconsin,
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ู†ุดุฃุช ููŠ ุดู…ุงู„ ูˆู†ุณูƒูˆู†
00:14
I've naturally developed a connection to the Mississippi River.
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ุจุงู„ุทุจูŠุนุฉ ุงุฑุชุจุทุช ุจู†ู‡ุฑ ุงู„ู…ุณูŠุณุจูŠ.
00:19
When I was little,
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ุนู†ุฏู…ุง ูƒู†ุช ุตุบูŠุฑุฉุŒ
00:20
my sister and I would have contests to see who could spell
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ุฃู†ุง ูˆ ุฃุฎุชูŠ ูƒู†ุง ู†ุชุณุงุจู‚ ููŠ ู…ู† ูŠุณุชุทูŠุน ู†ุทู‚
00:24
"M-i-s-s-i-s-s-i-p-p-i" the fastest.
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ู…-ุณ-ูŠ-ุณ-ูŠ-ุจ-ูŠ ุฃุณุฑุน.
00:29
When I was in elementary school,
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ุนู†ุฏู…ุง ูƒู†ุช ููŠ ุงู„ู…ุฏุฑุณุฉ ุงู„ุงุจุชุฏุงุฆูŠุฉุŒ
00:30
I got to learn about the early explorers and their expeditions,
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ุชุนู„ู…ุช ุนู† ุงู„ู…ุณุชูƒุดููŠู† ุงู„ู‚ุฏุงู…ู‰ ูˆ ุฑุญู„ุงุชู‡ู…ุŒ
00:35
Marquette and Joliet, and how they used the Great Lakes and the Mississippi River
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ู…ุงุฑูƒูŠุช ูˆ ุฌูˆู„ูŠุช ูˆ ูƒูŠู ุงุณุชุฎุฏู…ูˆุง ุงู„ุจุญูŠุฑุงุช ุงู„ุนุธู…ู‰ ูˆ ู†ู‡ุฑ ู…ุณูŠุณุจูŠ
00:39
and its tributaries to discover the Midwest,
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ูˆุฑูˆุงูุฏู‡ ู„ุงูƒุชุดุงู ุงู„ุบุฑุจ ุงู„ุฃูˆุณุท
00:42
and to map a trade route to the Gulf of Mexico.
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ูˆู„ุฑุณู… ุฎุฑูŠุทุฉ ุทุฑูŠู‚ ุชุฌุงุฑุฉ ู„ุฎู„ูŠุฌ ุงู„ู…ูƒุณูŠูƒ.
00:46
In graduate school,
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ููŠ ุงู„ุฏุฑุงุณุงุช ุงู„ุนู„ูŠุง
00:47
I was fortunate to have the Mississippi River
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ูƒู†ุช ู…ุญุธูˆุธุฉ ุฃู† ูŠูƒูˆู† ู†ู‡ุฑ ุงู„ู…ุณูŠุณุจูŠ
00:50
outside my research laboratory window
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ุฎุงุฑุฌ ู†ุงูุฐุฉ ู…ุฎุชุจุฑูŠ ู„ู„ุฃุจุญุงุซ
00:52
at the University of Minnesota.
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ููŠ ุฌุงู…ุนุฉ ู…ูŠู†ูŠุณูˆุชุง.
00:55
During that five-year period, I got to know the Mississippi River.
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ุฎู„ุงู„ ุฎู…ุณ ุณู†ูŠู† ุงุณุชุทุนุช ุฃู† ุฃุนุฑู ู†ู‡ุฑ ุงู„ู…ุณูŠุณุจูŠ.
00:59
I got to know its temperamental nature
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ุงุณุชุทุนุช ุฃู† ุฃุนุฑู ุทุจูŠุนุชู‡ ุงู„ู…ุฒุงุฌูŠุฉ
01:01
and where it would flood its banks at one moment,
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ูˆุฃูŠู† ูŠุบู…ุฑ ุฌุฏุงูˆู„ู‡ ููŠ ู„ุญุธุฉ ูˆุงุญุฏุฉ
01:04
and then shortly thereafter,
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ูˆุจุนุฏ ุฐู„ูƒ ุจู‚ู„ูŠู„
01:07
you would see its dry shorelines.
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ูˆุณุชุฑู‰ ูƒูŠู ูŠุฌูู ุดูˆุงุทุฆู‡.
01:10
Today, as a physical organic chemist,
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ุงู„ูŠูˆู…ุŒ ูˆูƒุนุงู„ู…ุฉ ูƒูŠู…ูŠุงุก ุจุงู„ููŠุฒูŠุงุก ุงู„ุนุถูˆูŠุฉ
01:13
I'm committed to use my training
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ุฃู†ุง ู…ู„ุชุฒู…ุฉ ุฃู† ุฃุณุชููŠุฏ ู…ู† ุชุฏุฑูŠุจูŠ
01:15
to help protect rivers, like the Mississippi,
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ู„ู„ู…ุณุงุนุฏุฉ ููŠ ุญู…ุงูŠุฉ ุฃู†ู‡ุงุฑ ู…ุซู„ ุงู„ู…ุณูŠุณุจูŠ
01:18
from excessive salt that can come from human activity.
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ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ู„ุญ ุงู„ุฒุงุฆุฏ ุงู„ู†ุงุชุฌ ุนู† ุงู„ู†ุดุงุท ุงู„ุจุดุฑูŠ.
01:22
Because, you know,
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ู„ุฃู†ู‡ ูƒู…ุง ุชุนู„ู…ูˆู†
01:23
salt is something that can contaminate freshwater rivers.
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ุงู„ู…ู„ุญ ู‡ูˆ ุดูŠุก ูŠู…ูƒู† ุฃู† ูŠู„ูˆุซ ุฃู†ู‡ุงุฑ ุงู„ู…ูŠุงู‡ ุงู„ุนุฐุจุฉ.
01:28
And freshwater rivers, they have only salt levels of .05 percent.
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ูˆุฃู†ู‡ุงุฑ ุงู„ู…ูŠุงู‡ ุงู„ุนุฐุจุฉ ู„ุฏูŠู‡ุง ูู‚ุท ู…ุนุฏู„ ู…ู„ูˆุญุฉ ู„0.5%.
01:34
And at this level, it's safe to drink.
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ูˆุนู„ู‰ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู…ุณุชูˆู‰ุŒ ุฃู†ู‡ ู…ู† ุงู„ุขู…ู† ุฃู† ู†ุดุฑุจ.
01:38
But the majority of the water on our planet is housed in our oceans,
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ู„ูƒู† ู…ุนุธู… ุงู„ู…ูŠุงู‡ ููŠ ูƒูˆูƒุจู†ุง ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏุฉ ููŠ ุดูˆุงุทุฆู†ุง
01:42
and ocean water has a salinity level of more than three percent.
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ูˆู…ูŠุงู‡ ุงู„ู…ุญูŠุทุงุช ู„ู‡ุง ู…ุณุชูˆู‰ ู…ู„ูˆุญุฉ ุฃูƒุซุฑ ู…ู† 3%.
01:46
And if you drank that, you'd be sick very quick.
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ูˆุฅุฐุง ุดุฑุจุชู… ู…ู†ู‡ุงุŒ ูุณุชู…ุฑุถูˆู† ุจุณุฑุนุฉ.
01:50
So, if we are to compare the relative volume of ocean water
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ุฅุฐุง ู‚ุงุฑู†ุง ุงู„ุญุฌู… ุงู„ู†ุณุจูŠ ู„ู…ูŠุงู‡ ุงู„ู…ุญูŠุทุงุช
01:55
to that of the river water that's on our planet,
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ุจู…ูŠุงู‡ ุงู„ุฃู†ู‡ุงุฑ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุนู„ู‰ ูƒูˆูƒุจู†ุง
01:58
and let's say we are able to put the ocean water
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ูˆู„ู†ู‚ูˆู„ ุฃู†ู‡ ุจุฅู…ูƒุงู†ู†ุง ุฃู† ู†ุถุน ู…ูŠุงู‡ ุงู„ู…ุญูŠุทุงุช
02:01
into an Olympic-size swimming pool,
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ููŠ ู…ุณุจุญ ุฐูˆ ุญุฌู… ุฃูˆู„ู…ุจูŠ
02:04
then our planet's river water would fit in a one-gallon jug.
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ุฅุฐู† ู…ูŠุงู‡ ุฃู†ู‡ุงุฑ ูƒูˆูƒุจู†ุง ุณุชุชุณุน ููŠ ุฅุจุฑูŠู‚ ุฐูˆ ุบุงู„ูˆู† ูˆุงุญุฏ.
02:09
So you can see it's a precious resource.
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ุฅุฐู†ุŒ ูŠู…ูƒู†ูƒู… ุงู† ุชุฑูˆู‡ุง ูƒู…ูˆุฑุฏ ุซู…ูŠู†.
02:12
But do we treat it like a precious resource?
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ู„ูƒู† ู‡ู„ ู†ุนุงู…ู„ู‡ุง ูƒู…ูˆุฑุฏ ุซู…ูŠู† ุญู‚ุงู‹ุŸ
02:14
Or rather, do we treat it like that old rug
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ุฃูˆ ู†ุนุงู…ู„ู‡ุง ูƒุงู„ุณุฌุงุฏุฉ ุงู„ู‚ุฏูŠู…ุฉ
02:17
that you put in your front doorway and wipe your feet off on it?
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ุงู„ุฐูŠ ุชุถุนูˆู†ู‡ ุฃู…ุงู… ุงู„ู…ุฏุฎู„ ุงู„ุฃู…ุงู…ูŠ ูˆ ู†ู…ุณุญ ุฃู‚ุฏุงู…ู†ุง ุจู‡ุงุŸ
02:21
Treating rivers like that old rug has severe consequences.
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ุงู„ุชุนุงู…ู„ ู…ุน ุงู„ุฃู†ู‡ุงุฑ ู…ุซู„ ุณุฌุงุฏุฉ ู‚ุฏูŠู…ุฉ ูŠุญู…ู„ ุนูˆุงู‚ุจ ูˆุฎูŠู…ุฉ.
02:25
Let's take a look.
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ู„ู†ุฃุฎุฐ ู†ุธุฑุฉ.
02:27
Let's see what just one teaspoon of salt can do.
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ู„ู†ุฑู‰ ู…ุงุฐุง ูŠู…ูƒู† ุฃู† ุชูุนู„ู‡ ู…ู„ุนู‚ุฉ ู…ู„ุญ ุตุบูŠุฑุฉ .
02:31
If we add one teaspoon of salt
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ุฅุฐุง ุฃุถูู†ุง ู…ู„ุนู‚ุฉ ุตุบูŠุฑุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ู„ุญ
02:33
to this Olympic-size swimming pool of ocean water,
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ู„ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู…ุณุจุญ ุฐูˆ ุงู„ุญุฌู… ุงู„ุฃูƒุจุฑ
02:37
the ocean water stays ocean water.
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ูุฅู† ู…ูŠุงู‡ ุงู„ู…ุญูŠุทุงุช ุชุจู‚ู‰ ู…ุงุก ู…ุญูŠุทุงุช.
02:40
But if we add that same one teaspoon of salt
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ู„ูƒู† ุฅุฐุง ุฃุถูู†ุง ู†ูุณ ุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ู…ู„ุนู‚ุฉ ู„ุฐู„ูƒ
02:42
to this one-gallon jug of fresh river water,
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ู„ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุฅุจุฑูŠู‚ ุงู„ุบุงู„ูˆู† ุงู„ูˆุงุญุฏ ู…ู† ู…ูŠุงู‡ ุงู„ู†ู‡ุฑ ุงู„ุนุฐุจุฉ
02:45
suddenly, it becomes too salty to drink.
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ูุฌุฃุฉู‹ ูŠุตุจุญ ูƒุซูŠุฑ ุงู„ู…ู„ูˆุญุฉ ุนู†ุฏ ุงู„ุดุฑุจ.
02:49
So the point here is,
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ุฅุฐุง ุงู„ููƒุฑุฉ ู‡ู†ุง ู‡ูŠ
02:50
because rivers, the volume is so small compared to the oceans,
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ุฃู† ุญุฌู… ุงู„ุฃู†ู‡ุงุฑ ุตุบูŠุฑ ุฌุฏุงู‹ ู…ู‚ุงุฑู†ุฉู‹ ุจุงู„ู…ุญูŠุทุงุช
02:56
it is especially vulnerable to human activity,
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ูู‡ูŠ ู…ุนุฑุถุฉ ู„ู„ุฎุทุฑ ู…ู† ู†ุดุงุทุงุช ุงู„ุจุดุฑ ุจุดูƒู„ ุฃูƒุจุฑ
02:58
and we need to take care to protect them.
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ูˆูŠุฌุจ ุนู„ูŠู…ุง ุฃู† ู†ุญู…ูŠู‡ุง.
03:02
So recently, I surveyed the literature
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ู…ุคุฎุฑุงุŒ ู‚ู…ุช ุจู…ุนุงูŠู†ุฉ ุงู„ุฃุฏุจ
03:04
to look at the river health around the world.
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ู„ุฃู†ุธุฑ ููŠ ุตุญุฉ ุงู„ุฃู†ู‡ุงุฑ ุญูˆู„ ุงู„ุนุงู„ู….
03:07
And I fully expected to see ailing river health
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ูˆูƒู†ุช ุฃุชูˆู‚ุน ุฃู† ุฃุฑู‰ ูˆุถุนุง ุตุนุจุง ู„ู„ุฃู†ู‡ุงุฑ
03:10
in regions of water scarcity and heavy industrial development.
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ููŠ ุงู„ู…ู†ุงุทู‚ ู„ุชูŠ ุชุนุงู†ูŠ ู…ู† ู†ุฏุฑุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ู…ูŠุงู‡ ูˆุชุทูˆุฑุง ุตู†ุงุนูŠุง ูƒุจูŠุฑุง
03:15
And I saw that in northern China and in India.
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ูˆุฑุฃูŠุช ู‡ุฐุง ููŠ ุดู…ุงู„ ุงู„ุตูŠู† ูˆ ููŠ ุงู„ู‡ู†ุฏ.
03:19
But I was surprised when I read a 2018 article
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ู„ูƒู†ู†ูŠ ุชูุงุฌุฃุช ุนู†ุฏู…ุง ู‚ุฑุฃุช ู…ู‚ุงู„ุง ุนุงู… 2018
03:24
where there's 232 river-sampling sites
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ุญูŠุซ ุฃู† ู‡ู†ุงูƒ 232 ู…ู†ุทู‚ุฉ ู„ุฃุฎุฐ ุนูŠู†ุงุช ุงู„ุฃู†ู‡ุงุฑ
03:28
sampled across the United States.
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ู…ุฃุฎูˆุฐุฉ ุญูˆู„ ุงู„ูˆู„ุงูŠุงุช ุงู„ู…ุชุญุฏุฉ.
03:31
And of those sites,
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ูˆู…ู† ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู…ู†ุงุทู‚
03:33
37 percent had increasing salinity levels.
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37% ู…ู†ู‡ุง ูƒุงู† ู„ุฏูŠู‡ ู†ุณุจุฉ ู…ู„ูˆุญุฉ ุฒุงุฆุฏุฉ.
03:37
What was more surprising
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ูˆุงู„ุฐูŠ ูƒุงู† ู…ูุงุฌุฆุงู‹ ุฃูƒุซุฑ
03:38
is that the ones with the highest increases
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ุฃู† ุงู„ุฐูŠู† ูƒุงู†ูˆุง ุงู„ุฃูƒุซุฑ ุงุฑุชูุงุนุงู‹
03:41
were found on the east part of the United States,
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ู‡ู… ููŠ ุงู„ู‚ุณู… ุงู„ุดุฑู‚ูŠ ู…ู† ุงู„ูˆู„ุงูŠุงุช ุงู„ู…ุชุญุฏุฉ
03:44
and not the arid southwest.
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ูˆู„ูŠุณ ุงู„ุฌู†ูˆุจ ุงู„ุบุฑุจูŠ ุงู„ุฌุงู.
03:47
The authors of this paper postulate
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ู…ู† ูƒุชุจูˆุง ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ูˆุฑู‚ุฉ ูŠูุชุฑุถูˆู†
03:50
that this could be due to using salt to deice roads.
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ุฃู† ู‡ุฐุง ูŠู…ูƒู† ุฃู† ูŠูƒูˆู† ู†ุชูŠุฌุฉ ุงุณุชุนู…ุงู„ ุงู„ู…ู„ุญ ู„ู…ู†ุน ุชุฒู„ุฌ ุงู„ุดูˆุงุฑุน.
03:55
Potentially, another source of this salt
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ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุญุชู…ู„ ุฃู† ู…ุตุฏุฑุง ุฃุฎุฑ ู„ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู…ู„ุญ
03:58
could come from salty industrial wastewaters.
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ูŠู…ูƒู† ุฃู† ูŠูƒูˆู† ุฃุชู ู…ู† ู…ูŠุงู‡ ุงู„ุตุฑู ุงู„ุตู†ุงุนูŠุฉ ุงู„ู…ุงู„ุญุฉ.
04:02
So as you see, human activities can convert our freshwater rivers
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ูƒู…ุง ุชุฑูˆู†ุŒ ู†ุดุงุทุงุชู†ุง ูŠู…ูƒู† ุฃู† ุชุญูˆู„ ู…ูŠุงู‡ ุฃู†ู‡ุงุฑู†ุง ุงู„ุนุฐุจุฉ
04:07
into water that's more like our oceans.
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ุฅู„ู‰ ู…ูŠุงู‡ ุชุดุจู‡ ู…ูŠุงู‡ ุงู„ู…ุญูŠุทุงุช.
04:09
So we need to act and do something before it's too late.
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ุฅุฐู† ุนู„ูŠู†ุง ุฃู† ู†ุชุตุฑู ูˆ ู†ูุนู„ ุดูŠุฆุงู‹ ู…ุง ู‚ุจู„ ููˆุงุช ุงู„ุฃูˆุงู†.
04:14
And I have a proposal.
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ูˆู„ุฏูŠ ุงู‚ุชุฑุงุญ.
04:16
We can take a three-step river-defense mechanism,
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ู†ุญู† ูŠู…ูƒู†ู†ุง ุฃู† ู†ุชุจุน ุขู„ูŠุฉ ุชุชูƒูˆู† ู…ู† ุซู„ุงุซ ุฎุทูˆุงุช ู„ู„ุฏูุงุน ุนู† ุงู„ุฃู†ู‡ุงุฑ
04:21
and if industrial-water users practice this defense mechanism,
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ูˆุฅุฐุง ู…ุงุฑุณ ู…ู† ูŠุณุชุนู…ู„ ุงู„ู…ูŠุงู‡ ุงู„ุตู†ุงุนูŠุฉ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุขู„ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุฏูุงุนูŠุฉ
04:26
we can put our rivers in a much safer position.
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ููŠู…ูƒู†ู†ุง ุฃู† ู†ุถุน ุฃู†ู‡ุงุฑู†ุง ููŠ ูˆุถุน ุฃูƒุซุฑ ุฃู…ุงู†ุงู‹.
04:30
This involves, number one,
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ู‡ุฐุง ูŠุชุถู…ู†ุŒ ุฑู‚ู… ูˆุงุญุฏ:
04:33
extracting less water from our rivers
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ุงุณุชุฎุฑุงุฌ ู…ูŠุงู‡ ุฃู‚ู„ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฃู†ู‡ุงุฑ
04:35
by implementing water recycle and reuse operations.
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ู…ู† ุฎู„ุงู„ ุชู†ููŠุฐ ุนู…ู„ูŠุงุช ุฅุนุงุฏุฉ ุชุฏูˆูŠุฑ ุงู„ู…ูŠุงู‡ ูˆุฅุนุงุฏุฉ ุงุณุชุฎุฏุงู…ู‡ุง.
04:40
Number two,
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ุฑู‚ู… ุงุซู†ุงู†:
04:41
we need to take the salt out of these salty industrial wastewaters
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ุนู„ูŠู†ุง ุฃู† ู†ุฃุฎุฐ ุงู„ู…ู„ุญ ู…ู† ู…ูŠุงู‡ ุงู„ุตุฑู ุงู„ุตู†ุงุนูŠุฉ ุงู„ู…ุงู„ุญุฉ
04:45
and recover it and reuse it for other purposes.
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ุงุณุชุนุงุฏุชู‡ุงุŒ ุซู… ุฅุนุงุฏุฉ ุงุณุชุฎุฏุงู…ู‡ุง ู„ุฃุบุฑุงุถ ุฃุฎุฑู‰.
04:49
And number three, we need to convert salt consumers,
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ูˆุฑู‚ู… ุซู„ุงุซุฉุŒ ุนู„ูŠู†ุง ุฃู† ู†ุญูˆู„ ู…ุณุชู‡ู„ูƒูŠ ุงู„ู…ู„ุญ
04:53
who currently source our salt from mines
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ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูŠุณุชุฎุฑุฌ ุญุงู„ูŠุงู‹ ุงู„ู…ู„ุญ ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ู†ุงุฌู…
04:56
into salt consumers that source our salt from recycled salt sources.
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ุฅู„ู‰ ู…ุณุชู‡ู„ูƒูŠู† ู„ู„ู…ู„ุญ ุงู„ู…ูุณุชุฎุฑุฌ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฃู†ู‡ุงุฑ.
05:01
This three-part defense mechanism is already in play.
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ุขู„ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุฏูุงุน ุงู„ุซู„ุงุซูŠุฉ ุงู„ุฃุฌุฒุงุก ู‡ุฐู‡ุŒ ูŠุชู… ุงู„ุนู…ู„ ุจู‡ุง ูุนู„ุงู‹ ุงู„ุขู†.
05:05
This is what northern China and India are implementing
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ู‡ุฐุง ู…ุง ูŠุชู… ุชุทุจูŠู‚ู‡ ููŠ ุดู…ุงู„ ุงู„ุตูŠู† ูˆ ุงู„ู‡ู†ุฏ
05:08
to help to rehabilitate the rivers.
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ู„ู„ู…ุณุงุนุฏุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ุฅุนุงุฏุฉ ุชุฃู‡ูŠู„ู‡ุง ุงู„ุฃู†ู‡ุงุฑ.
05:11
But the proposal here
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ู„ูƒู† ุงู„ุงู‚ุชุฑุงุญ ู‡ู†ุง ู‡ูˆ
05:12
is to use this defense mechanism to protect our rivers,
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ุฃู† ู†ุณุชุนู…ู„ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุขู„ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุฏูุงุนูŠุฉ ู„ูƒูŠ ู†ุญู…ูŠ ุฃู†ู‡ุงุฑู†ุง
05:16
so we don't need to rehabilitate them.
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ุฅุฐู† ูƒูŠ ู„ุง ู†ุถุทุฑ ู„ุฅุนุงุฏุฉ ุชุฃู‡ูŠู„ู‡ุง.
05:20
And the good news is, we have technology that can do this.
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ูˆุงู„ุฃุฎุจุงุฑ ุงู„ุฌูŠุฏุฉ ู‡ูŠ ุฃู†ู†ุง ู†ู…ุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ุชูƒู†ูˆู„ูˆุฌูŠุง ู„ู„ู‚ูŠุงู… ุจุฐู„ูƒ
05:23
It's with membranes.
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ูˆู‡ูŠ ุจุงู„ุฃุบุดูŠุฉ.
05:25
Membranes that can separate salt and water.
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ุฃุบุดูŠุฉ ูŠู…ูƒู†ู‡ุง ุฃู† ุชูุฑู‚ ุจูŠู† ุงู„ู…ู„ุญ ูˆ ุงู„ู…ุงุก
05:29
Membranes have been around for a number of years,
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ุงู„ุฃุบุดูŠุฉ ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏุฉ ู…ู†ุฐ ุนุฏุฉ ุณู†ูˆุงุช
05:32
and they're based on polymeric materials that separate based on size,
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ูˆู‡ูŠ ู…ุจู†ูŠุฉ ู…ู† ู…ูˆุงุฏ ุจูˆู„ูŠู…ูŠุฑูŠุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชูุตู„ ุจุดูƒู„ ู…ุจู†ูŠ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุญุฌู…
05:37
or they can separate based on charge.
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ุฃูˆ ุจู†ุงุกุงู‹ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุดุญู†.
05:40
The membranes that are used to separate salt and water
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ุงู„ุฃุบุดูŠุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ูŠุชู… ุงุณุชุนู…ุงู„ู‡ุง ู„ูุตู„ ุงู„ู…ู„ุญ ูˆุงู„ู…ุงุก
05:43
typically separate based on charge.
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ุนุงุฏุฉ ุชูุตู„ ุจูˆุงุณุทุฉ ุงู„ุดุญู†.
05:46
And these membranes are negatively charged,
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ูˆู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุฃุบุดูŠุฉ ู…ุดุญูˆู†ุฉ ุณู„ุจูŠุงู‹
05:49
and help to repel the negatively charged chloride ions
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ูˆุชุณุงุนุฏ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุชุตุฏูŠ ู„ุฃูŠูˆู†ุงุช ุงู„ูƒู„ูˆุฑูŠุฏ ุงู„ุณู„ุจูŠุฉ ุงู„ุดุญู†
05:52
that are in that dissolved salt.
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ุงู„ุชูŠ ู‡ูŠ ููŠ ุฐู„ูƒ ุงู„ู…ู„ุญ ุงู„ู…ูุฐุงุจ.
05:55
So, as I said, these membranes have been around for a number of years,
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ุฅุฐู†ุŒ ูƒู…ุง ู‚ู„ุชุŒ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุฃุบุดูŠุฉ ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏุฉ ู…ู†ุฐ ุนุฏุฉ ุณู†ูŠู†
06:00
and currently, they are purifying 25 million gallons of water every minute.
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ูˆุญุงู„ูŠุงู‹ุŒ ู‡ู… ูŠู†ู‚ูˆู† 25 ู…ู„ูŠูˆู† ุบุงู„ูˆู† ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุงุก ููŠ ูƒู„ ุฏู‚ูŠู‚ุฉ.
06:07
Even more than that, actually.
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ุญุชู‰ ุฃูƒุซุฑ ู…ู† ุฐู„ูƒ ููŠ ุงู„ุญู‚ูŠู‚ุฉ.
06:09
But they can do more.
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ู„ูƒู† ูŠู…ูƒู†ู‡ู… ุฃูŠุถุงู‹ ูุนู„ ุงู„ู…ุฒูŠุฏ.
06:12
These membranes are based under the principle of reverse osmosis.
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ูˆุชุณุชู†ุฏ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุฃุบุดูŠุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ู…ุจุฏุฃ ุงู„ุชู†ุงุถุญ ุงู„ุนูƒุณูŠ.
06:17
Now osmosis is this natural process that happens in our bodies --
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ุงู„ุชู†ุงุถุญ ู‡ูˆ ุนู…ู„ูŠุฉ ุทุจูŠุนูŠุฉ ุชุญุฏุซ ููŠ ุฃุฌุณุงู…ู†ุง-
06:22
you know, how our cells work.
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ุฃูŠ ูƒูŠููŠุฉ ุนู…ู„ ุงู„ุฎู„ุงูŠุง
06:24
And osmosis is where you have two chambers
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ูˆุงู„ุชู†ุงุถุญ ู‡ูˆ ุนู†ุฏู…ุง ูŠูƒูˆู† ู„ุฏูŠูƒ ุบุฑูุชุงู†
06:27
that separate two levels of salt concentration.
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ุชูุตู„ุงู† ู…ุณุชูˆูŠูŠู† ู…ู† ุชุฑูƒุฒ ุงู„ู…ู„ุญ
06:31
One with low salt concentration
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ุฃุญุฏู‡ู… ู„ุฏูŠู‡ ุชุฑูƒุฒ ู…ู„ุญ ุฎุงูุช
06:33
and one with high salt concentration.
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ูˆุงู„ุขุฎุฑ ูŠู…ุชู„ูƒ ุชุฑูƒุฒุง ุนุงู„ูŠุง ู„ู„ู…ู„ุญ.
06:35
And separating the two chambers is the semipermeable membrane.
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ูˆูŠูุตู„ ุจูŠู† ุงู„ุบุฑูุชูŠู† ุบุดุงุก ุดุจู‡ ู†ุงูุฐ
06:39
And under the natural osmosis process,
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ูˆุชุญุช ุธุฑูˆู ุงู„ุชู†ุงุถุญ ุงู„ุทุจูŠุนูŠ
06:42
what happens is the water naturally transports across that membrane
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ุชุชู†ู‚ู„ ุงู„ู…ูŠุงู‡ ุทุจูŠุนูŠุงู‹ ุนู„ู‰ ุฐู„ูƒ ุงู„ุบุดุงุก
06:46
from the area of low salt concentration
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ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ู†ุทู‚ุฉ ู‚ู„ูŠู„ุฉ ุชู…ุฑูƒุฒ ุงู„ู…ู„ุญ
06:48
to the area of high salt concentration,
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ู„ู„ู…ู†ุทู‚ุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ู„ุฏูŠู‡ุง ุชู…ุฑูƒุฒ ู…ู„ุญ ุนุงู„.
06:50
until an equilibrium is met.
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ุญุชู‰ ูŠุตุจุญ ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุญุงู„ุฉ ุชูˆุงุฒู†.
06:54
Now reverse osmosis, it's the reverse of this natural process.
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ุงู„ุขู† ุงู„ุชู†ุงุถุญ ุงู„ุนูƒุณูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุนูƒุณ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุนู…ู„ูŠุฉ.
06:58
And in order to achieve this reversal,
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ูˆุญุชู‰ ู†ุญุตู„ ุนู„ู‰ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุงู†ุนูƒุงุณ
07:00
what we do is we apply a pressure to the high-concentration side
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ุนู„ูŠู†ุง ุชุทุจูŠู‚ ุถุบุท ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฌุงู†ุจ ุฐูŠ ุงู„ุชุฑูƒูŠุฒ ุงู„ุนุงู„ูŠ
07:05
and in doing so, we drive the water the opposite direction.
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ูˆ ุจูุนู„ ู‡ุฐุงุŒ ู†ุฌุนู„ ุงู„ู…ูŠุงู‡ ุชุชุญุฑูƒ ู„ู„ุทุฑู ุงู„ุขุฎุฑ
07:09
And so the high-concentration side becomes more salty,
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ูˆูŠุตุจุญ ู‡ูƒุฐุง ุงู„ุฌุงู†ุจ ุฐูˆ ุงู„ุชุฑูƒูŠุฒ ุงู„ุฃุนู„ู‰ ุฃูƒุซุฑ ู…ู„ูˆุญุฉู‹
07:12
more concentrated,
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ุฃูƒุซุฑ ุชุฑูƒูŠุฒุงู‹
07:13
and the low-concentration side becomes your purified water.
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ูˆุงู„ุฌุงู†ุจ ุงู„ุฃู‚ู„ ุชุฑูƒูŠุฒุงู‹ ูŠุตุจุญ ู…ูŠุงู‡ ุนุฐุจุฉ.
07:18
So using reverse osmosis, we can take an industrial wastewater
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ุฅุฐุง ุจุงุณุชุนู…ุงู„ ุงู„ุชู†ุงุถุญ ุงู„ุนูƒุณูŠุŒ ูŠู…ูƒู†ู†ุง ุฃุฎุฐ ู…ูŠุงู‡ ู†ูุงูŠุงุช ุตู†ุงุนูŠุฉ
07:23
and convert up to 95 percent of it into pure water,
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ูˆุชุญูˆูŠู„ ู…ุง ูŠู‚ุงุฑุจ 95% ู…ู†ู‡ุง ุฅู„ู‰ ู…ูŠุงู‡ ู†ู‚ูŠุฉ
07:27
leaving only five percent as this concentrated salty mixture.
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ูˆูŠุชุจู‚ู‰ ูู‚ุท ู…ุง ูŠู‚ุงุฑุจ 5% ูƒู…ุฒูŠุฌ ู…ุงู„ุญ ู…ุฑูƒุฒ.
07:33
Now, this five percent concentrated salty mixture
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ุงู„ุขู†ุŒ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„5% ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุฒูŠุฌ ุงู„ู…ุงู„ุญ ุงู„ู…ุฑูƒุฒ
07:36
is not waste.
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ู„ูŠุณุช ู†ูุงูŠุฉ.
07:37
So scientists have also developed membranes
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ุฅุฐุง ู‚ุงู… ุงู„ุนู„ู…ุงุก ุฃูŠุถุงู‹ ุจุชุทูˆูŠุฑ ุฃุบุดูŠุฉ
07:40
that are modified to allow some salts to pass through
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ุงู„ุชูŠ ู‡ูŠ ู…ุนุฏู„ุฉ ู„ูƒูŠ ุชุณู…ุญ ุจู…ุฑูˆุฑ ุจุนุถ ุงู„ุฃู…ู„ุงุญ ู…ู† ุฎู„ุงู„ู‡ุง
07:44
and not others.
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ูˆู„ูŠุณ ุงู„ุนู†ุงุตุฑ ุงู„ุฃุฎุฑู‰.
07:46
Using these membranes,
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ุจุงุณุชุนู…ุงู„ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุฃุบุดูŠุฉ
07:48
which are commonly referred to as nanofiltration membranes,
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ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชุณู…ู‰ ุนุงุฏุฉู‹ ุจุฃุบุดูŠุฉ ุงู„ุชุฑุดูŠุญ ุงู„ู†ุงู†ูˆูŠ
07:51
now this five percent concentrated salty solution
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ุงู„ุขู† ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„5% ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุฒูŠุฌ ุงู„ู…ุงู„ุญ ุงู„ู…ุฑูƒุฒ
07:54
can be converted into a purified salt solution.
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ูŠู…ูƒู† ุฃู† ูŠุชุญูˆู„ ุฅู„ู‰ ู…ุญู„ูˆู„ ู…ู„ุญ ู†ู‚ูŠ.
07:58
So, in total, using reverse osmosis and nanofiltration membranes,
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ุฅุฐู†ุŒ ุจุงู„ู†ุชูŠุฌุฉุŒ ุจุงุณุชุฎุฏุงู… ุงู„ุชู†ุงุถุญ ุงู„ุนูƒุณูŠ ูˆุฃุบุดูŠุฉ ุงู„ุชุฑุดูŠุญ ุงู„ู†ุงู†ูˆูŠ
08:03
we can convert industrial wastewater
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ูŠู…ูƒู†ู†ุง ุชุญูˆูŠู„ ู…ูŠุงู‡ ู†ูุงูŠุงุช ุตู†ุงุนูŠุฉ
08:06
into a resource of both water and salt.
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ุฅู„ู‰ ู…ูˆุฑุฏ ู„ูƒู„ ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุงุก ูˆุงู„ู…ู„ุญ.
08:10
And in doing so,
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ูˆุจูุนู„ ู‡ุฐุง
08:12
achieve pillars one and two of this river-defense mechanism.
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ู†ุญู‚ู‚ ุงู„ู†ู‚ุทุชูŠู† ุงู„ุฑุฆูŠุณูŠุชูŠู† 1 ูˆ2 ู…ู† ุขู„ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุฏูุงุน ุนู† ุงู„ุฃู†ู‡ุงุฑ.
08:17
Now, I've introduced this to a number of industrial-water users,
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ุงู„ุขู†ุŒ ุดุฑุญุช ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุฃู…ุฑ ู„ุนุฏุฏ ู…ู† ู…ุณุชุนู…ู„ูŠ ุงู„ู…ูŠุงู‡ ุงู„ุตู†ุงุนูŠุฉ.
08:22
and the common response is,
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ูˆุงู„ุฅุฌุงุจุฉ ุงู„ุดุงุฆุนุฉ ู‡ูŠ
08:24
"Yeah, but who is going to use my salt?"
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"ุญุณู†ุงู‹ุŒ ู„ูƒู† ู…ู† ุณูŠุณุชุนู…ู„ ู…ู„ุญูŠุŸ"
08:28
So that's why pillar number three is so important.
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ุฅุฐู† ู„ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุณุจุจ ุงู„ู†ู‚ุทุฉ ุงู„ุฑุฆูŠุณูŠุฉ ุฑู‚ู… ุซู„ุงุซุฉ ู…ู‡ู…ุฉ
08:31
We need to transform folks that are using mine salt
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ุนู„ูŠู†ุง ุฃู† ู†ุญูˆู„ ุงู„ุฐูŠู† ูŠุณุชุนู…ู„ูˆู† ู…ู„ุญ ุงู„ู…ู†ุงุฌู…
08:34
into consumers of recycled salt.
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ุฅู„ู‰ ู…ุณุชู‡ู„ูƒูŠู† ู„ู„ู…ู„ุญ ุงู„ู…ุนุงุฏ ุชุฏูˆูŠุฑู‡.
08:38
So who are these salt consumers?
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ุฅุฐู† ู…ู† ู…ุณุชู‡ู„ูƒูˆ ุงู„ู…ู„ุญ ู‡ุคู„ุงุกุŸ
08:41
Well, in 2018 in the United States,
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ุญุณู†ุงู‹ุŒ ููŠ 2018 ููŠ ุงู„ูˆู„ุงูŠุงุช ุงู„ู…ุชุญุฏุฉ.
08:43
I learned that 43 percent of the salt consumed in the US
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ุนุฑูุช ุฃู† 43% ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ู„ุญ ุงู„ู…ุณุชู‡ู„ูƒ ููŠู‡ุง
08:48
was used for road salt deicing purposes.
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ุงุณุชุนู…ู„ ู„ุฃุบุฑุงุถ ููƒ ุงู„ุฌู„ูŠุฏ ุนู† ุงู„ุทุฑู‚ุงุช.
08:52
Thirty-nine percent was used by the chemical industry.
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39% ูƒุงู† ูŠูุณุชุนู…ู„ ููŠ ู…ุฌุงู„ ุงู„ูƒูŠู…ูŠุงุก.
08:55
So let's take a look at these two applications.
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ุฅุฐู†ุŒ ู„ู†ู†ุธุฑ ููŠ ู‡ุฐูŠู† ุงู„ู…ุฌุงู„ูŠู†.
08:58
So, I was shocked.
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ุฅุฐู† ู„ู‚ุฏ ุตูุฏู…ุช.
09:01
In the 2018-2019 winter season,
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ููŠ ูุตู„ ุงู„ุดุชุงุก ููŠ 2018-2019
09:05
one million tons of salt
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ู…ู„ูŠูˆู† ุทู† ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ู„ุญ
09:08
was applied to the roads in the state of Pennsylvania.
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ูƒุงู† ู‚ุฏ ุชู… ุชุทุจูŠู‚ู‡ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุทุฑู‚ุงุช ููŠ ูˆู„ุงูŠุฉ ุจู†ุณู„ูุงู†ูŠุง.
09:13
One million tons of salt is enough
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ู…ู„ูŠูˆู† ุทู† ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ู„ุญ ูƒุงูู
09:15
to fill two-thirds of an Empire State Building.
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ู„ู…ู„ุก ุซู„ุซูŠ ู…ุจู†ู‰ ุฅู…ุจุงูŠุฑ ุณุชุงูŠุช.
09:19
That's one million tons of salt mined from the earth,
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ู‡ุฐุง ู…ู„ูŠูˆู† ุทู† ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ู„ุญ ุงุณุชุฎุฑุฌ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฃุฑุถ
09:22
applied to our roads,
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ุทุจู‚ ุนู„ู‰ ุทุฑู‚ุงุชู†ุง
09:24
and then it washes off into the environment and into our rivers.
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ุซู… ุชู… ู…ุณุญู‡ ุนู„ู‰ ุทุจูŠุนุชู†ุง ุซู… ุฅู„ู‰ ุฃู†ู‡ุงุฑู†ุง.
09:29
So the proposal here is that we could at least
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ุฅุฐู† ุงู„ุงู‚ุชุฑุงุญ ู‡ู†ุง ู‡ูˆ ุฃู†ู‡ ูŠู…ูƒู†ู†ุง ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฃู‚ู„
09:33
source that salt from a salty industrial wastewater,
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ุงู„ุญุตูˆู„ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ู…ู„ุญ ู…ู† ู…ูŠุงู‡ ุตุฑู ุตู†ุงุนูŠุฉ ู…ุงู„ุญุฉุŒ
09:36
and prevent that from going into our rivers,
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ูˆู†ู…ู†ุน ู…ู† ูˆุตูˆู„ู‡ุง ุฅู„ู‰ ุฃู†ู‡ุงุฑู†ุง.
09:39
and rather use that to apply to our roads.
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ูˆุงู„ุงุณุชูุงุฏุฉ ู…ู†ู‡ุง ู„ุชุทุจูŠู‚ู‡ุง ุนู„ู‰ ุดูˆุงุฑุนู†ุง.
09:42
So at least when the melt happens in the springtime
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ุฅุฐู†ุŒ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฃู‚ู„ ุนู†ุฏู…ุง ูŠุญุตู„ ุงู„ุฐูˆุจุงู† ููŠ ูˆู‚ุช ุงู„ุฑุจูŠุน
09:44
and you have this high-salinity runoff,
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ูˆู„ุฏูŠูƒู… ุฌุฑูŠุงู† ู…ูŠุงู‡ ุนุงู„ูŠุฉ ุงู„ู…ู„ูˆุญุฉุŒ
09:47
the rivers are at least in a better position
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ุงู„ุฃู†ู‡ุงุฑ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฃู‚ู„ ููŠ ูˆุถุนูŠุฉ ุฃูุถู„
09:50
to defend themselves against that.
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ู„ุชุฏุงูุน ุนู† ู†ูุณู‡ุง ุถุฏ ู‡ุฐุง.
09:54
Now, as a chemist,
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ุงู„ุขู†ุŒ ูƒุนุงู„ู…ุฉ ูƒูŠู…ูŠุงุก
09:55
the opportunity though that I'm more psyched about
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ุงุญุชู…ุงู„ ุฃู† ุฃูƒูˆู† ู…ุชุญู…ุณุฉ ุฃูƒุซุฑ ุนู„ู‰
09:59
is the concept of introducing circular salt into the chemical industry.
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ู…ุจุฏุฃ ุชู‚ุฏูŠู… ู…ู„ุญ ุฏุงุฆุฑูŠ ููŠ ุงู„ุตู†ุงุนุฉ ุงู„ูƒูŠู…ูŠุงุฆูŠุฉ.
10:05
And the chlor-alkali industry is perfect.
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ูˆุฃู† ุตู†ุงุนุฉ ุงู„ูƒู„ูˆุฑ ุงู„ู‚ู„ูˆูŠ ู…ุซุงู„ูŠุฉ.
10:10
Chlor-alkali industry is the source of epoxies,
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ุตู†ุงุนุฉ ุงู„ูƒู„ูˆุฑ ุงู„ู‚ู„ูˆูŠ ู‡ูŠ ู…ุตุฏุฑ ุงู„ุงูŠุจูˆูƒุณูŠุŒ
10:13
it's the source of urethanes and solvents
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ุฅู†ู‡ุง ู…ุตุฏุฑ ุงู„ูŠูˆุฑูŠุชุงู† ูˆุงู„ู…ุฐูŠุจุงุช
10:16
and a lot of useful products that we use in our everyday lives.
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ูˆุงู„ุนุฏูŠุฏ ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ู†ุชุฌุงุช ุงู„ู…ููŠุฏุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ู†ุณุชุนู…ู„ู‡ุง ููŠ ุญูŠุงุชู†ุง ุงู„ูŠูˆู…ูŠุฉ
10:20
And it uses sodium chloride salt as its key feed stack.
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ูˆุชุณุชุนู…ู„ ู…ู„ุญ ูƒู„ูˆุฑูŠุฏ ุงู„ุตูˆุฏูŠูˆู… ูƒู…ุฎุฒู† ุฑุฆูŠุณูŠ ู„ู„ุชุบุฐูŠุฉ.
10:25
So the idea here is,
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ุฅุฐู† ุงู„ููƒุฑุฉ ู‡ู†ุง ู‡ูŠุŒ
10:28
well, first of all, let's look at linear economy.
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ู‚ุจู„ ูƒู„ ุดูŠุกุŒ ู„ู†ู†ุธุฑ ููŠ ุงู„ุงู‚ุชุตุงุฏ ุงู„ุฎุทูŠ.
10:30
So in a linear economy, they're sourcing that salt from a mine,
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ููŠ ุงู„ุงู‚ุชุตุงุฏ ุงู„ุฎุทูŠุŒ ู‡ู… ูŠุฃุชูˆู† ุจุงู„ู…ู„ุญ ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ู†ุงุฌู…ุŒ
10:34
it goes through this chlor-alkali process,
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ูˆูŠู…ุฑ ุจุนุฏ ุฐู„ูƒ ููŠ ุนู…ู„ูŠุฉ ุงู„ูƒู„ูˆุฑ ุงู„ู‚ู„ูˆูŠุŒ
10:36
made into a basic chemical,
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ู„ูŠุตุจุญ ู…ุงุฏุฉ ูƒูŠู…ูŠุงุฆูŠุฉ ุจุณูŠุทุฉ
10:38
which then can get converted into another new product,
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ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูŠู…ูƒู† ุฃูŠุถุงู‹ ุฃู† ูŠุชู… ุชุญูˆูŠู„ู‡ ุฅู„ู‰ ู…ู†ุชุฌ ุขุฎุฑ ุฌุฏูŠุฏ.
10:40
or a more functional product.
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ุฃูˆ ุฅู„ู‰ ู…ู†ุชุฌ ุนู…ู„ูŠ ุฃูƒุซุฑ.
10:43
But during that conversion process,
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ู„ูƒู† ุฎู„ุงู„ ุนู…ู„ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุชุญูˆูŠู„ ุชู„ูƒ
10:46
oftentimes salt is regenerated as the by-product,
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ููŠ ูƒุซูŠุฑ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฃุญูŠุงู† ูŠุชู… ุชุฌุฏูŠุฏ ุงู„ู…ู„ุญ ูƒู…ู†ุชุฌ ุซุงู†ูˆูŠุŒ
10:49
and it ends up in the industrial wastewater.
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ูˆูŠู†ุชู‡ูŠ ุจู‡ ุงู„ู…ุทุงู ููŠ ู…ูŠุงู‡ ุงู„ุตุฑู ุงู„ุตู†ุงุนูŠุฉ.
10:53
So, the idea is that we can introduce circularity,
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ุฅุฐู†ุŒ ุงู„ููƒุฑุฉ ู‡ูŠ ุฃู†ู‡ ูŠู…ูƒู†ู†ุง ุงู„ุชุนุฑูŠู ุจุนู…ู„ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุฏุงุฆุฑูŠุฉุŒ
10:58
and we can recycle the water and salt from those industrial wastewater streams,
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ูˆูŠู…ูƒู†ู†ุง ุฅุนุงุฏุฉ ุชุฏูˆุฑ ุงู„ู…ู„ุญ ูˆุงู„ู…ุงุก ู…ู† ู…ุฌุงุฑูŠ ุงู„ุตุฑู ุงู„ุตู†ุงุนูŠ ุชู„ูƒ
11:03
from the factories,
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ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุนุงู…ู„
11:04
and we can send it to the front end of the chlor-alkali process.
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ูˆูŠู…ูƒู†ู†ุง ุฃู† ู†ุฑุณู„ู‡ุง ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ู†ู‡ุงูŠุฉ ุงู„ุฃู…ุงู…ูŠุฉ ู…ู† ุนู…ู„ูŠุฉ ุงู„ูƒู„ูˆุฑ ุงู„ู‚ู„ูˆูŠ.
11:10
Circular salt.
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ู…ู„ุญ ุฏุงุฆุฑูŠ.
11:11
So how impactful is this?
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ู…ุง ู…ุฏู‰ ุชุฃุซูŠุฑ ู‡ุฐุงุŸ
11:14
Well, let's just take one example.
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ุญุณู†ุงู‹ุŒ ู„ู†ุฃุฎุฐ ู…ุซุงู„ุงู‹ ูˆุงุญุฏุงู‹
11:16
Fifty percent of the world's production of propylene oxide
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50% ู…ู† ุฅู†ุชุงุฌ ุงู„ุนุงู„ู… ู…ู† ุฃูƒุณูŠุฏ ุงู„ุจุฑูˆุจูŠู„ูŠู†
11:20
is made through the chlor-alkali process.
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ูŠุชู… ุตู†ุนู‡ ู…ู† ุฎู„ุงู„ ุนู…ู„ูŠุฉ ุงู„ูƒู„ูˆุฑ ุงู„ู‚ู„ูˆูŠ
11:23
And that's a total of about five million tons of propylene oxide
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ูˆู‡ุฐุง ู…ุฌู…ูˆุน ู„ู…ุง ูŠู‚ุงุฑุจ 5 ู…ู„ูŠูˆู† ุทู† ู…ู† ุฃูƒุณูŠุฏ ุงู„ุจุฑูˆุจู„ูŠู†
11:28
on an annual basis, made globally.
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ุณู†ูˆูŠุงู‹ ุญูˆู„ ุงู„ุนุงู„ู….
11:31
So that's five million tons of salt mined from the earth
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ุฅุฐู† ู‡ุฐุง 5 ู…ู„ูŠูˆู† ุทู† ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ู„ุญ ูŠุณุชุฎุฑุฌ ู…ู† ู…ู†ุงุฌู… ุงู„ุฃุฑุถ
11:35
converted through the chlor-alkali process into propylene oxide,
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ูŠุชุญูˆู„ ู…ู† ุฎู„ุงู„ ุนู…ู„ูŠุฉ ุงู„ูƒู„ูˆุฑ ุงู„ู‚ู„ูˆูŠ ุฅู„ู‰ ุฃูƒุณูŠุฏ ุจุฑูˆุจู„ูŠู†
11:39
and then during that process,
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ูˆุซู… ุฎู„ุงู„ ุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ุนู…ู„ูŠุฉุŒ
11:41
five million tons of salt that ends up in wastewater streams.
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5 ู…ู„ูŠูˆู† ุทู† ู…ู† ุงู„ู‚ู…ุญ ู…ู† ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชู†ุชู‡ูŠ ููŠ ู…ุฌุงุฑูŠ ุงู„ุตุฑู
11:46
So five million tons
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ุฅุฐู† 5 ู…ู„ูŠูˆู† ุทู† ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ู„ุญ
11:48
is enough salt to fill three Empire State Buildings.
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ูƒุงููŠุฉ ู„ู…ู„ุก3 ู…ุจุงู† ู…ุซู„ ุฅู…ุจุงูŠุฑ ุณุชุงูŠุช.
11:51
And that's on an annual basis.
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ูˆู‡ุฐุง ุนู„ู‰ ู…ุนุฏู„ ุณู†ูˆูŠ.
11:54
So you can see how circular salt can provide a barrier
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ุฅุฐู† ุฃุตุจุญุชู… ุชุฑูˆู† ูƒูŠู ูŠู…ูƒู† ู„ู„ู…ู„ุญ ุงู„ู…ุฏูˆุฑ ุฃู† ูŠูˆูุฑ ุฏุฑุนุงู‹
11:59
to our rivers from this excessive salty discharge.
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ู„ุฃู†ู‡ุงุฑู†ุง ู…ู† ุชูุฑูŠุบ ุงู„ุฃู…ู„ุงุญ ุงู„ู…ูุฑุท.
12:04
So you might wonder,
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ุฅุฐู† ุฑุจู…ุง ู‚ุฏ ุชุณุชุบุฑุจูˆู†ุŒ
12:06
"Well, gosh, these membranes have been around for a number of years,
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"ุฃูˆู‡ุŒ ูŠุง ุฅู„ู‡ูŠุŒ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุฃุบุดูŠุฉ ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏุฉ ู…ู†ุฐ ุนุฏุฉ ุณู†ูŠู†ุŒ
12:10
so why aren't people implementing wastewater reuse?
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ุฅุฐุง ู„ู…ุงุฐุง ู„ุง ู†ู‚ูˆู… ุจุชุทุจูŠู‚ ุฅุนุงุฏุฉ ุชุฏูˆูŠุฑ ู…ูŠุงู‡ ุงู„ุตุฑูุŸ"
12:14
Well, the bottom line is,
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ุญุณู†ุงู‹ุŒ ุงู„ู†ู‚ุทุฉ ุงู„ู…ู‡ู…ุฉ ู‡ู†ุงุŒ
12:16
it costs money to implement wastewater reuse.
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ุฃู† ุชุทุจูŠู‚ ุฅุนุงุฏุฉ ุชุฏูˆูŠุฑ ู…ูŠุงู‡ ุงู„ุตุฑู ูŠุชุทู„ุจ ุฃู…ูˆุงู„ุงู‹.
12:20
And second,
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ูˆุซุงู†ูŠุงู‹ุŒ
12:21
water in these regions is undervalued.
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ุงู„ู…ูŠุงู‡ ููŠ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู…ู†ุงุทู‚ ู‚ู„ูŠู„ุฉ ุงู„ู‚ูŠู…ุฉ .
12:25
Until it's too late.
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ู‚ุจู„ ุฃู† ูŠููˆุช ุงู„ุฃูˆุงู†.
12:27
You know, if we don't plan for freshwater sustainability,
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ุฃู†ุชู… ุชุนู„ู…ูˆู†ุŒ ุฅุฐุง ู„ู… ู†ุฎุทุท ู„ุงุณุชุฏุงู…ุฉ ุงู„ู…ูŠุงู‡ ุงู„ุนุฐุจุฉุŒ
12:31
there are some severe consequences.
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ุณูŠูƒูˆู† ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุจุนุถ ุงู„ุนูˆุงู‚ุจ ุงู„ูˆุฎูŠู…ุฉ.
12:34
You can just ask one of the world's largest chemical manufacturers
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ูŠู…ูƒู†ูƒ ูู‚ุท ุฃู† ุชุณุฃู„ูˆู† ุฃุญุฏ ุฃู‡ู… ู…ุตู†ุนูŠ ุงู„ู…ูˆุงุฏ ุงู„ูƒูŠู…ูŠุงุฆูŠุฉ
12:37
who last year took a 280-million dollar hit
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ูˆุงู„ุฐูŠ ููŠ ุงู„ุณู†ุฉ ุงู„ู…ุงุถูŠุฉ ุชู„ู‚ู‰ ุถุฑุจุฉ ุจู…ุง ูŠู‚ุงุฑุจ 280 ู…ู„ูŠูˆู† ุฏูˆู„ุงุฑ
12:41
due to low river levels of the Rhine River in Germany.
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ุจุณุจุจ ุงู„ู…ุณุชูˆูŠุงุช ุงู„ู…ู†ุฎูุถุฉ ู„ู†ู‡ุฑ ุงู„ุฑุงูŠู† ููŠ ุฃู„ู…ุงู†ูŠุง.
12:45
You can ask the residents of Cape Town, South Africa,
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ูŠู…ูƒู†ูƒู… ุฃู† ุชุณุฃู„ูˆุง ุงู„ุณูƒุงู† ููŠ ูƒุงูŠุจ ุชุงูˆู†ุŒ ููŠ ุฌู†ูˆุจ ุฃู‚ุฑูŠู‚ูŠุง
12:49
who experienced a year-over-year drought drying up their water reserves,
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ู…ู† ุงู„ุฐูŠู† ุนุงู†ูˆุง ู…ู† ุฌูุงู ู„ุณู†ูŠู† ุนู„ู‰ ุงุญุชูŠุงุทุงุช ุงู„ู…ุงุก ู„ุฏูŠู‡ู…
12:54
and then being asked not to flush their toilets.
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ูˆุซู… ุทู„ุจ ู…ู†ู‡ู… ุนุฏู… ู…ุณุญ ู…ุฑุงุญูŠุถู‡ู….
12:58
So you can see,
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ุฅุฐู† ูŠู…ูƒู†ูƒู… ุฃู† ุชุฑูˆุง
13:00
we have solutions here, with membranes,
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ุฃู† ู„ุฏูŠู†ุง ุญู„ูˆู„ ู‡ู†ุง ุจุงุณุชุฎุฏุงู… ุงู„ุฃุบุดูŠุฉ
13:02
where we can provide pure water,
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ุญูŠุซ ูŠู…ูƒู†ู†ุง ุชูˆููŠุฑ ู…ูŠุงู‡ ู†ู‚ูŠุฉ
13:06
we can provide pure salt,
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ูŠู…ูƒู†ู†ุง ุชูˆููŠุฑ ู…ู„ุญ ู†ู‚ูŠ
13:09
using these membranes, both of these,
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ุจุงุณุชุฎุฏุงู… ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุฃุบุดูŠุฉุŒ ูƒู„ุงู‹ ู…ู†ู‡ู…
13:11
to help to protect our rivers for future generations.
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ู„ู†ุณุงุนุฏ ุนู„ู‰ ุญู…ุงูŠุฉ ุฃู†ู‡ุงุฑู†ุง ู…ู† ุฃุฌู„ ุฃุฌูŠุงู„ ุงู„ู…ุณุชู‚ุจู„.
13:14
Thank you.
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ุดูƒุฑุง ู„ูƒู….
13:15
(Applause)
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(ุชุตููŠู‚)
ุญูˆู„ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู…ูˆู‚ุน

ุณูŠู‚ุฏู… ู„ูƒ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู…ูˆู‚ุน ู…ู‚ุงุทุน ููŠุฏูŠูˆ YouTube ุงู„ู…ููŠุฏุฉ ู„ุชุนู„ู… ุงู„ู„ุบุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุฌู„ูŠุฒูŠุฉ. ุณุชุฑู‰ ุฏุฑูˆุณ ุงู„ู„ุบุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุฌู„ูŠุฒูŠุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ูŠุชู… ุชุฏุฑูŠุณู‡ุง ู…ู† ู‚ุจู„ ู…ุฏุฑุณูŠู† ู…ู† ุงู„ุฏุฑุฌุฉ ุงู„ุฃูˆู„ู‰ ู…ู† ุฌู…ูŠุน ุฃู†ุญุงุก ุงู„ุนุงู„ู…. ุงู†ู‚ุฑ ู†ู‚ุฑู‹ุง ู…ุฒุฏูˆุฌู‹ุง ููˆู‚ ุงู„ุชุฑุฌู…ุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุฌู„ูŠุฒูŠุฉ ุงู„ู…ุนุฑูˆุถุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ูƒู„ ุตูุญุฉ ููŠุฏูŠูˆ ู„ุชุดุบูŠู„ ุงู„ููŠุฏูŠูˆ ู…ู† ู‡ู†ุงูƒ. ูŠุชู… ุชู…ุฑูŠุฑ ุงู„ุชุฑุฌู…ุงุช ุจุงู„ุชุฒุงู…ู† ู…ุน ุชุดุบูŠู„ ุงู„ููŠุฏูŠูˆ. ุฅุฐุง ูƒุงู† ู„ุฏูŠูƒ ุฃูŠ ุชุนู„ูŠู‚ุงุช ุฃูˆ ุทู„ุจุงุช ุŒ ูŠุฑุฌู‰ ุงู„ุงุชุตุงู„ ุจู†ุง ุจุงุณุชุฎุฏุงู… ู†ู…ูˆุฐุฌ ุงู„ุงุชุตุงู„ ู‡ุฐุง.

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7