The coelacanth: A living fossil of a fish - Erin Eastwood

511,201 views ใƒป 2014-07-29

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Tal Dekkers
00:13
The dead coming back to life sounds scary.
0
13487
2874
ื”ืžืชื™ื ื—ื•ื–ืจื™ื ืœื—ื™ื™ื ื ืฉืžืข ืžืคื—ื™ื“.
00:16
But for scientists, it can be a wonderful opportunity.
1
16361
3015
ืื‘ืœ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžื“ืขื ื™ื, ื–ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ื ืคืœืื”.
00:19
Of course, we're not talking about zombies.
2
19376
3194
ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื–ื•ืžื‘ื™ื.
00:22
Rather, this particular opportunity came in the unlikely form
3
22570
3619
ืืœื, ื”ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ื”ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžืช ื”ื–ื• ื‘ืื” ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื”ืœื ืกื‘ื™ืจื”
00:26
of large, slow-moving fish called the coelacanth.
4
26189
3879
ืฉืœ ื“ื’ ื’ื“ื•ืœ, ืฉื ืข ืœืื˜ ืฉื ืงืจื ืกื™ืœื™ืงื ื˜.
00:30
This oddity dates back 360 million years,
5
30068
3174
ื”ืžื•ื–ืจื•ืช ืžืชื•ืืจื›ืช ืœืœืคื ื™ 360 ืžืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื ื”.
00:33
and was believed to have died out during the same mass extinction event
6
33242
3420
ื•ื”ืืžื™ื ื• ืฉื”ื•ื ื ื›ื—ื“ ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืืจื•ืข ื”ื”ื›ื—ื“ื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ
00:36
that wiped out the dinosaurs 65 million years ago.
7
36662
3830
ืฉืžื—ืง ืืช ื”ื“ื™ื ื•ื–ืื•ืจื™ื ืœืคื ื™ 65 ืžืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื ื”.
00:40
To biologists and paleontologists, this creature was a very old and fascinating
8
40492
4890
ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ืื™ื ื•ืคืœืื•ื ื˜ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื, ื”ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื“ื’ ืžืื•ื“ ืขืชื™ืง ื•ืžืจืชืง
00:45
but entirely extinct fish, forever fossilized.
9
45382
4883
ืื‘ืœ ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืžื•ื›ื—ื“, ืžืื•ื‘ืŸ ืœืชืžื™ื“.
00:50
That is, until 1938 when Marjorie Courtenay-Latimer, a curator at a South African museum,
10
50265
6236
ื–ื”, ืขื“ 1938 ื›ืฉืžืจื’'ื•ืจื™ ืงื•ืจื˜ื ื™-ืœื˜ื™ืžืจ, ืื•ืฆืจืช ืฉืœ ืžื•ื–ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ืืคืจื™ืงื”,
00:56
came across a prehistoric looking, gleaming blue fish hauled up at the nearby docks.
11
56501
5480
ืจืืชื” ื“ื’ ื›ื—ื•ืœ ืžื‘ืจื™ืง ืฉื ืจืื” ืคืจื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ ืฉื”ื•ืขืœื” ืœืจืฆื™ืคื™ื ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื.
01:01
She had a hunch that this strange, 1.5 meter long specimen was important
12
61981
4914
ื”ื™ืชื” ืœื” ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ืฉื”ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ื”ืžื•ื–ืจื” ื‘ืื•ืจืš 1.5 ืžื˜ืจ ื”ื™ืชื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื”
01:06
but couldn't preserve it in time to be studied and had it taxidermied.
13
66895
4065
ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื ืœื ื™ื›ืœื” ืœืฉืžืจ ืื•ืชื” ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ื•ืืชื” ื•ื”ื™ื ืคื™ื—ืœืฆื” ืื•ืชื•.
01:10
When she finally was able to reach J.L.B. Smith, a local fish expert,
14
70960
4044
ื›ืฉื”ื™ื ื”ื™ืชื” ืžืกื•ื’ืœืช ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœ J.L.B ืกืžื™ืช', ืžื•ืžื—ื” ื“ื’ื™ื ืžืงื•ืžื™,
01:15
he was able to confirm, at first site, that the creature was indeed a coelacanth.
15
75004
5084
ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืืฉืจ, ื‘ืžื‘ื˜ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ืฉื”ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืืžืช ื”ืกื™ืœื™ืงื ื˜.
01:20
But it was another 14 years before a live specimen was found in the Comoros Islands,
16
80088
4552
ืื‘ืœ ืขื‘ืจื• ืขื•ื“ 14 ืฉื ื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื“ื•ื’ืžื” ื—ื™ื” ื ืžืฆืื” ื‘ืื™ื™ ืงื•ืžื•ืจื•,
01:24
allowing scientists to closely study a creature
17
84640
2796
ืžื” ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ืžืงืจื•ื‘ ื™ืฆื•ืจ
01:27
that had barely evolved in 300 million years.
18
87436
3001
ืฉื‘ืงื•ืฉื™ ื”ืชืคืชื— ื‘ืžืฉืš 300 ืžืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื ื”.
01:30
A living fossil.
19
90437
2516
ืžืื•ื‘ืŸ ื—ื™.
01:32
Decades later, a second species was found near Indonesia.
20
92953
3484
ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืžื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ ื”ืชื’ืœื” ื‘ืื™ื ื“ื•ื ื–ื™ื”.
01:36
The survival of creatures thought extinct for so long
21
96437
3167
ื”ื”ืฉืจื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ืฉื ื—ืฉื‘ื• ื ื›ื—ื“ื™ื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ื–ืžืŸ
01:39
proved to be one of the biggest discoveries of the century.
22
99604
3356
ื”ื•ื›ื—ื” ื›ืื—ืช ื”ืชื’ืœื™ื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืžืื”.
01:42
But the fact that the coelacanth came back from the dead
23
102960
2977
ืื‘ืœ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื”ืกื™ืœื™ืงื ื˜ ื—ื–ืจ ืžื”ืžืชื™ื
01:45
isn't all that makes this fish so astounding.
24
105937
2545
ื”ื™ื ืœื ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืขื•ืฉื” ืืช ื”ื“ื’ ื”ื–ื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืžื“ื”ื™ื.
01:48
Even more intriguing is the fact that genetically and morphologically,
25
108482
3960
ืืคื™ืœื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ืช ื”ื™ื ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื’ื ื˜ื™ืช ื•ืžื•ืจืคื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช,
01:52
the coelacanth has more in common with four-limbed vertebrates
26
112442
3065
ืœืกื™ืœื™ืงื ื˜ ื™ืฉ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ืขื ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื•ืœื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ืืจื‘ืข
01:55
than almost any other fish, and its smaller genome is ideal for study.
27
115507
4757
ืžืจื•ื‘ ื”ื“ื’ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื™ื, ื•ื”ื’ื ื•ื ื”ืงื˜ืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœื• ืื™ื“ื™ืืœื™ ืœืžื—ืงืจ.
02:00
This makes the coelacanth a powerful link between aquatic and land vertebrates,
28
120264
4594
ื–ื” ื”ื•ืคืš ืืช ื”ืกื™ืœื™ืงื ื˜ ืœื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื—ื–ืง ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื•ืœื™ื•ืช ื™ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื™ื‘ืฉืชื™ื™ื,
02:04
a living record of their transition from water to land millions of years ago.
29
124858
4658
ืชืขื•ื“ ื—ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืขื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื ืœื™ื‘ืฉื” ืœืคื ื™ ืžืœื™ื•ื ื™ ืฉื ื™ื.
02:09
The secret to this transition is in the fins.
30
129516
3060
ื”ืกื•ื“ ืœืžืขื‘ืจ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ื‘ืกื ืคื™ืจื™ื.
02:12
While the majority of ocean fish fall into the category of ray-finned fishes,
31
132576
4509
ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืจื•ื‘ ื“ื’ื™ ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ื ื•ืคืœื™ื ืœืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ื“ื’ื™ ืกื ืคื™ืจ ืงืฉืช,
02:17
coelacanths are part of a much smaller, evolutionarily distinct group with thicker fins
32
137085
4716
ื”ืกื™ืœื™ืงื ื˜ ื”ื ื—ืœืง ืžืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืช ืžื•ื‘ื—ื ืช ืงื˜ื ื” ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืขื ืกื ืคื™ืจื™ื ืขื‘ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ
02:21
known as lobe-finned fish.
33
141801
2616
ื™ื“ื•ืขื™ื ื›ื“ื’ื™ ืกื ืคื™ืจื™ ืื•ื ื”.
02:24
Six of the coelacanth's fins contain bones organized much like our limbs,
34
144417
4492
ืฉื™ืฉื” ืžื”ืกื ืคื™ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืกื™ืœื™ืงื ื˜ ืžื›ื™ืœื™ื ืขืฆืžื•ืช ืฉืžืื•ืจื’ื ื•ืช ืžืžืฉ ื›ืžื• ื”ื’ืคื™ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•,
02:28
with one bone connecting the fin to the body,
35
148909
2550
ืขื ืขืฆื ืื—ืช ืžื—ื‘ืจืช ืืช ื”ืกื ืคื™ืจ ืœื’ื•ืฃ,
02:31
another two connecting the bone to the tip of the fin,
36
151459
2391
ื•ืฉืชื™ื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช ืžื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืืช ื”ืขืฆื ืœืงืฆื” ื”ืกื ืคื™ืจ,
02:33
and several small, finger-like bones at the tip.
37
153850
3479
ื•ื›ืžื” ืขืฆืžื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืืฆื‘ืขื•ืช ื‘ืงืฆื”.
02:37
Not only are those fins structured in pairs to move in a synchronized way,
38
157329
3891
ืœื ืจืง ืฉื”ืกื ืคื™ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื‘ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ื–ื•ื’ื•ืช ืœื ื•ืข ื‘ื“ืจืš ืžืกื•ื ื›ืจื ืช,
02:41
the coelacanth even shares the same genetic sequence
39
161220
2595
ื”ืกื™ืœื™ืงื ื˜ ืืคื™ืœื• ื—ื•ืœืง ืืช ืื•ืชื ืจืฆืคื™ื ื’ื ื˜ื™ื
02:43
that promotes limb development in land vertebrates.
40
163815
3705
ืฉืžืงื“ืžื™ื ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื’ืคื™ื™ื ื‘ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื•ืœื™ื•ืช ื™ื‘ืฉืชื™ื™ื.
02:47
So although the coelacanth itself isn't a land-walker,
41
167520
2893
ืื– ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ืกื™ืœื™ืงื ื˜ ืขืฆืžื• ืœื ื”ื•ืœืš ืขืœ ื”ืงืจืงืข,
02:50
its fins do resemble those of its close relatives
42
170413
2802
ื”ืกื ืคื™ืจื™ื ืฉืœื• ื“ื•ืžื™ื ืœืืœื• ืฉืœ ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉืœื•
02:53
who first hauled their bodies onto land
43
173215
2639
ืฉื”ื™ื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉื”ืขืœื• ืืช ื’ื•ืคื ืœืื“ืžื”
02:55
with the help of these sturdy, flexible appendages,
44
175854
2557
ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื”ื’ืคื™ื™ื ื”ืงืฉื™ื—ื•ืช ื•ื”ื’ืžื™ืฉื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื,
02:58
acting as an evolutionary bridge to the land lovers that followed.
45
178411
3771
ื•ืฉื™ืžืฉื• ื›ื’ืฉืจ ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ ืœืื•ื”ื‘ื™ ื”ืื“ืžื” ืฉื‘ืื• ืื—ืจื™ื”ื.
03:02
So that's how this prehistoric fish helps explain the evolutionary movement
46
182182
4018
ืื– ื›ืš ื”ื“ื’ ื”ืคืจื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ ืขื•ื–ืจ ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ื”ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืช
03:06
of vertebrates from water to land.
47
186200
2317
ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื•ืœื™ื•ืช ืžื”ืžื™ื ืœืื“ืžื”.
03:08
Over millions of years, that transition
48
188517
2181
ื‘ืžืฉืš ืžืœื™ื•ื ื™ ืฉื ื™ื, ื”ืžืขื‘ืจ ื”ื–ื”
03:10
led to the spread of all four-limbed animals, called tetrapods,
49
190698
4046
ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœื”ืชืคืฉื˜ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื”ื—ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืืจื‘ืข ื”ื’ืคื™ื™ื, ืฉื ืงืจืื™ื ื˜ื˜ืจืคื•ื“ื™ื,
03:14
like amphibians, birds, and even the mammals that are our ancestors.
50
194744
4523
ื›ืžื• ื—ื™ื•ืช ืืžืคื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช, ืฆืคื•ืจื™ื, ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ื”ื™ื•ื ืงื™ื, ืฉื”ื ืื‘ื•ืชื™ื ื•.
03:19
There's even another powerful clue
51
199267
2064
ื™ืฉ ืืคื™ืœื• ืจืžื– ื—ื–ืง ื ื•ืกืฃ
03:21
in that unlike most fish, coelacanths don't lay eggs,
52
201331
3091
ืฉื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœืจื•ื‘ ื”ื“ื’ื™ื, ื”ืกื™ืœื™ืงื ื˜ ืœื ืžื˜ื™ืœ ื‘ื™ืฆื™ื,
03:24
instead giving birth to live, young pups, just like mammals.
53
204422
3767
ืืœื ื™ื•ืœื“ ื’ื•ืจื™ื ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื, ืžืžืฉ ื›ืžื• ื™ื•ื ืงื™ื.
03:28
And this prehistoric fish will continue to provide us with fascinating information
54
208189
4547
ื•ื”ื“ื’ ื”ืคืจื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ ื”ื–ื” ื™ืžืฉื™ืš ืœืกืคืง ืœื ื• ืžื™ื“ืข ืžืจืชืง
03:32
about the migration of vertebrates out of the ocean over 300 million years ago.
55
212736
5267
ืขืœ ื”ื ื“ื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื•ืœื™ื•ืช ืžื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืกื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ 300 ืžืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื ื”.
03:38
A journey that ultimately drove our own evolution, survival and existence.
56
218003
4346
ืžืกืข ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื”, ืœื”ืฉืจื“ื•ืช ื•ืœืงื™ื•ื ืฉืœื ื•.
03:42
Today the coelacanth remains the symbol of the wondrous mysteries that remain
57
222349
4119
ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ืกื™ืœื™ืงื ื˜ ื ืฉืืจ ื”ืกืžืœ ืœืชืขืœื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืคืœืื•ืช ืฉื ืฉืืจื•
03:46
to be uncovered by science.
58
226468
2137
ืœื”ืชื’ืœื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžื“ืข.
03:48
With so much left to learn about this fish, the ocean depths and evolution itself,
59
228605
4212
ืขื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ืฉื ืฉืืจ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืขืœ ื”ื“ื’ ื”ื–ื”, ืขื•ืžืง ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ื•ื”ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ืขืฆืžื”,
03:52
who knows what other well-kept secrets our future discoveries may bring to life!
60
232817
4943
ืžื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข ืื™ื–ื” ืขื•ื“ ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ืฉืžื•ืจื™ื ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ื”ืชื’ืœื™ื•ืช ื”ืขืชื™ื“ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ื™ื‘ื™ืื• ืœื—ื™ื™ื!
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7