Cloudy climate change: How clouds affect Earth's temperature - Jasper Kirkby

203,073 views ใƒป 2014-09-25

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Tal Dekkers
00:08
Cloudy climate change: How clouds affect Earth's temperature.
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ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืืงืœื™ื ืžืขื•ื ืŸ: ืื™ืš ืขื ื ื™ื ืžืฉืคื™ืขื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
00:15
Earth's average surface temperature has warmed by .8 Celsius since 1750.
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ื”ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื” ื”ืžืžื•ืฆืขืช ืฉืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื”ืชื—ืžืžื” ื‘ 0.8 ืžืขืœื•ืช ืฆืœื–ื™ื•ืก ืžืื– 1750.
00:20
When carbon dioxide concentrations in the atmosphere have doubled,
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ื›ืฉืจื™ื›ื•ื–ื™ ืคื—ืžืŸ ื“ื• ื—ืžืฆื ื™ ื‘ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื” ื™ื•ื›ืคืœื•,
00:24
which is expected before the end of the 21st century,
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ืžื” ืฉืฆืคื•ื™ ืœืคื ื™ ืชื•ื ื”ืžืื” ื” 21,
00:28
researchers project global temperatures
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ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ื—ื•ื–ื™ื ืฉื”ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ื•ืช
00:30
will have risen by 1.5 to 4.5 degrees Celsius.
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ื™ืขืœื• ื‘ 1.5 ืขื“ 4.5 ืžืขืœื•ืช ืฆืœื–ื™ื•ืก.
00:35
If the increase is near the low end, 1.5 Celsius,
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ืื ื”ืขืœื™ื” ืงืจื•ื‘ื” ืœืชื—ื•ื ื”ื ืžื•ืš, 1.5 ืฆืœื–ื™ื•ืก,
00:39
then we're already halfway there, and we should be more able to adapt
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ืื– ืื ื—ื ื• ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ื—ืฆื™ ื”ื“ืจืš ืœืฉื, ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื”ืชืื™ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื ื•
00:43
with some regions becoming drier and less productive,
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ืขื ื›ืžื” ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื™ื”ืคื›ื• ืœื™ื‘ืฉื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ืคื—ื•ืช ืคื•ืจื™ื™ื,
00:46
but others becoming warmer, wetter and more productive.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื—ืจื™ื ื™ื”ืคื›ื• ืœื—ืžื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืจื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ืคื•ืจื™ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ.
00:50
On the other hand, a rise of 4.5 degrees Celsius would be similar in magnitude
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ืžืฆื“ ืฉื ื™, ืขืœื™ื” ืฉืœ 4.5 ืžืขืœื•ืช ืฆืœื–ื™ื•ืก ืชื”ื™ื” ื“ื•ืžื” ื‘ืขื•ืฆืžืชื”
00:56
to the warming that's occurred since the last glacial maximum 22,000 years ago,
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ืœื”ืชื—ืžืžื•ืช ืฉื”ืชืจื—ืฉื” ืžืื– ื”ืžืงืกื™ืžื•ื ื”ืงืจื—ื•ื ื™ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืœืคื ื™ 22,000 ืฉื ื”,
01:01
when most of North America was under an ice sheet two kilometers thick.
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ื›ืฉืจื•ื‘ ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืื—ืจื™ืงื” ื”ื™ืชื” ืžืชื—ืช ืœืžืขื˜ื” ืงืจื— ื‘ืขื•ื‘ื™ ืฉื ื™ ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจ.
01:06
So that would represent a dramatic change of climate.
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ืื– ื–ื” ื™ื™ืฆื’ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื“ืจืžื˜ื™ ื‘ืืงืœื™ื.
01:11
So it's vitally important for scientists to predict the change in temperature
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ืื– ื–ื” ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ ืœืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืœื—ื–ื•ืช ืืช ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื”
01:14
with as much precision as possible so that society can plan for the future.
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ืขื ื“ื™ื•ืง ืจื‘ ื›ื›ืœ ื”ืืคืฉืจ ื›ืš ืฉื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช ืชื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืชื›ื•ื ืŸ ืœืขืชื™ื“.
01:20
The present range of uncertainty is simply too large
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ื”ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ ืฉืœ ืื™ ื•ื•ื“ืื•ืช ื”ื•ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžื“ื™
01:22
to be confident of how best to respond to climate change.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื™ื ืื™ืš ื”ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœื”ื’ื™ื‘ ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืืงืœื™ื.
01:27
But this estimate of 1.5 to 4.5 Celsius for a doubling of carbon dioxide
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื”ืขืจื›ื” ื”ื–ื• ืฉืœ 1.5 ืขื“ 4.5 ืžืขืœื•ืช ืฆืœื–ื™ื•ืก ืœื”ื›ืคืœื” ื‘ืจืžื•ืช ื”ืคื—ืžืŸ ื”ื“ื• ื—ืžืฆื ื™
01:33
hasn't changed in 35 years.
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ืœื ื”ืฉืชื ื• 35 ืฉื ื”.
01:36
Why haven't we been able to narrow it down?
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ืœืžื” ืœื ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœืฆืžืฆื ืื•ืชืŸ?
01:39
The answer is that we don't yet understand aerosols and clouds well enough.
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ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ืืจื•ืกื•ืœื™ื ื•ืขื ื ื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ ืžืกืคื™ืง.
01:44
But a new experiment at CERN is tackling the problem.
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ืื‘ืœ ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ื—ื“ืฉ ื‘ CERN ืžืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ื”ื‘ืขื™ื”.
01:47
In order to predict how the temperature will change,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ื–ื•ืช ืื™ืš ื”ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื•ืช ื™ืฉืชื ื•,
01:50
scientists need to know something called Earth's climate sensitivity,
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ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื“ืขืช ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื ืงืจื ื”ืจื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ืืงืœื™ืžื™ืช ืฉืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ,
01:53
the temperature change in response to a radiative forcing.
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ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื” ื›ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืœืื™ืœื•ืฅ ืงืจื™ื ืชื™.
01:57
A radiative forcing is a temporary imbalance
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ืื™ืœื•ืฅ ืงืจื™ื ืชื™ ื”ื•ื ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ืื™ื–ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ืžื ื™
02:00
between the energy received from the Sun and the energy radiated back out to space,
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืฉืžืชืงื‘ืœืช ืžื”ืฉืžืฉ ื•ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืฉืžื•ืงืจื ืช ื—ื–ืจื” ืœื—ืœืœ,
02:06
like the imbalance caused by an increase of greenhouse gases.
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ื›ืžื• ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ืื™ื–ื•ืŸ ืฉื ื’ืจื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืขืœื™ื” ื‘ื’ื–ื™ ื”ื—ืžืžื”.
02:09
To correct the imbalance, Earth warms up or cools down.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชืงืŸ ืืช ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ืื™ื–ื•ืŸ, ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ืžืชื—ืžื ืื• ืžืชืงืจืจ.
02:13
We can determine Earth's climate sensitivity
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ืืช ืจื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ืืงืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ
02:15
from the experiment that we've already
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ืžื”ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ืฆืขื ื•
02:18
performed in the industrial age since 1750
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ื‘ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™ ืžืื– 1750
02:20
and then use this number to determine how much more it will warm
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ื•ืื– ืœื”ืชืฉืžืฉ ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ื›ืžื” ืขื•ื“ ื”ื•ื ื™ืชื—ืžื
02:24
for various projected radiative forcings in the 21st century.
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ื‘ืฉืœ ืื™ืœื•ืฆื™ื ืงืจื™ื ืชื™ื™ื ืฆืคื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืื” ื” 21.
02:29
To do this, we need to know two things:
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”, ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื“ืขืช ืฉื ื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื:
02:31
First, the global temperature rise since 1750,
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ืจืืฉื™ืช, ืขืœื™ื™ืช ื”ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื” ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ืช ืžืื– 1750,
02:35
and second, the radiative forcing of the present day climate
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ื•ืฉื ื™ืช, ื”ืื™ืœื•ืฅ ื”ืงืจื™ื ืชื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืืงืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ื
02:39
relative to the pre-industrial climate.
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ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ืœืืงืœื™ื ื”ื˜ืจื•ื ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™.
02:42
For the radiative forcings, we know that human activities
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ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืื™ืœื•ืฅ ื”ืงืจื™ื ืชื™ ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื”ืคืขื™ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ื•ืช
02:45
have increased greenhouse gases in the atmosphere,
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ื”ื’ื‘ื™ืจื• ืืช ื’ื–ื™ ื”ื—ืžืžื” ื‘ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื”,
02:47
which have warmed the planet.
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ืžื” ืฉื—ื™ืžื ืืช ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘.
02:49
But our activities have at the same time increased the amount
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืคืขื™ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื’ื‘ื™ืจื• ืืช ื›ืžื•ืช
02:53
of aerosol particles in clouds, which have cooled the planet.
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ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ ื”ืืจื•ืกื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืขื ื ื™ื, ืฉืงืจืจื• ืืช ื”ืคืœื ื˜ื”.
02:57
Pre-industrial greenhouse gas concentrations are well measured
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ืจื™ื›ื•ื–ื™ ื’ื–ื™ ื”ื—ืžืžื” ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™ ื ืžื“ื“ื• ื”ื™ื˜ื‘
03:01
from bubbles trapped in ice cores obtained in Greenland and Antarctica.
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ืžื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ืฉื ืœื›ื“ื• ื‘ืœื™ื‘ื•ืช ืงืจื— ืฉื”ื•ืฆืื• ืžื’ืจื™ื ืœื ื“ ื•ืื ื˜ืจืงื˜ื™ืงื”.
03:05
So the greenhouse gas forcings are precisely known.
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ืื– ืื™ืœื•ืฅ ื’ื–ื™ ื”ื—ืžืžื” ื™ื“ื•ืข ื‘ืžื“ื•ื™ื™ืง.
03:08
But we have no way of directly measuring how cloudy it was in 1750.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื™ืŸ ืœื ื• ื“ืจืš ืœืžื“ื•ื“ ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื›ืžื” ืžืขื•ื ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ื‘ 1750.
03:14
And that's the main source of uncertainty in Earth's climate sensitivity.
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ื•ื–ื” ื”ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ ืœื—ื•ืกืจ ื•ื•ื“ืื•ืช ื‘ืจื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ืืงืœื™ืžื™ืช ืฉืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
03:19
To understand pre-industrial cloudiness,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืขื ื ื™ื ืžืœืคื ื™ ื”ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™,
03:21
we must use computer models that reliably simulate
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืžื•ื“ืœื™ื ืžืžื•ื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉืžื“ืžื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืืžื™ืŸ
03:24
the processes responsible for forming aerosols in clouds.
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ืืช ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉืื—ืจืื™ ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืืจื•ืกื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืขื ื ื™ื.
03:28
Now to most people, aerosols are the thing that make your hair stick,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืœืจื•ื‘ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื, ืืจื•ืกื•ืœื™ื ื”ื ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืœืฉืขืจ ืฉืœื›ื ืœื”ืกืชื“ืจ,
03:32
but that's only one type of aerosol.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืจืง ืกื•ื’ ืื—ื“ ืฉืœ ืืจื•ืกื•ืœ.
03:34
Atmospheric aerosols are tiny liquid or solid particles suspended in the air.
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ืืจื•ืกื•ืœื™ื ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื™ื™ื ื”ื ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ ื ื•ื–ืœ ืื• ืžื•ืฆืง ื–ืขื™ืจื™ื ืฉืชืœื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืื•ื™ืจ.
03:39
They are either primary,
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ื”ื ืื• ืขื™ืงืจื™ื™ื,
03:40
from dust, sea spray salt or burning biomass,
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ืžืื‘ืง, ืกืคืจื™ ืžืœื— ื™ื ืื• ื‘ื™ื•ืžืืกื” ืฉืจื•ืคื”,
03:44
or secondary, formed by gas to particle conversion in the atmosphere,
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ืื• ืžืฉื ื™ื™ื, ืฉื ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžืจืช ื’ื– ืœื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ื‘ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื”,
03:49
also known as particle nucleation.
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ืžื” ืฉื™ื“ื•ืข ื›ื’ืœืขื•ืŸ ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื.
03:51
Aerosols are everywhere in the atmosphere,
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ืืจื•ืกื•ืœื™ื ื”ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ื‘ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื”,
03:54
and they can block out the sun in polluted urban environments,
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ื•ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื—ืกื•ื ืืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืžื–ื•ื”ืžื•ืช,
03:58
or bathe distant mountains in a blue haze.
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ืื• ืœืฉื˜ื•ืฃ ืืช ื”ื”ืจื™ื ื”ืžืจื•ื—ืงื™ื ื‘ืขืจืคืœ ื›ื—ื•ืœ.
04:01
More importantly, a cloud droplet cannot form without an aerosol particle seed.
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ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื˜ื™ืคื” ื‘ืขื ืŸ ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื•ื•ืฆืจ ื‘ืœื™ ื–ืจืขื™ ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ืืจื•ืกื•ืœื™ื™ื.
04:07
So without aerosol particles, there'd be no clouds,
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ืื– ื‘ืœื™ ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ืืจื•ืกื•ืœื™ื™ื, ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืขื ื ื™ื,
04:11
and without clouds, there'd be no fresh water.
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ื•ื‘ืœื™ ืขื ื ื™ื, ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื• ืžื™ื ื–ื›ื™ื.
04:14
The climate would be much hotter, and there would be no life.
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ืžื–ื’ ื”ืื•ื™ืจ ื™ื”ื™ื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื—ื, ื•ืœื ื”ื™ื• ื—ื™ื™ื.
04:18
So we owe our existence to aerosol particles.
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ืื– ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ืงื™ื•ื ืฉืœื ื• ืœื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ ืืจื•ืกื•ืœื™ื.
04:22
However, despite their importance,
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ืขื ื–ืืช, ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื,
04:24
how aerosol particles form in the atmosphere
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ืื™ืš ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ ืืจื•ืกื•ืœื™ื ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื‘ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื”
04:26
and their effect on clouds are poorly understood.
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ื•ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืฉืœื”ื ืขืœ ืขื ื ื™ื ืœื ืžืžืฉ ืžื•ื‘ื ื™ื.
04:30
Even the vapors responsible for aerosol particle formation
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ืืคื™ืœื• ื”ืื“ื™ื ืฉืื—ืจืื™ื ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ืืจื•ืกื•ืœื™ื™ื
04:33
are not well established
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ืœื ืžืžืฉ ื™ื“ื•ืขื™ื
04:35
because they're present in only minute amounts,
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ืจืง ื‘ื›ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื–ืขื™ืจื•ืช,
04:38
near one molecule per million million molecules of air.
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ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื” ืื—ืช ืœืžืœื™ื•ืŸ ืžืœื™ื•ืŸ ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื•ื•ื™ืจ.
04:42
This lack of understanding is the main reason
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ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ื”ื‘ื ื” ื”ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ืช
04:45
for the large uncertainty in climate sensitivity,
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ืœื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ื•ื•ื“ืื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ืจื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ืืงืœื™ืžื™ืช,
04:48
and the corresponding wide range of future climate projections.
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ื•ื”ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื”ืจื—ื‘ ื”ืžืชืื™ื ืฉืœ ืชื—ื–ื™ื•ืช ืืงืœื™ืžื™ื•ืช ืขืชื™ื“ื™ื•ืช.
04:52
However, an experiment underway at CERN, named, perhaps unsurprisingly, "Cloud"
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ืขื ื–ืืช, ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ืฉืžืชืจื—ืฉ ื‘ CERN ืฉืฉืžื•, ืื•ืœื™ ืœื ื‘ืžืคืชื™ืข, "ืงืœืื•ื“" (ืขื ืŸ)
04:58
has managed to build a steel vessel that's large enough
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ื”ืฆืœื™ื— ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืžื™ื›ืœ ืคืœื“ื” ืฉื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžืกืคื™ืง
05:01
and has a low enough contamination, that aerosol formation can,
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื• ืจืžืช ื–ื™ื”ื•ื ื ืžื•ื›ื” ืžืกืคื™ืง, ืฉื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืืจื•ืกื•ืœื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื”,
05:05
for the first time, be measured under tightly controlled atmospheric conditions
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ื‘ืคืขื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”, ืœื”ืžื“ื“ ืชื—ืช ืชื ืื™ื ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคืจื™ื™ื ืžื‘ื•ืงืจื™ื ื‘ืงืคื™ื“ื”
05:11
in the laboratory.
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ื‘ืžืขื‘ื“ื”.
05:13
In its first five years of operation, Cloud has identified the vapors
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ื‘ื—ืžืฉ ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื• ื‘ืคืขื•ืœื”, ืงืœืื•ื“ ื–ื™ื”ื” ืืช ื”ืื“ื™ื
05:17
responsible for aerosol particle formation in the atmosphere,
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ืฉืื—ืจืื™ื ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ ืืจื•ืกื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื”,
05:20
which include sulfuric acid, ammonia, amines,
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ืฉื›ื•ืœืœื™ื ื—ื•ืžืฆื” ื’ื•ืคืจื™ืชื™ืช, ืืžื•ื ื™ื”, ืืžื™ื ื™ื,
05:24
and biogenic vapors from trees.
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ื•ืื“ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ื’ื ื™ื™ื ืžืขืฆื™ื.
05:27
Using an ionizing particle beam from the CERN proton synchrotron,
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ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืงืจืŸ ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ืžื™ื™ื ื ืช ืžืกื™ื ื›ืจื•ื˜ืจื•ืŸ ื”ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ืฉืœ CERN,
05:30
Cloud is also investigating if galactic cosmic rays
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ืงืœืื•ื“ ื’ื ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืื ืงืจื ื™ื™ื ืงื•ืกืžื™ื•ืช ื’ืœืงื˜ื™ื•ืช
05:34
enhance the formation of aerosols in clouds.
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ืžื’ื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ืืช ื”ื•ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ืืจื•ืกื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืขื ื ื™ื.
05:38
This has been suggested as a possible unaccounted natural climate forcing agent
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ื–ื” ื”ื•ืฆืข ื›ื’ื•ืจื ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ืฉืžืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ื”ืืงืœื™ื ืฉืœื ื ืœืงื— ื‘ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ
05:43
since the flux of cosmic rays raining down on the atmosphere
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ืžืื—ืจ ื•ื”ืฉื˜ืฃ ืฉืœ ื”ืงืจื ื™ื™ื ื”ืงื•ืกืžื™ื•ืช ืฉืžื•ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื”
05:47
varies with solar activity.
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ืžืฉืชื ื” ืขื ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืกื•ืœืจื™ืช.
05:49
So Cloud is addressing two big questions:
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ืื– ืงืœืื•ื“ ื ื•ื’ืข ื‘ืฉืชื™ ืฉืืœื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช:
05:53
Firstly, how cloudy was the pre-industrial climate?
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ืจืืฉื™ืช, ื›ืžื” ืžืขื•ื ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื”ื˜ืจื•ื ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™?
05:57
And, hence, how much have clouds changed due to human activities?
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ื•ืžื›ืืŸ, ื›ืžื” ืขื ื ื™ื ื”ืฉืชื ื• ื‘ืฉืœ ืคืขื™ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ืื ื•ืฉื™ื•ืช?
06:03
That knowledge will help sharpen climate projections in the 21st century.
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ื”ื™ื“ืข ื”ื–ื” ื™ืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื—ื“ื“ ืชื—ื–ื™ื•ืช ืืงืœื™ืžื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžืื” ื” 21.
06:08
And secondly, could the puzzling observations of solar climate variability
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ื•ืฉื ื™ืช, ื”ืื ื”ืชื—ื–ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื‘ืœื‘ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืืงืœื™ืžื™ื™ื ืกื•ืœืจื™ื™ื
06:12
in the pre-industrial climate be explained by an influence
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ื‘ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื”ื˜ืจื•ื ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™ ื™ื•ืกื‘ืจื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืฉืคืขื”
06:15
of galactic cosmic rays on clouds?
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ืฉืœ ืงืจื ื™ื™ื ืงื•ืกืžื™ื•ืช ื’ืœืงื˜ื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ืขื ื ื™ื?
06:18
Ambitious but realistic goals when your head's in the clouds.
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ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ืฉืคืชื ื™ื•ืช ืืš ืจืืœื™ืกื˜ื™ื•ืช ื›ืฉื”ืจืืฉ ืฉืœื›ื ื‘ืขื ื ื™ื.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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