The birth of the galaxy in 60 seconds - Scott Hershberger

208,085 views ใƒป 2024-09-19

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: zeeva livshitz ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Ido Dekkers
00:06
Within the Milky Way, the Earth resides on the inner edge of a spiral arm.
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ื‘ืชื•ืš ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”ื—ืœื‘, ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ืฉื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ืงืฆื” ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ ืฉืœ ื–ืจื•ืข ืกืคื™ืจืœื™ืช.
00:12
But this isnโ€™t our permanent address.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื• ืœื ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ืช ื”ืงื‘ื•ืขื” ืฉืœื ื•.
00:15
When most dinosaurs went extinct,
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ื›ืืฉืจ ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื“ื™ื ื•ื–ืื•ืจื™ื ื ื›ื—ื“ื•,
00:17
our solar system was in a different arm than it is today!
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ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ ืฉืœื ื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ื–ืจื•ืข ืฉื•ื ื” ืžืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื ื›ื™ื•ื!
00:23
The Milky Way never stops changing;
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ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”ื—ืœื‘ ืœื ืžืคืกื™ืงื” ืœื”ืฉืชื ื•ืช;
00:25
even its structure continues to evolve.
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ืืคื™ืœื• ื”ืžื‘ื ื” ืฉืœื” ืžืžืฉื™ืš ืœื”ืชืคืชื—.
00:29
To see why, let's start at our galaxy's very beginning.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื“ื•ืข, ื ืชื—ื™ืœ ืžืžืฉ ื‘ื”ืชื—ืœื” ืฉืœ ื”ื’ืœืงืกื™ื” ืฉืœื ื•.
00:33
13 billion years ago,
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ืœืคื ื™ 13 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืฉื ื”,
00:35
propelled by supernovae and the general chaos of the early universe,
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ืžื•ื ืขื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืกื•ืคืจื ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื•ื”ื›ืื•ืก ื”ื›ืœืœื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืงื•ื ื”ืžื•ืงื“ื,
00:39
the gas and dust particles that eventually became our Milky Way
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ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ ื”ื’ื– ื•ื”ืื‘ืง ืฉื”ืคื›ื• ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืœืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”ื—ืœื‘ ืฉืœื ื•
00:44
were whizzing around in every direction.
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ื˜ืกื• ืœื›ืœ ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ.
00:47
Each particle had a certain angular momentumโ€”
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ืœื›ืœ ื—ืœืงื™ืง ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ืžื ื˜ื•ื ื–ื•ื•ื™ืชื™ ืžืกื•ื™ื -
00:50
the magnitude and direction of its rotation
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ื”ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื•ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืกื™ื‘ื•ื‘ื•
00:53
around the emerging galaxyโ€™s center.
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ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืžืจื›ื– ื”ื’ืœืงืกื™ื” ื”ืžืชื”ื•ื•ื”.
00:56
Just as the new galaxyโ€™s total mass
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ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืžื• ืฉื”ืžืกื” ื”ื›ื•ืœืœืช ืฉืœ ื”ื’ืœืงืกื™ื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉื”
00:58
was the sum of the individual particlesโ€™ masses,
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ื”ื™ื” ืกื›ื•ื ื”ืžืกื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ื”ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื™ื
01:02
the galaxy also had an angular momentum
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ืœื’ืœืงืกื™ื” ื”ื™ื” ื’ื ืžื•ืžื ื˜ื•ื ื–ื•ื•ื™ืชื™
01:05
that was the sum of the particlesโ€™ angular momenta.
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ืฉื”ื™ื” ืกื›ื•ื ื”ืžื•ืžื ื˜ื” ื”ื–ื•ื•ื™ืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื.
01:09
So, despite the wild motion of its parts,
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ืœื›ืŸ, ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ื”ืคืจื•ืขื” ืฉืœ ื—ืœืงื™ื”,
01:12
the galaxy as a whole was rotating about an axis.
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ื”ื’ืœืงืกื™ื” ื›ื•ืœื” ื”ืกืชื•ื‘ื‘ื” ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืฆื™ืจ.
01:17
Meanwhile, the gas and dust particles frequently collided,
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ื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื, ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ ื”ื’ื– ื•ื”ืื‘ืง ื”ืชื ื’ืฉื• ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช,
01:21
losing some energy to heat.
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ื•ืื™ื‘ื“ื• ืงืฆืช ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืœื—ื•ื.
01:23
Because they slowed down,
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื ื”ืื˜ื•,
01:25
gravity was able to pull them closer to the galactic center.
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ื›ื•ื— ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื” ื”ืฆืœื™ื— ืœืžืฉื•ืš ืื•ืชื ืงืจื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืžืจื›ื– ื”ื’ืœืงื˜ื™.
01:29
So, why did the Milky Way, like most galaxies, become flat,
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ืื– ืžื“ื•ืข ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”ื—ืœื‘, ื›ืžื• ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื’ืœืงืกื™ื•ืช, ื”ืคื›ื” ืฉื˜ื•ื—ื”
01:33
and not spherical like stars and planets?
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ื•ืœื ื›ื“ื•ืจื™ืช ื›ืžื• ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ื•ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ ืœื›ืช?
01:37
The answer lies in its angular momentum.
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ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื˜ืžื•ื ื” ื‘ืžื•ืžื ื˜ื•ื ื”ื–ื•ื•ื™ืชื™ ืฉืœื”.
01:40
The laws of physics dictate that in the absence of external forces,
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ื—ื•ืงื™ ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ืงื” ืžื›ืชื™ื‘ื™ื ื›ื™ ื‘ื”ื™ืขื“ืจ ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื,
01:44
the total angular momentum of an object or system has to stay the same over time.
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ื”ืžื•ืžื ื˜ื•ื ื”ื–ื•ื•ื™ืชื™ ื”ื›ื•ืœืœ ืฉืœ ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ ืื• ืžืขืจื›ืช ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ืฉืืจ ื–ื”ื” ืœืื•ืจืš ื–ืžืŸ.
01:51
In a star or planet, the spinning material is so dense
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ื‘ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ืื• ื‘ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ืœื›ืช, ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ืžืกืชื•ื‘ื‘ ื›ื” ืฆืคื•ืฃ
01:55
that the outward pressure partners with gravity
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ืขื“ ืฉื”ืœื—ืฅ ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ ืžืฉืชืœื‘ ืขื ื›ื•ื— ื”ื›ื‘ื™ื“ื”
01:58
to create a mostly spherical shape.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืฆื•ืจื” ื›ื“ื•ืจื™ืช ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ.
02:01
But emerging galaxies tend to have low densities and high angular momenta,
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ืืš ื’ืœืงืกื™ื•ืช ืžืชืขื•ืจืจื•ืช ื ื•ื˜ื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืฆืคื™ืคื•ืช ื ืžื•ื›ื” ื•ืžื•ืžื ื˜ื” ื–ื•ื•ื™ืชื™ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”,
02:07
meaning that the spinning motion is a more significant factor
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ื”ืžืกืชื•ื‘ื‘ืช ื”ื™ื ื’ื•ืจื ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ
02:10
than the outward pressure.
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ืžื”ืœื—ืฅ ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™.
02:12
Indeed, if a galaxy has a lower angular momentum,
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ื•ืื›ืŸ, ืื ืœื’ืœืงืกื™ื” ื™ืฉ ืžื•ืžื ื˜ื•ื ื–ื•ื•ื™ืชื™ ื ืžื•ืš ื™ื•ืชืจ,
02:16
an egg shape can form.
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ื•ืฆืจ ืฆื•ืจืช ื‘ื™ืฆื”.
02:18
In galaxies like the Milky Way,
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ื‘ื’ืœืงืกื™ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”ื—ืœื‘,
02:20
particles, instead of falling directly towards the center,
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ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื, ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœื™ืคื•ืœ ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืžืจื›ื–,
02:24
tended to fall parallel to the axis of rotation,
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ื ื˜ื• ืœื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ืœืฆื™ืจ ื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ื‘,
02:28
as to keep the larger total angular momentum constant.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืžื•ืžื ื˜ื•ื ื”ื›ื•ืœืœ ื”ื–ื•ื•ื™ืชื™ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืงื‘ื•ืข.
02:32
Over billions of years the cloud of particles gradually fell,
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ื‘ืžืฉืš ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ื™ ืฉื ื™ื ืขื ืŸ ื”ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ื ืคืœ ื‘ื”ื“ืจื’ื”,
02:36
sped up in their orbits, and created a spinning disc.
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ื”ืื™ืฅ ื‘ืžืกืœื•ืœื ื•ื™ืฆืจ ื“ื™ืกืง ืžืกืชื•ื‘ื‘.
02:41
Now what about the arms?
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืžื” ืขื ื”ื–ืจื•ืขื•ืช?
02:43
Spiral arms, like the one Earth is in,
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ื–ืจื•ืขื•ืช ืกืคื™ืจืœื™ื•ืช, ื›ืžื• ืืœื” ืฉื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื ืžืฆื ื‘ื”ื,
02:45
are regions where stars and gas are packed more tightly together.
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ื”ืŸ ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ื•ื’ื– ืืจื•ื–ื™ื ื™ื—ื“ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื”ื“ื•ืงื” ื™ื•ืชืจ.
02:50
But the arms aren't static structures.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื–ืจื•ืขื•ืช ืื™ื ืŸ ืžื‘ื ื™ื ืกื˜ื˜ื™ื™ื.
02:53
They are caused by zones of compression that travel through the galaxy as waves.
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ื”ืŸ ื ื’ืจืžื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื–ื•ืจื™ ื“ื—ื™ืกื” ื”ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ื’ืœืงืกื™ื” ื›ื’ืœื™ื.
02:58
Just as a whirlpool has multiple peaks and troughs,
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ื›ืฉื ืฉืœืžืขืจื‘ื•ืœืช ื™ืฉ ืžืกืคืจ ืคืกื’ื•ืช ื•ืฉืงืชื•ืช,
03:02
a density wave in a galaxy has multiple regions of high densityโ€”
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ืœื’ืœ ืฆืคื™ืคื•ืช ื‘ื’ืœืงืกื™ื” ื™ืฉ ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืžืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ืฆืคื™ืคื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” -
03:06
the bright spiralsโ€” separated by regions of lower density.
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ื”ืกืคื™ืจืœื•ืช ื”ื‘ื”ื™ืจื•ืช - ืžื•ืคืจื“ื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ืฆืคื™ืคื•ืช ื ืžื•ื›ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ.
03:11
And as the wave travels,
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ื•ื›ืฉื”ื’ืœ ื ืข,
03:13
different stars are constantly entering and leaving the spirals.
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ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื ื›ื ืกื™ื ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื•ืขื•ื–ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ืกืคื™ืจืœื•ืช.
03:18
Density waves can form in several ways.
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ื’ืœื™ ืฆืคื™ืคื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ื•ืฆืจ ื‘ื›ืžื” ื“ืจื›ื™ื.
03:21
For some galaxies, a nearby companion galaxy stirs the pot.
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ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื›ืžื” ื’ืœืงืกื™ื•ืช, ื’ืœืงืกื™ื” ื ืœื•ื•ื™ืช ืกืžื•ื›ื” ืžืขืจื‘ื‘ืช ืืช ื”ืกื™ืจ.
03:26
Its gravitational pull breaks the discโ€™s symmetry,
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ืžืฉื™ื›ืช ื”ื›ื‘ื™ื“ื” ืฉืœื” ืฉื•ื‘ืจืช ืืช ื”ืกื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื™ืกืง,
03:30
generating a wave that could last for a billion years.
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ื•ื™ื•ืฆืจืช ื’ืœ ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ืžืฉืš ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืฉื ื™ื.
03:34
For other galaxies,
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ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื’ืœืงืกื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช,
03:35
the presence of a small clump of tightly packed stars and gas within the galaxy
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ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื’ื•ืฉ ืงื˜ืŸ ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ื•ื’ื– ืืจื•ื–ื™ื ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ื’ืœืงืกื™ื”
03:41
can have a ripple effect, spontaneously giving rise to a wave.
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขืœืช ืืคืงื˜ ืื“ื•ื•ื”, ื•ืœื”ื•ืœื™ื“ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืกืคื•ื ื˜ื ื™ ื’ืœ.
03:46
This is thought to be the cause of the Milky Way's spirals.
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ื–ื” ื ื—ืฉื‘ ื›ื’ื•ืจื ืœืกืคื™ืจืœื•ืช ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”ื—ืœื‘.
03:50
In both scenarios,
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ื‘ืฉื ื™ ื”ืชืจื—ื™ืฉื™ื,
03:52
the galaxyโ€™s overall rotation bends the dense region into spirals,
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ื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ื”ื›ืœืœื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื’ืœืงืกื™ื” ืžื›ื•ืคืฃ ืืช ื”ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ืฆืคื•ืฃ ืœืกืคื™ืจืœื•ืช,
03:57
which rotate around the galaxyโ€™s center.
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ื”ืžืกืชื•ื‘ื‘ื•ืช ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืžืจื›ื– ื”ื’ืœืงืกื™ื”.
04:00
Our solar system is orbiting the galactic center faster than the spiral arms.
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ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ ืฉืœื ื• ืžืงื™ืคื” ืืช ื”ืžืจื›ื– ื”ื’ืœืงื˜ื™ ืžื”ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื–ืจื•ืขื•ืช ื”ืกืคื™ืจืœื”.
04:05
Weโ€™ll be moving deeper into our current arm for millions of years
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ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืขืžื•ืง ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืชื•ืš ื”ื–ืจื•ืข ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ืช ืฉืœื ื• ื‘ืžืฉืš ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ืฉื ื™ื
04:09
before eventually putting it in our rearview mirror.
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ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื ื›ื ื™ืก ืื•ืชื” ืœืžืจืื” ื”ืื—ื•ืจื™ืช ืฉืœื ื•.
04:12
And recent observations have added another wrinkle to the picture.
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ื•ื”ืชืฆืคื™ื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื•ืกื™ืคื• ืงืžื˜ ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœืชืžื•ื ื”.
04:17
Rather than just one density wave,
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืจืง ื’ืœ ืฆืคื™ืคื•ืช ืื—ื“,
04:19
a typical spiral galaxy likely has two or more waves that overlap with each other
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ืœื’ืœืงืกื™ื” ืกืคื™ืจืœื™ืช ื˜ื™ืคื•ืกื™ืช ื™ืฉ ื›ื›ืœ ื”ื ืจืื” ืฉื ื™ ื’ืœื™ื ืื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื—ื•ืคืคื™ื ื–ื” ืขื ื–ื”
04:24
and travel at different speeds.
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ื•ื ืขื™ื ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช.
04:27
The result would be spiral arms that last for tens or hundreds of millions of years
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ื”ืชื•ืฆืื” ืชื”ื™ื” ื–ืจื•ืขื•ืช ืกืคื™ืจืœื™ื•ืช ืฉื ืžืฉื›ื•ืช ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืื• ืžืื•ืช ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ืฉื ื™ื
04:32
before breaking apart and re-forming.
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ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ืŸ ืžืชืคืจืงื•ืช ื•ื ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ืžื—ื“ืฉ.
04:35
This may be happening in the Milky Way,
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ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื–ื” ืงื•ืจื” ื‘ื“ืจืš ื”ื—ืœื‘,
04:38
meaning that when the Earth formed 4.5 billion years ago,
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ื›ืืฉืจ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื ื•ืฆืจ ืœืคื ื™ 4.5 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืฉื ื”,
04:42
the spirals themselves may have looked entirely different than they do today.
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ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื”ืกืคื™ืจืœื•ืช ืขืฆืžืŸ ื ืจืื• ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ืžืžื” ืฉื”ืŸ ื ืจืื•ืช ื›ื™ื•ื.
04:47
In any case, our spirals won't last forever.
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงืจื”, ื”ืกืคื™ืจืœื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ืœื ื™ื—ื–ื™ืงื• ืžืขืžื“ ืœื ืฆื—.
04:51
About 5 billion years from now,
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ื›-5 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืฉื ื” ืžื”ื™ื•ื,
04:53
the Milky Way will start to merge with the Andromeda galaxy,
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ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”ื—ืœื‘ ืชืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื”ืชืžื–ื’ ืขื ื’ืœืงืกื™ื™ืช ืื ื“ืจื•ืžื“ื”,
04:57
throwing off the balance of angular momentum and creating an egg shapeโ€”
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ืชื–ืจื•ืง ืืช ืžืื–ืŸ ื”ืžื•ืžื ื˜ื•ื ื”ื–ื•ื•ื™ืชื™ ื•ืชื™ืฆื•ืจ ืฆื•ืจืช ื‘ื™ืฆื” -
05:02
the birth of a new era in our galaxyโ€™s history.
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ืœื™ื“ืชื• ืฉืœ ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื—ื“ืฉ ื‘ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ื”ื’ืœืงืกื™ื” ืฉืœื ื•.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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