How life came to land - Tierney Thys

159,201 views ใƒป 2012-11-07

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

00:00
Transcriber: tom carter Reviewer: Bedirhan Cinar
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ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Mark Freehoff
00:20
(Stories from the Sea: How Life Came to Land)
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(ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ื™ื: ืื™ืš ื‘ืื• ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืœื™ื‘ืฉื”)
00:31
Life for my kind wasn't always this way.
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ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืœื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ืžืกื•ื’ื™ ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืชืžื™ื“ ื›ืš.
00:38
There was a time when no animals lived on land.
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ื”ื™ื” ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื›ืฉืืฃ ื—ื™ื” ืœื ื—ื™ื” ืขืœ ื”ื™ื‘ืฉื”.
00:46
All life was in the ocean.
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ื›ืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ื‘ื™ื.
00:50
The ocean's where all of us animals got our start,
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ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื”ื™ื• ื”ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื• ื›ืœ ื”ื—ื™ื•ืช ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื•,
00:54
more than half a billion years ago,
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ืœืคื ื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื—ืฆื™ ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืฉื ื™ื,
01:00
This is where all animal body types -- or phyla, as scientists call them -- first evolved.
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ืคื” ื›ืœ ืกื•ื’ื™ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ื•ืช -- ืื• ืคื™ื™ืœื”, ื›ืžื• ืฉืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœื–ื” -- ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•.
01:17
You know, there are more than 30 animal phyla,
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ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ื™ืฉ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž30 ืกื•ื’ื™ ืคื™ื™ืœื” ื—ื™ื™ืชื™ื™ื,
01:21
but only a handful of major ones had what it took to do something completely daring:
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ืื‘ืœ ืจืง ืœืžืขื˜ื™ื ื”ื™ื” ืžื” ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžืฉื”ื• ืžืืชื’ืจ ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ:
01:28
step out of the ocean, and on to dry land.
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ืœืฆืืช ืžื”ื™ื, ื•ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืœื™ื‘ืฉื”.
01:41
So, which of these land-dwelling phyla first invaded the land?
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ืื–, ืื™ื–ื” ืžื”ืคื™ื™ืœื•ืช ืฉื•ื›ื ื•ืช ื”ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืœืคืœื•ืฉ ืœื™ื‘ืฉื”?
01:49
Was it me and my mollusc friends, with our amazing mantles and single foot?
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ื”ืื ื”ื™ื• ืืœื” ืื ื™ ื•ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืจื›ื™ื›ื•ืช, ืขื ื”ืœื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ื•ื”ืจื’ืœ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื”?
02:01
Perhaps the chordate crowd, with their notochords, segmented muscles and big bony skeletons.
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ืื•ืœื™ ืงื”ืœ ื”ืžื™ื™ืชืจื ื™ื™ื, ื”ื ื•ื˜ื•ืงื•ืจื“ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื, ื”ืฉืจื™ืจื™ื ื”ืžืคื•ืฆืœื™ื ื”ืฉืœื“ ื•ื”ืขืฆืžื•ืช.
02:15
Or maybe those lowly annelid worms, with their powerful ringed bodies.
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ืื• ืื•ืœื™ ืชื•ืœืขื™ ื”ืื ืœื™ื“ ื”ืคืฉื•ื˜ื•ืช, ืขื ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ื˜ื‘ืขืชื™ ื”ื—ื–ืง ืฉืœื”ืŸ.
02:29
Or did the Arthropods first make landfall, with their little flexible suits of armor -- their exoskeleton?
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ืื• ืคืจื•ืงื™ ื”ืจื’ืœื™ื ืขืœื• ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืœืื“ืžื”, ืขื ื—ืœื™ืคื•ืช ื”ืฉืจื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื’ืžื™ืฉื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื -- ื”ืฉืœื“ ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ ืฉืœื”ื?
02:40
Ah, yes. The arthropods.
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ืื”, ื›ืŸ. ืคืจื•ืงื™ ื”ืจื’ืœื™ื™ื.
02:46
From crustaceans to millipedes, spiders to insects,
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ืžืกืจื˜ื ื™ื ืœืจื‘ื™ ืจื’ืœื™ื™ื, ืขื›ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื ื•ื—ืจืงื™ื,
02:51
the arthropods outnumber all animals on land.
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ืคืจื•ืงื™ ื”ืจื’ืœื™ื ื”ืชืขืœื• ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื”ื—ื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืื“ืžื”.
03:02
So what's their secret?
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ืื– ืžื” ื”ืกื•ื“ ืฉืœื”ื?
03:05
Their exoskeleton is key, but here's the real kicker: jointed appendages.
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ื”ืฉืœื“ ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ ืฉืœื”ื ื”ื•ื ื”ืžืคืชื—, ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ื” ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืืžืช: ื’ืคื™ื™ื ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจื•ืช.
03:13
They're like little living Swiss army knives:
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ื”ื ื›ืžื• ืื•ืœืจ ืฉื•ื•ื™ืฆืจื™ ืงื˜ืŸ:
03:16
antennae, multiple mouth parts, an obscene number of legs, if you ask me.
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ืื ื˜ื ื•ืช, ื—ืœืงื™ ืคื” ืžืจื•ื‘ื™ื, ืžืกืคืจ ืžื’ื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ืจื’ืœื™ื, ืื ืชืฉืืœื• ืื•ืชื™.
03:25
There's one group of arthropods -- the insects --
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ื™ืฉ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืื—ืช ืฉืœ ืคืจื•ืงื™ ืจื’ืœื™ื -- ื”ื—ืจืงื™ื --
03:29
that really rule the land.
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ืฉื‘ืืžืช ืฉื•ืœื˜ื™ื ื‘ื™ื‘ืฉื”.
03:32
Three body parts, six legs, and an annoying tendency to take over.
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ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื—ืœืงื™ ื’ื•ืฃ, ืฉืฉ ืจื’ืœื™ื, ื•ื ื˜ื™ื™ื” ืžืขืฆื‘ื ืช ืœื”ืฉืชืœื˜.
03:43
Sure, they have to molt to grow, but that doesn't seem to pose a problem.
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ื‘ื˜ื—, ื”ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืฉื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืขื•ืจ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื’ื“ื•ืœ, ืื‘ืœ ืœื ื ืจืื” ืฉื–ื” ืžืฆื™ื‘ ื‘ืขื™ื”.
03:49
The insects even invented the first wings, and conquered the skies.
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ื”ื—ืจืงื™ื ืืคื™ืœื• ื”ืžืฆื™ืื• ืืช ื”ื›ื ืคื™ื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช, ื•ื›ื‘ืฉื• ืืช ื”ืฉืžื™ื™ื.
03:56
Ah, well. So what if arthropods were the first to reach land
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ืื”, ื ื•. ืื– ืžื” ืื ืคืจื•ืงื™ ื”ืจื’ืœื™ื ื”ื™ื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื™ื‘ืฉื”
04:01
and invent flight, a hundred million years before the rest of us?
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ื•ื”ืžืฆื™ืื• ืืช ื”ื˜ื™ืกื”, ืžืื” ืžืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื ื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ื›ื•ืœื ื•?
04:07
So what if they pollinate crops around the world,
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ืื– ืžื” ืื ื”ื ืžืื‘ื™ืงื™ื ืืช ื”ื™ื‘ื•ืœื™ื ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœืขื•ืœื,
04:10
and make up 75% of all land animal species?
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ื•ื”ื 75% ืžื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ื”ื—ื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ื‘ื™ื‘ืฉื”?
04:14
And that for every single human, there's 200 million of them?
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ื•ืฉืขืœ ื›ืœ ืื“ื ื‘ื•ื“ื“ ื™ืฉ 200 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืžื”ื?
04:21
Sure, those leggy arthropods may still be in the lead when it comes to conquering land,
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ื›ืŸ, ืคืจื•ืงื™ ื”ืจื’ืœื™ื™ื ืื•ืœื™ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื™ื ื›ืฉื–ื” ืžื’ื™ืข ืœื›ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ื”ืื“ืžื”,
04:27
but we still rule in the sea.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ืœื˜ื™ื ื‘ื™ื.
04:33
There are more species of molluscs in the ocean than any other animal phylum.
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ื™ืฉ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืจื›ื™ื›ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื ืžื›ืœ ืคื™ืœื•ื ื—ื™ื™ืชื™ ืื—ืจ.
04:47
We're just getting started up here on land.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืจืง ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืคื” ืœืžืขืœื” ืขืœ ื”ื™ื‘ืฉื”.
04:52
Besides, the seas are rising. Just give us some time.
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ื—ื•ืฅ ืžื–ื”, ื”ื™ืžื™ื ืขื•ืœื™ื. ืจืง ืชื ื• ืœื ื• ืงืฆืช ื–ืžืŸ.
04:59
Who knows who'll end up ruling this ocean planet?
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ืžื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข ืžื™ ื™ืฉืœื•ื˜ ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ืคืœื ื˜ืช ื”ื™ื ื”ื–ื•?
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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