Does planting trees actually cool the planet? - Carolyn Beans

521,923 views ใƒป 2023-12-19

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: zeeva livshitz ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Ido Dekkers
00:07
In the fight to curb climate change,
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ื‘ืžืื‘ืง ืœืจื™ืกื•ืŸ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ื”ืืงืœื™ื,
00:09
there are few solutions more discussed than planting lots and lots of trees.
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ื™ืฉื ื ืžืขื˜ ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื ื“ื•ื ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืฉืจ ืฉืชื™ืœืช ื”ืจื‘ื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ืขืฆื™ื.
00:15
It sounds simple enoughโ€” trees absorb CO2 from the atmosphere to grow,
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ื–ื” ื ืฉืžืข ื“ื™ ืคืฉื•ื˜ - ืขืฆื™ื ืกื•ืคื’ื™ื CO2 ืžื”ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื’ื“ื•ืœ,
00:20
so planting more of them should help eliminate greenhouse gases.
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืฉืชื™ืœืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ื ืืžื•ืจื” ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื—ืกืœ ื’ื–ื™ ื—ืžืžื”.
00:24
The trouble is, tree planting efforts don't always work as planned.
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ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉืžืืžืฆื™ ื ื˜ื™ืขืช ืขืฆื™ื ืœื ืชืžื™ื“ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื›ืžืชื•ื›ื ืŸ.
00:30
For example, between 1974 and 2012,
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ื‘ื™ืŸ 1974 ืœ -2012
00:33
the Chilean government helped fund the planting
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ืกื™ื™ืขื” ืžืžืฉืœืช ืฆ'ื™ืœื” ื‘ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ื ื˜ื™ืขืช
00:35
of over a million hectares of new trees.
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ืœืžืขืœื” ืžืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื•ื ื ืฉืœ ืขืฆื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื.
00:40
Yet a recent analysis suggests this multi-million dollar effort
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ืขื ื–ืืช, ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืฉื ืขืจืš ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืžืฆื‘ื™ืข ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉืžืืžืฅ ื–ื” ืฉืœ ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ื“ื•ืœืจื™ื
00:44
resulted in no major carbon storage gains.
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ืœื ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืจื•ื•ื—ื™ ืื—ืกื•ืŸ ืคื—ืžืŸ ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื.
00:47
What went wrong?
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ืžื” ื”ืฉืชื‘ืฉ?
00:51
Chile focused on afforestation:
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ืฆ'ื™ืœื” ื”ืชืžืงื“ื” ื‘ื™ื™ืขื•ืจ:
00:53
the planting of trees in places long devoid ofโ€” or never home toโ€” any forest,
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ื ื˜ื™ืขืช ืขืฆื™ื ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ืžื–ืžืŸ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื”ื - ืื• ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื”ื - ื™ืขืจ ื›ืœืฉื”ื•,
00:59
as opposed to reforestation,
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ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœื™ืขื•ืจ ืžื—ื“ืฉ,
01:01
the practice of restoring recently degraded forests.
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ื”ื ื•ื”ื’ ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืงื•ื ื™ืขืจื•ืช ื ืคื•ืœื™ื ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื”.
01:06
Many governments and international organizations champion afforestation
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ืžืžืฉืœื•ืช ื•ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืชื•ืžื›ื™ื ื‘ื™ื™ืขื•ืจ
01:11
in their efforts to meet lofty tree planting goals
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ื‘ืžืืžืฆื™ื”ื ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ื™ืขื“ื™ ื ื˜ื™ืขืช ืขืฆื™ื ื ืฉื’ื‘ื™ื
01:14
that require massive amounts of land.
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ื”ื“ื•ืจืฉื™ื ื›ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืื“ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื“ืžื”.
01:17
The Bonn Challenge, launched in 2011 by the German government
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ืืชื’ืจ ื‘ื•ืŸ, ืฉื”ื•ืฉืง ื‘ืฉื ืช 2011 ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืžืฉืœืช ื’ืจืžื ื™ื”
01:21
and the International Union for Conservation of Nature,
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ื•ื”ืื™ื’ื•ื“ ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืจ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข,
01:25
aims to restore 350 million hectares of degraded land
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ื ื•ืขื“ ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ 350 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื•ื ื ืฉืœ ืงืจืงืข ื™ืจื•ื“ื”
01:30
across the globe by 2030,
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ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืขื“ ืฉื ืช 2030,
01:32
in part through afforestation.
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื™ื™ืขื•ืจ.
01:35
Many companies have also seized on tree planting to offset emissions
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ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ืžืฆืื• ื’ื ื ื˜ื™ืขืช ืขืฆื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื–ื– ืคืœื™ื˜ื•ืช,
01:40
and, in some cases, negative PR from their contributions to the climate emergency.
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ื•ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื, ื™ื—ืกื™ ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืฉืœื™ืœื™ื™ื ืžืชืจื•ืžืชื ืœืžืฆื‘ ื”ื—ื™ืจื•ื ื”ืืงืœื™ืžื™.
01:46
A 2021 Oxfam analysis found that the area needed to match the tree planting goals
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ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืื•ืงืกืคื ืžืฉื ืช 2021 ืžืฆื ื›ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื— ื”ื“ืจื•ืฉ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชืื™ื ืœื™ืขื“ื™ ื ื˜ื™ืขืช ื”ืขืฆื™ื
01:52
set by four of the largest oil and gas producers
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ืฉืงื‘ืขื• ืืจื‘ืขื” ืžื™ืฆืจื ื™ ื”ื ืคื˜ ื•ื”ื’ื– ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
01:55
would require land twice the size of the UK.
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ื™ื“ืจื•ืฉ ืงืจืงืข ื›ืคื•ืœื” ืžื’ื•ื“ืœ ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื”.
02:00
Here's where things get complicated.
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ื›ืืŸ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืกืชื‘ื›ื™ื.
02:03
In order to be a long-term carbon sink,
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ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืœื•ื›ื“ื™ ืคื—ืžืŸ ืœื˜ื•ื•ื— ืืจื•ืš,
02:06
trees need to grow to maturity and stay put.
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ืขืฆื™ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื’ื“ื•ืœ ืœื‘ื’ืจื•ืช ื•ืœื”ื™ืฉืืจ ื‘ืžืงื•ื.
02:10
Most of Chile's afforestation funding went to the commercial forestry industry,
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ืจื•ื‘ ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืขื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืฆ'ื™ืœื” ื”ืœืš ืœืชืขืฉื™ื™ืช ื”ื™ืขืจื•ืช ื”ืžืกื—ืจื™ืช,
02:16
which drastically expanded plantations of mostly non-native treesโ€”
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ืฉื”ืจื—ื™ื‘ื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื“ืจืกื˜ื™ ืžื˜ืขื™ื ืฉืœ ืขืฆื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื ืžืงื•ืžื™ื™ื ื‘ืจื•ื‘ื -
02:21
in some cases even by plowing into native forests.
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ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ืืคื™ืœื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ืจื™ืชืช ื™ืขืจื•ืช ืžืงื•ืžื™ื™ื.
02:26
According to one study, on average,
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ืขืœ ืคื™ ืžื—ืงืจ ืื—ื“, ื‘ืžืžื•ืฆืข,
02:28
natural forests are 40 times better at carbon storage than plantations.
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ื™ืขืจื•ืช ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ืคื™ 40 ื‘ืื’ื™ืจืช ืคื—ืžืŸ ืžืืฉืจ ืžื˜ืขื™ื.
02:34
A mature tree can absorb up to 22 kilograms of carbon dioxide each year.
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ืขืฅ ื‘ื•ื’ืจ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืกืคื•ื’ ืขื“ 22 ืง"ื’ ืคื—ืžืŸ ื“ื• ื—ืžืฆื ื™ ืžื“ื™ ืฉื ื”.
02:40
But plantation trees are harvested.
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ืื‘ืœ ืขืฆื™ ืžื˜ืข ื ืงืฆืจื™ื.
02:43
Further, pine and eucalyptusโ€” two commonly grown plantation treesโ€”
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ื™ืชืจ ืขืœ ื›ืŸ, ืื•ืจืŸ ื•ืืงืœื™ืคื˜ื•ืก - ืฉื ื™ ืขืฆื™ ืžื˜ืข ื”ื’ื“ืœื™ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ -
02:47
are highly flammable,
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ื”ื ื“ืœื™ืงื™ื ืžืื•ื“,
02:49
so gains in carbon storage can quickly go up in smoke.
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ื›ืš ืฉืจื•ื•ื—ื™ื ื‘ืื’ื™ืจืช ืคื—ืžืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืœื•ืช ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ืขืฉืŸ.
02:54
And not all land should be forested.
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ื•ืœื ื›ืœ ื”ืื“ืžื” ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื™ื•ืขืจืช.
02:56
In 2019, researchers estimated that, of the 100 million hectares of land
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ื‘ืฉื ืช 2019 ื”ืขืจื™ื›ื• ื”ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื›ื™ ืžืชื•ืš 100 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื•ื ื ืงืจืงืข
03:01
targeted for a tree planting initiative in Africa,
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ื”ืžื™ื•ืขื“ื™ื ืœื™ื•ื–ืžืช ื ื˜ื™ืขืช ืขืฆื™ื ื‘ืืคืจื™ืงื”,
03:04
most is savanna.
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ืจื•ื‘ื ืกื•ื•ืื ื”.
03:07
Dropping trees into Africaโ€™s savannas threatens wildlife
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ื”ื˜ืœืช ืขืฆื™ื ืœืกื•ื•ืื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืืคืจื™ืงื” ืžืื™ื™ืžืช ืขืœ ื—ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืจ
03:10
that thrive in sunlight and open spaces.
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ื”ืžืฉื’ืฉื’ื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืจ ื”ืฉืžืฉ ื•ื‘ืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ืคืชื•ื—ื™ื.
03:14
And wildfires, not to mention a passing elephant,
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ื•ืฉืจื™ืคื•ืช ื™ืขืจ, ืฉืœื ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืคื™ืœ ื—ื•ืœืฃ,
03:17
can quickly stomp out years of tree growth.
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœืจืžื•ืก ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืฆืžื™ื—ืช ืขืฆื™ื.
03:21
Meanwhile, a savannaโ€™s natural vegetation tucks most of its carbon
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ื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื, ื”ืฆืžื—ื™ื™ื” ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช ืฉืœ ืกื•ื•ืื ื” ืชื•ื—ื‘ืช ืืช ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืคื—ืžืŸ ืฉืœื”
03:26
safely away below ground,
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ื‘ื‘ื˜ื—ื” ืžืชื—ืช ืœืื“ืžื”,
03:28
where itโ€™s protected from fire and hungry herbivores.
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ืฉื ื”ื•ื ืžื•ื’ืŸ ืžืคื ื™ ืืฉ ื•ืื•ื›ืœื™ ืขืฉื‘ ืจืขื‘ื™ื.
03:33
Planting trees can also have unintended consequences
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ืœืฉืชื™ืœืช ืขืฆื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ืœื ืžื›ื•ื•ื ื•ืช
03:36
in places that naturally reflect sunlight
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ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืงืคื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ืื•ืจ ืฉืžืฉ
03:38
like drylands or snowy terrain.
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ื›ืžื• ืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ื™ื‘ืฉื™ื ืื• ืฉื˜ื— ืžื•ืฉืœื’.
03:41
Trees in these regions could absorb more of the Sunโ€™s rays,
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ืขืฆื™ื ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืืœื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืกืคื•ื’ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืงืจื ื™ ื”ืฉืžืฉ,
03:45
contributing to a warmer planet.
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ื•ืœืชืจื•ื ืœื›ื•ื›ื‘ ืœื›ืช ื—ื ื™ื•ืชืจ.
03:47
Itโ€™s not that we shouldnโ€™t plant more trees.
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ื–ื” ืœื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื˜ืขืช ืขื•ื“ ืขืฆื™ื.
03:50
But for the best chance of success,
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ืืš ืœืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื”ืฆืœื—ื”,
03:52
programs should consider which species to plant, which lands to forest,
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ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืฆืจื™ื›ื•ืช ืœืฉืงื•ืœ ืื™ืœื• ืžื™ื ื™ื ืœืฉืชื•ืœ, ืื™ืœื• ืื“ืžื•ืช ืœื™ืขืจ
03:56
and how to protect the land long-term.
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ื•ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืื“ืžื” ืœื˜ื•ื•ื— ื”ืืจื•ืš.
03:59
Today, Chile is prioritizing planting native trees
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ื›ื™ื•ื, ืฆ'ื™ืœื” ื ื•ืชื ืช ืขื“ื™ืคื•ืช ืœืฉืชื™ืœืช ืขืฆื™ื ืžืงื•ืžื™ื™ื
04:03
rather than timber plantations.
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ื•ืœื ืžื˜ืขื™ ืขืฅ.
04:05
Some researchers argue that a more efficient way to re-green the planet
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ื›ืžื” ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื˜ื•ืขื ื™ื ื›ื™ ื“ืจืš ื™ืขื™ืœื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื™ืจื•ืง ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืœื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ
04:09
is to protect forests and let nature do the work.
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ื”ื™ื ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ื™ืขืจื•ืช ื•ืœืชืช ืœื˜ื‘ืข ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”.
04:13
On recently deforested land,
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ืขืœ ืื“ืžื•ืช ืฉื ื›ืจืชื• ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื”
04:16
seeds wait in soil and new sprouts grow from old stumps.
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ื–ืจืขื™ื ืžืžืชื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืื“ืžื” ื•ื ื‘ื˜ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืฆื•ืžื—ื™ื ืžื’ื“ืžื™ื ื™ืฉืŸ.
04:20
As time passes, birds and winds deliver seeds from forests nearby.
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ื›ื›ืœ ืฉืขื•ื‘ืจ ื”ื–ืžืŸ, ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื•ืจื•ื—ื•ืช ืžืกืคืงื•ืช ื–ืจืขื™ื ืžื”ื™ืขืจื•ืช ื”ืกืžื•ื›ื™ื.
04:25
Others support programs that practice assisted natural regenerationโ€”
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ืื—ืจื™ื ืชื•ืžื›ื™ื ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืชืจื’ืœื•ืช ื”ืชื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช ืžืกื™ื™ืขืช -
04:31
helping nature along by removing grasses that compete with saplings,
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ืขื–ืจื” ืœื˜ื‘ืข ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืกืจืช ืขืฉื‘ื™ื ื”ืžืชื—ืจื™ื ื‘ืฉืชื™ืœื™ื,
04:35
preventing grazing, and even planting trees in small patches.
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ืžื ื™ืขืช ืžืจืขื” ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ื ื˜ื™ืขืช ืขืฆื™ื ื‘ื˜ืœืื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื.
04:40
So when is it bad to plant trees?
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ืื– ืžืชื™ ื–ื” ืจืข ืœืฉืชื•ืœ ืขืฆื™ื?
04:43
When programs put the wrong trees in the wrong places.
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ื›ืืฉืจ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืžืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืขืฆื™ื ื”ืœื ื ื›ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืœื ื ื›ื•ื ื™ื.
04:47
Itโ€™s bad when itโ€™s mistakenly used as a catch-all solution,
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ื–ื” ืจืข ื›ืืฉืจ ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื”ื ื‘ื˜ืขื•ืช ื›ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ื›ื•ืœืœ,
04:50
rather than addressing more complex issues like carbon emissions
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœื˜ืคืœ ื‘ืกื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ืžื• ืคืœื™ื˜ืช ืคื—ืžืŸ
04:54
and active deforestation.
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ื•ื›ืจื™ืชืช ื™ืขืจื•ืช ืคืขื™ืœื”.
04:57
Itโ€™s also bad to plant trees when it allows companies and governments
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ื–ื” ื’ื ืจืข ืœืฉืชื•ืœ ืขืฆื™ื ื›ืฉื–ื” ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื•ืœืžืžืฉืœื•ืช
05:00
to practice greenwashing,
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ืœืชืจื’ืœ ืฉื˜ื™ืคื” ื™ืจื•ืงื”,
05:03
throwing money at initiatives that have no real chance of achieving
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ืœื–ืจื•ืง ื›ืกืฃ ืขืœ ื™ื•ื–ืžื•ืช ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื”ืŸ ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืืžื™ืชื™ ืœื”ืฉื™ื’
05:06
the carbon offsets they promise.
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ืืช ืงื™ื–ื•ื–ื™ ื”ืคื—ืžืŸ ืฉื”ื ืžื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื™ื.
05:09
The best investments in a greener future are to cut carbon emissions,
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ื”ื”ืฉืงืขื•ืช ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืขืชื™ื“ ื™ืจื•ืง ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ืŸ ืฆืžืฆื•ื ืคืœื™ื˜ืช ื”ืคื—ืžืŸ,
05:13
while protecting these forests from being destroyed in the first place.
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ืชื•ืš ื”ื’ื ื” ืขืœ ื”ื™ืขืจื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ืžืคื ื™ ื”ืจืก ืžืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื”.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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