How giant sea creatures eat tiny sea creatures - Kelly Benoit-Bird

65,795 views ใƒป 2013-05-09

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

00:00
Transcriber: Andrea McDonough Reviewer: Jessica Ruby
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ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Sigal Tifferet
00:14
One of the reasons that I'm fascinated by the ocean
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ืื—ืช ื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœื›ืš ืฉืื ื™ ืžื•ืงืกืžืช ืžื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก
00:17
is that it's really an alien world on our own planet.
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ื”ื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ืืžืช ืขื•ืœื ื—ื™ื™ื–ืจื™ ืขืœ ื”ืคืœื ื˜ื” ืฉืœื ื•.
00:20
From our perspective,
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ืžื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืจืื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•,
00:21
sitting on the shoreline or even out on a boat,
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ื›ืฉื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื—ื•ืฃ ืื• ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ืกื™ืจื”,
00:24
we're given only the tiniest glimpses
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืจืง ื”ืฆืฆื” ืžื–ืขืจื™ืช
00:25
at the real action that's happening
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ื‘ืžื” ืฉื‘ืืžืช ืงื•ืจื”
00:27
beneath the surface of the waves.
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ืžืชื—ืช ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื’ืœื™ื.
00:30
And even if you were able to go down there,
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ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืื ื”ื™ื™ืชื ื™ื•ืจื“ื™ื ืœืฉื,
00:32
you wouldn't see very much
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ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื”
00:33
because light doesn't travel very far in the ocean.
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืื•ืจ ืœื ื—ื•ื“ืจ ืขืžื•ืง ื‘ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก.
00:36
So, to answer questions about how the ocean works,
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ืื– ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืกื™ื ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื,
00:37
in my research, we use sound.
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ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉืœื™, ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืงื•ืœ.
00:40
We use sonars that send out pulses of sound
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืกื•ื ืืจื™ื ืฉืฉื•ืœื—ื™ื ืคื•ืœืกื™ื ืฉืœ ืงื•ืœ
00:42
made up of a number of different frequencies, or pitches,
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ืฉืขืฉื•ื™ ืžืžืกืคืจ ืชื“ืจื™ื ืื• ื’ื‘ื”ื™ื
00:45
that are shown with different colors.
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ืฉื ืจืื™ื ื‘ืฆื‘ืขื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื.
00:47
That sound bounces off things in the habitat
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ื”ืฆืœื™ืœื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื—ื•ื–ืจื™ื ืžื—ืคืฆื™ื ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”
00:49
and comes back to us.
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ื•ื—ื•ื–ืจื™ื ืืœื™ื ื•.
00:51
If it were to bounce off this dolphin,
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ืื ื”ื ื—ื•ื–ืจื™ื ืžื“ื•ืœืคื™ืŸ,
00:53
the signal we got back
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ื”ืื•ืช ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื
00:54
would look very much like the one we sent out
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ื™ืจืื” ื“ื•ืžื” ืžืื•ื“ ืœื–ื” ืฉื ืฉืœื—
00:56
where all the colors are represented pretty evenly.
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ื‘ื• ื›ืœ ื”ืฆื‘ืขื™ื ืžื™ื•ืฆื’ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื•ื•ื”.
00:59
However, if we were to bounce
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ืขื ื–ืืช, ืื ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฉื•ืœื—ื™ื
01:00
that same sound off of a squid,
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ืืช ืื•ืชื• ืฆืœื™ืœ ื•ืคื•ื’ืขื™ื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ื ื•ืŸ,
01:02
which in this case is about the same size as that dolphin,
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ืฉื‘ืžืงืจื” ื”ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ื‘ืขืจืš ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื›ืžื• ื“ื•ืœืคื™ืŸ,
01:05
we'd instead only get the lowest frequencies back strongly,
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ื ืงื‘ืœ ืจืง ืืช ืชื“ืจื™ื ื ืžื•ื›ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืฆืžื” ื—ื–ืงื”,
01:08
shown here in the red.
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ืฉื ืจืื™ื ืคื” ื‘ืื“ื•ื.
01:10
And if we were to look at the prey of that squid,
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ื•ืื ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืžื‘ื™ื˜ื™ื ื‘ื˜ืจืฃ ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื™ื•ื ื•ืŸ,
01:12
the tiny little krill that they're eating,
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ื”ืงืจื™ืœ ื”ื–ืขื™ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื ืื•ื›ืœื™ื,
01:14
we would instead only get the highest frequencies back.
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ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ื—ื–ืจื” ืืช ื”ืชื“ืจื™ื ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
01:17
And so by looking at this,
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ื•ื›ืš ื‘ืžื‘ื˜
01:18
we can tell what kinds of animals are in the ocean,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ืื™ืœื• ื—ื™ื•ืช ื ืžืฆืื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก,
01:21
we can look at how dense they are,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ื›ืžื” ื”ืŸ ืฆืคื•ืคื•ืช,
01:22
where they are distributed,
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ืื™ืคื” ื”ืŸ ื ืžืฆืื•ืช,
01:23
look at their interactions
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ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื‘ื™ื ื”ืŸ
01:24
and even their behavior
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ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืืช ื”ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ืŸ
01:26
to start to study the ecology of the ocean.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก.
01:29
When we do that, we come up with
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ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืืช ื–ื”, ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื
01:30
something sort of surprising:
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ืžืฉื”ื• ื“ื™ ืžืคืชื™ืข:
01:32
on average, there isn't very much food in the ocean.
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ื‘ืžืžื•ืฆืข, ืื™ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืื•ื›ืœ ื‘ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก.
01:35
So even in places which we think of as rich, the coasts,
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ืื– ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื”ื ืขืฉื™ืจื™ื, ื”ื—ื•ืคื™ื,
01:38
we're talking about two parts of every million contain food.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ืฉื ื™ ื—ืœืงื™ื ืžืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืžื›ื™ืœื™ื ืื•ื›ืœ.
01:42
So what does that mean?
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ืื– ืžื” ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ?
01:44
Well, that means that in the volume of this theater,
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื‘ื ืคื— ื”ืื•ืœื ื”ื–ื”,
01:46
there would be one tub of movie theater popcorn
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ืชื”ื™ื” ืงื•ืคืกืช ืคื•ืคืงื•ืจืŸ ืื—ืช ืฉืœ ืงื•ืœื ื•ืข
01:48
available to be eaten.
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ื–ืžื™ื ื” ืœืžืื›ืœ.
01:50
But of course, it wouldn't be collected
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ื–ื” ืœื ื™ืืกืฃ
01:52
for you neatly in this bucket.
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ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื›ื ื™ืคื” ื‘ืงื•ืคืกื” ื”ื–ื•.
01:53
Instead, you'd actually have to be swimming
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื, ืืชื ืชืฆื˜ืจื›ื• ืœืžืขืฉื” ืœืฉื—ื•ืช
01:55
through this entire volume Willy Wonka style,
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ื“ืจืš ื›ืœ ื”ื ืคื— ื”ื–ื” ื‘ืกื™ื’ื ื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืœื™ ื•ื•ื ืงื”,
01:57
picking off individual kernels of popcorn,
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ื•ืœืืกื•ืฃ ืคืชื™ืชื™ื ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื™ื ืฉืœ ืคื•ืคืงื•ืจืŸ,
02:00
or perhaps if you were lucky,
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ืื• ืื ืชื”ื™ื• ืžืžืฉ ื‘ืจื™ ืžื–ืœ,
02:01
getting a hold of a few small clumps.
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ืชืชืคืกื• ื›ืžื” ื’ื•ืฉื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื.
02:04
But, of course, if you were in the ocean,
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ืื‘ืœ, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ืื ื”ื™ื™ืชื ื‘ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก,
02:06
this popcorn wouldn't be sitting here
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ื”ืคื•ืคืงื•ืจืŸ ื”ื–ื” ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ืคื”
02:07
waiting for you to eat it.
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ืžื—ื›ื” ืฉืชืื›ืœื• ืื•ืชื•.
02:09
It would, instead, be trying to avoid becoming your dinner.
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ืืœื ื”ื•ื ื™ื ืกื” ืœื”ืชื—ืžืง ืžืœื”ืคื•ืš ืœืืจื•ื—ืช ื”ืขืจื‘ ืฉืœื›ื.
02:12
So I want to know how do animals solve this challenge?
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ืื– ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื“ืขืช ืื™ืš ื—ื™ื•ืช ืคื•ืชืจื•ืช ืืช ื”ืืชื’ืจ?
02:16
We're going to talk about animals in the Bering Sea.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื—ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืจื™ื ื’.
02:19
This is where you may have see "Deadliest Catch" framed,
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ืฉื ืžืฆื•ืœืžืช ื”ืกื“ืจื” "ื”ืฉืœืœ ื”ื›ื™ ืงื˜ืœื ื™",
02:21
in the northernmost part of the Pacific Ocean.
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ื‘ื—ืœืง ื”ื›ื™ ืฆืคื•ื ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ื”ืคืกื™ืคื™.
02:23
We've been looking specifically at krill,
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ื—ื™ืคืฉื ื• ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ืช ืืช ื”ืงืจื™ืœ,
02:25
one of the most important food items in this habitat.
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ืื—ื“ ืžืคืจื™ื˜ื™ ื”ืื•ื›ืœ ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”.
02:28
These half-inch long shrimp-like critters
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ื”ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื“ื•ืžื™ื ืœืฉืจื™ืžืคืก ื‘ืื•ืจืš ืกื ื˜ื™ืžื˜ืจ,
02:30
are about the caloric equivalent
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ื•ื”ื ืฉื•ื•ื™ ื”ืขืจืš ื”ืงืœื•ืจื™ื™ื
02:31
of a heavily buttered kernel of popcorn.
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ืฉืœ ืคื•ืคืงื•ืจืŸ ืื—ื“ ืขื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื—ืžืื”.
02:34
And they're eaten by everything
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ื•ื”ื ื ืื›ืœื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ื•ืœื
02:35
from birds and fur seals that pick them up one at a time
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ืžืฆื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื•ืืจื™ื•ืช ื™ื ืฉืื•ืกืคื™ื ืื•ืชื ืื—ื“ ืื—ื“
02:38
to large whales that engulf them in huge mouthfuls.
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ืขื“ ืœื•ื™ื™ืชื ื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืฉื‘ื•ืœืขื™ื ืื•ืชื ืžืœื•ื ื”ืคื”.
02:41
So I'm going to focus in the area
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ืื– ืื ื™ ืืชืžืงื“ ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ
02:42
around three breeding colonies for birds and fur seals
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ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœืžื•ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื•ืืจื™ื•ืช ื™ื ืคืจื•ื•ืชื™ื™ื™ื
02:45
in the southeastern Bering Sea.
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ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ืžื–ืจื— ื™ื ื‘ืจื™ื ื’.
02:48
And this is a map of that habitat
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ื•ื–ื• ืžืคื” ืฉืœ ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ืžื—ื™ื”
02:49
that we made making maps of food
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ืฉืขืฉื™ื ื• ื›ืฉื™ืฆืจื ื• ืžืคื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื•ื›ืœ
02:51
the way we've always made maps of food.
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ื‘ืื•ืชื” ื“ืจืš ืฉืชืžื™ื“ ืขืฉื™ื ื• ืžืคื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื–ื•ืŸ.
02:53
This is how many krill are in this area of the ocean.
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ื–ื” ื›ืžื” ืงืจื™ืœ ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก.
02:57
Red areas represent lots of krill
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ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืื“ื•ืžื™ื ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืงืจื™ืœ
02:58
and purple basically none.
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ื•ื‘ืกื’ื•ืœื™ื ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื›ืœืœ.
03:00
And you can see that around the northern two most islands,
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ื•ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœืฉื ื™ ื”ืื™ื™ื ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™ื™ื,
03:03
which are highlighted with white circles
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ืฉืžืกื•ืžื ื™ื ืคื” ืขื ืขื™ื’ื•ืœื™ื ืœื‘ื ื™ื
03:04
because they are so tiny,
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืงื˜ื ื™ื,
03:06
it looks like there's a lot of food to be eaten.
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ื–ื” ื ืจืื” ื›ืื™ืœื• ื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืื•ื›ืœ ืœืื›ื•ืœ.
03:08
And yet, the fur seals and birds on these islands
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ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ, ื›ืœื‘ื™ ื”ื™ื ื”ืคืจื•ื•ืชื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืื™ื™ื ื”ืืœื”
03:11
are crashing.
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ืžืชืจืกืงื™ื.
03:12
Their populations are declining
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ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ื‘ื ืกื™ื’ื”
03:14
despite decades of protection.
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื ื”.
03:16
And while on that southern island
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ื•ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืขืœ ื”ืื™ื™ื ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™ื™ื
03:17
at the very bottom of the screen
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ื‘ื—ืœืง ื”ืชื—ืชื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืกืš
03:18
it doesn't look like there's anything to eat,
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ืœื ื ืจืื” ื›ืื™ืœื• ื™ืฉ ืžื” ืœืื›ื•ืœ,
03:20
those populations are doing incredibly well.
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ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ืžืžืฉ ืžืฆืœื™ื—ื•ืช.
03:23
So this left us with a dilemma.
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ืื– ื–ื” ื”ืฉืื™ืจ ืื•ืชื ื• ืขื ื“ื™ืœืžื”.
03:25
Our observations of food don't make any sense
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ื”ืื‘ื—ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืื•ื›ืœ ืœื ื”ื™ื• ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ืช
03:27
in the context of our observations of these animals.
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ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืชืฆืคื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ืขืœ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืืœื”.
03:30
So we started to think about how we could do this differently.
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ืื– ื”ืชื—ืœื ื• ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ืื™ืš ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื” ืื—ืจืช.
03:32
And this map shows not how many krill there are,
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ื•ื”ืžืคื” ื”ื–ื• ืžืจืื” ืœื ืจืง ื›ืžื” ืงืจื™ืœ ื™ืฉื ื,
03:35
but how many clumps of krill there are,
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ืืœื ื›ืžื” ืฆื‘ื™ืจื™ ืงืจื™ืœ ื™ืฉื ื,
03:38
how aggregated are they.
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ื›ืžื” ื”ื ืžืคื•ื–ืจื™ื.
03:39
And what you get is a very different picture of the landscape.
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ื•ืžื” ืฉืืชื ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ื–ื• ืชืžื•ื ื” ืฉื•ื ื” ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื ื•ืฃ.
03:42
Now that southern island looks
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื”ืื™ื™ื ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™ื™ื ื ืจืื™ื
03:43
like a pretty good place to be,
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ื›ืžื• ืžืงื•ื ื“ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื•,
03:45
and when we combine this
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ื•ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžืฉืœื‘ื™ื ืืช ื–ื”
03:46
with other information about prey,
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ืขื ืžื™ื“ืข ืื—ืจ ืขืœ ื˜ืจืฃ,
03:47
it starts to explain the population observations.
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ื–ื” ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืชืฆืคื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื”.
03:50
But we can also ask that question differently.
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ืื‘ืœ ืืคืฉืจ ืœืฉืื•ืœ ืืช ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ื–ืืช ืื—ืจืช.
03:53
We can have the animals tell us what's important.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืฉื”ื—ื™ื•ืช ื™ื’ื™ื“ื• ืœื ื• ืžื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘.
03:55
By tagging and tracking these animals
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืชื™ื•ื’ ื•ืžืขืงื‘ ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื—ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื”
03:57
and looking at how they use this habitat,
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ื‘ืฆืคื™ื™ื” ื‘ืื™ืš ืฉื”ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืช ื”ืžื—ื™ื™ื”,
03:59
we are able to say, "What matters to you?"
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœื•ืžืจ, "ืžื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื›ื?"
04:02
about the prey.
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ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืฆื™ื™ื“.
04:03
And what they've told us
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ื•ืžื” ืฉื”ื ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืœื ื•
04:04
is that how many krill there are really isn't important.
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ื–ื” ืฉืœื ืžืžืฉ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื›ืžื” ืงืจื™ืœ ื™ืฉ,
04:07
It is how closely spaced those krill are
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ืืœื ื›ืžื” ื”ื•ื ืฆืคื•ืฃ,
04:09
because that's how they are able to make a living.
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื›ื›ื” ื”ื ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชืคืจื ืก.
04:12
We see the same pattern
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ืื•ืชืŸ ืชื‘ื ื™ื•ืช
04:14
when we look in very different ocean,
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ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื‘ื™ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ืฉื•ื ื” ืžืื•ื“,
04:15
further south in the Pacific,
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ื“ืจื•ืžื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ื”ืคืกื™ืคื™,
04:17
in the warm waters around the Hawaiian islands.
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ื‘ืžื™ื ื”ื—ืžื™ืžื™ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืื™ื™ ื”ื•ื•ืื™.
04:19
So a very different habitat,
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ืื– ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืช ืžื—ื™ื™ื” ืฉื•ื ื” ืžืื•ื“,
04:21
and yet the same story.
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ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื• ืกื™ืคื•ืจ.
04:23
Under some conditions,
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ืชื—ืช ื›ืžื” ืชื ืื™ื,
04:24
the physics and the nutrients, the fertilizer,
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ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ืงื” ื•ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื”ืžื–ื™ื ื™ื, ื”ืžื“ืฉื ื™ื,
04:27
set up aggregations in the plants, the phytoplankton.
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ืžื’ื‘ื™ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืคื™ื–ื•ืจ ื‘ืฆืžื—ื™ื™ื”, ื”ืคื™ื˜ื•ืคืœื ืงื˜ื•ืŸ.
04:30
And when that happens,
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ื•ื›ืฉื–ื” ืงื•ืจื”,
04:32
these very dense aggregations of phytoplankton
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ืคื™ื–ื•ืจื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ืฆืคื•ืคื™ื ืืœื” ืฉืœ ืคื™ื˜ื•ืคืœื ืงื˜ื•ืŸ
04:34
attract their predators,
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ืžื•ืฉื›ื™ื ืืช ื”ื˜ื•ืจืคื™ื,
04:36
which themselves form very dense layers.
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ืฉื‘ืขืฆืžื ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืฉื›ื‘ื•ืช ืžืื•ื“ ืฆืคื•ืคื•ืช.
04:38
That changes the behavior and distribution
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ื–ื” ืžืฉื ื” ืืช ื”ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ื•ื”ืคื™ื–ื•ืจ
04:40
of their predators as well,
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ื’ื ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื•ืจืคื™ื ืฉืœื”ื,
04:42
starting to set up how this entire ecosystem functions.
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ื•ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœืืจื’ืŸ ืืช ื”ื“ืจืš ื‘ื” ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืช ื”ืžื—ื™ื™ื” ื”ื–ืืช ืคื•ืขืœืช.
04:46
Finally, the predators that eat
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ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ื”ื˜ื•ืจืคื™ื ืฉืื•ื›ืœื™ื
04:48
these small fish, shrimp, and squid,
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ืืช ื”ื“ื’ื™ื ื”ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื”, ืฉืจื™ืžืคืก ื•ื“ื™ื•ื ื•ืŸ,
04:50
we're talking about two- to three-inch long prey here,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื˜ืจืฃ ื‘ืื•ืจืš ืฉืœ ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ืขื“ ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืกื ื˜ื™ืžื˜ืจ ืคื”,
04:53
changes how they use their habitat
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ืžืฉื ื™ื ืืช ื”ื“ืจืš ื‘ื” ื”ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœื”ื
04:55
and how they forage.
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ื•ืื™ืš ืฉื”ื ืžืœืงื˜ื™ื.
04:56
And so we see changes in the spinner dolphins
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ื›ืš ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ื“ื•ืœืคื™ื ื™ ืกืคื™ื ืจ
04:58
that are related to the changes
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ืฉืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื
04:59
we're seeing in the plant life.
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ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ื‘ืฆืžื—ื™ื™ื”.
05:01
And just by measuring the plants,
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ื•ืจืง ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื“ื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฆืžื—ื™ื™ื”,
05:03
we can actually predict very well
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ืœื—ื–ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ ืžืื•ื“
05:05
what's going to happen in the top predator
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ืžื” ื™ืงืจื” ื‘ื˜ื•ืจืฃ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ
05:06
three steps away in the food web.
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ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืฉืœื‘ื™ื ื‘ืžืขืœื” ืจืฉืช ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ.
05:09
But what's interesting is
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืฉืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื
05:10
that even the densest aggregations of their prey
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ืฉืืคื™ืœื• ื”ืคื™ื–ื•ืจ ื”ื“ื—ื•ืก ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื™ื™ื“ ืฉืœื”ื
05:12
aren't enough for spinner dolphins to make it.
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ืœื ืžืกืคื™ืง ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื“ื•ืœืคื™ื ื™ ืกืคื™ื ืจ ื™ืฆืœื™ื—ื•.
05:15
It's a pretty tough life there in the ocean.
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ืืœื• ื—ื™ื™ื ื“ื™ ืงืฉื™ื ืฉื ื‘ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก.
05:16
So these animals actually work together
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ืื– ื”ื—ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช ื™ื—ื“
05:19
to herd their prey into even denser aggregations,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืจืขื•ืช ืืช ื”ืฆื™ื™ื“ ืฉืœื”ื ืœืคื™ื–ื•ืจื™ื ื“ื—ื•ืกื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ,
05:22
starting with patches that they find in the first place.
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ื”ื—ืœ ื‘ื˜ืœืื™ื ืฉื”ื ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ืžืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื”.
05:25
And that's what you're going to see in this visualization.
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ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืืชื ืชืจืื• ื‘ื”ื“ืžื™ื™ื” ื”ื–ืืช.
05:28
We have a group of 20 dolphins,
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืฉืœ 20 ื“ื•ืœืคื™ื ื™ื,
05:29
you notice they're all set up in pairs,
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ืืชื ืชืจืื• ืฉื”ื ื›ื•ืœื ืžืกื•ื“ืจื™ื ื‘ืฆืžื“ื™ื,
05:31
that are working together
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ืฉืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื™ื—ื“
05:32
to basically bulldoze prey
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ื‘ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ืœื“ื—ื•ืฃ ืฆื™ื™ื“
05:34
to accumulate it on top of itself.
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ืœื”ืฆื˜ื‘ืจ.
05:36
And once they do that,
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ื•ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉื”ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืืช ื–ื”,
05:37
they form a circle around that prey
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ื”ื ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืžืขื’ืœื™ื ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœืฆื™ื™ื“
05:39
to maintain that really dense patch
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ืžืžืฉ ื“ื—ื•ืก ื”ื–ื”
05:41
that is a couple thousand times higher density
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ืฉื“ื—ื•ืก ืคื™ ื›ืžื” ืืœืคื™ื
05:43
than the background that they started with
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ืžื”ืจืงืข ืฉื”ื ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ืื™ืชื•
05:45
before individual pairs of dolphins
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ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื–ื•ื’ื•ืช ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื™ื ืฉืœ ื“ื•ืœืคื™ื ื™ื
05:47
start to take turns feeding
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ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืœืคื™ ื”ืชื•ืจ
05:49
inside this circle of prey that they've created.
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ื‘ืชื•ืš ืžืขื’ืœ ื”ื˜ืจืฃ ืฉื”ื ื™ืฆืจื•.
05:53
And so, this work is showing us
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ื•ื›ืš, ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ื–ื• ืžืจืื” ืœื ื•
05:55
that animals can first give us the answers
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ืฉื—ื™ื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœืชืช ืœื ื• ืืช ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช
05:57
that aggregation is critical to how they make their living.
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ืฉืคื™ื–ื•ืจ ื”ื•ื ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ ืœืชื–ื•ื ื” ืฉืœื”ื.
06:01
And by looking more deeply at the ocean,
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ื•ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื ื•ืช ืžืขืžื™ืงื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก,
06:03
we're starting to understand our interactions with it
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ืื™ืชื•
06:06
and finding more effective ways of conserving it.
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ื•ืœืžืฆื•ื ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืฉืžืจ ืื•ืชื•.
06:10
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืœื›ื.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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