What is the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle? - Chad Orzel

5,011,141 views ใƒป 2014-09-16

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Tal Dekkers
00:07
The Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle is one of a handful of ideas
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ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ืื™ ื”ื•ื•ื“ืื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื™ื–ื ื‘ืจื’ ื”ื•ื ืื—ื“ ืžืžืกืคืจ ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช
00:10
from quantum physics to expand into general pop culture.
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ืžืคื™ื–ื™ืงื” ืงื•ื•ืื ื˜ื™ืช ืฉื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ืช.
00:14
It says that you can never simultaneously know the exact position
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ื”ื•ื ืื•ืžืจ ืฉืืชื ืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื“ืขืช ื‘ื• ื–ืžื ื™ืช ืืช ื”ืžื™ืงื•ื ื”ืžื“ื•ื™ื™ืง
00:18
and the exact speed of an object and shows up as a metaphor in everything
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ื•ื”ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื“ื•ื™ื™ืงืช ืฉืœ ืขืฆืžื™ื ื•ืžื•ืคื™ืข ื›ืžื˜ืืคื•ืจื” ื‘ื”ื›ืœ
00:22
from literary criticism to sports commentary.
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ืžื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืกืคืจื•ืชื™ืช ืœืคืจืฉื ื•ืช ืกืคื•ืจื˜.
00:26
Uncertainty is often explained as a result of measurement,
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ืื™ ื•ื•ื“ืื•ืช ืžื•ืกื‘ืจืช ืคืขืžื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื“ื”,
00:29
that the act of measuring an object's position changes its speed, or vice versa.
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ืฉืคืขื•ืœืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ ืžื™ืงื•ื ืฉืœ ืขืฆื ืžืฉื ื” ืืช ื”ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœื•, ืื• ืœื”ืคืš.
00:34
The real origin is much deeper and more amazing.
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ื”ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ ื”ื•ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืขืžื™ืง ื•ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื”ื™ื.
00:38
The Uncertainty Principle exists because everything in the universe
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ืขืงืจื•ืŸ ืื™ ื”ื•ื•ื“ืื•ืช ืงื™ื™ื ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื›ืœ ื‘ื™ืงื•ื
00:41
behaves like both a particle and a wave at the same time.
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ืžืชื ื”ื’ ื’ื ื›ืžื• ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ื•ื’ื ื›ืžื• ื’ืœื™ื ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื”ื–ืžืŸ.
00:46
In quantum mechanics, the exact position and exact speed of an object
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ื‘ืžื›ื ื™ืงื” ืงื•ื•ืื ื˜ื™ืช, ืœืžื™ืงื•ื ื”ืžื“ื•ื™ื™ืง ื•ื”ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื“ื•ื™ื™ืงืช ืฉืœ ืขืฆื
00:50
have no meaning.
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ืื™ืŸ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช.
00:51
To understand this,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื–ื”,
00:53
we need to think about what it means to behave like a particle or a wave.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ืžื” ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืœื”ืชื ื”ื’ ื›ืžื• ื—ืœืงื™ืง ืื• ื’ืœ.
00:57
Particles, by definition, exist in a single place at any instant in time.
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ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื, ืœืคื™ ื”ื’ื“ืจื”, ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ืžื™ืงื•ื ื™ื—ื™ื“ ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืžืกื•ื™ื™ื.
01:01
We can represent this by a graph showing the probability of finding
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื™ื™ืฆื’ ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ื’ืจืฃ ืฉืžืจืื” ืืช ื”ื”ืกืชื‘ืจื•ืช ืœืžืฆื™ืืช
01:05
the object at a particular place, which looks like a spike,
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ื”ืขืฆื ื‘ืžื™ืงื•ื ืžืกื•ื™ื™ื, ืžื” ืฉื ืจืื” ื›ืžื• ืกืคื™ื™ืง,
01:09
100% at one specific position, and zero everywhere else.
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100% ื‘ืžื™ืงื•ื ืžืกื•ื™ื™ื, ื•ืืคืก ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ืื—ืจ.
01:13
Waves, on the other hand, are disturbances spread out in space,
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ื’ืœื™ื, ืžืฆื“ ืฉื ื™, ื”ื ื”ืคืจืขื•ืช ืคืจื•ืฉื•ืช ื‘ื—ืœืœ,
01:17
like ripples covering the surface of a pond.
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ื›ืžื• ื’ืœื™ื ืฉืžื›ืกื™ื ืืช ืคื ื™ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื›ื”.
01:20
We can clearly identify features of the wave pattern as a whole,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ื‘ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืชื‘ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื’ืœื™ื ื›ื›ืœืœ,
01:23
most importantly, its wavelength,
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ื•ื”ื›ื™ ื—ืฉื•ื‘, ืืช ืื•ืจืš ื”ื’ืœ,
01:25
which is the distance between two neighboring peaks,
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ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ืžืจื—ืง ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ ืฉื™ืื™ื ืฆืžื•ื“ื™ื,
01:28
or two neighboring valleys.
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ืื• ืฉื ื™ ื’ืื™ื•ืช ืฆืžื•ื“ื™ื.
01:30
But we can't assign it a single position.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืฉื™ื™ืš ืžื™ืงื•ื ื™ื—ื™ื“.
01:33
It has a good probability of being in lots of different places.
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ื™ืฉ ืกื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช.
01:36
Wavelength is essential for quantum physics
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ืื•ืจืš ื”ื’ืœ ื”ื•ื ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ ืœืคื™ื–ื™ืงื” ืงื•ื•ืื ื˜ื™ืช
01:39
because an object's wavelength is related to its momentum,
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืื•ืจืš ื”ื’ืœ ืฉืœ ืขืฆื ืงืฉื•ืจ ืœืžื•ืžื ื˜ื•ื ืฉืœื•,
01:42
mass times velocity.
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ืžืืกื” ื›ืคื•ืœ ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช.
01:44
A fast-moving object has lots of momentum,
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ืœืขืฆื ืฉื ืข ืžื”ืจ ื™ืฉ ืžื•ืžื ื˜ ื’ื“ื•ืœ,
01:46
which corresponds to a very short wavelength.
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ืฉืžืชืื™ื ืœืื•ืจืš ื’ืœ ืžืื•ื“ ืงืฆืจ.
01:50
A heavy object has lots of momentum even if it's not moving very fast,
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ืœืขืฆื ื›ื‘ื“ ื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื•ืžื ื˜ ืืคื™ืœื• ืื ื”ื•ื ืœื ื ืข ืžื”ืจ,
01:54
which again means a very short wavelength.
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ืฉืฉื•ื‘ ืื•ืžืจ ืื•ืจืš ื’ืœ ืงืฆืจ ืžืื•ื“.
01:57
This is why we don't notice the wave nature of everyday objects.
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ืœื›ืŸ ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืฉืžื™ื ืœื‘ ืœื˜ื‘ืข ื”ื’ืœื™ ืฉืœ ืขืฆืžื™ื ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ืžื™ื™ื,
02:00
If you toss a baseball up in the air,
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ืื ืชื–ืจืงื• ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื‘ืกื™ืก ืœืžืขืœื” ืœืื•ื™ืจ,
02:02
its wavelength is a billionth of a trillionth of a trillionth of a meter,
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ืื•ืจืš ื”ื’ืœ ืฉืœื• ื”ื•ื ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื˜ืจื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื˜ืจื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ืช ื”ืžื˜ืจ,
02:07
far too tiny to ever detect.
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ืงื˜ืŸ ืžื“ื™ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื’ืœื•ืช.
02:09
Small things, like atoms or electrons though,
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ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื, ื›ืžื• ืื˜ื•ืžื™ื ืื• ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื ืขื ื–ืืช,
02:12
can have wavelengths big enough to measure in physics experiments.
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ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืื•ืจืš ื’ืœ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžืกืคื™ืง ืœืžื“ื™ื“ื” ื‘ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ืคื™ื–ื™ื™ื.
02:16
So, if we have a pure wave, we can measure its wavelength,
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ืื–, ืื ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื’ืœ ื˜ื”ื•ืจ, ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืžื“ื•ื“ ืืช ืื•ืจืš ื”ื’ืœ ืฉืœื•,
02:19
and thus its momentum, but it has no position.
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืืช ื”ืžื•ืžื ื˜ ืฉืœื•, ืื‘ืœ ืื™ืŸ ืœื• ืžื™ืงื•ื.
02:23
We can know a particles position very well,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื“ืขืช ืืช ื”ืžื™ืงื•ื ืฉืœ ื—ืœืงื™ืง ื‘ืงืœื•ืช,
02:25
but it doesn't have a wavelength, so we don't know its momentum.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื™ืŸ ืœื• ืื•ืจืš ื’ืœ, ืื– ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื•ืžื ื˜ ืฉืœื•.
02:28
To get a particle with both position and momentum,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื‘ืœ ื—ืœืงื™ืง ื’ื ืขื ืžื™ืงื•ื ื•ื’ื ืขื ืžื•ืžื ื˜,
02:31
we need to mix the two pictures
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืขืจื‘ ืืช ืฉืชื™ ื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช
02:33
to make a graph that has waves, but only in a small area.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื’ืจืฃ ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื• ื’ืœื™ื, ืื‘ืœ ืจืง ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ืงื˜ืŸ.
02:37
How can we do this?
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ืื™ืš ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”?
02:38
By combining waves with different wavelengths,
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ื’ืœื™ื ืขื ืื•ืจื›ื™ ื’ืœ ืฉื•ื ื™ื,
02:41
which means giving our quantum object some possibility of having different momenta.
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ืžื” ืฉืื•ืžืจ ืœืชืช ืœืขืฆื ื”ืงื•ื•ืื ื˜ื™ ืฉืœื ื• ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขืœ ืžื•ืžื ื˜ ืื—ืจ.
02:46
When we add two waves, we find that there are places
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ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื•ืกื™ืคื™ื ืฉื ื™ ื’ืœื™ื, ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช
02:49
where the peaks line up, making a bigger wave,
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ื‘ื”ื ื”ืฉื™ืื™ื ืžืชื™ื™ืฉืจื™ื ื•ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื’ืœ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ,
02:52
and other places where the peaks of one fill in the valleys of the other.
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ื•ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ื ื‘ื”ื ื”ืฉื™ืื™ื ืฉืœ ืื—ื“ ืžืžืœืื™ื ืืช ื”ืขืžืงื™ื ืฉืœ ืื—ืจ.
02:55
The result has regions where we see waves
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ืœืชื•ืฆืื” ื™ืฉ ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื”ื ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ื’ืœื™ื
02:58
separated by regions of nothing at all.
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ืžื•ืคืจื“ื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื›ืœื•ื ื‘ื›ืœืœ.
03:01
If we add a third wave,
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ืื ื ื•ืกื™ืฃ ื’ืœ ืฉืœื™ืฉื™,
03:02
the regions where the waves cancel out get bigger,
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ื”ืื–ื•ืจ ื‘ื• ื”ื’ืœื™ื ืžืชื‘ื˜ืœื™ื ื’ื“ืœ,
03:05
a fourth and they get bigger still, with the wavier regions becoming narrower.
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ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ ื•ื”ื ื’ื“ืœื™ื ืขื•ื“, ืขื ื”ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื”ื’ืœื™ื™ื ืฉื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ืฆืจื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ.
03:09
If we keep adding waves, we can make a wave packet
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ืื ื ืžืฉื™ืš ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ื’ืœื™ื, ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื—ื‘ื™ืœืช ื’ืœื™ื
03:13
with a clear wavelength in one small region.
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ืขื ืื•ืจืš ื’ืœ ื‘ืจื•ืจ ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ืื—ื“ ืงื˜ืŸ.
03:16
That's a quantum object with both wave and particle nature,
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ื–ื” ืขืฆื ืงื•ื•ืื ื˜ื™ ื’ื ืขื ื˜ื‘ืข ื’ืœื™ ื•ื’ื ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™,
03:20
but to accomplish this, we had to lose certainty
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืืช ื–ื”, ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืื‘ื“ ื•ื•ื“ืื•ืช
03:23
about both position and momentum.
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ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืžื™ืงื•ื ื•ืœืžื•ืžื ื˜.
03:25
The positions isn't restricted to a single point.
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ื”ืžื™ืงื•ื ืœื ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœ ืœื ืงื•ื“ื” ื™ื—ื™ื“ื”.
03:28
There's a good probability of finding it within some range
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ื™ืฉ ืกื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ืœืžืฆื•ื ืื•ืชื• ื‘ื˜ื•ื•ื— ืžืกื•ื™ื™ื
03:30
of the center of the wave packet,
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ืฉืœ ืžืจื›ื– ื—ื‘ื™ืœืช ื”ื’ืœื™ื,
03:32
and we made the wave packet by adding lots of waves,
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ื•ืขืฉื™ื ื• ืืช ื—ื‘ื™ืœืช ื”ื’ืœื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื•ืกืคืช ื”ืจื‘ื” ื’ืœื™ื,
03:35
which means there's some probability of finding it
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ืžื” ืฉืื•ืžืจ ืฉื™ืฉ ื”ืกืชื‘ืจื•ืช ื›ืœืฉื”ื™ ืœืžืฆื•ื ืื•ืชื•
03:38
with the momentum corresponding to any one of those.
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ืขื ื”ืžื•ืžื ื˜ ืฉืžืชืื™ื ืœื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื.
03:41
Both position and momentum are now uncertain,
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ื’ื ื”ืžื™ืงื•ื ื•ื’ื ื”ืžื•ืžื ื˜ ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืœื ื•ื•ื“ืื™ื™ื,
03:44
and the uncertainties are connected.
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ื•ืื™ ื”ื•ื•ื“ืื•ื™ื•ืช ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจื•ืช.
03:46
If you want to reduce the position uncertainty
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ืื ืืชื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ืคื—ื™ืช ืืช ืื™ ื”ื•ื•ื“ืื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื™ืงื•ื
03:49
by making a smaller wave packet, you need to add more waves,
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื—ื‘ื™ืœืช ื’ืœื™ื ืงื˜ื ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืืชื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืขื•ื“ ื’ืœื™ื,
03:52
which means a bigger momentum uncertainty.
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ืžื” ืฉืื•ืžืจ ืื™ ื•ื•ื“ืื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืžื•ืžื ื˜.
03:54
If you want to know the momentum better, you need a bigger wave packet,
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ืื ืืชื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื“ืขืช ืืช ื”ืžื•ืžื ื˜ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืืชื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ื—ื‘ื™ืœืช ื’ืœื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื™ื•ืชืจ,
03:58
which means a bigger position uncertainty.
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ืžื” ืฉืื•ืžืจ ืื™ ื•ื•ื“ืื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืžื™ืงื•ื.
04:01
That's the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle,
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ื–ื” ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ืื™ ื”ื•ื•ื“ืื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื™ื–ื ื‘ืจื’,
04:03
first stated by German physicist Werner Heisenberg back in 1927.
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ืฉื”ื•ืขืœื” ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ืงืื™ ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ ื•ื•ืจื ืจ ื”ื™ื™ื–ื ื‘ืจื’ ื‘ 1927.
04:08
This uncertainty isn't a matter of measuring well or badly,
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ืื™ ื”ื•ื•ื“ืื•ืช ื”ื–ื• ื”ื™ื ืœื ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื“ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ ืื• ืจืข,
04:12
but an inevitable result of combining particle and wave nature.
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ืืœื ืชื•ืฆืื” ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืžื ืขืช ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ื˜ื‘ืข ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ ื•ื’ืœื™.
04:17
The Uncertainty Principle isn't just a practical limit on measurment.
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ืขืงืจื•ืŸ ืื™ ื”ื•ื•ื“ืื•ืช ื”ื•ื ืœื ืจืง ืžื’ื‘ืœื” ืคืจืงื˜ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื“ื”.
04:20
It's a limit on what properties an object can have,
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ื”ื•ื ืžื’ื‘ืœื” ืฉืœ ืื™ื–ื” ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืœืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜,
04:23
built into the fundamental structure of the universe itself.
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ืฉื‘ื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืงื•ื ืขืฆืžื•.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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