Why did it take so long to find giant squids? - Anna Rothschild

726,111 views ใƒป 2024-09-26

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: zeeva livshitz ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Ido Dekkers
00:06
In 1873, two fishermen off the coast of Newfoundland
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ื‘ืฉื ืช 1873, ืฉื ื™ ื“ื™ื™ื’ื™ื ืžื•ืœ ื—ื•ืคื™ ื ื™ื•ืคืื•ื ื“ืœื ื“
00:10
glimpsed what they thought was a submerged shipwreck.
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ื”ืฆื™ืฆื• ื‘ืžื” ืฉื”ื ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืฉื”ื™ื ืกืคื™ื ื” ื˜ืจื•ืคื” ืฉืงื•ืขื”.
00:14
But when they probed the mass, it movedโ€”
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืฉื”ื ื—ืงืจื• ืืช ื”ืžืกื”, ื”ื™ื ื–ื–ื” -
00:17
and huge serpentine appendages soon besieged their boat.
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ื•ื–ืจื•ืขื•ืช ืขื ืง ืฆืจื• ืขื“ ืžื”ืจื” ืขืœ ืกื™ืจืชื.
00:21
One fisherman took an axe to the animal, and it disappeared in a cloud of ink.
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ื“ื™ื™ื’ ืื—ื“ ื”ื ื™ืฃ ื’ืจื–ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ื—ื™ื”, ื•ื”ื™ื ื ืขืœืžื” ื‘ืขื ืŸ ื“ื™ื•.
00:27
What remained were two long limbsโ€”
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ืžื” ืฉื ื•ืชืจ ื”ื™ื• ืฉืชื™ ื’ืคื™ื™ื ืืจื•ื›ื•ืช-
00:30
definitive evidence in a collection of clues that would only continue to grow.
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ืขื“ื•ืช ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ืช ื‘ืื•ืกืฃ ืจืžื–ื™ื ืฉืจืง ื™ืžืฉื™ื›ื• ืœืฆืžื•ื—.
00:37
Over time, it became clear that giant squids were more than mythical monsters.
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ืขื ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืชื‘ืจืจ ื›ื™ ื“ื™ื•ื ื•ื ื™ื ืขื ืงื™ื™ื ื”ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžืคืœืฆื•ืช ืžื™ืชื™ื•ืช.
00:42
People found sizable specimens washed ashore,
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืฆืื• ื“ื’ื™ืžื•ืช ื ื™ื›ืจื•ืช ืฉื ืฉื˜ืคื• ืœื—ื•ืฃ,
00:46
caught in nets, and at the seaโ€™s surface,
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ื ืชืคืกื• ื‘ืจืฉืชื•ืช ื•ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ื™ื,
00:48
and observed sperm whales with sucker-shaped scars
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ื•ืฆืคื• ื‘ืœื•ื•ื™ื™ืชื ื™ ื–ืจืข ืขื ืฆืœืงื•ืช ื‘ืฆื•ืจืช ืžื•ืฆืฅ
00:51
and large beaks in their stomachs.
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ื•ืžืงื•ืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื‘ื˜ื ื.
00:54
But it wasnโ€™t until recent decades that scientists actually found
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ืื‘ืœ ืจืง ื‘ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืžืฆืื•
00:58
living giant squids in their natural habitat.
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ื“ื™ื•ื ื•ื ื™ื ืขื ืงื™ื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช.
01:01
So, what do we really know about these creatures?
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ืื– ืžื” ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ืืžืช ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื”?
01:05
Well, interestingly, one thing we've gathered is that they might not even be
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ, ื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ื“ ืฉื”ื‘ื ื• ื”ื•ื ืฉืื•ืœื™ ื”ื ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื
01:11
the biggest squids out there.
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ื”ื“ื™ื•ื ื•ื ื™ื ื”ื›ื™ ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ.
01:14
There are hundreds of squid species inhabiting almost all parts of the ocean,
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ื™ืฉื ื ืžืื•ืช ืžื™ื ื™ ื“ื™ื•ื ื•ื ื™ื ื”ืžืื›ืœืกื™ื ื›ืžืขื˜ ืืช ื›ืœ ื—ืœืงื™ ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก,
01:18
ranging from the size of a thumbnail
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ื”ื—ืœ ืžื’ื•ื“ืœ ืฆื™ืคื•ืจืŸ ื‘ื•ื”ืŸ
01:21
to more than seven times the length of a human.
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ื•ืขื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืคื™ ืฉื‘ืข ืžืื•ืจืš ื”ืื“ื.
01:24
All squids are carnivores and share the same basic body plan,
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ื›ืœ ื”ื“ื™ื•ื ื•ื ื™ื ื”ื ื˜ื•ืจืคื™ื ื•ื—ื•ืœืงื™ื ืืช ืื•ืชื” ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื’ื•ืฃ ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ืช,
01:28
including a muscular mantle that covers their internal organs, a sharp beak,
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ื›ื•ืœืœ ืžืขื˜ืคืช ืฉืจื™ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื›ืกื” ืืช ืื™ื‘ืจื™ื”ื ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ื™ื, ืžืงื•ืจ ื—ื“,
01:33
eight arms, and two tentacles specialized for capturing prey.
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ืฉืžื•ื ื” ื–ืจื•ืขื•ืช ื•ืฉืชื™ ื–ืจื•ืขื•ืช ื”ืžืชืžื—ื•ืช ืœืœื›ื™ื“ืช ื˜ืจืฃ.
01:38
The smallest squids eat things like tiny shrimp,
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ื”ื“ื™ื•ื ื•ื ื™ื ื”ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื•ื›ืœื™ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืžื• ืฉืจื™ืžืคืก ื–ืขื™ืจื™ื,
01:42
while larger ones can feast on fish using their powerful beaks.
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชืขื ื’ ืขืœ ื“ื’ื™ื ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืžืงื•ืจื ื”ื—ื–ืง.
01:46
The Humboldt squidโ€™s bite force, for example,
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ื›ื•ื— ื”ื ืฉื™ื›ื” ืฉืœ ื“ื™ื•ื ื•ืŸ ื”ื•ืžื‘ื•ืœื“ื˜, ืœืžืฉืœ,
01:48
is strong enough to shatter Kevlar plates.
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ื—ื–ืง ืžืกืคื™ืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœื ืคืฅ ืœื•ื—ื•ืช ืงื•ื•ืœืืจ.
01:52
And the suckers on the giant squidโ€™s long, clubbed tentacles
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ื•ื”ืžื•ืฆืฆื™ื ืขืœ ื–ืจื•ืขื•ืชื™ื• ื”ืืจื•ื›ื•ืช ื•ื”ื—ื•ื‘ื˜ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื™ื•ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืขื ืง
01:56
are encircled by sharp, teeth-like protrusions
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ืžื•ืงืคื™ื ื‘ื‘ืœื™ื˜ื•ืช ื—ื“ื•ืช ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื™ื ื™ื™ื
01:59
that help them grip prey like deep sea fish and other squids.
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ืฉืขื•ื–ืจื•ืช ืœื”ื ืœืื—ื•ื– ื‘ื˜ืจืฃ ื›ืžื• ื“ื’ื™ื ืžืžืขืžืงื™ ื”ื™ื ื•ื“ื™ื•ื ื•ื ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื.
02:04
Giant squids live in the cold, dark, high pressure twilight zone.
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ื“ื™ื•ื ื•ื ื™ื ืขื ืงื™ื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ื“ืžื“ื•ืžื™ื ื”ืงืจ, ื”ื—ืฉื•ืš ื•ื”ืœื—ืฅ ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”.
02:09
It's extremely unlikely you'd ever encounter one,
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ื–ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืœื ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืฉืชืชืงืœื• ื‘ืื—ื“ ื›ื–ื”,
02:12
since you'd be very out of your depth down there.
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืชื”ื™ื• ืžืื•ื“ ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืขื•ืžืง ืฉืœื›ื ืฉื ืœืžื˜ื”.
02:16
We donโ€™t know exactly why giant squids are so bigโ€”
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ืื™ื ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืžื“ื•ืข ื“ื™ื•ื ื•ื ื™ื ืขื ืงื™ื™ื ื”ื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื -
02:20
but the phenomenon fits with a pattern of deep-sea gigantism,
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ืืš ื”ืชื•ืคืขื” ืžืชืื™ืžื” ืœื“ืคื•ืก ืฉืœ ืขึฒื ึธืงึดื™ึผื•ึผืช ื‘ื™ื ืขืžื•ืง,
02:25
where certain deep-sea species dwarf their shallow-living relatives.
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ืฉื‘ื• ืžื™ื ื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ื™ื ืขืžื•ืง ืžื’ืžื“ื™ื ืืช ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื”ื ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื ื”ืจื“ื•ื“ื™ื.
02:29
Perhaps because food down there is scarce,
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ืื•ืœื™ ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ืื•ื›ืœ ืฉื ืœืžื˜ื” ื ื“ื™ืจ,
02:32
large animals that can cover more ground and store more food are favored.
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ืžื•ืขื“ืคื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื›ืกื•ืช ืชื—ื•ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื•ืœืื—ืกืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื–ื•ืŸ.
02:37
Giant squidsโ€™ size could also give them an anti-predator advantage,
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ื’ื•ื“ืœื• ืฉืœ ื“ื™ื•ื ื•ืŸ ืขื ืง ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื’ื ืœืชืช ืœื”ื ื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ื ื’ื“ ื˜ื•ืจืฃ,
02:41
while the deepโ€™s cool temperatures help them manage their metabolic rates.
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื”ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืงืจื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืžืง ืขื•ื–ืจื•ืช ืœื”ื ืœื ื”ืœ ืืช ืงืฆื‘ ื—ื™ืœื•ืฃ ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉืœื”ื.
02:46
Innovations over the past 150 yearsโ€”
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ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ื ื‘ืžื”ืœืš 150 ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช -
02:49
from dredges and bathyspheres
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ืžื“ื—ืคื•ืจื™ื ื•ืชืื™ ืฆืœื™ืœื”
02:51
to untethered and remotely operated submersiblesโ€”
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ื•ืขื“ ืฆื•ืœืœื•ืช ืœื ืงืฉื•ืจื•ืช ื•ืžื•ืคืขืœื•ืช ืžืจื—ื•ืง -
02:55
have enabled peeks into the deep.
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ืืคืฉืจื• ื”ืฆืฆื•ืช ืœืขื•ืžืง.
02:57
And yet, it wasnโ€™t until 2004
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ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืืช, ืจืง ื‘ืฉื ืช 2004
03:00
that researchers actually saw a giant squid in its natural habitat.
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ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืจืื• ื“ื™ื•ื ื•ืŸ ืขื ืง ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื• ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช.
03:05
Then finally, in 2012, scientists lured a giant squid and got it on video.
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ื•ืื– ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ื‘ืฉื ืช 2012, ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืคื™ืชื• ื“ื™ื•ื ื•ืŸ ืขื ืง ื•ืจืื• ืื•ืชื• ื‘ื•ื™ื“ืื•.
03:12
They used a stealth camera system fitted with a device
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ื”ื ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ืžืฆืœืžื•ืช ื”ืชื’ื ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžืฆื•ื™ื“ืช ื‘ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ
03:15
mimicking a bioluminescent jellyfish under attack.
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ื”ืžื—ืงื” ืžื“ื•ื–ื” ื‘ื™ื•-ืœื•ืžื™ื ืกื ื˜ื™ืช ืžื•ืชืงืคืช.
03:18
The system had no thrusters, keeping it unobtrusively quiet.
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ืœืžืขืจื›ืช ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืžื“ื—ืคื™ื, ืžื” ืฉื”ืฉืื™ืจ ืื•ืชื” ืฉืงื˜ื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืœื ืžืชื‘ืœื˜.
03:22
And it only projected beams of red lightโ€” undetectable to most deep-sea dwellers.
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ื•ื”ื™ื ืจืง ื”ืงืจื™ื ื” ืงืจื ื™ ืื•ืจ ืื“ื•ืžื•ืช - ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ื™ืชื ื•ืช ืœื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ืœืจื•ื‘ ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ ื”ื™ื ื”ืขืžื•ืง.
03:28
Both encounters revealed that giant squids are not sit-and-wait predators,
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ืฉื ื™ ื”ืžืคื’ืฉื™ื ื’ื™ืœื• ื›ื™ ื“ื™ื•ื ื•ื ื™ื ืขื ืงื™ื™ื ืื™ื ื ื˜ื•ืจืคื™ื ืื•ืจื‘ื™ื,
03:33
as previously suspected.
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ื›ืคื™ ืฉื—ืฉื“ื• ื‘ืขื‘ืจ.
03:35
Instead, theyโ€™re active hunters that use their basketball-sized eyes
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื–ื”, ื”ื ืฆื™ื™ื“ื™ื ืคืขื™ืœื™ื ื”ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื”ื ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื”ื›ื“ื•ืจืกืœ
03:40
to stalk their prey
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขืงื•ื‘ ืื—ืจ ื˜ืจืคื
03:41
before projecting their tentacles and snatching animals up to 10 meters away.
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ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืžื˜ื™ืœื™ื ืืช ื–ืจื•ืขื•ืชื™ื”ื ื•ื—ื•ื˜ืคื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืจื—ืง ืฉืœ ืขื“ 10 ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืžื”ื.
03:47
But many questions still stand.
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ืื‘ืœ ืฉืืœื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืขื•ืžื“ื•ืช.
03:49
We know sperm whales eat giant squids,
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ืื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉืœื•ื•ื™ื™ืชื ื™ ื–ืจืข ืื•ื›ืœื™ื ื“ื™ื•ื ื•ื ื™ื ืขื ืงื™ื™ื,
03:52
but itโ€™s unclear how fierce the fight is
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ืืš ืœื ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ื”ืงืจื‘ ืขื–
03:54
and if the squids ever stand much of a chance of escaping.
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ื•ืื ืœื“ื™ื•ื ื•ื ื™ื ื™ืฉ ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ืžืœื˜.
03:58
Extrapolating off the number of giant squid beaks in whale bellies,
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ื‘ื”ืชื‘ืกืก ืขืœ ืžืกืคืจ ืžืงื•ืจื™ ื”ื“ื™ื•ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืขื ืงื™ื™ื ื‘ื‘ื˜ืŸ ื”ืœื•ื•ื™ื™ืชื ื™ื,
04:03
one estimate placed the global giant squid population at around 4 million.
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ื”ืขืจื›ื” ืื—ืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื” ืืช ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ืช ื”ื“ื™ื•ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืขื ืงื™ืช ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช 4 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ.
04:08
It seems they mate when a male injects sperm packets into a femaleโ€™s armโ€”
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ื ืจืื” ืฉื”ื ืžื–ื“ื•ื•ื’ื™ื ื›ืืฉืจ ื–ื›ืจ ืžื–ืจื™ืง ื—ื‘ื™ืœื•ืช ื–ืจืข ืœื–ืจื•ืข ืฉืœ ื ืงื‘ื” -
04:14
but exactly how they find each other and what happens after are uncertain.
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืื™ืš ื”ื ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ืื—ื“ ืืช ื”ืฉื ื™ ื•ืžื” ืงื•ืจื” ืื—ืจ ื›ืš ืื™ื ื ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื™ื.
04:20
Giant squids are globally distributed,
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ื“ื™ื•ื ื•ื ื™ื ืขื ืงื™ื™ื ื ืคื•ืฆื™ื ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื,
04:23
but theyโ€™re mostly missing from the planetโ€™s polar regions,
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ืืš ื”ื ื—ืกืจื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ ื”ืงื•ื˜ื‘ ืฉืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ,
04:26
one of which happens to be where another humongous squid species lurks:
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ืฉืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื• ืื•ืจื‘ ืžื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื•ื ื•ืŸ ืขื ืง ืื—ืจ :
04:31
the elusive colossal squid.
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ื”ื“ื™ื•ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืงื•ืœื•ืกืืœื™ ื”ื—ืžืงืžืง.
04:34
Far fewer specimens have been collected,
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคื—ื•ืช ื“ื’ื™ืžื•ืช ื ืืกืคื•,
04:36
and theyโ€™ve yet to be seen or documented in their habitat.
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ื•ื”ืŸ ื˜ืจื ื ืจืื• ืื• ืชื•ืขื“ื• ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื.
04:40
But we know theyโ€™re from a completely different family than giant squidโ€”
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื”ื ืžืžืฉืคื—ื” ืื—ืจืช ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืžืืฉืจ ื“ื™ื•ื ื•ืŸ ืขื ืง -
04:44
evidence that gigantism independently evolved more than once among squids.
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ืขื“ื•ืช ืœื›ืš ืฉื”ืขื ืงื™ื•ืช ื”ืชืคืชื—ื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืขืฆืžืื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืคืขื ืื—ืช ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื“ื™ื•ื ื•ื ื™ื.
04:49
Their limbs are shorter than giant squidsโ€™,
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ื”ื’ืคื™ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ืงืฆืจื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฉืœ ื“ื™ื•ื ื•ื ื™ื ืขื ืงื™ื™ื,
04:51
but their mantles are larger, making them up to twice as heavy.
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ืืš ื”ืžืขื˜ืคื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ืคืš ืื•ืชื ืœื›ื‘ื“ื™ื ืคื™ ืฉื ื™ื™ื.
04:56
And unlike the giant squidโ€™s toothy tentacles,
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ื•ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœื–ืจื•ืขื•ืชื™ื• ื”ืฉื™ื ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื™ื•ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืขื ืง,
04:59
colossal squids have hooked, swiveling sucker barbs.
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ืœื“ื™ื•ื ื•ื ื™ื ืงื•ืœื•ืกืืœื™ื™ื ื™ืฉ ื“ื•ืงืจื ื™ ืžื•ืฆืฆื™ื ืžืกืชื•ื‘ื‘ื™ื.
05:04
Much remains mysterious about these animals.
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ื ืฉืืจ ืžืกืชื•ืจื™ ืขืœ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืืœื”.
05:07
But we know theyโ€™re down there,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื”ื ืฉื ืœืžื˜ื”,
05:08
guarding their secrets in the deep, dark sea.
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ืฉื•ืžืจื™ื ืขืœ ืกื•ื“ื•ืชื™ื”ื ื‘ื™ื ื”ืขืžื•ืง ื•ื”ืืคืœ.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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