Early forensics and crime-solving chemists - Deborah Blum

86,232 views ใƒป 2013-04-01

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

00:00
Transcriber: Andrea McDonough Reviewer: Bedirhan Cinar
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ืชืจื’ื•ื: Shlomo Adam ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Ido Dekkers
00:14
So we live in what I think of as a CSI age
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ืื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžื” ืฉื‘ืขื™ื ื™ ื”ื•ื ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื”ืžื–"ืค
00:18
where we take for granted
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ืฉื‘ื• ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืœื ื• ืžืืœื™ื•
00:20
that scientists are going to work together with the police,
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ืฉื”ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืžืฉืชืคื™ื ืคืขื•ืœื” ืขื ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจื”,
00:23
help them solve crimes,
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ืขื•ื–ืจื™ื ืœื” ืœืคืชื•ืจ ืคืฉืขื™ื,
00:25
map fingerprints,
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ืœืžืคื•ืช ื˜ื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ืืฆื‘ืขื•ืช,
00:26
analyze poisons,
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ืœื ืชื— ืจืขืœื™ื,
00:27
but in fact, this is really a very new idea.
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ืืš ื–ื”ื• ื‘ืขืฆื ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื—ื“ืฉ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
00:31
We only actually started training scientists and forensics
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ื”ืชื—ืœื ื• ืœื”ื›ืฉื™ืจ ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ื•ืžืขื‘ื“ื•ืช ื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ืคืœื™ืœื™
00:34
in this country in the 1930s.
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ื‘ืืจืฅ ื”ื–ื• ืจืง ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-30.
00:36
So as a writer interested in chemistry,
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ืื– ื›ืกื•ืคืจืช ืฉืžืชืขื ื™ื™ื ืช ื‘ื›ื™ืžื™ื”,
00:39
what I wondered was,
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ืชื”ื™ืชื™,
00:41
"What was it like before scientists knew
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ืื™ืš ื”ื™ื” ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ื™ื“ืขื•
00:44
how to tease a poison out of a corpse,
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ืื™ืš ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ืจืขืœ ื‘ื’ื•ืคื”,
00:47
before you could actually catch a killer that way?"
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ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœืชืคื•ืก ื›ืš ืืช ื”ืจื•ืฆื—?
00:49
And it won't surprise you to learn
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ื•ืืชื ื•ื“ืื™ ืœื ืชื•ืคืชืขื• ืœืฉืžื•ืข
00:51
that the answer is pretty dangerous.
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ืฉื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืžืกื•ื›ื ืช ืœืžื“ื™.
00:53
And in fact, in 1918, New York City issued a report
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ืœืžืขืŸ ื”ืืžืช, ื‘-1918, ื”ืขื™ืจ ื ื™ื•-ื™ื•ืจืง ืคืจืกืžื” ื“ื•"ื—,
00:58
admitting that smart poisoners could operate
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ืฉืžื•ื“ื” ื‘ื›ืš ืฉืžืจืขื™ืœื™ื ืคื™ืงื—ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืคืขื•ืœ ื‘ืขื™ืจ ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœื”ื™ืขื ืฉ.
01:01
with impunity in the city.
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01:04
This is a 1918 crime scene photo from Brooklyn,
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ื–ื”ื• ืฆื™ืœื•ื ืž-1918 ืฉืœ ื–ื™ืจืช ืคืฉืข ื‘ื‘ืจื•ืงืœื™ืŸ,
01:08
and at this time, the coroner system was so corrupt
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ื•ืื•ืชื” ืขืช, ืžืขืจื›ืช ื—ืงื™ืจืช ืžืงืจื™ ื”ืžื•ื•ืช ื”ื™ืชื” ื›ื” ืžื•ืฉื—ืชืช,
01:12
that you could literally buy your cause of death.
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ืฉืืคืฉืจ ื”ื™ื” ืžืžืฉ ืœืงื ื•ืช ืืช ืกื™ื‘ืช ื”ืžื•ื•ืช.
01:15
Often coroners didn't even show up at crime scenes.
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ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช, ื—ื•ืงืจื™ ืžืงืจื™ ื”ืžื•ื•ืช ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœื–ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืคืฉืข.
01:18
And if you go back and you look at the death certificates of the time,
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ื•ื›ืฉื—ื•ื–ืจื™ื ื•ื‘ื•ื“ืงื™ื ืืช ืชืขื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืคื˜ื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื ื™ืžื™ื,
01:22
I found one that read,
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ืื ื™ ืœืžืฉืœ ืžืฆืืชื™ ืื—ืช ืฉื‘ื” ื ื›ืชื‘:
01:23
"Could be an auto accident or possibly diabetes."
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"ืžื•ื•ืช ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžืชืื•ื ืช ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช ืื• ืื•ืœื™ ืกื•ื›ืจืช."
01:28
And another, which involved a man who shot himself in the head,
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ื•ืขื•ื“ ืื—ืช, ืฉืขืกืงื” ื‘ื’ื‘ืจ ืฉื™ืจื” ืœืขืฆืžื• ื‘ืจืืฉ,
01:33
said, "ruptured aneurysm".
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ืฉืงื‘ืขื”: "ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžืžืคืจืฆืช ืžื•ื—ื™ืช".
01:35
So you find, not surprisingly, the police saying,
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ, ืฉืœื ื‘ืžืคืชื™ืข, ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ืฉื”ืžืฉื˜ืจื” ืื•ืžืจืช:
01:39
"We're going to look a lot smarter
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"ืื ื• ื ื™ืจืื” ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื”,
01:40
if we stay away from the science side of the story."
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"ืื ื ืชืจื—ืง ืžื”ืฆื“ ื”ืžื“ืขื™ ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ."
01:45
But, in 1918 New York City appointed
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘-1918, ื”ืขื™ืจ ื ื™ื•-ื™ื•ืจืง ืžื™ื ืชื”
01:48
the first trained medical examiner it ever had.
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ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืงืจ ื”ืจืคื•ืื™ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื›ืฉืจ ืœื›ืš.
01:51
That's the gentleman sitting down there.
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ื–ื”ื• ื”ืื“ื•ืŸ ืฉื™ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื ืœืžื˜ื”.
01:53
And he hired the first forensic toxicologist ever
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืืช ื—ื•ืงืจ ื”ืจืขืœื™ื ื”ืคืœื™ืœื™ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ
01:57
attached to an American city.
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ืฉืกื•ืคื— ืื™-ืคืขื ืœืขื™ืจ ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช.
01:59
And together, these two men,
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ื•ื‘ื™ื—ื“, ืฉื ื™ ื”ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืœืœื•,
02:00
Charles Norris, the medical examiner,
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ืฆ'ืจืœืก ื ื•ืจื™ืก, ื”ื—ื•ืงืจ ื”ืจืคื•ืื™,
02:03
and Alexander Gettler, the chemist sitting next to him,
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ื•ืืœื›ืกื ื“ืจ ื’ื˜ืœืจ, ื”ื›ื™ืžืื™ ืฉื™ื•ืฉื‘ ืœืฆื™ื“ื•,
02:05
rewrote the rules of crime detection in this country.
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ื›ืชื‘ื• ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืืช ื—ื•ืงื™ ื”ื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ื”ืคืœื™ืœื™ ื‘ืืจืฅ ื”ื–ื•.
02:10
And that wasn't easy because poisons were everywhere.
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ื•ื–ื” ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืงืœ, ื›ื™ ื”ืจืขืœื™ื ื”ื™ื• ื ืคื•ืฆื™ื ืžืื“.
02:14
If we take this one, arsenic trioxide,
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ืื ื ื™ืงื— ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืืช ื–ื”, ืืจืกืŸ ื˜ืจื™ืื•ืงืกื™ื“,
02:17
arsenic trioxide's probably the most famous homicidal poison in history
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ืืจืกืŸ ื˜ืจื™ืื•ืงืกื™ื“ ื”ื•ื ื”ืจืขืœ ืฉื–ื›ื” ืœืคืจืกื•ื ื”ืจื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื›ืืžืฆืขื™-ืจืฆื—
02:22
and it was in every home.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื ืžืฆื ื‘ื›ืœ ื‘ื™ืช.
02:24
Anyone could go to the grocery store or the pharmacy and buy it.
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ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื”ื™ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืœื›ืช ืœืžื›ื•ืœืช ืื• ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืจืงื—ืช ื•ืœืงื ื•ืช ืื•ืชื•.
02:28
It was in every kitchen because,
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ื”ื•ื ื ืžืฆื ื‘ื›ืœ ืžื˜ื‘ื—, ื•ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื,
02:30
believe it or not, it was used to color food.
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ืชืืžื™ื ื• ืื• ืœื, ืฉื”ื•ื ืฉื™ืžืฉ ื›ืฆื‘ืข ืžืื›ืœ.
02:33
It was in medicines
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ื”ื•ื ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช,
02:34
and it was in cosmetics
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืžื•ืฆืจื™ ืงื•ืกืžื˜ื™ืงื”
02:37
in ways that prevented people from really understanding
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ื‘ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ืฉืœื ืื™ืคืฉืจื• ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ืืžืช
02:41
how dangerous these poisons were
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ื›ืžื” ื”ืจืขืœื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืžืกื•ื›ื ื™ื
02:43
or how they worked.
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ืื• ืื™ืš ื”ื ืคื•ืขืœื™ื.
02:45
Now, scientists had in the 19th century
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ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ื‘ืžืื” ื”-19
02:48
begun developing tests to look for poisons in corpses.
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ื”ื—ืœื• ืœืคืชื— ื‘ื“ื™ืงื•ืช ืœืื™ืชื•ืจ ืจืขืœื™ื ื‘ื’ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช.
02:52
But as this cartoon shows you of the first test for arsenic,
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืคื™ ืฉืžืจืื” ื”ืงืจื™ืงื˜ื•ืจื” ื”ื–ื•, ืฉืœ ื‘ื“ื™ืงืช ื”ืืจืกืŸ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”,
02:56
these were very primitive tests,
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ืืœื• ื”ื™ื• ื‘ื“ื™ืงื•ืช ืคืจื™ืžื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืžืื“,
02:59
so, that our heroes really have to figure this out
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ื›ืš ืฉื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ื• ื ืืœืฆื• ืœื”ืžืฆื™ืืŸ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ืจืขืœื™ื
03:03
as they go in the 1920s.
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ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-20.
03:06
Gettler, for instance, was the first person in the world
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ื’ื˜ืœืจ, ืœืžืฉืœ, ื”ื™ื” ื”ืื“ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื•ืœื
03:09
to know how to tell if someone was drunk at time of death.
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ืฉื”ืฆืœื™ื— ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ืื ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื”ื™ื” ืฉืชื•ื™ ื‘ืฉืขืช ืžื•ืชื•.
03:13
He figured that out right about 1930
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ื”ื•ื ื’ื™ืœื” ื–ืืช ื‘ืขืจืš ื‘-1930
03:16
and he said later it took him 6,000 brains from the morgue
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ื•ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืžืจ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืขืœื™ื• ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘-6,000 ืžื•ื—ื•ืช ืžื—ื“ืจ ื”ืžืชื™ื
03:21
to get to the point that he could get to that answer.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืชืฉื•ื‘ื”.
03:24
And to give you a sense of what this is like,
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ื•ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชืช ืœื›ื ืžื•ืฉื’ ื‘ืžื” ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ,
03:27
I'm going to ask you for a moment
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ืื‘ืงืฉ ืžื›ื ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืœืจื’ืข
03:29
to become 1920s forensic detectives.
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ืœื‘ืœืฉื™ื ืคืœื™ืœื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-20.
03:33
This is a case based on one solved by Alexander Gettler in 1923,
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ื–ื” ืžื‘ื•ืกืก ืขืœ ืžืงืจื” ืฉืืœื›ืกื ื“ืจ ื’ื˜ืœืจ ืคืชืจ ื‘-1923,
03:38
and as you can probably tell,
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ื•ื›ืคื™ ืฉื•ื•ื“ืื™ ื”ื‘ื ืชื,
03:41
it's a case that begins in a tenement building.
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ื”ื•ื ื”ืชืจื—ืฉ ื‘ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ.
03:44
This particular one was on the Lower East Side of Manhattan.
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ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ื ืžืฆื ื‘ื“ืจื•ื-ืžื–ืจื— ืžื ื”ื˜ืŸ.
03:49
And these buildings were very crowded
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ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื”ื™ื• ืžืœืื™ื ืขื“ ืืคืก ืžืงื•ื
03:51
with families who had very little money.
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ื‘ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ืขื ื™ื•ืช ืœืžื“ื™.
03:55
And the rooms were very poor.
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ื•ื”ื—ื“ืจื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืขืœื•ื‘ื™ื ืžืื“.
03:57
This is actually an abandoned room
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ื–ื”ื• ืœืžืขืฉื” ื—ื“ืจ ื ื˜ื•ืฉ
04:00
at the Tenement House Museum
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ืฉื ืžืฆื ื‘ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ ื”ืฉื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื
04:01
that is in Lower Manhattan today.
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ืฉื ื™ืฆื‘ ื›ื™ื•ื ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ืžื ื”ื˜ืŸ.
04:04
These rooms often had no electricity,
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ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื—ื“ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื—ืฉืžืœ,
04:07
they had no hot water,
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ื•ืœื ืžื™ื ื—ืžื™ื,
04:08
and people who lived this way
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ื•ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื—ื™ื• ื›ืš,
04:10
depended on gas to fuel everything
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ื”ื™ื• ืชืœื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ื’ื– ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื›ืœ:
04:13
from their stove to their electric lights.
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ืžื”ืชื ื•ืจ ื•ืขื“ ืœืชืื•ืจื” ื”ื—ืฉืžืœื™ืช.
04:15
And this gas was called illuminating gas,
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ื•ื”ื’ื– ื”ื–ื” ื ืงืจื "ื’ื– ืœืชืื•ืจื”".
04:18
and it was both a toxic and explosive mixture
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื’ื ืจืขื™ืœ ื•ื’ื ืชืขืจื•ื‘ืช ื ืคื™ืฆื”
04:21
of carbon monoxide and hydrogen.
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ืฉืœ ืคื—ืžืŸ ื—ื“-ื—ืžืฆื ื™ ื•ืžื™ืžืŸ.
04:24
So you, the forensic scientist, are called
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ืื– ืืชื, ืžื“ืขื ื™ ื”ืžื–"ืค, ื ืงืจืื™ื
04:28
to a crime scene in a tenement house.
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ืœื–ื™ืจืช ืคืฉืข ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ.
04:30
This is actually a police photo from the time in question,
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ื–ื”ื• ืฆื™ืœื•ื ืžืฉื˜ืจืชื™ ืืžื™ืชื™ ืžืื•ืชื” ืขืช,
04:34
but the story that I'm going to tell you
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉืื•ืชื• ืืกืคืจ ืœื›ื
04:36
is a little more complicated than this.
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ื”ื•ื ืงืฆืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ืžื–ื”.
04:39
Nevertheless, you're going to go into this building,
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืื•ืคืŸ, ืืชื ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ืœืœื›ืช ืืœ ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื–ื”,
04:43
you're going to walk down this hall,
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ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ืžืกื“ืจื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื”,
04:45
you're going to go through the door,
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ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก ื“ืจืš ื”ื“ืœืช,
04:48
and you're going to find yourself
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ื•ืœืžืฆื•ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื›ื ื‘ื“ื™ืจื” ืขืœื•ื‘ื” ืžืื“:
04:49
in a very shabby apartment.
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04:52
The floors are splintered,
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ื”ืจืฆืคื•ืช ืฉื‘ื•ืจื•ืช,
04:53
the walls are peeling,
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ื”ืงื™ืจื•ืช ืžืชืงืœืคื™ื,
04:55
there's only gas lighting,
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ื™ืฉ ืจืง ืชืื•ืจืช ื’ื–,
04:57
and in this case,
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ื•ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื”ืžืกื•ื™ื ื”ื–ื”
04:59
you go into the back bedroom.
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ืืชื ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืืœ ื—ื“ืจ ื”ืฉื™ื ื” ืฉืžืื—ื•ืจ.
05:01
There's clearly been a gas leak,
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ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ืฉื ื“ืœื™ืคืช ื’ื–,
05:03
there's a broken fitting on the wall.
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ื™ืฉ ืขืœ ื”ืงื™ืจ ื‘ืจื–-ื’ื– ืฉื‘ื•ืจ.
05:05
The police are opening the windows,
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ื”ืฉื•ื˜ืจื™ื ืคื•ืชื—ื™ื ืืช ื”ื—ืœื•ื ื•ืช,
05:07
and in the bed there's the body of young woman
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ื•ื‘ืžื™ื˜ื” ืžื•ื ื—ืช ื’ื•ืคื” ืฉืœ ืืฉื” ืฆืขื™ืจื”
05:10
who's clearly been dead for some time
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ืฉืžืชื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืจื•ืจ ื›ื‘ืจ ืžื–ื” ื–ืžืŸ-ืžื”
05:12
because she's cold
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ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื ืงืจื”.
05:13
and she's stiff
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ื”ื™ื ื ื•ืงืฉื”.
05:14
and she's pale.
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ื•ื”ื™ื ื—ื™ื•ื•ืจืช.
05:16
And you turn to the police and you say,
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ืืชื ืคื•ื ื™ื ืœืฉื•ื˜ืจื™ื ื•ืื•ืžืจื™ื:
05:20
"No, this is not an illuminating gas death
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"ืœื, ื–ื” ืœื ืžื•ื•ืช ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื’ื– ืชืื•ืจื”
05:25
because...."
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"ื›ื™..."
05:27
Because if you're killed by carbon monoxide,
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ื›ื™ ื›ืฉืžืชื™ื ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืคื—ืžืŸ ื—ื“-ื—ืžืฆื ื™,
05:30
there is such a powerful chemical reaction in your blood
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ืžืชืจื—ืฉืช ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ื›ื™ืžื™ืช ื›ืœ-ื›ืš ื—ื–ืงื” ื‘ื“ื,
05:34
as the oxygen is muscled out of the blood stream
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ื›ืฉื”ื—ืžืฆืŸ ื ืกื—ื˜ ืžืชื•ืš ื–ืจื ื”ื“ื,
05:37
that the blood cells are turned a bright, cherry red.
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ืฉืฆื‘ืข ื›ื“ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ื“ื ืžืฉืชื ื” ืœืื“ื•ื ื‘ื•ื”ืง.
05:42
And this red is so strong that it flushes the skin
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ื•ื”ืื“ื•ื ื”ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ื›ื” ื—ื–ืง ืขื“ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืฆื™ืฃ ืืช ื”ืขื•ืจ
05:46
of the corpse a cherry pink.
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ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื•ื•ื™ื” ื‘ื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื•ืจื•ื“.
05:48
In fact, people who see bodies
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืจื•ืื™ื ื’ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช
05:51
after someone has died of a carbon monoxide death,
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ืื—ืจื™ ืžื•ื•ืช ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืคื—ืžืŸ ื—ื“-ื—ืžืฆื ื™,
05:53
they'll often talk about how healthy they look.
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ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืขืœ ื›ืžื” ืฉื”ืŸ ื ืจืื•ืช ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช.
05:55
So your poor, pale corpse could not have been killed by this gas.
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ืœื›ืŸ ืœื ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื”ื’ื•ื•ื™ื” ื”ืžืกื›ื ื” ื•ื”ื—ื™ื•ื•ืจืช ืฉืœื›ื ืžืชื” ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ื’ื– ื”ื–ื”.
05:59
You take the body back to the morgue,
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ืืชื ืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ืืช ื”ื’ื•ืคื” ืœื—ื“ืจ ื”ืžืชื™ื,
06:01
you run more blood tests,
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ืžื‘ืฆืขื™ื ืขื•ื“ ื‘ื“ื™ืงื•ืช ื“ื,
06:03
and you find another gas at extremely high levels,
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ื•ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ื’ื– ืื—ืจ ื‘ืจืžื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ:
06:06
carbon dioxide.
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ืคื—ืžืŸ ื“ื•-ื—ืžืฆื ื™.
06:08
And what does that tell you?
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ื•ืžื” ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืœื›ื?
06:11
If you think about the way we breath,
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ืื ืชื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื”ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ื• ืื ื• ื ื•ืฉืžื™ื,
06:13
we inhale oxygen,
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ืื ื• ืฉื•ืืคื™ื ื—ืžืฆืŸ,
06:15
we exhale carbon dioxide,
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ื ื•ืฉืคื™ื ืคื—ืžืŸ ื“ื•-ื—ืžืฆื ื™,
06:16
but what if you can't exhale?
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืื ืื™ื ื›ื ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœื ืฉื•ืฃ?
06:18
What if that gas can't get out?
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ืžื” ืื ื”ื’ื– ืื™ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืฆืืช?
06:20
It backs up into your lungs,
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ื”ื•ื ื—ื•ื–ืจ ืœืจื™ืื•ืช,
06:23
and the number one clue of a suffocation or a strangulation
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ื•ื”ืจืžื– ืžืกืคืจ ืื—ื“ ืœื—ื ืง ืื• ืœื—ื ื™ืงื”
06:27
is elevated levels of carbon dioxide in the blood.
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ื”ื•ื ืจืžื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื•ืช ืžื“ื™ ืฉืœ ืคื—ืžืŸ ื“ื•-ื—ืžืฆื ื™ ื‘ื“ื.
06:30
And in fact, what they found
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ื•ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืžื” ืฉื”ื ื’ื™ืœื•,
06:34
when they took a closer look at the body
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ื›ืฉื”ื ื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื ื• ืžืงืจื•ื‘ ื‘ื’ื•ืคื”,
06:36
were the bruise marks left by her husband's fingers
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ื”ื™ื• ื”ื—ื‘ื•ืจื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ืชื™ืจื• ืืฆื‘ืขื•ืช ื‘ืขืœื”
06:40
as he had held her down and suffocated her.
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ื›ืฉืจื™ืชืง ืื•ืชื” ืœืžื™ื˜ื” ื•ื—ื ืง ืื•ืชื”.
06:43
And it turned out that he had
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ื”ืชื‘ืจืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื•ืฆื™ื ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื—ื™ื™ื ืขืœ ืฉืžื”,
06:46
taken out an insurance policy on her life,
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06:49
suffocated her,
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ื—ื ืง ืื•ืชื”,
06:51
broken the gas fitting to try to stage an accident scene,
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ืฉื‘ืจ ืืช ื‘ืจื– ื”ื’ื– ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ื™ื™ื ืชืื•ื ื”,
06:56
and it turned out that it was chemistry
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ื•ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื›ื™ืžื™ื”
06:58
that sent him to prison.
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ื”ื™ื ืฉืฉืœื—ื” ืื•ืชื• ืœื›ืœื.
07:01
There are so many good poison and murder stories
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ื™ืฉ ื›ืœ-ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ืจืฆื™ื—ื•ืช ื•ื”ืจืขืœื•ืช
07:04
from this time period that I would love to tell you.
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ืžืื•ืชื” ืชืงื•ืคื” ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืฉืžื—ื” ืœืกืคืจ ืœื›ื.
07:07
It's one of my favorite subjects obviously.
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ื–ื” ืœืœื ืกืคืง ืื—ื“ ื”ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื”ืื”ื•ื‘ื™ื ืขืœื™.
07:10
But I want to leave you with this thought.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืฉืื™ืจ ืœื›ื ื—ื•ืžืจ ืœืžื—ืฉื‘ื”.
07:13
Two things.
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07:13
One is that case that I just described to you
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ืฉื ื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื.
ื”ืื—ื“ ื”ื•ื, ืฉื”ืžืงืจื” ืฉื–ื” ืขืชื” ืชื™ืืจืชื™ ืœืคื ื™ื›ื
07:17
is one of my favorites
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ื”ื•ื ืื—ื“ ื”ืื”ื•ื‘ื™ื ืขืœื™,
07:18
because it's the beginning of a series of investigations
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ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ืคืชื— ืกื“ืจื” ืฉืœ ื—ืงื™ืจื•ืช
07:21
that persuade the New York police
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ืฉืฉื›ื ืขื• ืืช ืžืฉื˜ืจืช ื ื™ื•-ื™ื•ืจืง
07:23
that they do need to work with scientists
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ืฉืขืœื™ื” ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืขื ืžื“ืขื ื™ื
07:25
and it lays the foundation for, in fact,
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ื•ื–ื” ืœืžืขืฉื” ื”ื ื™ื— ืืช ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช
07:28
our CSI-era age,
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ืœืขื™ื“ืŸ ื”ืžื–"ืค ืฉืœื ื•,
07:30
and, because it's such a good story of two very determined people,
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ื•ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื–ื” ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื›ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ ืขืœ ืฉื ื™ ืื ืฉื™ื ื ื—ื•ืฉื™ื ืžืื“,
07:36
in this case two city scientists,
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ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื”ื–ื” ืฉื ื™ ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ื™ื,
07:38
who were able to change the world around them.
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ืฉื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื• ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื‘ื• ื—ื™ื•.
07:41
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืœื›ื.
[ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื]
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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