Why is it so dangerous to step on a rusty nail? - Louise Thwaites

4,403,021 views ใƒป 2024-08-13

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: zeeva livshitz ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Ido Dekkers
00:07
In the 5th century, Greek physician Hippocrates,
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ื‘ืžืื” ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ืช, ื”ืจื•ืคื ื”ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ ื”ื™ืคื•ืงืจื˜ืก,
00:10
creator of the Hippocratic Oath, was sailing with a very ill shipmaster.
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ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืฉื‘ื•ืขืช ื”ื™ืคื•ืงืจื˜ืก, ื”ืคืœื™ื’ ืขื ืจื‘ ื—ื•ื‘ืœ ื—ื•ืœื” ืžืื•ื“.
00:15
The captain was suffering a nasty infection
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ื”ืงืคื˜ืŸ ืกื‘ืœ ืžื–ื™ื”ื•ื ื ื•ืจืื™
00:17
that caused his jaws to press together, his teeth to lock up,
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ืฉื’ืจื ืœืœืกืชื•ืชื™ื• ืœื”ื™ืœื—ืฅ ื–ื• ืœื–ื•, ืœืฉื™ื ื™ื• ืœื”ื™ื ืขืœ
00:21
and the muscles in his neck and spine to spasm.
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ื•ืœืฉืจื™ืจื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ื•ืืจื• ื•ื‘ืขืžื•ื“ ื”ืฉื“ืจื” ืœื”ืชื›ื•ื•ืฅ.
00:24
Hippocrates dutifully recorded these symptoms,
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ื”ื™ืคื•ืงืจื˜ืก ืจืฉื ื‘ื ืืžื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืกื™ืžืคื˜ื•ืžื™ื ื”ืืœื”,
00:27
but he was unable to treat the mysterious disease.
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ืืš ื”ื•ื ืœื ื”ืฆืœื™ื— ืœื˜ืคืœ ื‘ืžื—ืœื” ื”ืžืกืชื•ืจื™ืช.
00:29
And six days later, the shipmaster succumbed to his illness.
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ื•ืฉื™ืฉื” ื™ืžื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ, ืงื‘ืจื ื™ื˜ ื”ืกืคื™ื ื” ื ื›ื ืข ืœืžื—ืœืชื•.
00:34
Today, we know this account to be one of the first recorded cases of tetanus,
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ื›ื™ื•ื, ืื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื”ืชื™ืื•ืจ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ืื—ื“ ื”ืžืงืจื™ื ื”ืžืชื•ืขื“ื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื˜ื˜ื ื•ืก,
00:37
and thankfully, modern physicians are much more prepared
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ื•ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืžื–ืœ, ืจื•ืคืื™ื ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื™ื ืžื•ื›ื ื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ
00:41
to handle this peculiar infection.
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ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ื–ื™ื”ื•ื ืžื•ื–ืจ ื–ื”.
00:43
Unlike other common bacterial infections like tuberculosis and strep throat,
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ืฉืœื ื›ืžื• ื–ื™ื”ื•ืžื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื™ื ื ืคื•ืฆื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื›ืžื• ืฉื—ืคืช ื•ื“ืœืงืช ื’ืจื•ืŸ,
00:48
tetanus doesnโ€™t pass from person to person.
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ื˜ื˜ื ื•ืก ืื™ื ื• ืขื•ื‘ืจ ืžืื“ื ืœืื“ื.
00:51
Instead, the offending bacterium, known as Clostridium tetani,
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื–ืืช, ื”ื—ื™ื™ื“ืง ื”ืคื•ื’ืข, ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื” ืงืœื•ืกื˜ืจื™ื“ื™ื•ื ื˜ื˜ื ื™,
00:55
infects the body through cuts and abrasions.
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ืžื“ื‘ื™ืง ืืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื—ืชื›ื™ื ื•ืฉืจื™ื˜ื•ืช.
00:58
These infection sites are why tetanus is so strongly associated
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ืืชืจื™ ื–ื™ื”ื•ื ืืœื” ื”ื ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉื˜ื˜ื ื•ืก ืงืฉื•ืจ ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื—ื–ืง
01:01
with rusty nails and scrap metal, which can cause such wounds,
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ืœืžืกืžืจื™ื ื—ืœื•ื“ื™ื ื•ื’ืจื•ื˜ืื•ืช ืžืชื›ืช, ื”ืขืœื•ืœื™ื ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืคืฆืขื™ื ื›ืืœื”,
01:06
but the condition's connection to rust is actually much less direct.
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ืืš ื”ืงืฉืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฆื‘ ืœื—ืœื•ื“ื” ื”ื•ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคื—ื•ืช ื™ืฉื™ืจ.
01:10
Clostridium tetani bacteria are often found in soil, manure, and dead leaves,
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ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ ืงืœื•ืกื˜ืจื™ื“ื™ื•ื ื˜ื˜ื ื™, ื ืžืฆืื™ื ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืื“ืžื”, ื‘ื–ื‘ืœ ื•ืขืœื™ื ืžืชื™ื,
01:16
where they can survive for years in the form of spores,
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ืฉื ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉืจื•ื“ ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉื ื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ื ื‘ื’ื™ื,
01:18
even amidst extreme heat and dryness.
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ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ื—ื•ื ื•ื™ื•ื‘ืฉ ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื.
01:21
These piles of organic material can sit undisturbed for long periods,
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ืขืจื™ืžื•ืช ืืœื” ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืžืจ ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœืฉื‘ืช ืœืœื ื”ืคืจืขื” ืœืชืงื•ืคื•ืช ืืจื•ื›ื•ืช,
01:25
potentially concealing old metal, which rusts over time.
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ื•ืขืœื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ืกืชื™ืจ ืžืชื›ืช ื™ืฉื ื”, ื”ืžื—ืœื™ื“ื” ืœืื•ืจืš ื–ืžืŸ.
01:29
So, if someone does blunder into this environment and cuts themselves,
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ืœื›ืŸ, ืื ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืขื•ืฉื” ื˜ืขื•ืช ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื”ื–ื• ื•ื—ื•ืชืš ืืช ืขืฆืžื•,
01:32
it would likely increase their odds of infection.
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ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืœื”ื ื™ื— ืฉื–ื” ื™ื’ื“ื™ืœ ืืช ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ื™ ื”ื”ื“ื‘ืงื” ืฉืœื•.
01:35
Especially since rusty metal can create jagged wounds
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ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืžืชื›ืช ื—ืœื•ื“ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืคืฆืขื™ื ืžืฉื•ื ื ื™ื
01:38
with lots of deoxygenated dead tissue for them to latch on to.
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ืขื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืจืงืžื•ืช ืžืชื•ืช ื—ืกืจื•ืช ื—ืžืฆืŸ ืœื”ื™ืฆืžื“ ืืœื™ื”ืŸ.
01:43
Once in the body, the spores begin to germinate.
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ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉื”ื ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ, ื”ื ื‘ื’ื™ื ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœื ื‘ื•ื˜.
01:45
This process releases several toxins, including deadly tetanus toxin.
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ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื–ื” ืžืฉื—ืจืจ ืžืกืคืจ ืจืขืœื ื™ื, ื›ื•ืœืœ ืจืขืœืŸ ื˜ื˜ื ื•ืก ืงื˜ืœื ื™.
01:50
Nerve endings soak up this toxin,
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ืงืฆื•ืช ื”ืขืฆื‘ื™ื ืกื•ืคื’ื™ื ืืช ื”ืจืขืœืŸ ื”ื–ื”,
01:53
drawing it into the brain and spinal cord where it wreaks havoc on interneurons.
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ืžื•ืฉื›ื™ื ืื•ืชื• ืœืžื•ื— ื•ืœื—ื•ื˜ ื”ืฉื“ืจื” ืฉื ื”ื•ื ืขื•ืฉื” ืฉืžื•ืช ื‘ื ื•ื™ืจื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืขืฆื‘ื™ื™ื.
01:57
Typically, these work alongside motor neurons to regulate our muscle actions,
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ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ, ืืœื” ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ืœืฆื“ ื ื•ื™ืจื•ื ื™ื ืžื•ื˜ื•ืจื™ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื•ื•ืกืช ืืช ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืฉืจื™ืจื™ื ืฉืœื ื•,
02:01
from endeavors as complex as kicking a ball to those as simple as breathing.
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ื”ื—ืœ ืžืžืืžืฆื™ื ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื™ื ื›ืžื• ื‘ืขื™ื˜ื” ื‘ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื•ืขื“ ืœืืœื” ื”ืคืฉื•ื˜ื™ื ื›ืžื• ื ืฉื™ืžื”.
02:06
But by blocking neurotransmitters released by interneurons,
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ืืš ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ืกื™ืžืช ื ื•ื™ืจื•ื˜ืจื ืกืžื™ื˜ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืžืฉืชื—ืจืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื•ื™ืจื•ื ื™ื,
02:09
tetanus toxin causes uncontrollable muscle contractions and spasms.
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ืจืขืœืŸ ื˜ื˜ื ื•ืก ื’ื•ืจื ืœื”ืชื›ื•ื•ืฆื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืจื™ืจื™ื ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืฉืœื˜ื•ืช ื•ืœืขื•ื•ื™ืชื•ืช.
02:14
Typically within 7 to 10 days of infection,
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ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืชื•ืš 7 ืขื“ 10 ื™ืžื™ื ืžื”ื–ื™ื”ื•ื,
02:16
patients begin experiencing general aches, trouble swallowing, and lockjaw.
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ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœื—ื•ื•ืช ื›ืื‘ื™ื ื›ืœืœื™ื™ื, ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื‘ืœื™ืขื” ื•ืœืกืช ื ืขื•ืœื”.
02:22
The head and neck tend to show symptoms first.
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ื”ืจืืฉ ื•ื”ืฆื•ื•ืืจ ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืกื™ืžืคื˜ื•ืžื™ื ืชื—ื™ืœื”.
02:24
But as the toxin spreads, stronger muscle groups become more rigid,
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ืืš ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื”ืจืขืœืŸ ืžืชืคืฉื˜, ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืฉืจื™ืจื™ื ื—ื–ืงื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื•ืคื›ื•ืช ื ื•ืงืฉื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ,
02:28
leading to a frightening arching of the back.
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ืžื” ืฉืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืงืฉืช ืžืคื—ื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื‘.
02:31
Left untreated, these spasms become more extreme,
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ืœืœื ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ, ืขื•ื•ื™ืชื•ืช ืืœื” ื”ื•ืคื›ื•ืช ืœืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ,
02:34
eventually seizing the muscles in the windpipe and chest,
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ื•ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืชื•ืคืกื•ืช ืืช ื”ืฉืจื™ืจื™ื ื‘ืงื ื” ื”ื ืฉื™ืžื” ื•ื‘ื—ื–ื”,
02:38
leading patients to suffocate within 72 hours of symptoms appearing.
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ืžื” ืฉืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื—ื ืง ืชื•ืš 72 ืฉืขื•ืช ืžื”ื•ืคืขืช ื”ืกื™ืžืคื˜ื•ืžื™ื.
02:42
Without treatment, tetanus has an extremely low rate of survival.
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ืœืœื ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ, ืœื˜ื˜ื ื•ืก ื™ืฉ ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ื™ืฉืจื“ื•ืช ื ืžื•ืš ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
02:47
But fortunately, medical professionals have developed a robust plan
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ืืš ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืžื–ืœ, ืื ืฉื™ ืžืงืฆื•ืข ืจืคื•ืื™ื™ื ืคื™ืชื—ื• ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื—ื–ืงื”
02:51
to handle a tetanus diagnosis.
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ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ื˜ื˜ื ื•ืก.
02:53
First, doctors clean the infected wound and administer antibiotics,
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ืจืืฉื™ืช, ื”ืจื•ืคืื™ื ืžื ืงื™ื ืืช ื”ืคืฆืข ื”ื ื’ื•ืข ื•ื ื•ืชื ื™ื ืื ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ืงื”,
02:58
killing the bacteria and preventing further toxin production.
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ื”ื•ืจื’ื™ื ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื ื•ืžื•ื ืขื™ื ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืจืขืœื ื™ื ื ื•ืกืฃ.
03:01
Then, they inject antitoxin to neutralize any tetanus toxin
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ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ, ื”ื ืžื–ืจื™ืงื™ื ืื ื˜ื™ื˜ื•ืงืกื™ืŸ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื ื˜ืจืœ ื›ืœ ืจืขืœืŸ ื˜ื˜ื ื•ืก
03:06
still in the body that has yet to enter the central nervous system.
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ืฉืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื ืžืฆื ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉื˜ืจื ื ื›ื ืก ืœืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืขืฆื‘ื™ื ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช.
03:10
Finally, patients begin a several week period of supportive care,
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ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืชืงื•ืคื” ืฉืœ ืžืกืคืจ ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืชื•ืžืš,
03:14
which can include muscle relaxants to stop spasms
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ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื›ืœื•ืœ ืžืจืคื™ ืฉืจื™ืจื™ื ืœื”ืคืกืงืช ืขื•ื•ื™ืชื•ืช
03:17
and ventilators to prevent suffocation.
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ื•ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ ื”ื ืฉืžื” ืœืžื ื™ืขืช ื—ื ืง.
03:20
In the days of Hippocrates, the only course of treatment was to wait and hope.
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ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื”ื™ืคื•ืงืจื˜ืก, ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ื”ื™ื” ืœื—ื›ื•ืช ื•ืœืงื•ื•ืช.
03:25
But now we know the best time to tackle Clostridium tetani
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ืื‘ืœ ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื”ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ืงืœื•ืกื˜ืจื™ื“ื™ื•ื ื˜ื˜ื ื™,
03:29
is before an infection even takes place.
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ื”ื•ื ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืžืชืจื—ืฉ ื–ื™ื”ื•ื.
03:32
Tetanus vaccinesโ€” originally developed in the early 1920sโ€”
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ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ ื˜ื˜ื ื•ืก - ืฉืคื•ืชื—ื• ื‘ืžืงื•ืจ ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืขืฉืจื™ื -
03:36
are crucial to preventing tetanus and stopping its spread.
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ื”ื ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื ืœืžื ื™ืขืช ื˜ื˜ื ื•ืก ื•ืœืขืฆื™ืจืช ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ื•ืชื•.
03:39
Experts recommend a series of shots and boosters beginning at two months old
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ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื ืžืžืœื™ืฆื™ื ืขืœ ืกื“ืจื” ืฉืœ ื–ืจื™ืงื•ืช ื•ืžืื™ืฆื™ื ื”ื—ืœ ืžื’ื™ืœ ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื™ื
03:43
and ending around age 12.
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ื•ืขื“ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช ื’ื™ืœ 12.
03:45
Yet over 20,000 infants still die of tetanus every year,
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ืขื ื–ืืช, ืœืžืขืœื” ืž -20,000 ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืชื™ื ืžื˜ื˜ื ื•ืก ืžื“ื™ ืฉื ื”,
03:50
mostly in low and middle income countries where vaccine access is limited,
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ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื”ื›ื ืกื” ื ืžื•ื›ื” ื•ื‘ื™ื ื•ื ื™ืช ื‘ื”ืŸ ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ืœื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ื ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœืช,
03:54
including South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa.
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ื›ื•ืœืœ ื“ืจื•ื ืืกื™ื” ื•ืืคืจื™ืงื” ืฉืžื“ืจื•ื ืœืกื”ืจื”.
03:57
And newborn babies are especially at risk if their mothers are unvaccinated,
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ื•ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช ืฉื–ื” ืขืชื” ื ื•ืœื“ื• ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืื ืืžื”ื•ืชื™ื”ื ืื™ื ืŸ ืžื—ื•ืกื ื•ืช,
04:02
as Clostridium tetani can infect a newborn's umbilical stump.
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืงืœื•ืกื˜ืจื™ื“ื™ื•ื ื˜ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื“ื‘ื™ืง ืืช ื”ื’ื“ื ื”ื˜ื‘ื•ืจื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื™ืœื•ื“.
04:06
Though vaccinating mothers during pregnancy can help with this problem.
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ืื ื›ื™ ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ืืžื”ื•ืช ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื”ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ื‘ื‘ืขื™ื” ื–ื•.
04:10
The fact is tetanus remains a significant threat to human health.
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ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉื˜ื˜ื ื•ืก ื ื•ืชืจ ืื™ื•ื ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ืขืœ ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ืื“ื.
04:14
So people should get vaccinated
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ืื– ืื ืฉื™ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืชื—ืกืŸ
04:16
and take measures to prevent infection after cutting themselvesโ€”
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ื•ืœื ืงื•ื˜ ืฆืขื“ื™ื ืœืžื ื™ืขืช ื–ื™ื”ื•ื ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื—ืชื›ื• ืืช ืขืฆืžื -
04:19
whether itโ€™s on a rusty nail or a 2,400-year-old ship anchor.
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ื–ื” ืžืžืกืžืจ ื—ืœื•ื“ ืื• ืขื•ื’ืŸ ืกืคื™ื ื” ื‘ืŸ 2,400 ืฉื ื”.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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