The coin flip conundrum - Po-Shen Loh

669,002 views ใƒป 2018-02-15

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Shai Hakim
00:06
When the Wright brothers had to decide
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ื›ืฉื”ืื—ื™ื ืจื™ื™ื˜ ื”ื™ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื—ืœื™ื˜
00:08
who would be the first to fly their new airplane
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ืžื™ ื™ื”ื™ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืœื”ื˜ื™ืก ืืช ื”ืžื˜ื•ืก ืฉืœื”ื
00:11
off a sand dune, they flipped a coin.
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ืžืขืœ ื“ื™ื•ื ืช ื”ื—ื•ืœ, ื”ื ื”ื˜ื™ืœื• ืžื˜ื‘ืข.
00:14
That was fair:
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื”ื•ื’ืŸ:
00:15
we all know thereโ€™s an equal chance of getting heads and tails.
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ื›ื•ืœื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืฉื•ื•ื” ืœืงื‘ืœ ืขืฅ ืื• ืคืืœื™.
00:19
But what if they had a more complicated contest?
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืื ื”ื™ืชื” ืœื”ื ืชื—ืจื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช?
00:22
What if they flippedย coinsย repeatedly,
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ืžื” ืขื ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืžื˜ื™ืœื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื˜ื‘ืข ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืฉื•ื‘,
00:24
so that Orville would win as soon as two heads showed up in a rowย on his coin,
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ื›ืš ืฉืื•ืจื•ื•ื™ืœ ื”ื™ื” ื–ื•ื›ื” ืื ืฉื ื™ ืขืฆื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืžื•ืคื™ืขื™ื ืื—ื“ ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืฉื ื™,
00:29
and Wilbur would win as soon as heads was immediately followed by tailsย on his?
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ื•ื•ื•ื™ืœื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื™ื” ื–ื•ื›ื” ืื ืขืฅ ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ืคื™ืข ืžื™ื™ื“ ืื—ืจื™ ืคืœื™?
00:35
Would each brother still have had an equal chance to be the first in flight?
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ื”ืื ืœื›ืœ ืื— ื”ื™ื” ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ื–ื”ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื™ื™ืก ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ?
00:40
At first, it may seem theyโ€™d still have the same chance of winning.
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ื‘ื”ืชื—ืœื”, ื–ื” ื ืจืื” ื›ืื™ืœื• ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืฉื•ื•ื” ืœื–ื›ื•ืช.
00:44
There are four combinations for two consecutive flips.
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ื™ืฉ ืืจื‘ืข ืฆืจื•ืคื™ื ืืคืฉืจื™ื™ื ืœืฉืชื™ ื”ื˜ืœื•ืช ื—ื•ื–ืจื•ืช.
00:48
And if you do flip a coin just twice,
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ื•ืื ืชื˜ื™ืœื• ืืช ื”ืžื˜ื‘ืข ืจืง ืคืขืžื™ื™ื,
00:50
thereโ€™s an equal chance of each one -- 25%.
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ื™ืฉ ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ื–ื”ื” ืœื›ืœ ืื—ื“ - 25%.
00:54
So your intuition might tell you that in any string of coin flips,
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ืื– ื”ืื™ื ื˜ื•ืื™ืฆื™ื” ืฉืœื›ื ืื•ืœื™ ืชื’ื™ื“ ืœื›ื ืฉื‘ื›ืœ ืจืฆืฃ ื”ื˜ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื˜ื‘ืข,
00:58
each combination would have the same shot at appearing first.
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ืœื›ืœ ืฆืจื•ืฃ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืืช ืื•ืชื• ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืœื”ื•ืคื™ืข ืจืืฉื•ืŸ.
01:02
Unfortunately, youโ€™d be wrong.
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ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืฆืขืจ, ืืชื ืชื˜ืขื•.
01:04
Wilbur actually has a big advantage in this contest.
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ืœื•ื•ื™ืœื‘ื•ืจ ืœืžืขืฉื” ื™ืฉ ื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ืชื—ืจื•ืช ื”ื–ื•.
01:08
Imagine our sequence of coin flips as a sort of board game,
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ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ืืช ืจืฆืฃ ื”ื˜ืœืช ื”ืžื˜ื‘ืข ื›ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืžืฉื—ืง ืงื•ืคืกื”,
01:12
where every flip determines which path we take.
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ื‘ื• ื›ืœ ื”ื˜ืœื” ืงื•ื‘ืขืช ืื™ื–ื” ืžืกืœื•ืœ ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื•ืงื—ื™ื.
01:15
The goal is to get from start to finish.
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ื”ืžื˜ืจื” ื”ื™ื ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืžื”ื”ืชื—ืœื” ืœืกื•ืฃ.
01:18
The heads/tails board looks like this.
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ืœื•ื— ื”ืขืฅ ืคืืœื™ ื ืจืื” ื›ื›ื”.
01:21
And this is the head/head board.
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ื•ื–ื” ื•ื–ื” ืœื•ื— ื”ืขืฅ/ืขืฅ.
01:24
Thereโ€™s one critical difference.
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ื™ืฉ ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ืื—ื“ ืงืจื™ื˜ื™.
01:26
Heads/heads has a move that sends you all the way back to the start
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ืœืขืฅ/ืขืฅ ื™ืฉ ืžื”ืœืš ืฉืฉื•ืœื— ืืชื›ื ื›ืœ ื”ื“ืจืš ื—ื–ืจื” ืœื”ืชื—ืœื”
01:30
that heads/tails doesnโ€™t have.
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ืฉืœืขืฅ/ืคืืœื™ ืื™ืŸ.
01:33
Thatโ€™s why heads/heads takes longer on average.
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ืœื›ืŸ ืœืขืฅ/ืขืฅ ืœื•ืงื— ื™ื•ืชืจ ื–ืžืŸ ื‘ืžืžื•ืฆืข.
01:36
So we can demonstrate that this is true using probability and algebra
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ืื– ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื“ื’ื™ื ืฉื–ื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื”ืกืชื‘ืจื•ืช ื•ืืœื’ื‘ืจื”
01:41
to calculate the average number of flips it would take to get each combination.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ืฉื‘ ืืช ื”ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืžืžื•ืฆืข ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ืœื•ืช ืฉื™ืงื— ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื›ืœ ืฆืจื•ืฃ.
01:46
Letโ€™s start with the heads/tails board,
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ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืชื—ื™ืœ ืขื ืœื•ื— ื”ืขืฅ/ืคืืœื™,
01:49
and define x to be the average number of flips to advance one step.
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ื•ื ื’ื“ื™ืจ ืืช X ื›ืžืžื•ืฆืข ื”ื”ื˜ืœื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชืงื“ื ืฆืขื“ ืื—ื“.
01:53
Focus only on the arrows.
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ื”ืชืžืงื“ื• ืจืง ื‘ื—ื™ืฆื™ื.
01:56
It has two identical steps,
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ื™ืฉ ืœื• ืฉื ื™ ืฆืขื“ื™ื ื–ื”ื™ื,
01:58
each with a 50/50 chance of staying in place or moving forward.
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ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืขื ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืฉืœ 50/50 ืœื”ืฉืืจ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืื• ืœื ื•ืข ืงื“ื™ืžื”.
02:02
Option 1: If we stay in place by getting tails, we waste one flip.
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ืื•ืคืฆื™ื” ืจืืฉื•ื ื”: ืื ืื ื—ื ื• ื ืฉืืจื™ื ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื‘ืœืงื‘ืœ ืคืืœื™, ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื‘ื–ื‘ื–ื™ื ื”ื˜ืœื” ืื—ืช.
02:09
Since weโ€™re back in the same place,
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ืžืื—ืจ ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื–ืจื” ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืžืงื•ื,
02:10
on average we must flip x more times to advance one step.
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ื‘ืžืžื•ืฆืข ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื˜ื™ืœ X ื™ื•ืชืจ ืคืขืžื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชืงื“ื ืฆืขื“ ืื—ื“.
02:15
Together with that first flip,
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ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื”ื”ื˜ืœื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”,
02:17
this gives an average of x + 1 total flips to advance.
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ื–ื” ื ื•ืชืŸ ืœื ื• ืžืžื•ืฆืข ืฉืœ X+1 ื”ื˜ืœื•ืช ืกืš ื”ื›ืœ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชืงื“ื.
02:22
Option 2: If we get heads and move forward,
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ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื”: ืื ื ืงื‘ืœ ืขืฅ ื•ื ื ื•ืข ืงื“ื™ืžื”,
02:26
then we have taken exactly one total flip to advance one step.
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ืื– ืœืงื— ืœื ื• ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื”ื˜ืœื” ืื—ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื ื•ืข ืฆืขื“ ืื—ื“.
02:30
We can now combine option 1 and option 2 with their probabilities
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืœืฉืœื‘ ืืช ืืคืฉืจื•ืช 1 ื•ืืคืฉืจื•ืช 2 ืขื ื”ื”ืกืชื‘ืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ืŸ
02:35
to get this expression.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™.
02:37
Solving that for x gives us an average of two moves to advance one step.
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ืคืชื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ื–ื” ืขื‘ื•ืจ X ื ื•ืชื ืช ืœื ื• ืžืžื•ืฆืข ืฉืœ ืฉื ื™ ืžื”ืœื›ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชืงื“ื ืฆืขื“ ืื—ื“.
02:42
Since each step is identical,
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ืžืื—ืจ ื•ื›ืœ ืฆืขื“ ื–ื”ื”,
02:44
we can multiply by two and arrive at four flips to advance two steps.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื›ืคื™ืœ ื‘ืฉืชื™ื™ื ื•ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืืจื‘ืข ื”ื˜ืœื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชืงื“ื ืฉื ื™ ืฆืขื“ื™ื.
02:50
For heads/heads, the picture isnโ€™t as simple.
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ืœืขืฅ/ืขืฅ, ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ืœื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืคืฉื•ื˜ื”.
02:53
This time, let y be the average number of flips to move from start to finish.
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ื”ืคืขื, Y ื™ื”ื™ื” ื”ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืžืžื•ืฆืข ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ืœื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื ื•ืข ืžื”ืชื—ืœื” ืœืกื•ืฃ.
02:59
There are two options for the first move, each with 50/50 odds.
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ื™ืฉ ืฉืชื™ ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืœืžื”ืœืš ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืขื ื”ืกืชื‘ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ 50/50.
03:03
Option 1 is the same as before,
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ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื ื›ืžื• ืžืงื•ื“ื,
03:05
getting tails sends us back to the start,
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ืœืงื‘ืœ ืคืืœื™ ืœื•ืงื— ืื•ืชื ื• ื—ื–ืจื” ืœื”ืชื—ืœื”,
03:08
giving an average of y+1 total flips to finish.
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ืžื” ืฉื ื•ืชืŸ ืœื ื• ืžืžื•ืฆืข ืฉืœ Y+1 ื”ื˜ืœื•ืช ืกืš ื”ื›ืœ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืกื™ื™ื.
03:12
In Option 2, there are two equally likely cases for the next flip.
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ื‘ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื”, ื™ืฉ ืฉื ื™ ืžืงืจื™ื ืขื ืื•ืชื” ื”ืกืชื‘ืจื•ืช ืœื”ื˜ืœื” ื”ื‘ืื”.
03:17
With heads weโ€™d be done after two flips.
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ืขื ืขืฅ ื ืกื™ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ ืฉืชื™ ื”ื˜ืœื•ืช.
03:20
But tails would return us to the start.
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ืื‘ืœ ืคืืœื™ ื™ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืื•ืชื ื• ืœื”ืชื—ืœื”.
03:23
Since weโ€™d return after two flips,
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ืžืื—ืจ ื•ื ื—ื–ื•ืจ ืื—ืจื™ ืฉืชื™ ื”ื˜ืœื•ืช,
03:25
weโ€™d then need an average of y+2 flips in total to finish.
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ืื– ื ืฆื˜ืจืš ืžืžื•ืฆืข ืฉืœ Y+2 ื”ื˜ืœื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœืกื™ื™ื.
03:31
So our full expression will be this.
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ืื– ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื”ืžืœื ืฉืœื ื• ื™ืจืื” ื›ื›ื”.
03:35
And solving this equation gives us six flips.
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ื•ืคืชื™ืจืช ื”ืžืฉื•ื•ืื” ื ื•ืชื ืช ืœื ื• ืฉืฉ ื”ื˜ืœื•ืช.
03:38
So the math calculates that it takes an average of six flips to get heads/heads,
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ืื– ื”ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื” ืžืจืื” ืฉืœื•ืงื— ืžืžื•ืฆืข ืฉืœ ืฉืฉ ื”ื˜ืœื•ืช ืœืงื‘ืœ ืขืฅ/ืขืฅ,
03:43
and an average of four to get heads/tails.
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ื•ืžืžื•ืฆืข ืฉืœ ืืจื‘ืข ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืขืฅ/ืคืืœื™.
03:46
And, in fact, thatโ€™s what youโ€™d see if you tested it for yourself enough times.
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ื•ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืชืจืื• ืื ืชื‘ื—ื ื• ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ืขืฆืžื›ื ืžืกืคื™ืง ืคืขืžื™ื.
03:52
Of course, the Wright brothers didnโ€™t need to work all this out;
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ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ื”ืื—ื™ื ืจื™ื™ื˜ ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื—ืฉื‘ ืืช ื–ื”;
03:55
they only flipped the coin once, and Wilbur won.
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ื”ื ื”ื˜ื™ืœื• ืืช ื”ืžื˜ื‘ืข ืจืง ืคืขื ืื—ื“, ื•ื•ื™ืœื‘ื•ืจ ื–ื›ื”.
03:59
But it didnโ€™t matter: Wilburโ€™s flight failed,
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืœื ืฉื™ื ื”, ื”ื˜ื™ืกื” ืฉืœ ื•ื•ื™ืœื‘ื•ืจ ื ื›ืฉืœื”,
04:02
and Orville made aviation history, instead.
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ื•ืื•ืจื•ื•ื™ืœ ื™ืฆืจ ื”ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืชืขื•ืคืชื™ืช, ื‘ืžืงื•ื.
04:05
Tough luck, Wilbur.
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ืื™ืŸ ืžื–ืœ, ื•ื•ื™ืœื‘ื•ืจ.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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