How containerization shaped the modern world

576,322 views ใƒป 2012-03-12

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

00:00
(Music)
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ืชืจื’ื•ื: Orr Schlesinger ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Ido Dekkers
(ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื”)
00:12
Everything is everywhere these days.
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ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื•, ื”ื›ืœ ื ืžืฆื ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื.
00:15
Check out the supermarket -- orange juice from China, nuts from India,
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ืชืกืชื›ืœื• ื‘ืกื•ืคืจืžืจืงื˜ -- ืžื™ืฅ ืชืคื•ื–ื™ื ืžืกื™ืŸ, ืื’ื•ื–ื™ื ืžื”ื•ื“ื•,
00:18
swordfish from Japan, lagers from Czechoslovakia,
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ื“ื’ ื—ืจื‘ ืžื™ืคืŸ, ื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ืžืฆ'ื›ื•ืกืœื•ื‘ืงื™ื”,
00:21
scores of European cheeses.
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ื”ืžื•ืŸ ื’ื‘ื™ื ื•ืช ืื™ืจื•ืคืื™ื•ืช.
00:24
You name it, it's there. Not when I was growing up.
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ืžื” ืฉืชืจืฆื•, ื–ื” ื ืžืฆื ื‘ื”ื™ืฉื’ ื™ื“ื›ื. ืœื ื›ืš ื”ื™ื” ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื™ืœื“.
00:27
You'd never taste a range of French cheeses
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ืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื˜ืขื•ื ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื’ื‘ื™ื ื•ืช ืฆืจืคืชื™ื•ืช
00:30
or Bohemian lager beer.
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ืื• ื‘ื™ืจืช ืœืื’ืจ ื‘ื•ื”ืžื™ืช.
00:33
At least, you couldn't unless you were very rich
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ืื• ืœืคื—ื•ืช, ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช ืœื•ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืช ืžืื•ื“ ืขืฉื™ืจ
00:36
and could go anywhere when the fancy took you. All that has changed.
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ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื ืกื•ืข ืœืืŸ ืฉืจืฆื™ืช. ื›ืœ ื–ื” ื”ืฉืชื ื” ื–ื” ืžื›ื‘ืจ.
00:39
But it's not just foods. Got an iPhone?
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ืจืง ื‘ืื•ื›ืœ. ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ืื™ื™ืคื•ืŸ?
00:42
Everyone knows it was invented and designed at Cupertino
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ื›ื•ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื•ืžืฆื ื•ืขื•ืฆื‘ ื‘ืงื•ืคืจื˜ื™ื ื•
00:45
in California, but who knows where
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ื‘ืงืœื™ืคื•ืจื ื™ื”, ืื‘ืœ ืžื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข ื”ื™ื›ืŸ
00:48
the complex bits and pieces of its innards are made or assembled?
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ืžื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื›ืœ ื”ื—ืœืงื™ื ื”ืงื˜ื ื™ื ืื• ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ื”ื ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื™ื ื™ื—ื“?
00:51
Apple doesn't say.
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ื—ื‘ืจืช ืืคืœ ืœื ืžื ื“ื‘ืช ืืช ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ื–ื”.
00:54
The industry credits China, Japan, Germany, South Korea
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ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื” ื ื•ืชื ืช ืงืจื“ื™ื˜ ืœืกื™ืŸ, ื™ืคืŸ, ื’ืจืžื ื™ื”, ื“ืจื•ื ืงื•ืจื™ืื”
00:57
and, of course, the United States itself.
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ื•ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืขืฆืžื”.
01:00
Just think for a moment of the trillions of parts
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ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืœืจื’ืข ืขืœ ื˜ืจื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ืœืงื™ื
01:03
and finished goods moving cheaply around the world
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ื•ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื ืžื•ื’ืžืจื™ื ืฉื ืฉืœื—ื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื–ื•ืœื” ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœืขื•ืœื
01:06
every second, a small portion by air,
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ื›ืœ ืฉื ื™ื”, ื—ืœืง ืงื˜ืŸ ืžื–ื” ื‘ื“ืจืš ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ,
01:09
but most by sea.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืจื•ื‘ ืขื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื“ืจืš ื”ื™ื.
01:12
We call it globalization,
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ืื ื• ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœื–ื” ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื”,
01:15
but the man who basically made globalization a reality in our lives
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืื™ืฉ ืฉื”ืคืš ืืช ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ืœืžืฆื™ืื•ืช
01:18
is too little known. This is his story.
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ืœื ื™ื“ื•ืข ืœืจื•ื‘ื™ื ื•. ื–ื” ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉืœื•.
01:21
The story of the man who makes your day.
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ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ืฉ ืฉืขื•ืฉื” ืœื›ื ืืช ื”ื™ื•ื.
01:25
In the Great Depression of the '30s,
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ื‘ืฉืคืœ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-30,
01:28
when millions of Americans were out of work, worse than now,
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ื›ืืฉืจ ืžืœื™ื•ื ื™ ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืžื—ื•ืกืจื™ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”, ื™ื•ืชืจ ื’ืจื•ืข ืžื”ืžืฆื‘ ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™,
01:31
Malcolm McLean was a 24-year-old truck driver.
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ืžืœืงื•ืœื ืžืง'ืœื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ื ื”ื’ ืžืฉืื™ืช ื‘ืŸ 24.
01:34
He got a job to take cotton bales
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ื”ื•ื ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืœืงื—ืช ื—ื‘ื™ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื›ื•ืชื ื”
01:37
from Fayetteville in North Carolina all the way
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ืžืคืื™ื™ื˜ื•ื•ื™ืœ ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืงืจื•ืœื™ื ื” ื›ืœ ื”ื“ืจืš
01:40
to a pier in Hoboken, New Jersey for shipping overseas.
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ืœืจืฆื™ืฃ ื‘ื”ื•ื‘ื•ืงืŸ, ื ื™ื• ื’'ืจื–ื™ ืœืžืฉืœื•ื— ืืœ ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื™ื.
01:43
He was glad of the work, but when he arrived
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ื”ื•ื ืฉืžื— ืขืœ ืงื‘ืœืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”, ืื‘ืœ ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ื ื”ื’ื™ืข
01:46
he got bored out of his mind, sitting in his truck
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ื”ื•ื ื™ืฆื ืžื“ืขืชื• ืžืจื•ื‘ ืฉืขืžื•ื, ืžื”ืžืชื ื” ื‘ืžืฉืื™ืช,
01:49
waiting and waiting and waiting on the docks
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ื”ื•ื ื”ืžืชื™ืŸ ื•ื”ืžืชื™ืŸ ื‘ืจืฆื™ืคื™ื
01:52
as the worker ants muscled crates and bundles off other trucks
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ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ ื”ื ืžืœ ืคืจืงื• ืืจื’ื–ื™ื ื•ื—ื‘ื™ืœื•ืช ืžืžืฉืื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช
01:55
and into slings that lifted the goods into the hold of the ship.
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ื•ื”ื›ื ื™ืกื• ืื•ืชืŸ ืœืจืฉืชื•ืช ืฉื”ื˜ืขื™ื ื• ืืช ื”ื—ื‘ื™ืœื•ืช ืืœ ื‘ื˜ืŸ ื”ืื•ื ื™ื”.
01:59
On board the ship itself,
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ื‘ื‘ื˜ืŸ ื”ืกืคื™ื ื”,
02:01
with much yelling and arm waving,
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ื‘ืœื™ื•ื•ื™ ืฆืขืงื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ื•ืกื™ืžื ื™ ื™ื“ื™ื™ื,
02:03
the stevedores then unloaded each sling
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ื”ืกื•ื•ืจื™ื ืคืจืงื• ืืช ื”ืจืฉืชื•ืช ืื—ืช ืื—ืช
02:06
and saw its contents placed in a designated position
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ื•ื”ื ื™ื—ื• ืืช ื”ื—ื‘ื™ืœื•ืช ื›ืœ ืื—ืช ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื”
02:09
in the hold.
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ื‘ื‘ื˜ืŸ ื”ืกืคื™ื ื”.
02:11
Malcolm wasn't just bored, he was fuming.
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ืžืœืงื•ืœื ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืจืง ืžืฉื•ืขืžื, ื”ื•ื ืจืชื— ืžื–ืขื.
02:14
His income depended on getting back to North Carolina
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ื”ื”ื›ื ืกื” ืฉืœื• ื”ื™ืชื” ืชืœื•ื™ื” ื‘ื—ื–ืจื” ืฉืœื• ืœืฆืคื•ืŸ ืงืจื•ืœื™ื ื”
02:17
to pick up more loads in his truck.
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ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœืืกื•ืฃ ืžืฉืœื•ื—ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืื™ืชื•.
02:19
Out of the frustration, inspiration struck.
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ืžืชื•ืš ื™ื™ืื•ืฉ, ื”ื”ืฉืจืื” ื”ื™ื›ืชื” ื‘ื•.
02:22
Wouldn't it be great, he thought,
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ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื“ื”ื™ื, ื”ื•ื ื—ืฉื‘,
02:25
if my trailer could be lifted
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ืื ื”ื™ื” ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืจื™ื ืืช ืชื ื”ืžื˜ืขืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉืื™ืช
02:27
and placed on the ship
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ื•ืœืฉื™ื ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืกืคื™ื ื”
02:30
without its cotton bales being touched. Yes, it would be great.
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ืœืœื ืฆื•ืจืš ืœื’ืขืช ื‘ื—ื‘ื™ืœื•ืช ื”ื›ื•ืชื ื”. ื›ืŸ, ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืฆื•ื™ื™ืŸ.
02:33
It would be revolutionary. For centuries,
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ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื”ืคื›ื ื™. ื‘ืžืฉืš ืžืื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื,
02:36
general non-bulk cargo had been shipped in the process he watched.
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ืžื˜ืขืŸ ื›ืœืœื™ ืฉืื™ื ื ื• ื‘ืชืคื–ื•ืจืช ื ืฉืœื— ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉืขืœื™ื• ื”ื•ื ืฆืคื”.
02:40
It was called break bulk shipping.
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ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื ืงืจื ืžืฉืœื•ื— ืชืคื–ื•ืจืช ื‘ื—ืœืงื™ื.
02:44
Boxes, bales, crates handled piece by piece.
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ืงื•ืคืกืื•ืช, ื—ื‘ื™ืœื•ืช, ืืจื’ื–ื™ื ื”ื•ืขืžืกื• ืื—ื“ ืื—ื“.
02:47
What Malcolm envisaged would have saved him only a day,
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ืžื” ืฉืžืœืงื•ืœื ื—ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื—ื•ืกืš ืœื• ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“,
02:51
but it would have saved everyone else
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื” ื—ื•ืกืš ืœื›ืœ ืฉืืจ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื
02:53
something like two weeks in loading and unloading the ship.
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ืฉื‘ื•ืขื™ื™ื ื‘ืคืจื™ืงื” ื•ื”ืขืžืกื” ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื” ืกืคื™ื ื”.
02:56
On average, it was eight days
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ื‘ืžืžื•ืฆืข, ื”ื™ื” ืœื•ืงื— ืฉืžื•ื ื” ื™ืžื™ื
02:59
to haul and distribute break bulk shipments in the hold,
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ืœื”ืขืžื™ืก ื•ืœืกื“ืจ ืžืฉืœื•ื—ื™ื ื‘ืชืคื–ื•ืจืช ื‘ืชื•ืš ื‘ื˜ืŸ ื”ืกืคื™ื ื”,
03:02
plus another eight days at the other end
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ืชื•ืกื™ืคื• ืœื–ื” ืฉืžื•ื ื” ื™ืžื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ื‘ืฆื“ ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉืœื•ื—
03:05
to retrieve and distribute.
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ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœืคืจื•ืง ืืช ื”ืกืคื™ื ื” ืœื”ืคื™ืฅ ืืช ื”ืžืฉืœื•ื—, ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืœื™ืขื“ื•.
03:07
All that time would have been saved
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ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื ื—ืกืš
03:09
if Malcolm McLean could have just driven his truck onto the ship
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ืื ืžืœืงื•ืœื ืžืง'ืœื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื”ืกื™ืข ืืช ื”ืžืฉืื™ืช ืฉืœื• ืขืœ ื”ืกืคื™ื ื”
03:12
and at the other end, driven it off.
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ื•ื‘ืฆื“ ื”ืฉื ื™ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœืจื“ืช ืžืžื ื” ื‘ื ืกื™ืขื”.
03:15
Well, today that concept is a reality.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื›ื™ื•ื ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช.
03:18
The concept that occurred to Malcolm
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ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ืฉื”ืชื’ืœื” ืœืžืœืงื•ืœื
03:20
is known as containerization.
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ื™ื“ื•ืข ื‘ืฉื ืงื•ื ื˜ื™ื™ื ืจื™ื–ืฆื™ื” - ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืžื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืžื˜ืขืŸ.
03:23
It has done more than just save a great deal of time.
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ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ืขืฉื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืฉืจ ืœื—ืกื•ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ื–ืžืŸ.
03:26
It's the reason why we have a thriving global marketplace,
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ื–ืืช ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉื›ื™ื•ื ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืฉื•ืง ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ ืžืคื•ืชื—,
03:29
offering us that infinite variety of things,
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ื”ืžืฆื™ืข ืœื ื• ืžื‘ื—ืจ ืื™ื ืกื•ืคื™ ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื,
03:32
and it's the reason we can move cargo
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ื•ื–ื• ื’ื ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉื ืข ืžื˜ืขืŸ
03:35
from remote parts of the world at minimal cost.
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ืžืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืžืจื•ื—ืงื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืžื™ื ื™ืžืœื™ืช.
03:38
Malcolm had his idea in 1937.
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ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ืขืœื” ืืฆืœ ืžืœืงื•ืœื ื‘ 1937.
03:40
The 24-year-old truck driver sitting in his truck in Hoboken
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ื ื”ื’ ื”ืžืฉืื™ืช ื‘ืŸ ื”-24 ืฉื™ืฉื‘ ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืžืฉืื™ืช ืฉืœื• ื‘ื”ื•ื‘ื•ืงืŸ
03:44
was 40 before he did anything about it.
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ื”ื™ื” ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ืŸ 40 ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ื ืขืฉื” ืžืฉื”ื• ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ.
03:47
By then, he'd built his one truck
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ืขื“ ืื–, ื”ื•ื ื’ื“ืœ ืžืขืกืง ืขื ืžืฉืื™ืช ืื—ืช
03:50
into a big trucking company. He borrowed money
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ืœื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ื•ื‘ืœื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื”. ื”ื•ื ืœื•ื•ื” ื›ืกืฃ
03:53
from an enterprising vice president at Citibank in New York,
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ืžืกืžื ื›"ืœ ื‘ืกื™ื˜ื™-ื‘ื ืง ืžื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง ื‘ืขืœ ื—ื•ืฉ ื™ื–ืžื•ืช,
03:56
and set about designing the steel boxes and the decks of the ships
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ื•ื™ืฉื‘ ืœืชื›ื ืŸ ืืช ืชื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžืชื›ืช ื•ืืช ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืื ื™ื•ืช
03:59
to carry them stacked one on top of another.
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ืฉื™ืฉืื• ืื•ืชืŸ ื›ืฉื”ืŸ ืžื•ื ื—ื•ืช ืื—ืช ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืฉื ื™ื”.
04:02
A lot of people thought he was crazy.
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ืฉืชื’ืข.
04:05
Inventors always attract armies of naysayers
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ืžืžืฆื™ืื™ื ืชืžื™ื“ ืžืฉื›ื• ื”ืžื•ื ื™ ืกืคืงื ื™ื
04:08
who can never remember how critical they were.
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ืฉืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ ื›ืžื” ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ื™ื ื”ื ื”ื™ื•.
04:10
For our part, we should remember Malcolm McLean.
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ืœื—ืœืง ืฉืœื ื•, ืื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ ืืช ืžืœืงื•ืœื ืžืง'ืœื™ืŸ.
04:13
His first container ship, the Ideal X,
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ืกืคื™ื ืช ื”ืžื›ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืœื•, ื”-"X ื”ืื™ื“ืืœื™",
04:16
sailed from Shed 154
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ื”ืคืœื™ื’ื” ืžืฆืจื™ืฃ 154
04:19
at Marsh Street, Port Newark
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ื‘ืจื—ื•ื‘ ืžืืจืฉ, ืคื•ืจื˜ ื ื™ื•ืืจืง
04:22
with 58 well-filled boxes.
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ืขื 58 ืžื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืขืžื•ืกื•ืช ืœืขื™ื™ืคื”.
04:24
It was the beginning of the container era,
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ื–ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ื”ืชื—ืœื” ืฉืœ ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื”ืžื›ื•ืœื•ืช,
04:27
shrinking our world
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ืฉื”ืงื˜ื™ื ื” ืืช ืขื•ืœืžื ื•
04:30
and enlarging human choice.
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ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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